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cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA+%28%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%29" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA+%28%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%29" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA+%28%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%29" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA+%28%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%29" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Наименование" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Наименование"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Наименование</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Наименование-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-История" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#История"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>История</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-История-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Етиология" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Етиология"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Етиология</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Етиология-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Етиология</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Етиология-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Фактори_от_начина_на_живот" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Фактори_от_начина_на_живот"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Фактори от начина на живот</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Фактори_от_начина_на_живот-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Класификация_на_видовете_рак" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Класификация_на_видовете_рак"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Класификация на видовете рак</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Класификация_на_видовете_рак-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Диагностициране" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Диагностициране"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Диагностициране</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Диагностициране-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Стадии_на_заболяването" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Стадии_на_заболяването"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Стадии на заболяването</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Стадии_на_заболяването-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Поява_и_протичане" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Поява_и_протичане"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Поява и протичане</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Поява_и_протичане-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Поява и протичане</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Поява_и_протичане-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Възникване_на_рака" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Възникване_на_рака"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Възникване на рака</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Възникване_на_рака-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Многостепенен_модел" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Многостепенен_модел"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Многостепенен модел</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Многостепенен_модел-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Лечение" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лечение"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Лечение</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Лечение-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Лечение</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Лечение-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Хирургично" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хирургично"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Хирургично</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хирургично-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Лъчелечение" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лъчелечение"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Лъчелечение</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Лъчелечение-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Медикаментозно_лечение" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Медикаментозно_лечение"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Медикаментозно лечение</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Медикаментозно_лечение-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Радиоимунотерапия" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Радиоимунотерапия"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Радиоимунотерапия</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Радиоимунотерапия-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Алтернативно_лечение" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Алтернативно_лечение"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Алтернативно лечение</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Алтернативно_лечение-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Палиативни_грижи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Палиативни_грижи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Палиативни грижи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Палиативни_грижи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Профилактика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Профилактика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Профилактика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Профилактика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Прогноза" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Прогноза"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Прогноза</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Прогноза-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Известни_случаи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Известни_случаи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Известни случаи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Известни_случаи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вижте_също" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вижте_също"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Вижте също</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Вижте_също-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бележки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бележки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Бележки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Бележки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Рак (болест)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 165 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_(Medizin)" title="Krebs (Medizin) – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Krebs (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B0%E1%88%AD" title="ካንሰር – амхарски" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካንሰር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer" title="Cáncer – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cáncer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कर्कट रोग – ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कर्कट रोग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%A0%DC%97%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܬܠܗܝܐ – арамейски" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܠܗܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="কৰ্কট ৰোগ – асамски" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৰ্কট ৰোগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncanu" title="Cáncanu – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cáncanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99ng_x%C9%99st%C9%99liyi" title="Xərçəng xəstəliyi – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xərçəng xəstəliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Яман шеш – башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яман шеш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie%C5%BE%C4%ABs_(l%C4%97ga)" title="Viežīs (lėga) – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Viežīs (lėga)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Злаякасная пухліна – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Злаякасная пухліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Рак (захворваньне) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рак (захворваньне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="कैंसर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैंसर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ক্যান্সার – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যান্সার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འབྲས་སྐྲན། – тибетски" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འབྲས་སྐྲན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krign-bev" title="Krign-bev – бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krign-bev" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_(bolest)" title="Rak (bolest) – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rak (bolest)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хорото хабдар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хорото хабдар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer" title="Càncer – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càncer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0ng" title="Ngàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95" title="شێرپەنجە – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرپەنجە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovina" title="Rakovina – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rakovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canser" title="Canser – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canser" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A6ft" title="Kræft – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kræft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_(Medizin)" title="Krebs (Medizin) – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krebs (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanser" title="Qanser – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qanser" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कर्कट रोग – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कर्कट रोग" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ކެންސަރު – дивехи" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެންސަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="дивехи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Καρκίνος – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρκίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancero" title="Kancero – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kancero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer" title="Cáncer – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáncer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4hk_(haigus)" title="Vähk (haigus) – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vähk (haigus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minbizi" title="Minbizi – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Minbizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancru" title="Cancru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cancru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27%C9%93ere" title="Sa'ɓere – фула" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Sa'ɓere" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="фула" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Syöpä – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4hkt%C3%B5bi" title="Vähktõbi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vähktõbi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeft" title="Kreeft – северен фризийски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kreeft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северен фризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailse" title="Ailse – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailse" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="癌" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kans%C3%A8r" title="Kansèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kansèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aillse" title="Aillse – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aillse" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancro" title="Cancro – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cancro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyt%C3%A3%27ai" title="Akytã'ai – гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Akytã'ai" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97_(%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0)" title="કર્કરોગ (કેન્સર) – гуджарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કર્કરોગ (કેન્સર)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kans%E1%BA%B9%E1%BA%B9-z%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n" title="Kansẹẹ-zọ̀n – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Kansẹẹ-zọ̀n" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanghyr" title="Kanghyr – манкски" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kanghyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankara" title="Sankara – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sankara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0m" title="Ngàm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngàm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="סרטן (מחלה) – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן (מחלה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कर्कट रोग – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कर्कट रोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_(bolest)" title="Rak (bolest) – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rak (bolest)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kans%C3%A8" title="Kansè – хаитянски креолски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kansè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитянски креолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1k_(betegs%C3%A9g)" title="Rák (betegség) – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rák (betegség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Քաղցկեղ – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Քաղցկեղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancere" title="Cancere – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cancere" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riman" title="Riman – ибан" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Riman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ибан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Боглус – ингушетски" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Боглус" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancero" title="Kancero – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kancero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabbamein" title="Krabbamein – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krabbamein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia_maligna" title="Neoplasia maligna – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neoplasia maligna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%8D" title="悪性腫瘍 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悪性腫瘍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiansa" title="Kiansa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kiansa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="სიმსივნე – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიმსივნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9j%C9%9B%C9%96%C9%9B_k%CA%8Ad%C9%94%C5%8B_(Cancer_-_maladie)" title="Pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ (Cancer - maladie) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ (Cancer - maladie)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Қатерлі ісік – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қатерлі ісік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94" title="암 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="کَنسَر – кашмирски" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کَنسَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AArpence" title="Şêrpence – кюрдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şêrpence" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="кюрдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_(morbus)" title="Cancer (morbus) – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cancer (morbus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriibs_(Krankheet)" title="Kriibs (Krankheet) – люксембургски" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kriibs (Krankheet)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Рак – лезгински" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рак" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokolo" title="Kokolo – ганда" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kokolo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaanker" title="Kaanker – лимбургски" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaanker" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancher_(medesina)" title="Cancher (medesina) – ломбардски" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cancher (medesina)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97%C5%BEys_(liga)" title="Vėžys (liga) – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vėžys (liga)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93zis_(slim%C4%ABba)" title="Vēzis (slimība) – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēzis (slimība)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Рак (болест) – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рак (болест)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="അർബുദം – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർബുദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хорт хавдар – монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хорт хавдар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B2" title="ကေန်သာ၊ ယဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကေန်သာ၊ ယဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कर्करोग – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कर्करोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barah" title="Barah – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="ကင်ဆာရောဂါ – бирмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်ဆာရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreevt_(Medizin)" title="Kreevt (Medizin) – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kreevt (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaanker" title="Kaanker – долносаксонски" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kaanker" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="долносаксонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="क्यान्सर – непалски" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="क्यान्सर – неварски" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreft" title="Kreft – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreft" title="Kreft – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer" title="Càncer – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Càncer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruakku" title="Ruakku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ruakku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaansarii" title="Kaansarii – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaansarii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="କର୍କଟ ରୋଗ – ория" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କର୍କଟ ରୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੈਂਸਰ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – пампанга" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowotw%C3%B3r_z%C5%82o%C5%9Bliwy" title="Nowotwór złośliwy – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowotwór złośliwy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – пущу" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пущу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer" title="Câncer – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câncer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apanqara_unquy" title="Apanqara unquy – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Apanqara unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Злокачественная опухоль – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Злокачественная опухоль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Раковіна – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Раковіна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="कर्कटरोगः – санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कर्कटरोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – шотландски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="ڪينسر – синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪينسر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boras" title="Boras – северносаамски" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Boras" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="северносаамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_(medicina)" title="Rak (medicina) – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rak (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="පිළිකා – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිළිකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhubn%C3%BD_n%C3%A1dor" title="Zhubný nádor – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zhubný nádor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="کینسر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کینسر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_(bolezen)" title="Rak (bolezen) – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rak (bolezen)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomarara_(Chirwere)" title="Gomarara (Chirwere) – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gomarara (Chirwere)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansar" title="Kansar – сомалийски" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kansar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомалийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanceri" title="Kanceri – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanceri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Рак (болест) – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рак (болест)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangker" title="Kangker – сундански" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kangker" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratani" title="Saratani – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saratani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ugang" title="ugang – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ugang" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="புற்றுநோய் – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புற்றுநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="కాన్సర్ – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాన్సర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саратон – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саратон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="มะเร็ง – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะเร็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensa" title="Kensa – ток писин" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kensa" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ток писин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzana" title="Fukuzana – цонга" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Fukuzana" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="цонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Яман шеш – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яман шеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoram" title="Kokoram – туи" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kokoram" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="туи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Злоякісна пухлина – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Злоякісна пухлина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%81)" title="سرطان (عارضہ) – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرطان (عارضہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraton_(kasallik)" title="Saraton (kasallik) – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saraton (kasallik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncaro" title="Càncaro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Càncaro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0" title="Ung thư – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – волапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnant_m%C3%A5" title="Magnant må – валонски" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Magnant må" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="癌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D" title="კიბო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კიბო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קענסער – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קענסער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingh%27aizcwng" title="Bingh'aizcwng – зуанг" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bingh'aizcwng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="зуанг" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="癌症" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="癌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2m" title="Gâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="癌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12078#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">български</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Прегледи"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=history"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><div class="othermeaning-box"> <dl><dd><i>Вижте <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="Рак">пояснителната страница</a> за други значения на <b>Рак</b>.</i></dd></dl> <hr /></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12144718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-lua{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data-only,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-above{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-italic-title{display:none}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;margin:-5px 0;border:0;border-spacing:0 5px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox th.onlysubbox,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td.onlysubbox{padding:0!important}</style><table class="infobox infobox-lua infobox_v2 vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above title medicine" style="background-color:lightgrey; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">Рак</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Breast_cancer_cell_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Когато нормалните клетки се увредят до степен да не могат да бъдат възстановени, тялото се освобождава от тях. Раковите клетки обаче продължават да се делят неконтролируемо."><img alt="Когато нормалните клетки се увредят до степен да не могат да бъдат възстановени, тялото се освобождава от тях. Раковите клетки обаче продължават да се делят неконтролируемо." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Breast_cancer_cell_%282%29.jpg/250px-Breast_cancer_cell_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Breast_cancer_cell_%282%29.jpg/375px-Breast_cancer_cell_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Breast_cancer_cell_%282%29.jpg/500px-Breast_cancer_cell_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span><div>Когато нормалните клетки се увредят до степен да не могат да бъдат възстановени, тялото се освобождава от тях. Раковите клетки обаче продължават да се <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Клетъчно делене (страницата не съществува)">делят</a> неконтролируемо.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightgrey; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">Класификация и външни ресурси</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left; background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="МКБ">МКБ</a>-<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-10" title="МКБ-10">10</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-10_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="МКБ-10 Глава C (страницата не съществува)">C</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/C00">00</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-10_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="МКБ-10 Глава C (страницата не съществува)">C</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/C97">97</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left; background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="МКБ">МКБ</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="МКБ-9 (страницата не съществува)">9</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=140">140</a>—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=239">239</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left; background-color:#E8E8E8;">База данни<br />DiseasesDB</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb28843.htm">28843</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left; background-color:#E8E8E8;">База данни<br />MedlinePlus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001289.htm">001289</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left; background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Мед. рубрики MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2010/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D009369">D009369</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightgrey; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cancer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cancer">Рак</a></b> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ракът</b>, наричан също <b>злокачествен тумор</b> или <b>злокачествена неоплазма</b>, е общо наименование на група <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Болест">заболявания</a>, свързани с анормален растеж на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Клетки">клетките</a> с потенциал за навлизане или разпространение в други части на тялото.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Cancer_Institute2014a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Не всички <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тумор">тумори</a> са ракови – доброкачествените са такива, които не се разпространяват в други части на тялото.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014a_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Cancer_Institute2014a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Възможните признаци и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Симптом">симптоми</a> на рака включват новообразувани бучки, анормално кървене, продължителна <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Кашлица">кашлица</a>, необяснена загуба на тегло, промени в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перисталтика">перисталтиката</a> и други – всички те могат да бъдат индикация за рак, но е възможно да се дължат и на други причини.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS_Choices2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS_Choices2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Известни са над 100 различни вида рак при <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек">хората</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014a_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Cancer_Institute2014a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Употребата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Тютюн">тютюн</a> е причина за около 22% от смъртните случаи от рак.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Други 10% се падат на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Затлъстяване">затлъстяването</a>, лошото <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Диета">хранене</a>, ограничената физическа активност и употребата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алкохол">алкохол</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Други фактори са някои <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфекция">инфекции</a>, излагането на <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Йонизираща радиация">йонизираща радиация</a> и замърсители на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Околната среда">околната среда</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand20082097&#32;–&#32;2116_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand20082097&#32;–&#32;2116-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> В <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Развиващи се страни">развиващите се страни</a> близо 20% от случаите на рак се дължат на инфекции, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82_B" title="Хепатит B">хепатит B</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82_C" title="Хепатит C">хепатит C</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Човешки папиломен вирус">човешки папиломен вирус</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Всички тези фактори действат като поне частично променят <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">гените</a> на клетката.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Обикновено са нужни много такива генетични промени, преди да се развие рак.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Приблизително 5 – 10% от случаите на рак се дължат на генетични дефекти, наследени от родителите.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Cancer_Society2013a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Cancer_Society2013a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ракът може да бъде открит по определени признаци и симптоми или чрез специализирани <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Скрининг">скринингови прегледи</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Обикновено след това се правят допълнителни изследвания чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Медицински изображения">медицински изображения</a> и заболяването се потвърждава чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биопсия">биопсия</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Cancer_Society2013b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Cancer_Society2013b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Много случаи на рак могат да бъдат предотвратени като не се пуши, ядат се повече <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Зеленчуци">зеленчуци</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Плодове">плодове</a> и пълнозърнести продукти, яде се по-малко <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Месо">месо</a> и рафинирани <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат">въглехидрати</a>, поддържа се здравословно тегло, правят се упражнения, ограничава се излагането на слънце и чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ваксина">ваксиниране</a> срещу определени <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Инфекциозни болести">инфекциозни болести</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand20082097&#32;–&#32;2116_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand20082097&#32;–&#32;2116-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kushi201230&#32;–&#32;67_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushi201230&#32;–&#32;67-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ранното откриване чрез скрининг е полезно при <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рак на маточната шийка">рак на маточната шийка</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рак на дебелото черво">рак на дебелото черво</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014c_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ползите от скрининга за <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рак на гърдата">рак на гърдата</a> са спорни.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014c_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gøtzsche2013CD001877_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gøtzsche2013CD001877-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ракът често се лекува със съчетание от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Радиотерапия">радиотерапия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия">хирургия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химиотерапия">химиотерапия</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Таргетирана терапия (страницата не съществува)">таргетирана терапия</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Cancer_Institute2014b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Третирането на болките и други симптоми са съществена част от грижите за болните от рак. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Палиативни грижи">Палиативните грижи</a> са особено важни при болните с напреднало развитие на болестта.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Вероятността за оцеляване зависи от вида на рака и етапа на нейното развитие при започване на лечението.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> При деца под 15 години вероятността за оцеляване през петте години след диагнозата в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Развитите страни">развитите страни</a> е около 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014d_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014d-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Средната преживяемост за всички случаи на рак в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Съединени американски щати">Съединените щати</a> е 66%.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014c_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Cancer_Institute2014c-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>През <a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a> г. по света са установени около 14,1 милиона нови случая на рак,<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> без да се включва <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рак на кожата">рака на кожата</a>, на който се падат почти същия брой нови случаи.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubas201343&#32;–&#32;53_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubas201343&#32;–&#32;53-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cakir2012419&#32;–&#32;422_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cakir2012419&#32;–&#32;422-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Болестта е причина за около 8,2 милиона или 14,6% от всички смъртни случаи.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014e_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014e-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Най-разпространените видове рак, освен рака на кожата, са <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Рак на белия дроб">ракът на белия дроб</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рак на простатата">ракът на простатата</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рак на дебелото черво">ракът на дебелото черво</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Рак на стомаха">ракът на стомаха</a> при мъжете и ракът на гърдата, ракът на дебелото черво, ракът на белия дроб и ракът на маточната шийка при жените.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> При децата най-чести са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Остра лимфобластна левкемия">острата лимфобластна левкемия</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тумор на мозъка (страницата не съществува)">туморът на мозъка</a>, с изключение на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a>, където <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Неходжкинов лимфом (страницата не съществува)">неходжкиновият лимфом</a> се среща по-често.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014d_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014d-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> През 2012 г. около 165 хиляди деца са диагностицирани с рак. Рискът от заболяване нараства значително с възрастта и много видове рак се срещат по-често в развитите страни.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Честотата на рака нараства, тъй като повече хора достигат напреднала възраст, както и поради промените в начина на живот в развиващите се страни.<sup id="cite_ref-Jemal201169&#32;–&#32;90_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jemal201169&#32;–&#32;90-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> В световен мащаб финансовите разходи, свързани с рака, се оценяват на 1,15 трилиона <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Щатски долар">долара</a> (<a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014f_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014f-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Наименование"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Наименование</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Наименование" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Наименование"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Името „рак“ е дадено от <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гален">Гален</a> вследствие приликата на отеклите вени на един външен тумор с краката на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ракообразни">рак</a>. Преди това <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хипократ">Хипократ</a> вероятно първи е употребявал определението „рак“, когато при третиране на гръден <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Абсцес">абсцес</a> е открил същата прилика. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аристотел">Аристотел</a> е обозначавал с „рак“ повърхностни, инфилтрирани в съседни <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Орган (анатомия)">органи</a> и врастващи в тях тумори (като например напредналия <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рак на кожата">рак на кожата</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рак на гърдата">рака на гърдата</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="История"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>История</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: История" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: История"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>През <a href="/wiki/1888" title="1888">1888</a> г. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Теодор Бовери">Теодор Бовери</a> създава <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теория">теория</a>, според която ракът възниква поради увреждания в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Хромозоми">хромозомите</a>. През <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a> г. Джон Беард пише, че раковите клетки приличат на трофобластичните ембрионални клетки. В началото на една <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бременност">бременност</a> тези клетки се грижат за загнездването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ембрион">ембриона</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матка">матката</a>. Растежът е агресивен и хаотичен. Клетките се делят бързо и добиват своята енергия от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ферментация">ферментацията</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Захар">захар</a>. Те потискат <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Имунна система">имунната система</a> на майката и произвеждат <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хорионгонадотропин (страницата не съществува)">хорионгонадотропин</a> (hCG), който междувременно е признат като туморен маркер. Бързият растеж спира едва когато през седмата седмица ембрионът започва да произвежда <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Панкреас">панкреасни</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ензими">ензими</a>. Без тези ензими би възникнал злокачествен тумор <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хорионкарцином (страницата не съществува)">хорионкарцином</a>. Хипотезата, че раковите тумори добиват енергия от ферментацията на захар (това ще рече, че туморът може да живее <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Анаеробен организъм (страницата не съществува)">анаеробно</a>), е била база за много остарели методи на лечение. </p><p>През <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a> г. Елерман и Банг откриват <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Вирус">вирус</a>, който причинява <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Левкемия">левкемия</a> при <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кокошки">кокошките</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Пейтън Раус">Пейтън Раус</a> през <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a> г. филтрира от тумор на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мускул">мускул</a> с точност на филтъра от 120 нанометра един екстракт, с който отново е можел да създаде рак. Той предполага, че в този екстракт има вирус. През <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a> г. Раус получава за откриването на Rous-Sarkom-вируса (RSV) <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за физиология или медицина">Нобелова награда</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Етиология"><span id=".D0.95.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Етиология</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Етиология" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Етиология"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Клетката е особено чувствителна по време на клетъчното деление: при това клетки, които се делят бързо, са особено предразположени. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Канцероген">Канцерогени</a> и предизвикващи рак са и влияния, които възпрепятстват <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Имунната система">имунната система</a> да разпознава и отстранява изродените клетки. Особено опасни са: </p> <ul><li>физичните влияния – <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Йонизиращо излъчване">йонизиращото излъчване</a> като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ултравиолетови лъчи">ултравиолетова светлина</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Рентгеново лъчение">рентгеново</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Гама-лъчи">гама-излъчване</a>;</li> <li>химични влияния;</li> <li>мутагенни химикали – най-важните са по-големите полициклични <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ароматни въглеводороди">ароматни въглеводороди</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Бензол">бензол</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром">Хром</a>(VI)-съединения и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Нитрозамин">нитрозамини</a>;</li> <li>онковируси – различни <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ДНК">ДНК</a> вируси (например хепатитен В-вирус (HBV), който може да доведе до карцином на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Черния дроб">черния дроб</a> и <a href="/wiki/HPV" class="mw-redirect" title="HPV">HPV</a>, който може да доведе до карцином на шийката на матката);</li> <li>различни <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="РНК">РНК</a> вируси;</li> <li>някои тумори са преносими от животно на животно;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Стволови клетки">стволовите клетки</a> могат при определени условия да предизвикат рак;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Генетична обремененост">генетична предразположеност.</a></li></ul> <p>Основните ракови заболявания се увеличават чувствително с възрастта, така че ракът може да се разглежда като едно дегенеративно възрастово заболяване на растежа на клетките. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Фактори_от_начина_на_живот"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8_.D0.BE.D1.82_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.87.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B6.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BE.D1.82"></span>Фактори от начина на живот</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Фактори от начина на живот" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Фактори от начина на живот"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тютюнопушене">Тютюнопушенето</a> е основен причинител на рак на белия дроб. Стотици епидемиологични изследвания потвърждават това твърдение.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Слънчева радиация">Слънчевата радиация</a> е сочена като причинител на рак на кожата.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Полово предавани болести">Болести, предавани по полов път</a>.</li></ul> <p>Има изследвания, които свързват ниските нива на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мелатонин">мелатонин</a> с рака. Тези нива се получават, когато хората прекарват продължително време без излагане на слънчева светлина. Допреди половин век психологическият <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Стрес">стрес</a> е бил считан за причинител на рак, но според последни и по-обстойни научни изследвания това твърдение е отхвърлено, въпреки че все още съществуват спекулации, че постоянният психологически стрес може да бъде косвен причинител на някои видове ракови заболявания. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Класификация_на_видовете_рак"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA"></span>Класификация на видовете рак</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Класификация на видовете рак" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Класификация на видовете рак"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Раковите тумори се класифицират по типа дегенерация. По-голямата част от раковите заболявания образуват карциноми или тумори, които произлизат от <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Епител">епитела</a>. Те се подразделят на плоскоепителни карциноми, които произхождат от роговия и нероговия слой на кожата и аденокарциноми, които произхождат от жлезистия епител и могат да бъдат по-нататък диференцирани по произход и строеж. Образуващите се в отделителните органи карциноми се наричат уротелни и са типични за <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рак на пикочния мехур (страницата не съществува)">рака на пикочния мехур</a>. </p><p>Друга голяма група са хематологичните ракови форми на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2" title="Кръв">кръвта</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лимфна система">кръвотворните органи</a>, които се разделят на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Левкемия">левкемии</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лимфома">лимфоми</a>, наричани също рак на лимфните жлези. Освен това съществуват по-редки злокачествени тумори като образуващите се от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Съединителна тъкан">съединителната</a> и опорна тъкан – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Сарком">саркоми</a>, нервоендокринни тумори като <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карциноид (страницата не съществува)">карциноида</a> или произхождащите от ембрионалната тъкан <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тератом (страницата не съществува)">тератоми</a> (най-вече от половите жлези). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Диагностициране"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Диагностициране</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Диагностициране" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Диагностициране"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>При <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Диагностициране">диагностициране</a> на рака се прилагат различни методи. Една част от тях са насочващи – такива са <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ехография">ехографията</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рентгенография">рентгенографията</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Компютърна томография">компютърната томография</a> – скенер, изследване на кръвта за туморни маркери, опипване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Лимфен възел">лимфните възли</a> и други, но само <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Патоморфология (страницата не съществува)">патоморфологичното</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хистология">хистологичното</a> изследване установява окончателно вида на процеса. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Стадии_на_заболяването"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B7.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8F.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BE"></span>Стадии на заболяването</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Стадии на заболяването" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Стадии на заболяването"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>С цел стандартизиране на лечението се прилага стадиране на заболяването – за различните локализации стадирането е различно, но най-общо е: </p> <ul><li>Първи стадий – процесът е локализиран в органа, където е възникнал;</li> <li>Втори стадий – има <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Метастаза">метастази</a> в регионални лимфни възли;</li> <li>Трети стадий – засегнати са съседни органи</li> <li>Четвърти стадий – има далечни метастази.</li></ul> <p>Деленето на стадии се осъществява съгласно международна класификация. От Т0 до Т4 за разширяването на първичния тумор, N0 до N3 за поразените лимфни възли и М0 или М1 за липса или наличие на метастази. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Поява_и_протичане"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE.D1.8F.D0.B2.D0.B0_.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Поява и протичане</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Поява и протичане" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Поява и протичане"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Всеки орган на човешкото тяло може да бъде нападнат от рак, при това има големи честотни различия според възрастта, пола, колективната принадлежност, географския район, начина на хранене и т.н. </p><p>Раковото заболяване се има различни проявления и болестни картини, поради тези причини не могат да се направят генерални изводи относно продължителността на живот и шансовете за излекуване. Познати са около сто различни ракови заболявания, които отчасти силно се различават по шанса за преживяване, възможностите за лечение и образуването на метастази. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Възникване_на_рака"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.B7.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Възникване на рака</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Възникване на рака" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Възникване на рака"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>При раковите клетки съгласуването на растежа, делението и разрушаването в клетките е извадено от строя. Регулиращите сигнали не се разпознават или не се изпълняват, защото в повечето случаи необходимият за това <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Генетичен код">генетичен код</a> е дефектен. </p><p>Около 5000 от общо 25 хиляди <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">гени</a> на хората имат константно държание на генетичния код от една генерация на клетките към следващата. Тези така наречени <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Онкоген (страницата не съществува)">онкогени</a> и туморопотискащи органи контролират коректната последователност на базовите двойки в ДНК след всяка <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Репликация">репликация</a>, преценяват необходимостта от възстановяване, задържат клетъчния цикъл, докато се извърши възстановяването и разпореждат евентуално една програмирана клетъчна смърт (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Апоптоза">апоптоза</a>), в случай че възстановяването не е било успешно. </p><p>Понастоящем най-правдивоподобната теория за възникването на рака (карциногенеза) гласи, че една копирна грешка – или по-рядко вече вроден дефект – в един от тези „гени-пазачи“ предизвикват отключването на заболяването: съответният ген не може вече коректно да контролира своята част, така че се стига до по-нататъшни дефекти при следващите клетъчни генерации. Ако е засегнат втори ген-пазач, то ефектът се степенува и т.н. Ако накрая са засегнати и гени, които би трябвало да задействат смъртта на многото дефектни клетки, то тези клетки стават безсмъртни. </p><p>По все още неизяснен начин от хаоса се образуват напълно нови клетъчни свойства, като например способността да преживяват при недостиг на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">кислород</a>, да изграждат свое кръвоснабдяване (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ангиогенеза (страницата не съществува)">ангиогенеза</a>) или да се преселват от групата и да се заселват в чужди <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тъкан">тъкани</a> като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Кост">кости</a>, дроб или <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Мозък">мозък</a> (метастазиране). Чак тогава, чрез този феномен, ракът придобива своята смъртоносна потенция: 90% от всички раково болни пациенти, при които болестта завършва със <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Смърт">смърт</a>, умират не от първоначалния тумор, а от тези метастази. </p><p>Имунната система на целия организъм опитва да атакува неконтролируемо растящите клетки. Понеже те в много отношения още наподобяват нормалните телесни клетки, съпротивителните механизми се оказват твърде слаби да спрат безсмислените процеси на растеж. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Многостепенен_модел"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BB"></span>Многостепенен модел</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Многостепенен модел" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Многостепенен модел"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Повечето изследователи на рака изхождат от един многостепенен модел на възникването му. По-старият, така наречен тристепенен модел, се разделя на фази на начало (инициация), производство (промоция) и движение напред (прогресия). След продължаващата няколко години или десетилетие латентна фаза между началните DNS вреди, или трансформацията на една-единствена клетка, се стига до тумор, който може да бъде доказан. Проблематичното на многостепенния модел е, че понятията инициация, промоция и прогресия само описват, но не обясняват причината. При това промоцията и прогресията в практиката не могат точно да се разграничат една от друга. </p><p>Трябва да са настъпили до десет различни <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мутация">мутации</a>. Някои от тези необходими мутации могат да са наследени, което обяснява, че и много малки деца могат да се разболеят и че в така наречените „ракови семейства“ болестта може да се появи по-често. Типичен пример за това е предавания по наследство <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ксеродерма">пигментна ксеродерма</a>. При близки роднини на пациентки с рак на гърдата вероятността също да се разболеят е двойно по-висока отколкото при останалото население. В другите стъпки на възникването на тумора (промоция и прогресия) генотоксичните процеси не играят голяма роля, което може да подведе наблюдателя да квалифицира тези влияния като „раков регулатор“. Същинската злокачественост (при злокачествените тумори) на израждащата се клетка се достига във фазата на прогресия. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Лечение"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Лечение</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Редактиране на раздел: Лечение" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Лечение"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Хирургично"><span id=".D0.A5.D0.B8.D1.80.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.BE"></span>Хирургично</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Редактиране на раздел: Хирургично" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Хирургично"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Целта на онкологичната хирургия е да се отстрани засегнатият орган, лимфни възли и/или съседната тъкан, поразена от болестта. При някои органи, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гърда">гърда</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тестис">тестис</a> и дори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Крайник">крайник</a>, това може да е безпроблемно за нормалния живот на индивида, ако раковото образувание е с малки размери, но когато се стигне до орган като <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око">окото</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Нос (анатомия)">носа</a> например, може да има много сериозни психически последствия след операцията. В късните стадии на болестта болните са неоперабилни и тогава остава да се прилагат <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Палиативни грижи">палиативни грижи</a> (подобряващи качеството на оставащите месеци живот). При лечение на някои видове рак хирургическото отстраняване е достатъчно за оздравяването на пациента.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland200940_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland200940-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Лъчелечение"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.8A.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Лъчелечение</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Редактиране на раздел: Лъчелечение" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Лъчелечение"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Прилага се при над половината болни с цел излекуване или подобряване на качеството на живот. Бива: </p> <ul><li>перкутанно – облъчване през кожата с <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Гама-лъчи">гама</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Рентгеново лъчение">рентгеново лъчение</a> – т.нар. телегаматерапия;</li> <li>вътретъканно с радиоактивни материали – чрез радиоактивен <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод">йод</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Щитовидна жлеза">щитовидната жлеза</a> поема активно йод).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Медикаментозно_лечение"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B7.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Медикаментозно лечение</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Редактиране на раздел: Медикаментозно лечение" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Медикаментозно лечение"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>с цитостатика (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химиотерапия">химиотерапия</a>); пречи се на размножаването на раковите клетки, респективно се спира;</li> <li>хемоемболизация – метод за лечение най-вече на злокачествени образувания на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Черен дроб">черния дроб</a> – първични и вторични. Представлява комбинация от химиотерапия и емболизация. Посредством микросфери, съдържащи медикаменти за химиотерапия, се блокират кръвоносните съдове, захранващи раковите клетки (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Емболизация (страницата не съществува)">емболизация</a>) и се въвежда химиотерапевтик (химиотерапия).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>хормонална терапия, например отнемане на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тестостерон">тестостерон</a> при карцином на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Простата">простатата</a>;</li> <li>задържане на растежа на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Кръвоносни съдове">кръвоносните съдове</a> (раковата тъкан привлича кръвоносните съдове да растат в посока на раковата тъкан, за да я изхранват);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Имунотерапия">имунотерапия</a> (увеличаване на имунния отговор на туморните клетки).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Радиоимунотерапия"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.B8.D0.BC.D1.83.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BF.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Радиоимунотерапия</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Редактиране на раздел: Радиоимунотерапия" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Радиоимунотерапия"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Тази терапия е по-развитата форма на имунотерапията. Радиоимунотерапията комбинира въздействието на имунотерапията точно в целта/ терапия на антителата с високата ефективност на лъчевата терапия. При радиоимунотерапията едно <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Антитяло">антитяло</a> (<i>Ibritumomab</i>) закарва разрушаващ раковите клетки лъчев източник точно до тях. Обратно на чистата имунотерапия при радиоимунотерапията се разрушават не само клетките на туморната повърхност, но също и клетките във вътрешността на туморната маса. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Алтернативно_лечение"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5"></span>Алтернативно лечение</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Редактиране на раздел: Алтернативно лечение" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Алтернативно лечение"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Незадоволителното лечение при определени туморни заболявания и страничните въздействия на утвърдилите се методи на лечение предизвикват често страхове и отчаяние при засегнатите и техните роднини. Това често ги подтиква към търсене на нетрадиционни начини на лечение, за които в повечето случаи липсва доказателство за ефективност и не биха издържали научна проверка на техните основи. Някои от тях се отричат, но други се одобряват от медицината. </p><p>Сред алтернативните методи на лечение са терапия с <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бял имел">бял имел</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Котешки нокът">котешки нокът</a> (<i>Uncaria tomentosa</i>) или употребата на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Амигдалин (страницата не съществува)">амигдалин</a>. Двата метода са оспорвани. Факт е обаче, че много успешни цитостатици (като Винкристин) първоначално са открити в растенията. Тези цитостатици са много чисти и концентрирани и затова не могат да се сравняват с <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Билков чай">билков чай</a> или подобни. </p><p>Съществуват случаи на обречени хора, които оздравяват. Известни са алтернативни методи на лечение – саменто, <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога">йога</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вяра">вяра</a> и самоусъвършенстване, които са излекували не един. Но е препоръчително да им се гласува доверие успоредно с конвенционалната медицина. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Палиативни_грижи"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B6.D0.B8"></span>Палиативни грижи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Редактиране на раздел: Палиативни грижи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Палиативни грижи"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Палиативните грижи спомагат за поддържане качеството на живот: </p> <ul><li>даване на обезболяващи средства – подобряване на общото състояние чрез обезболяващо лечение;</li> <li>достатъчно хранене – забавяне на разграждането на костната система – увеличаване на кръвообразуването в костния мозък;</li> <li>симптоматично лечение, например разширяване на стенози – <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физиотерапия">физиотерапия</a> (специално терапия на <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дишане">дишането</a> при рак на белия дроб).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Профилактика"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Профилактика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Редактиране на раздел: Профилактика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Профилактика"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Чрез профилактика и ранно откриване рискът от рак може при определени обстоятелства (зависещи от момента на диагностиката, вида на рака и оптималната възраст на пациента) значително да се намали. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Прогноза"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B7.D0.B0"></span>Прогноза</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Редактиране на раздел: Прогноза" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Прогноза"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Заболяването е сред трите най-чести причини, водещи до смърт в света – на първо място са сърдечно-съдовите заболявания – <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Инфаркт">инфаркти</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Инсулт">инсулти</a>, на второ място катастрофи или инциденти и на трето място <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онкология">онкологичните заболявания</a>. </p><p>Прогнозата зависи от много фактори, най-важните от които са: </p> <ul><li>вид раково заболяване;</li> <li>стадий на заболяването;</li> <li>здравословно състояние на болния;</li> <li>възраст.</li></ul> <p>Откриване на рака в начален стадий е от огромно значение за успешното му лекуване. Различните видове рак обаче преминават през отделните стадии за различно време. Например ракът на белия дроб образува много бързо метастази, докато това е рядкост при рака на простатата. </p><p>Някои видове рак, като <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рак на панкреаса (страницата не съществува)">рака на панкреаса</a>, се развиват без симптоми дълго време и затова откриването му обикновено е в късен и труднолечим стадий. Дори тумор с обем под 1 мл може да създаде метастази, но при рак на гърдата, образуванието може лесно да се разпознае с напипване. След откриването на съмнителното образувание се назначат допълнителни изследвания за окончателна диагноза. </p><p>Процентът излекувани от рак в индустриалните държави е от 30% до 65% (САЩ – 65%) общо за всички видове ракови заболявания при всички пациенти. Децата са с по-добра прогноза и 75% от тях в развитите държави преживяват раково заболяване, докато при децата в развиващите се страни <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Смъртност">смъртността</a> от рак е около две трети. </p><p>За излекуван се счита човек, който е преживял най-малко 5 години без да се разболее отново (рецидив). Тази дефиниция за оздравял е проблематична, защото в много случаи повторното завръщане на болестта се случва след 5 години. Следователно много пациенти се отчитат от статистиката на излекуваните от рак болни, но по-късно умират от същата болест. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="България">България</a> е сред страните с най-малък брой излекувани болни от злокачествени заболявания. Сред причините за това са: </p> <ul><li>ниска здравна култура на хората, които не търсят медицинска помощ или я търсят твърде късно, когато злокачественият процес е твърде напреднал;</li> <li>подкрепа на кампании за осведомяване на обществеността и профилактика на заболяванията, които са насочени основно към високорисковите групи и отделните лица;</li> <li>липса на медикаменти за лечение;</li> <li>компетентност на личните лекари /медицинската диагноза/;</li> <li>липса на средства /скъпо струващи операции/;</li> <li>корупция в <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Здравеопазване">здравеопазването</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Известни_случаи"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.BB.D1.83.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.B8"></span>Известни случаи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Редактиране на раздел: Известни случаи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Известни случаи"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Световният шампион <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ланс Армстронг">Ланс Армстронг</a> е диагностициран с <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рак на тестиса (страницата не съществува)">рак на тестиса</a> с метастази в белия дроб, които се считат за нелечими – и дори в мозъка. Опериран е и са му правени много месеци химиотерапия. След лечението той става седем пъти шампион в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Тур дьо Франс">Тур дьо Франс</a>. Същият злокачествен рак преодолява и българският футболист <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Любослав Пенев">Любослав Пенев</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Вижте_също"><span id=".D0.92.D0.B8.D0.B6.D1.82.D0.B5_.D1.81.D1.8A.D1.89.D0.BE"></span>Вижте също</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Редактиране на раздел: Вижте също" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Вижте също"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Рак на белия дроб">Рак на белия дроб</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рак на гърдата">Рак на гърдата</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Рак на хранопровода">Рак на хранопровода</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Рак на стомаха">Рак на стомаха</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рак на дебелото черво">Рак на дебелото черво</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рак на маточната шийка">Рак на маточната шийка</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рак на простатата">Рак на простатата</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рак на кожата">Рак на кожата</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Левкемия">Рак на кръвта</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Онкология">Категория:Онкология</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Бележки"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B6.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Бележки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Редактиране на раздел: Бележки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Бележки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-3"><sup><i><b>г</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-4"><sup><i><b>д</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-5"><sup><i><b>е</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014a_1-6"><sup><i><b>ж</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014a">World Health Organization 2014a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Cancer_Institute2014a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014a_2-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014a_2-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014a_2-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Cancer_Institute2014a">National Cancer Institute 2014a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHS_Choices2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NHS_Choices2014_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNHS_Choices2014">NHS Choices 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anand20082097&#32;–&#32;2116-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Anand20082097&#32;–&#32;2116_4-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anand20082097&#32;–&#32;2116_4-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnand2008">Anand 2008</a>, с. 2097 – 2116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014b-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-3"><sup><i><b>г</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-4"><sup><i><b>д</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-5"><sup><i><b>е</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014b_5-6"><sup><i><b>ж</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014b">World Health Organization 2014b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Cancer_Society2013a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Cancer_Society2013a_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Cancer_Society2013a">American Cancer Society 2013a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Cancer_Society2013b-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Cancer_Society2013b_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Cancer_Society2013b">American Cancer Society 2013b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kushi201230&#32;–&#32;67-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kushi201230&#32;–&#32;67_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKushi2012">Kushi 2012</a>, с. 30 – 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014c-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014c_9-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014c_9-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014c">World Health Organization 2014c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gøtzsche2013CD001877-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gøtzsche2013CD001877_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGøtzsche2013">Gøtzsche 2013</a>, с. CD001877.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Cancer_Institute2014b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014b_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Cancer_Institute2014b">National Cancer Institute 2014b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014d-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014d_12-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014d_12-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014d">World Health Organization 2014d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Cancer_Institute2014c-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Cancer_Institute2014c_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Cancer_Institute2014c">National Cancer Institute 2014c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubas201343&#32;–&#32;53-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dubas201343&#32;–&#32;53_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubas2013">Dubas 2013</a>, с. 43 – 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cakir2012419&#32;–&#32;422-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cakir2012419&#32;–&#32;422_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCakir2012">Cakir 2012</a>, с. 419 – 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014e-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014e_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014e">World Health Organization 2014e</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jemal201169&#32;–&#32;90-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jemal201169&#32;–&#32;90_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJemal2011">Jemal 2011</a>, с. 69 – 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Health_Organization2014f-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Health_Organization2014f_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014f">World Health Organization 2014f</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland200940-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Holland200940_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland2009">Holland 2009</a>, с. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation reference"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816125945/https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.bg/medical-speciality/хемоемболизация/">Хемоемболизация</a>, архив на <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.bg/medical-speciality/хемоемболизация/">оригинала</a> от 16 август 2018<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816125945/https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.bg/medical-speciality/хемоемболизация/">https://web.archive.org/web/20180816125945/https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.bg/medical-speciality/хемоемболизация/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, посетен на 16 август 2018</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180816125945%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.anadolumedicalcenter.bg%2Fmedical-speciality%2F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Цитирани източници</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Cancer_Society2013a" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130802043732/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticsandcancer/heredity-and-cancer">Heredity and Cancer</a> //   American Cancer Society, 2013a.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticsandcancer/heredity-and-cancer">оригинала</a> на 2013-08-02. Посетен на 22 юли 2013.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Cancer_Society29_януари_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120018/http://www.cancer.org/treatment/understandingyourdiagnosis/examsandtestdescriptions/testingbiopsyandcytologyspecimensforcancer/testing-biopsy-and-cytology-specimens-for-cancer-how-is-cancer-diagnosed">How is cancer diagnosed?</a> //   American Cancer Society, 29 януари 2013.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/treatment/understandingyourdiagnosis/examsandtestdescriptions/testingbiopsyandcytologyspecimensforcancer/testing-biopsy-and-cytology-specimens-for-cancer-how-is-cancer-diagnosed">оригинала</a> на 2014-07-14. Посетен на 10 юни 2014.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAnandSeptember_2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Anand, P et al. Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes //  <i>Pharmaceutical Research</i> 25 (9).  September 2008. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9">10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9</a>. p. 2097 – 2116.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCakirNov_2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Cakir, BÖ et al. Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer //  <i>Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America</i> 20 (4).  Nov 2012. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004">10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004</a>. p. 419 – 422.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDubasFeb_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Dubas, LE et al. Nonmelanoma skin cancer //  <i>Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America</i> 21 (1).  Feb 2013. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003">10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003</a>. p. 43 – 53.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGøtzsche4_Jun_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gøtzsche, PC et al. Screening for breast cancer with mammography //  <i>The Cochrane database of systematic reviews</i> 6.  4 Jun 2013. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5">10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5</a>. p. CD001877.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHolland2009" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Holland, James F. Holland-Frei cancer medicine.  New York, McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJemalFebruary_2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Jemal, A et al. Global cancer statistics //  <i>CA: a cancer journal for clinicians</i> 61 (2).  February 2011. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107">10.3322/caac.20107</a>. p. 69 – 90.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKushi2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kushi, LH et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity //  <i>CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians</i> 62 (1).  2012. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.20140">10.3322/caac.20140</a>. p. 30 – 67.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNational_Cancer_Institute2014a" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer">Defining Cancer</a> //  cancer.gov.  National Cancer Institute, 2014a. Посетен на 10 юни 2014.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNational_Cancer_Institute25_април_2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/targeted">Targeted Cancer Therapies</a> //   National Cancer Institute, 25 април 2014. Посетен на 11 юни 2014.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNational_Cancer_Institute18_юни_2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/all.html">SEER Stat Fact Sheets: All Cancer Sites</a> //   National Cancer Institute, 18 юни 2014. Посетен на 11 юни 2014.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNHS_Choices2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer/Pages/Symptoms.aspx">Cancer – Signs and symptoms</a> //  nhs.uk.  NHS Choices, 2014. Посетен на 10 юни 2014.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationFebruary_2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/">Cancer Fact sheet N°297</a> //  who.int.  World Health Organization, February 2014. Посетен на 10 юни 2014.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014b" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5">World Cancer Report 2014</a>.  World Health Organization, 2014b. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9283204298" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9283204298</a>. p. Chapter 1.1.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014c" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5">World Cancer Report 2014</a>.  World Health Organization, 2014c. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9283204298" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9283204298</a>. p. Chapter 4.7.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014d" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5">World Cancer Report 2014</a>.  World Health Organization, 2014d. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9283204298" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9283204298</a>. p. Chapter 1.3.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014e" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/">The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310</a> //  who.int.  World Health Organization, 2014e. Посетен на 10 юни 2014.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014f" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5">World Cancer Report 2014</a>.  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