CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '917338ab7c51cdd6',cH: 'XtkEBqkMY3rbIRUP8gvOuMT9xTOvdWrXunr8pOElhp4-1740439594-1.2.1.1-_UBv6FqUbOamwSa0tfGVdEH7P3O_7O1jRjrmKnJvoPbFpMcHnDCu7rhgEasVvYVj',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Camel%20ticks&__cf_chl_tk=9iKVtITHjSv39VYUeNAw_zseACU1wYN9pBXWKhEhLWQ-1740439594-1.0.1.1-rpM2zbmF1AG6LiOey.zCPVE5nlvxT0B7csMbVMFfNKY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740439594',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Camel%20ticks&__cf_chl_f_tk=9iKVtITHjSv39VYUeNAw_zseACU1wYN9pBXWKhEhLWQ-1740439594-1.0.1.1-rpM2zbmF1AG6LiOey.zCPVE5nlvxT0B7csMbVMFfNKY",md: "3lF87sPMe_W6DCbr7Tc3rXIIbkRbS_AN8ivB.8bT_cg-1740439594-1.2.1.1-rEfjsPV.1KfoTo1ncKmR3ybpbaQIqWexehn5P62kVK3ouVCXMPUWLYuSKK5CdwRfICLLk0ZRcLIBAkQWq33yq6314mtWdC0rCumUwDJdIRU_IlvcPxQiAbc2AM66V6T18xZg8jhyjf.vANZyOw7flD.W93clwAoI0pww9BS34nk_b7z1r0P9n1XYLxvjv4wqostmdJ9CnfCP90_.mJ9PPW9a4f1fdZLF4eDSnTtKbu9ZTc2c4I3Z4pTEo31ae8Rw4_Z3mtJm9EL15FyqbWEbZ0Zpp24jnD5EbIl0e5wrB6XrajwHD7UpM0tglFbrKCQSrbJvNDyu_cy3BdUXOM_.AOhJAFFsmk6tba4t2ZCQVker7KZj15Gx4aPro_W7LgokfP51YNM42WB.6cwyqP_8RJSYNVPA6S.0T8gqZvcfXlMZtCjBwjU0ZNEZI2CpZDQNt2p8xcWgPNoCru96_1_c7krF0AFZOfC0wx.RoHeLpt5V4V_M3cWkJZhvBP_CyeU260HviHImq0HbbOKnbD6_BijBJ4z.OH2kRJ9Pz_8eSxS3fTm3v32mMLOSUiy4lHWh5f6SPKevsvYY5H8hT_siObS30RkTw1s8i4bQxfA5UxP.JqeudnpOn1lvXKG8M0Srknku0gcpiBJvdvbi4R5zO4hpHPY3JfZc8CL25iAqbTbl_NHhz0c6SB7fI9da_PcovbfLiQ_lHk_sTlNp0xTE9eawmDA29j7t4dCINGbKKd4gD_xBjxtHwdGMbzlxX_HUApc0mSHpK.aYvnNTIVWJkxXWKtCHmBwQxOEaqdIoYhwLTRFO7RuNtEYpUMSjbpJ85BzDQSfpAXsk.y2..cMhxsD0h9m2Q.334Ppf54xKt9dNw7DuTTa5WoKjTxi7HqlW8ZOE50QSu2bQLf27WFt7k0vhDKMZJHFDnkaxFkYLrZ.1TIUK_8HK6jd8NmDuo8e5OwGtSLVycAogl8KRhamUKsvBOiEqc4QUj5xDacL7Ei.dbfAW9pmIdIQibciqQcqTDZhvPQMKSSnZfMh5eOe9I9KDPBwEgcxMg5jwVEfV3r4fZxWxMoXv51_iuSkMYWnQs6iYWGqw3FlI3gjmJTsan.PTgk2OaPy_MNSfEwaZbMw_V5kChC4ZKMqmVySeosI.8cPjk4999uY1vniS_xDzO1Km7vN9Xa.1mkOraWaWxGMIdVJduVlz4mKVuqnK99R3oavUSPHN6KFC3izmiC4KeCq56ywecluGkgm6bx6UsTJb52xapfooU_E0hLBO9luN8OK8yamRu7M2BWCS8ITNkN.3ZRSbxIZW_w.zIyETTf_9tiQayNb4KW0M879I1aIWS2_lpe4W5tpB_vtYZm.NyQrsWg7vIlJYbZT6.T9ylR.p7lAAZdkOD0YML6fYfiTPdj3i.LNF..8s1Zr9sr6vBC_cApiOQNfWYIKdaJMXf4yhgi6kfbpyd1.m9Hg7LiWhxXj2zj1MRQI9.1lgp1seLeyTZtICWDz0JqBKkwmRBMBBC8OxsfvV5EkX8DYQe28sSW1HgpqXMfu08klQta6P5P3_XlD2q85f5LFIbx44Q1.dl18gUGHatKASuXFrGhag9p4JyD5rbSzkzkVne4NxguwCajyGPWhgCeMBM4QKa9g77.0rqtiZc8gM1CrS9vEa_mrdsIZKLkOS2iF0pWV6iTJri9X66TcWWH_vSi9UeorzI9xumnBE6njlY6y0SqS9huU0WxZp.BB3CR04DJBuFSY_Wlg51cO9fidncmsDsyqrETiY_YEUGHbuzjKnuFF9wvdjQY_LGx2wGMqvricPJZji9W6oQPgJATOt6um6U8cFjPb64Zv7IaL9ijlqJhwf4L28xVpC33lmsJoEG_Qy3dE68F36NbaiC9k5_gXYpOMfstnLMfIsY1wVq24_WQrnv9Cnyc_esC.3UhFVsnZ1ILdPBffXAXiME2GqTYBIg_k",mdrd: "Xq1sfDkXpOihje74B8vWPArt9X0tQawPuKGuC6ZmrMc-1740439594-1.2.1.1-3PQTnOJk2de2M6hH74j37MSV7bNFmStm8r4IslSR37oUR2As.1LPcMOooJ1HN1xfXGlair1pFMZB3on3pXIL17k8knXKZaKejPK3KqQ7aOcyR5MoYmL_iscqcrg482G2ZuBYTINI3_GdwMypf_aYymaOrXWRK9Y_4TzOP745Wi.9rbhApPmb_dv4yyAYBxSnxXpm1NhKO4MBe5V33drVaR6kEOB2fwX7L1a1F_Il3neKzQXQK7cQadnUnr1uakYuHdWSPnp5iVbV7sgqVL0GdOqB8rlQ1HOSq5r9vfK0sp2Cni7.ITKeXjO2uTqpA9UQ4SsMbuqVXQG.iP1r1g3QtpJtvpcJzjCvp0F3Dh0oL7hWYN_BOj49NPiZcdx2lCcrzwMOXNOuFPBRPldA8g2wOndnMExsG9VlOLm7p6Zm7bi6epRXhfOYa6szzokowhb.fROguIdzSmN_oAXxxdjsn81KGyDf1P96Qr8PwMQ8ioUMR.5xTRjGLQUJVMasnn_NDOwEVc07cVIC6CNGsgiCZ9E2uMH1jobDZ6FcytDfXjW2z9Ol.jLDfb2ARpZx9Hw8tVClMK85XKSwPGqv5mRj8yAEExnPjMpoLKWDfeJSty50sE83asns8UNtdv44pPI_Vrf8XEvKNjuKINI1RgASLLMW.iBTEEE2entBqMSnfYjttKFrLN2GeV7WCcgKdD8QedgMN0zlTExYjN7GxJ447wyqMkMs6HG9Y6ze3rGYajM7TBh3EMUBFQWMTuIuDFnN0370nmF7pCVrnjKpniG4eWGcVagIy8OQPzHBvMnHYB66gOQpmnSA4HtNpY0ptLyMd8R9iEu55eLKgay70AB45lUiuHslCb94RUe1KQybuGs1msUakx5RxBkPk6d7yqSPkA4h.wV1rSS.Jq7Vwl_1dbJz0jKi3_e_m.VenThZ.nNp5dt7RkMAKfANgBHJphThaWCZAiHp0bJK3Yf4jGxhlqIQntImYLYzd_mEuUFCmk49NixLRkJFMVr7iO5kY8btadeMFvE78hSGnItnHIXTGEvRIDU4gM6G6V1Ik8x1uWppeL7fOvppvB4WA4RQ60XsFKNXjMAdlOZCj9q9n6KSBWaT1sgHuyRD15LDJa8SvPGYyiXe8zCd7UaTQ_CFh_waX0775plEpS52dz8Qqb5sGo5vhUdUNgUeo.yjEOjTq4RYOzDMdFG11Z191JLiDHtJcOO_VFlQgpNPv1AvLpUVIXmEK4HJS.UI.1xN1HdGSe6fTzLkRo_Bgvrd1HELcwfWdCFlwGeCnkYHjZBeKC_LSpy2vjEMtTY8GQRySJakRyYkbUAY57BJ0a4nyYRG2FEF4m6qgZPwQGse8qClzqOwb817mOXSvOhCK_aOHTDJowlIJ_X_TD8NMEg9CuR94TKCC_dw6zwf_cvW2Kx4LTh4lNXgEiCmnzg8RVryFpbELZkdNvwIZxkmvgpKbeVRyhUoS93smyIUtauc15KNlaUjGq2BOuf2StQnLDKXApe76yagGYfkxTqITBPERyY8sZPvsFhqBrfmfME4GV1mPx4S7UVlA.DSCAKagFLk0MQurzQFDW_j6AxdpdpEFWx1RW7QGvH5.Rz04X9oL5afIzWYE508GhKT0me5UsWIuk4vwuZMGH7TN3O8BGI4pSzIYWz_7aYLHVKLyFDW438x4NgwiFGhKGKASJWf508iRw3YqUcK4dduG3VZSv42dcdz7fTIQFL70f13uVAQu4gt4p85SAPSSNfjkItTch4Oq1u9NXkJO9G5Xt2EmKbm4KzOSMx0ldQ4IEQbiHbstci3P7NyTtwvt5WwyclLKie6xhGgQTr93yEtO_coVOVGPZwA.pK02quu8GBrQ0Edsoy3jTz8mRB0g3RFDJAqD1l3bjFCYFQFYiPkjwwpScKun5tnHCClJn0tRYEn1OO_uzubkm7nqG3BHjzbw0P0A._yacWvZ8ZTVfrZuPpVubeUyWNVpJM54pkElRijkdNxEZrFuas7sA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=917338ab7c51cdd6';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Camel%20ticks&__cf_chl_rt_tk=9iKVtITHjSv39VYUeNAw_zseACU1wYN9pBXWKhEhLWQ-1740439594-1.0.1.1-rpM2zbmF1AG6LiOey.zCPVE5nlvxT0B7csMbVMFfNKY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>