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href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Middle_English&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Change</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style> <p><b>Middle English</b> or <b>ME</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an older type of the <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English language</a> that was spoken after the <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman invasion</a> in <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1066?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1066">1066</a> until the <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1500s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1500s">1500s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came from <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> after <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_the_Conqueror?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> came to <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a> with his French nobles and stopped English from being taught in schools for a few hundred years. Over this time, English borrowed several <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_French?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old French">Old French</a> words and became part of the <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman language</a>. This period of the development was from the <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> to the <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>.</p> <table class="infobox vevent"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:130%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Middle English</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Englisch, Inglis, English</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chaucer-canterburytales-miller.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chaucer-canterburytales-miller.jpg/250px-Chaucer-canterburytales-miller.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Chaucer-canterburytales-miller.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="513"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"> A page from <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a>, some parts of <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">south east Scotland and Scottish burghs</a>, to some extent <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">developed into <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Modern_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>, <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, and <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yola_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yola language">Yola</a> and <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fingallian&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fingallian (not yet started)">Fingallian</a> in <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> by the 16th century</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <span class="wrap"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language family">Language family</a></span> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-European_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Germanic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">North Sea Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><b>Middle English</b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Early forms </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Indo-European?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proto-Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Proto-Germanic (not yet started)">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <span class="wrap"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Writing_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID%3D131">enm</a></span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/enm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:enm">enm</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ISO 639-6 (not yet started)">ISO 639-6</a></span></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>meng</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottolog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/midd1317">midd1317</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>In the <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1470s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1470s">1470s</a>, the <i>Chancery Standard,</i> a type of English spoken in <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a>, started to become more common. This was partly because <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=William_Caxton&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="William Caxton (not yet started)">William Caxton</a> brought the <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Printing_press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Printing press">printing press</a> to England in the 1470s. The type of English that people spoke in England between then and 1650 is called <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Modern_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>. There were many different <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of Middle English.</p> <p><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> wrote <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a> in Middle English.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Middle_English&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Change section: Related pages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>change</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Scots?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Scots">Old Scots</a>, the northern dialect</li> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_English_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle English literature">Middle English literature</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mirie_it_is_while_sumer_ilast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mirie it is while sumer ilast">Mirie it is while sumer ilast</a>, the earliest non-religious song in the English language, dating to ca. 1250 AD.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Middle_English&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Change section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>change</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHorobin2016" class="citation book cs1">Horobin, Simon (2016). <i>Introduction to Middle English</i>. Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Middle+English&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Horobin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHorobinSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Horobin, Simon; Smith, Jeremy J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLDBF5TJZHzQC%26dq%3Dmiddle%2Benglish%26pg%3DPP9"><i>An Introduction to Middle English</i></a>. OUP USA. <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521950-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521950-0"><bdi>978-0-19-521950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Middle+English&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521950-0&rft.aulast=Horobin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jeremy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDBF5TJZHzQC%26dq%3Dmiddle%2Benglish%26pg%3DPP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+English" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <ul> <li>Brunner, Karl (1962) <i>Abriss der mittelenglischen Grammatik</i>; 5. Auflage. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer (1st ed. Halle (Saale): M. Niemeyer, 1938)</li> <li>Brunner, Karl (1963) <i>An Outline of Middle English Grammar</i>; translated by Grahame Johnston. Oxford: Blackwell</li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/enm" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/enm">Middle English test</a></b></i> of <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:P_europe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P_europe.svg/30px-P_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="422"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 29px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P_europe.svg/30px-P_europe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="29" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P_europe.svg/45px-P_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P_europe.svg/60px-P_europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <i>This <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Stub">short article</a> about <a href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Europe_stubs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Europe stubs">Europe</a> can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMiddle_English%26action%3Dedit">adding to it</a></i>. </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMiddle_English%26oldid%3D9878881">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_English&oldid=9878881</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://simple-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Middle_English&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Jim.henderson" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1731444210"> <span>Last edited on 12 November 2024, at 20:43</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelengels" title="Middelengels – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Middelengels" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelenglisc_spr%25C3%25A6c" title="Middelenglisc spræc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Middelenglisc spræc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25D9%2589" title="اللغة الإنجليزية الوسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإنجليزية الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_angl%25C3%25A9s_meyo" title="Idioma anglés meyo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma anglés meyo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%25C3%25A9s_mediu" title="Inglés mediu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglés mediu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF_%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="মধ্য ইংরেজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্য ইংরেজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258F%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Сярэднеанглійская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сярэднеанглійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Средноанглийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средноанглийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krennsaozneg" title="Krennsaozneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krennsaozneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%25C3%25A8s_mitj%25C3%25A0" title="Anglès mitjà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anglès mitjà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%25C5%2599edn%25C3%25AD_angli%25C4%258Dtina" title="Střední angličtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Střední angličtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saesneg_Canol" title="Saesneg Canol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saesneg Canol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelengelsk" title="Middelengelsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Middelengelsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelenglisch" title="Mittelenglisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelenglisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskinglise_keel" title="Keskinglise keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskinglise keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259C%25CE%25AD%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7_%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CF%258E%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B1" title="Μέση αγγλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέση αγγλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Middle English" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%25C3%25A9s_medio" title="Inglés medio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés medio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meza_angla_lingvo" title="Meza angla lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meza angla lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeles_ertain" title="Ingeles ertain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingeles ertain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C_%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2587" title="انگلیسی میانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی میانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen_anglais" title="Moyen anglais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moyen anglais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midingelsk" title="Midingelsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Midingelsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhe%25C3%25A1n-Bh%25C3%25A9arla" title="An Mheán-Bhéarla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mheán-Bhéarla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%25C3%25A9s_medio" title="Inglés medio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inglés medio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A4%2591%25EC%2584%25B8_%25EC%2598%2581%25EC%2596%25B4" title="중세 영어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중세 영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BC%25E0%25A5%2580" title="मध्य अंग्रेज़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्य अंग्रेज़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjoengleski_jezik" title="Srednjoengleski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednjoengleski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mez-Angliana" title="Mez-Angliana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mez-Angliana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Inggris Pertengahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%25C3%25B0enska" title="Miðenska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_inglese_media" title="Lingua inglese media – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua inglese media" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%259B%25D7%2595%25D7%25A0%25D7%2594" title="אנגלית תיכונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגלית תיכונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="საშუალო ინგლისური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საშუალო ინგლისური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A8%25D3%25A7%25D1%2580_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2" title="Шӧр англичан кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шӧр англичан кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglica_media" title="Lingua Anglica media – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Anglica media" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelingels" title="Middelingels – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Middelingels" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Средноанглиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средноанглиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Inggeris Pertengahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Inggeris Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelengels" title="Middelengels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middelengels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%258B%25B1%25E8%25AA%259E" title="中英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomengelsk" title="Mellomengelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mellomengelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomengelsk" title="Mellomengelsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mellomengelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%25C3%25A9s_mejan" title="Anglés mejan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anglés mejan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C4%2599zyk_%25C5%259Brednioangielski" title="Język średnioangielski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język średnioangielski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%25C3%25AAs_m%25C3%25A9dio" title="Inglês médio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês médio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_englez%25C4%2583_medie" title="Limba engleză medie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba engleză medie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Среднеанглийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Среднеанглийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Inglis_leid" title="Middle Inglis leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Middle Inglis leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25DA%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A" title="وچولي انگريزي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وچولي انگريزي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredn%25C3%25A1_angli%25C4%258Dtina" title="Stredná angličtina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredná angličtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_angle%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dina" title="Srednja angleščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srednja angleščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="زمانی ئینگلیزیی ناوین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئینگلیزیی ناوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskienglanti" title="Keskienglanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskienglanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medelengelska" title="Medelengelska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medelengelska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A4%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2587" title="ภาษาอังกฤษสมัยกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอังกฤษสมัยกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%25C4%25B0ngilizce" title="Orta İngilizce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta İngilizce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Середньоанглійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середньоанглійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C" title="وسطی انگریزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وسطی انگریزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%25E1%25BA%25BFng_Anh_trung_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BA%25A1i" title="Tiếng Anh trung đại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Anh trung đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258F%25A4%25E8%258B%25B1%25E8%25AF%25AD" title="中古英语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中古英语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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