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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_half_o_the_20t_century_an_ayont"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Second half o the 20t century an ayont</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_half_o_the_20t_century_an_ayont-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internaitional_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internaitional_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Internaitional relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internaitional_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internaitional relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internaitional_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_touns_-_sister_ceeties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_touns_-_sister_ceeties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Twin touns - sister ceeties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_touns_-_sister_ceeties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pairtner_ceeties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pairtner_ceeties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pairtner ceeties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pairtner_ceeties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Odessa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 leids</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%A3" title="ኦዴሣ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦዴሣ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessos" title="Odessos – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Odessos" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="أوديسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوديسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="اوديسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوديسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="اودسا (اوکراین) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اودسا (اوکراین)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Адэса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адэса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Адэса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адэса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Bulgairien" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgairien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="ওডেসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওডেসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Odessa (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Odessa (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ئۆدێسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆدێسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ades" title="Ades – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ades" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C4%9Bsa" title="Oděsa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oděsa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Dens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%83%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Οδησσός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οδησσός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Inglis" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inglis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeso" title="Odeso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Odeso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Spainish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spainish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Eastlands" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Eastlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="اودسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اودسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%A8ssa" title="Odèssa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Odèssa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Odessa (stêd) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Odessa (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%94" title="אודסה – Ebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="ओडेसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओडेसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessza" title="Odessza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Odessza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Օդեսա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդեսա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Օտեսա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օտեսա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5" title="オデッサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オデッサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ოდესა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოდესა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8" title="ಒಡೆಸ್ಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಡೆಸ್ಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%8D%B0%EC%82%AC" title="오데사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오데사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Laitin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Laitin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udessa" title="Udessa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Udessa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Lithuanie" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanie" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Letts" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letts" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одэса – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Одэса" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8" title="ഒഡെസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒഡെസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="ओदेसा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओदेसा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အိုဒက်ဆာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုဒက်ဆာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Одесса ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Одесса ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_(stad)" title="Odessa (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odessa (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%C3%A6" title="Одессæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Одессæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Polls" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%ABssa" title="Odëssa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Odëssa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="اودیسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اودیسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%83%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Οδησσός – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Οδησσός" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Roumains" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roumains" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Roushien" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Roushien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="اوديسا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوديسا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Slovein" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovein" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Albainien" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Swaidish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swaidish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uodesa" title="Uodesa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Uodesa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="ஒடெசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒடெசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ออแดซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออแดซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Odesa" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одесса – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Одесса" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Одеса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одеса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%81" title="اودیسہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اودیسہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_(Ucraina)" title="Odessa (Ucraina) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Odessa (Ucraina)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odess" title="Odess – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Odess" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%A4ssa" title="Odässa – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Odässa" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Odessa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%A8" title="敖德萨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="敖德萨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ოდესა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოდესა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="אדעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אדעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%96%A9" title="敖德薩 – Cheenese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敖德薩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cheenese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%BF%AA%E6%B2%99" title="奧迪沙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧迪沙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Eedit interleid airtins" class="wbc-editpage">Eedit airtins</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Frae Wikipedia, the free beuk o knawledge</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sco" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Odesa (Одеса)<br />Odessa (Одесса)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Odesa-Montage-2016.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwise: monument tae Duke de Richelieu, Vorontsov Lichthoose, ceety gairden, Opera an Ballet Theatre, Potemkin Stairs, Square de Richelieu"><img alt="Clockwise: monument tae Duke de Richelieu, Vorontsov Lichthoose, ceety gairden, Opera an Ballet Theatre, Potemkin Stairs, Square de Richelieu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Odesa-Montage-2016.png/250px-Odesa-Montage-2016.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Odesa-Montage-2016.png/375px-Odesa-Montage-2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Odesa-Montage-2016.png/500px-Odesa-Montage-2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span><div style="padding:0.4em 0 0 0;"><b>Clockwise:</b> monument tae Duke de Richelieu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorontsov_Lichthoose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorontsov Lichthoose (page disna exeest)">Vorontsov Lichthoose</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa_ceety_gairden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odessa ceety gairden (page disna exeest)">ceety gairden</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa_Opera_an_Ballet_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odessa Opera an Ballet Theater (page disna exeest)">Opera an Ballet Theatre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potemkin_Stairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potemkin Stairs (page disna exeest)">Potemkin Stairs</a>, Square de Richelieu</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center"><div style="display:table; width:100%; background:none;"> <div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Odesa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banner o Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса)"><img alt="Banner o Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Odesa.svg/100px-Flag_of_Odesa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Odesa.svg/150px-Flag_of_Odesa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Odesa.svg/200px-Flag_of_Odesa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span><div style="padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 0;">Banner</div></div></div></div><div style="display:table; width:100%; background:none;"><div style="display:table-row"></div><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of airms o Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса)"><img alt="Coat of airms o Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa.svg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="910" /></a></span><div style="padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 0;">Coat airms</div></div><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Odesa-logo.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса)"><img alt="Official logo of Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Odesa-logo.gif/100px-Odesa-logo.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Odesa-logo.gif/150px-Odesa-logo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Odesa-logo.gif/200px-Odesa-logo.gif 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="437" /></a></span><div style="padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 0;"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r840575">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса) is located in Ukraine"><img alt="Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса) is located in Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ukraine_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Ukraine_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ukraine_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Ukraine_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ukraine_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Ukraine_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span><div class="od" style="top:72.477%;left:48.089%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса)"><img alt="Odesa (Одеса) Odessa (Одесса)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>Odesa (Одеса)<br />Odessa (Одесса)</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Ukraine</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r840235">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Odessa&params=46_28_N_30_44_E_region:UA_type:city(1003705)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°28′N</span> <span class="longitude">30°44′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.467°N 30.733°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.467; 30.733</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r840235"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Odessa&params=46_28_N_30_44_E_region:UA_type:city(1003705)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°28′N</span> <span class="longitude">30°44′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.467°N 30.733°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.467; 30.733</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Kintra</th><td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a></th><td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Odesa_Oblast.png/23px-Flag_of_Odesa_Oblast.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Odesa_Oblast.png/35px-Flag_of_Odesa_Oblast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Odesa_Oblast.png/45px-Flag_of_Odesa_Oblast.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Odessa_Oblast" title="Odessa Oblast">Odessa Oblast</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa_Raion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odessa Raion (page disna exeest)">Odessa Raion</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Port foondit</th><td>2 September 1794</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Govrenment<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Mayor</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hennadiy_Trukhanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hennadiy Trukhanov (page disna exeest)">Hennadiy Trukhanov</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Area<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • City</th><td>236.9 km<sup>2</sup> (91.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Elevation<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>40 m (130 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row">Highest elevation<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>65 m (213 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row">Lowest elevation<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>-4.2 m (−13.8 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Population<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1 Julie 2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • City</th><td>1,003,705</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • Density</th><td>6141/km<sup>2</sup> (15,910/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td>1,191,000<sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_leid" title="Ukrainian leid">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Одесит одеситка</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=UTC%2B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UTC+2 (page disna exeest)">UTC+2</a> (EET)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=UTC%2B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UTC+3 (page disna exeest)">UTC+3</a> (EEST)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Postal code</th><td class="adr"><div class="postal-code">65000–65480</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_nummerin_plan" title="Telephone nummerin plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td>+380 48</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Website</th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odessa.ua/?lang=en">www.odessa.ua</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><sup>1</sup> The population o the metropolitan aurie is as o 2001.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Odessa</b> or <b>Odesa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_leid" title="Ukrainian leid">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Оде́са</span>, <small>pronounced </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA_for_Ukrainian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help:IPA for Ukrainian (page disna exeest)">[ɔˈdɛsɑ]</a></span>), (<a href="/wiki/Roushie_leid" title="Roushie leid">Roushie</a>: <span lang="ru">Оде́сса</span>), is the third lairgest ceety in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, wi a population o 1,003,705. At the beginnin o the 20t century it wis the biggest ceety o Ukraine an haed a special unthirlt jurisdiction. The ceety is a major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_o_Odessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port o Odessa (page disna exeest)">seaport</a> an transportation hub locatit on the northwastren shore o the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Odessa is an aa an <a href="/wiki/Admeenistrative_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Admeenistrative centre">admeenistrative centre</a> o the <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Oblast" title="Odessa Oblast">Odessa Oblast</a> an major cultural centre o multi-ethnic population. Its alternative Roushie name is the <i>Soothren Palmira</i>. </p><p>The predecessor o Odessa, a smaa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatars (page disna exeest)">Tatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_dounset" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Human dounset">dounset</a>, wis foondit bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hac%C4%B1_I_Giray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacı I Giray (page disna exeest)">Hacı I Giray</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_(teetle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan (teetle) (page disna exeest)">Khan</a> o <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a> in 1440. Efter a period o <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_o_Lithuanie" title="Grand Duchy o Lithuanie">Lithuanie</a> control, it passed intae the domain o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Dynasty (page disna exeest)">Ottoman</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultan (page disna exeest)">Sultan</a> in 1529 an remained in Ottoman haunds till the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s defeat in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkis_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russo-Turkis War (1787–1792) (page disna exeest)">Russo-Turkis War</a> o 1792. The ceety o Odessa wis foondit bi a decree o the Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> in 1794. Frae 1819 tae 1858 Odessa wis a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_free_ports&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o free ports (page disna exeest)">free port</a>. Durin the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> period it wis the maist important port o tred in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> an a Soviet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_dockyard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval dockyard (page disna exeest)">naval base</a>. On 1 Januar 2000 the Quarantine Pier o Odessa tred sea port wis declared a free port an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_economic_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free economic zone (page disna exeest)">free economic zone</a> for a term o 25 years. </p><p>In the 19t century it wis the fowert lairgest ceety o <a href="/wiki/Roushie_Empire" title="Roushie Empire">Imperial Roushie</a>, efter Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Saunt_Petersburg" title="Saunt Petersburg">Saunt Petersburg</a> an <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its historical airchitectur haes a style mair <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> nor Roushie, haein been hivily influencit bi French an Italian styles. Some biggins are biggit in a mixtur o different styles, includin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_Nouveau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art Nouveau (page disna exeest)">Art Nouveau</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_airchitectur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance airchitectur (page disna exeest)">Renaissance</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clessicism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clessicism (page disna exeest)">Clessicist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UKRWorld_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKRWorld-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odessa is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_o_caw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port o caw (page disna exeest)">wairm watter port</a>. The ceety o Odessa hosts twa important ports: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_o_Odessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port o Odessa (page disna exeest)">Port o Odessa</a> itsel an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuzhne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuzhne (page disna exeest)">Port Yuzhne</a> (an aa an internaitionally important ile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Container_terminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Container terminal (page disna exeest)">terminal</a>), situatit in the ceety's suburbs. Anither important port, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_o_Illichivsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port o Illichivsk (page disna exeest)">Illichivsk</a>, is locatit in the same <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a>, tae the sooth-wast o Odessa. Thegither thay represent a major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_hub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport hub (page disna exeest)">transport hub</a> integratin wi railways. Odessa's ile an chemical processin facilities are connectit tae <a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie">Roushie</a>'s an EU's respective networks bi strategic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipeline_transport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pipeline transport (page disna exeest)">pipelines</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Eedit section: Name" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Name"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oreegin o the name Odessa is unkent, but it is proponit the ceety wis namit efter the auncient Greek ceety o <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna#Antiquity_and_Bulgarian_conquest" class="extiw" title="en:Varna">Odessos</a> (Oδησσός), which wis falsely believit tae hae been foondit at the location o present day Odessa; awtho Odessa is in fact locatit in the aurie atween the auncient Greek ceeties o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyras (page disna exeest)">Tyras</a> (Τύρας) an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olbia,_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olbia, Ukraine (page disna exeest)">Olbia</a> (Ὀλβία). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Eedit section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potemkinstairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Potemkinstairs.jpg/300px-Potemkinstairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Potemkinstairs.jpg/450px-Potemkinstairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Potemkinstairs.jpg/600px-Potemkinstairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption>The 142-metre-lang Potemkin (oreeginally Richelieu) Stairs (constructit 1834–1841), made famous bi <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> in his movie <i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> (1925). It is the set for arguably the maist celebratit short sequence ever filmed.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frae_foondation_tae_the_end_o_the_19t_century">Frae foondation tae the end o the 19t century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Eedit section: Frae foondation tae the end o the 19t century" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Frae foondation tae the end o the 19t century"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> <a href="/wiki/15t_century" title="15t century">15t century</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomad (page disna exeest)">nomadic</a> tribes o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nogays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nogays (page disna exeest)">Nogays</a> unner the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzerainty (page disna exeest)">suzerainty</a> o the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Khanate o Crimea</a> inhabitit what is nou the Odessa region. Durin the reign o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan (page disna exeest)">Khan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haci_I_Giray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haci I Giray (page disna exeest)">Haci I Giray</a>, the Khanate wis endangered bi the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> an the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> an, in sairch o allies, the khan agreed tae cede the aurie tae the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_o_Lithuanie" title="Grand Duchy o Lithuanie">Grand Duchy o Lithuanie</a>. </p><p>The site o present-day Odessa wis then a toun kent as <b>Khadjibey</b> (an aa spelled as Khadjibei, Khadzhibei, or Gadzhibei; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_leid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian leid">Lithuanian</a>: <i>Chadžibėjus</i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Tatar_leid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crimean Tatar leid (page disna exeest)">Crimean Tatar</a> an <a href="/wiki/Turkish_leid" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish leid">Turkish</a>: <i>Hacibey</i>) an wis pairt o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dykra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dykra (page disna exeest)">Dykra</a> region. Houever, the aurie wis ae sparsely populated wi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkic_fowks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkic fowks (page disna exeest)">Turkic</a> tribes an consistit maistly o unpopulatit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steppe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steppe (page disna exeest)">steppes</a>. </p><p>Khadjibey came unner direct control o the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> efter <a href="/w/index.php?title=1529&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1529 (page disna exeest)">1529</a> an wis pairt o a region kent as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yedisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yedisan (page disna exeest)">Yedisan</a> an wis administered in the Ottoman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silistra_Province,_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silistra Province, Ottoman Empire (page disna exeest)">Silistra (Özi) Province</a>. In the mid-<a href="/wiki/18t_century" title="18t century">18t century</a>, the Ottomans rebuilt a fortress at Khadjibey, which wis named <b>Eni Dunia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_leid" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish leid">Turkish</a>: <i>Yeni Dünya</i>, literally "new warld"). </p><p>Durin the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_War,_1787-1792&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792 (page disna exeest)">Russo-Turkish War o 1787–1792</a>, on <a href="/wiki/25_September" title="25 September">25 September</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1789&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1789 (page disna exeest)">1789</a>, a detachment o Roushie forces unner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Gudovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Gudovich (page disna exeest)">Ivan Gudovich</a> teuk Khadjibey an Yeni Dünya for the <a href="/wiki/Roushie_Empire" title="Roushie Empire">Roushie Empire</a>. Ane pairt o the troops wis unner command o a <a href="/wiki/Spainyie_fowk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spainyie fowk">Spaniard</a> in Roushie service, Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José de Ribas (page disna exeest)">José de Ribas</a> (kent in Roushie as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas) an the main street in Odessa the day, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deribasovskaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deribasovskaya (page disna exeest)">Deribasovskaya</a> street, is named efter him. Roushie formally gained possession o the aurie as a result o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_o_Jassy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty o Jassy (page disna exeest)">Treaty o Jassy</a> (Iaşi) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=1792&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1792 (page disna exeest)">1792</a> an it became a pairt o the sae-cawed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novorossiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novorossiya (page disna exeest)">Novorossiya</a> ("New Roushie"). </p><p>A ceety wis offeecially foondit in <a href="/w/index.php?title=1794&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1794 (page disna exeest)">1794</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie">Roushie</a> naval fortress on the ruins o Khadjibey an wis renamed <b>Odessa</b> bi Januar <a href="/w/index.php?title=1795&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1795 (page disna exeest)">1795</a> (when its new name wis first mentioned in offeecial correspondence). Neither origin o the new name nor reasons for renamin ar kent, tho <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologies</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anecdote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anecdote (page disna exeest)">anecdotes</a> aboond. Accordin tae ane o the stories, when someane suggestit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odessos (page disna exeest)">Odessos</a> as a name for the new Roushie port, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_o_Roushie" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II o Roushie">Catherine II</a> said that aw names in the Sooth o the Empire wur already 'masculine,' an didna want yet anither ane, sae she decidit tae chynge it tae mair 'feminine' Odessa. This anecdote is hichtlie dubious, acause thare wur at least twa ceeties (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eupatoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eupatoria (page disna exeest)">Eupatoria</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodosia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodosia (page disna exeest)">Theodosia</a>) which names soond 'feminine' for a Roushie; besides, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Czarina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czarina (page disna exeest)">Czarina</a> wis no a native Roushie speaker, an finally, aw ceeties ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_gender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatical gender (page disna exeest)">feminine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> (as well as in <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a>). Anither legend derives the name 'Odessa' frae the wird-play: in <a href="/wiki/French_leid" title="French leid">French</a> (which <i>wis</i> then the leid spoken at the Roushie court), 'plenty o watter' is <i>assez d'eau</i>; if said backwards, it soonds seemilar tae that o the Greek colony's name (an watter-relatit pun maks perfect sense, acause Odessa, tho situatit next tae the huge body o watter, haes limitit fresh watter supply). Onyhou, a link wi the name o the ancient Greek colony persists, sae thare might be some truth in the oral tradeetion. </p><p>The new ceety quickly became a major success. Its early growthe owed muckle tae the wirk o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (page disna exeest)">Duc de Richelieu</a>, who served as the ceety's governor atween <a href="/w/index.php?title=1803&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1803 (page disna exeest)">1803</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1814&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1814 (page disna exeest)">1814</a>. Haein fled the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, he haed served in Catherine's airmy against the Turks. He is creditit wit designin the ceety an organisin its amenities an infrastructure, an is considered ane o the foondin faithers o Odessa, thegither wi anither Frenchman, Coont <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Langeron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre Langeron (page disna exeest)">Alexandre Langeron</a>, who succeedit him in office. Richelieu is commemoratit bi a bronze statue, unveiled in <a href="/w/index.php?title=1828&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1828 (page disna exeest)">1828</a> tae a design bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Martos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Martos (page disna exeest)">Ivan Martos</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=1819&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1819 (page disna exeest)">1819</a> the ceety wis made a free port, a status it retained till <a href="/w/index.php?title=1859&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1859 (page disna exeest)">1859</a>. It became hame tae an extremely diverse population o <a href="/wiki/Roushies" title="Roushies">Roushies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_fowk" title="French fowk">Frenchmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> an traders representin mony ither European naitionalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the ceety's cairt, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Frantsuszkiy</i> (French) an <i>Italianskiy</i> (Italian) Boulevards, <i>Grecheskaya</i> (Greek), <i>Evreyskaya</i> (Jewish), <i>Arnautskaya</i> (Albanian) Streets). Its cosmopolitan naitur wis documented bi the great Roushie poet <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, who lived in internal exile in Odessa atween <a href="/w/index.php?title=1823&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1823 (page disna exeest)">1823</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1824&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1824 (page disna exeest)">1824</a>. In his letters he wrote that Odessa wis a ceety whaur "ye can smell Europe. French is spoken an there ar European papers an magazines tae read". </p><p> Odessa's growthe wis interrupted bi the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crimean War (page disna exeest)">Crimean War</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=1853&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1853 (page disna exeest)">1853</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1856&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1856 (page disna exeest)">1856</a>, durin which it wis bombardit bi <a href="/wiki/Unitit_Kinrick_o_Great_Breetain_an_Ireland" title="Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland">Breetish</a> an <a href="/wiki/Fraunce" title="Fraunce">French</a> naval forces. It suin recovered an the growthe in tred made Odessa Roushie's lairgest grain-exportin port. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=1866&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1866 (page disna exeest)">1866</a> the ceety wis linked bi rail wi <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> an <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iaşi">Iaşi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanie">Romanie</a>. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_richelieu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Odessa_richelieu.jpg/300px-Odessa_richelieu.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Odessa_richelieu.jpg/450px-Odessa_richelieu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Odessa_richelieu.jpg/600px-Odessa_richelieu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>Richelieu Street an the Opera Theatre in the 1890s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ceety became the hame o a lairge Jewish community durin the <a href="/wiki/19t_century" title="19t century">19t century</a>, an bi <a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a> Jews wur estimatit tae comprise some 37% o the population. Thay wur, houever, repeatedly subjectit tae severe persecution. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrom (page disna exeest)">Pogroms</a> wur carried oot in <a href="/w/index.php?title=1821&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1821 (page disna exeest)">1821</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1859&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1859 (page disna exeest)">1859</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1871&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1871 (page disna exeest)">1871</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1881&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1881 (page disna exeest)">1881</a>, an <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a>. Mony Odessan Jews fled abroad, parteecularly tae <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> efter <a href="/w/index.php?title=1882&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1882 (page disna exeest)">1882</a>, an the ceety became an important base o support for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zionism (page disna exeest)">Zionism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_half_o_the_20t_century">First half o the 20t century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Eedit section: First half o the 20t century" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: First half o the 20t century"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> Odessa wis the site o a workers' uprisin supportit bi the crew o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roushie_battleship_Potemkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roushie battleship Potemkin (page disna exeest)">Roushie battleship Potemkin</a> (an aa see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship_Potemkin_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battleship Potemkin uprising (page disna exeest)">Battleship Potemkin uprising</a>) an <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iskra (page disna exeest)">Iskra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s famous motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battleship_Potemkin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battleship Potemkin">The Battleship Potemkin</a></i> commemoratit the uprisin an includit a scene whaur hunders o Odessan ceetizens wur murdered on the great stane staircase (nou popularly kent as the "Potemkin Steps"), in ane o the maist famous scenes in motion picture history. At the tap o the steps, which lead doun tae the port, stands a statue o Richelieu. The actual massacre teuk place in streets nearbi, no on the steps themselves, but the movie caused mony tae veesit Odessa tae see the steid o the "slauchter". The "Odessa Steps" continue tae be a tourist attraction in Odessa. The film wis made at Odessa's Cinema Factory, ane o the auldest cinema studios in the umwhile Soviet Union. </p><p>Follaein the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevik_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolshevik Revolution (page disna exeest)">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> durin <a href="/wiki/Warld_War_I" title="Warld War I">Warld War I</a>, Odessa wis occupied bi several groups, includin the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsentral%27na_Rada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsentral'na Rada (page disna exeest)">Tsentral'na Rada</a></i>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Airmy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Airmy (page disna exeest)">French Airmy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reid_Airmy" title="Reid Airmy">Reid Airmy</a> an the <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Airmy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Airmy (page disna exeest)">White Airmy</a>. Finally, in <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a>, the Reid Airmy teuk control o Odessa an unitit it wi the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, which later acame pairt o the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. </p><p>The fowk o Odessa suffered frae a great <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faimin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faimin (page disna exeest)">faimin</a> that occurred in <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a>–<a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> as a result o the war. Durin <a href="/wiki/Warld_War_II" title="Warld War II">Warld War II</a> Odessa wis occupied bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanie_durin_Warld_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanie durin Warld War II (page disna exeest)">Romanie</a> an <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> forces frae <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>–<a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>. The ceety suffered severe damage an mony casualties. </p><p>Unner the <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis</a> occupation, approximately 60,000 Odessans (maistly <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>) wur aither <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa_Massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odessa Massacre (page disna exeest)">massacred</a> or deportit. Mony pairts o Odessa wur damaged durin its faw an later recaptur in Aprile <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>, when the ceety wis finally liberatit bi the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Army (page disna exeest)">Soviet Army</a>. It wis ane o the first fower Soviet ceeties tae be awardit the title o "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hero_Ceety&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hero Ceety (page disna exeest)">Hero Ceety</a>" in <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_half_o_the_20t_century_an_ayont">Second half o the 20t century an ayont</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Eedit section: Second half o the 20t century an ayont" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Second half o the 20t century an ayont"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Odessa_1.jpg/200px-Odessa_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Odessa_1.jpg/300px-Odessa_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Odessa_1.jpg/400px-Odessa_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Pushkinskaya Street.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1960s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960s (page disna exeest)">1960s</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=1970s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970s (page disna exeest)">1970s</a> the ceety grew tremendously. Nivertheless, atween the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1970s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970s (page disna exeest)">1970s</a> an <a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a>, the majority o Odessa's <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> emigratit tae <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unitit_States" title="Unitit States">Unitit States</a> an ither <a href="/wiki/Wastren_warld" title="Wastren warld">Wastren</a> kintras, domestic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration (page disna exeest)">migration</a> o Odessan middle an upper classes tae <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> an <a href="/wiki/Saunt_Petersburg" title="Saunt Petersburg">Leningrad</a> affered even greater opportunities for career advancement, an aa occurred on a lairge scale. But the ceety's grew rapidly bi filling the void wi new rural migrants elsewhere frae the Ukraine, industrial professionals invitit frae Roushie as well as ither Soviet republics. Despite bein pairt o the Ukraine Socialist Republic, the ceety preserved an somewhit reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix o Roushie/Ukrainian/Mediterranean cultur an a predominantly Russophone environment wi a uniquely accented dialect o Roushie spoken in the ceety. The ceety's Roushie, Ukrainian, Greek, Armenie, Moldovan an Azeri an Jewish communities hae influenced different aspects o Odessa. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Odessa_3.jpg/200px-Odessa_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Odessa_3.jpg/300px-Odessa_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Odessa_3.jpg/400px-Odessa_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Odessa <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 (page disna exeest)">1991</a>, efter the collapse o <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, the ceety became pairt o newly independent <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. The day Odessa is a ceety o aroond 1.1 million fowk. The ceety's industries include shipbiggin, ile refinin, chemicals, metalworkin an fuid processin. Odessa is an aa a Ukrainian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval (page disna exeest)">naval</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Militar_base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Militar base (page disna exeest)">base</a> an hame tae a fishin fleet. It is an aa kent for its huge ootdoor mercat, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seivent-Kilometer_Mercat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seivent-Kilometer Mercat (page disna exeest)">Seivent-Kilometer Mercat</a>. </p><p>The transportation network o Odessa consists o trams<sup id="cite_ref-trams_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trams-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (streetcaurs), <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>; an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshrutka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshrutka (page disna exeest)">marshrutkas</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_features">Geography and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Eedit section: Geography and features" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Geography and features"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odessa is situatit (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r840235"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Odessa&params=46_28_N_30_44_E_type:city(1,012,500)_region:UA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°28′N</span> <span class="longitude">30°44′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.467°N 30.733°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.467; 30.733</span></span></span></a></span>) on terraced hills owerleukin a smaa harbor, approximately 31 km (19 mi.) north o the estuary o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dniester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dniester (page disna exeest)">Dniester</a> river an some 443 km (275 mi) sooth o the Ukrainian caipital <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>. The ceety haes a mild an dry climate wi average temperaturs in Januar o -2 °C (29 °F), an Julie o 22 °C (73 °F). It averages anly 350 mm (14 in) o precipitation annually. </p><p>The primary leid spoken is <a href="/wiki/Roushie_leid" title="Roushie leid">Roushie</a>, wi <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_leid" title="Ukrainian leid">Ukrainian</a> bein less common despite its bein an offeecial leid in Ukraine. The ceety is a mix o mony nationalities an ethnic groups, includin <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roushies" title="Roushies">Roushies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldovans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moldovans (page disna exeest)">Moldovans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaries" title="Bulgaries">Bulgaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenies" title="Armenies">Armenies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkis_fowk" title="Turkis fowk">Turks</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_fowk" title="Vietnamese fowk">Vietnamese</a>, amang ithers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultur">Cultur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Eedit section: Cultur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Cultur"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Odessa_library.jpg/300px-Odessa_library.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Odessa_library.jpg/450px-Odessa_library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Odessa_library.jpg/600px-Odessa_library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>Odessa Public Library (nou Archaeological Museum), lik sae mony ither laundmerks in the ceety, wis designed in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoclassicism (page disna exeest)">Neoclassical</a> style.</figcaption></figure> <p>Odessa is a popular tourist destination, wi mony therapeutic resorts in and aroond the ceety. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolstoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolstoy (page disna exeest)">Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Vorontsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Vorontsov (page disna exeest)">Vorontsov</a>, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potocki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potocki (page disna exeest)">Potocki</a> families awned pailaces in Odessa, which can still be visitit. </p><p>The writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Babel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Babel (page disna exeest)">Isaac Babel</a> wis born in the ceety, which haes an aa produced several famous muisicians, includin the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Violinist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Violinist (page disna exeest)">violinists</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Milstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan Milstein (page disna exeest)">Nathan Milstein</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mischa_Elman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mischa Elman (page disna exeest)">Mischa Elman</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Oistrakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Oistrakh (page disna exeest)">David Oistrakh</a>, an the <a href="/wiki/Pianist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianist">pianists</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benno_Moiseiwitsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benno Moiseiwitsch (page disna exeest)">Benno Moiseiwitsch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sviatoslav_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sviatoslav Richter (page disna exeest)">Sviatoslav Richter</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Gilels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Gilels (page disna exeest)">Emil Gilels</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> player <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efim_Geller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efim Geller (page disna exeest)">Efim Geller</a> wis born in the ceety. (Aw leetit, except for Richter, ar representatives o the ceety's Jewish community.) </p><p>The maist popular Roushie shaw-business fowk frae Odessa ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Smirnoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakov Smirnoff (page disna exeest)">Yakov Smirnoff</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comedian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comedian (page disna exeest)">comedian</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Zhvanetsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Zhvanetsky (page disna exeest)">Mikhail Zhvanetsky</a> (legendary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humorist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humorist (page disna exeest)">humorist</a> writer, who began his career as port ingineer) an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Kartsev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Kartsev (page disna exeest)">Roman Kartsev</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comedian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comedian (page disna exeest)">comedian</a>). Thair success in <a href="/w/index.php?title=1970s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970s (page disna exeest)">1970s</a> contributit tae Odessa's established status o a "caipital o Soviet humour". Later several humour <a href="/w/index.php?title=Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festival (page disna exeest)">festivals</a> wur established in the ceety, includin the celebration o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprile_Fool%27s_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aprile Fool's Day (page disna exeest)">Aprile Fool's Day</a>. </p><p>See mair fowk born in Odessa in <a href="/wiki/Category:Fowk_frae_Odessa" title="Category:Fowk frae Odessa">Category:Fowk frae Odessa</a>. </p><p>Maist o the ceety's 19t century hooses wur biggit o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limestane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limestane (page disna exeest)">limestane</a> mined nearbi. Abandoned mines wur later uised an broadened bi local <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smuggler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smuggler (page disna exeest)">smugglers</a>. This creatit a complicatit <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a> o unnergrund tunnels aneath Odessa, kent as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catacombs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catacombs (page disna exeest)">catacombs</a>". Thay ar a nou a great attraction for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extreme_tourist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extreme tourist (page disna exeest)">extreme tourists</a>. Sic tours, houever, ar no offeecially sanctioned an ar dangerous acause the layoot o the catacombs haes no been fully mapped an the tunnels themselves ar unsafe. Thir tunnels ar a primary reason why subway wis niver biggit in Odessa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internaitional_relations">Internaitional relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Eedit section: Internaitional relations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Internaitional relations"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Relatit page: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_twin_touns_an_sister_ceeties_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Ukraine (page disna exeest)">Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Ukraine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_touns_-_sister_ceeties">Twin touns - sister ceeties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Eedit section: Twin touns - sister ceeties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Twin touns - sister ceeties"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Odessa</b> is <a href="/wiki/Twin_touns_an_sister_ceeties" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin touns an sister ceeties">twinned</a>, haes sister an pairtner relationships wi mony ither ceeties throughoot the Warld: </p> <div class="column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egyp" title="Egyp"><img alt="Egyp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egyp, <i>(syne 1968)</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Unitit States, <i>(syne 1975)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Baltimore_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltimore-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldovae" title="Moldovae"><img alt="Moldovae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Chişinău">Chişinău</a>, Moldovae, <i>(syne 1994)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Chișinău_twinnings_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chișinău_twinnings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romanie" title="Romanie"><img alt="Romanie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Constanţa">Constanţa</a>, Romanie, <i>(syne 1991)</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy, <i>(syne 1972)</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel, <i>(syne 1992)</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey, <i>(syne 1997)</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indie" title="Indie"><img alt="Indie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, Indie, <i>(syne 1986)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Kolkata_twinnings_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a>, Mexico, <i>(syne 2012)</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Unitit_Kinrick" title="Unitit Kinrick"><img alt="Unitit Kinrick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, Unitit Kinrick, <i>(syne 1957)</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, Poland, <i>(syne 1993)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Łódź_twinning_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Łódź_twinning-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fraunce" title="Fraunce"><img alt="Fraunce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, Fraunce, <i>(syne 1973)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Marseille_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marseille-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, Cyprus, <i>(syne 1996)</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, Finland, <i>(syne 1957)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, Greece, <i>(syne 1993)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Greek_twinnings_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_twinnings-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fowkrepublic_o_Cheenae" title="Fowkrepublic o Cheenae"><img alt="Fowkrepublic o Cheenae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, Cheenae, <i>(syne 1993)</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, Germany, <i>(syne 1990)</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin" title="Rosh HaAyin">Rosh HaAyin</a>, Israel</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie"><img alt="Roushie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, Roushie, <i>(syne 1999)</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatie" title="Croatie"><img alt="Croatie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Split, Croatie">Split</a>, Croatie, <i>(syne 1964)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Split_twinnings_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Split_twinnings-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, Hungary, <i>(syne 1977)</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valencia" class="mw-disambig" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain, <i>(syne 1922)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Valencia_twinnings_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valencia_twinnings-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canadae" title="Canadae"><img alt="Canadae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, Canadae, <i>(syne 1944)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Vancouver_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vancouver-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie"><img alt="Bulgarie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Varna" title="Varna">Varna</a>, Bulgarie <small><i>(syne 1992)</i></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenie" title="Armenie"><img alt="Armenie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenie <small><i>(syne 1995)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings_2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan <small><i>(syne 1968)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Yokohama_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yokohama-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pairtner_ceeties">Pairtner ceeties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Eedit section: Pairtner ceeties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Pairtner ceeties"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:33.3%;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belaroushie" title="Belaroushie"><img alt="Belaroushie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belaroushie" title="Brest, Belaroushie">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belaroushie" title="Belaroushie">Belaroushie</a> <small><i>(syne 2004)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <small><i>(syne 1996)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Gdańsk_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gdańsk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie"><img alt="Roushie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie">Roushie</a> <small><i>(syne 2001)</i></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanie" title="Lithuanie"><img alt="Lithuanie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanie" title="Lithuanie">Lithuanie</a> <small><i>(syne 2004)</i></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <small><i>(syne 2004)</i></small><sup id="cite_ref-Greek_twinnings_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_twinnings-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td style="width:33.3%;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belaroushie" title="Belaroushie"><img alt="Belaroushie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belaroushie" title="Belaroushie">Belaroushie</a> <small><i>(syne 1996)</i></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie"><img alt="Roushie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie">Roushie</a> <small><i>(syne 1995)</i></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fowkrepublic_o_Cheenae" title="Fowkrepublic o Cheenae"><img alt="Fowkrepublic o Cheenae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fowkrepublic_o_Cheenae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowkrepublic o Cheenae">Cheenae</a> <small><i>(syne 2008)</i></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie"><img alt="Roushie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saunt_Petersburg" title="Saunt Petersburg">Saunt Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie">Roushie</a> <small><i>(syne 2002)</i></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie"><img alt="Roushie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taganrog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taganrog (page disna exeest)">Taganrog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie">Roushie</a> <small><i>(syne 1993)</i></small></li></ul> </td> <td style="width:33.3%;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonie" title="Estonie"><img alt="Estonie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonie" title="Estonie">Estonie</a> <small><i>(syne 1997)</i></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <small><i>(syne 2004)</i></small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrick" title="Austrick"><img alt="Austrick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrick" title="Austrick">Austrick</a> <small><i>(syne 2006)</i></small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Eedit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PH_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Herlihy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Herlihy (page disna exeest)">Herlihy, Patricia</a> (1977). "The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century": g. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Ethnic+Composition+of+the+City+of+Odessa+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=g.+53&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r809032">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKRWorld-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-UKRWorld_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306163050/http://ukrworld.com.ua/odesskaya-oblast/odessa/97-odessa-architecture-and-monuments.html">"Odessa: Architecture and Monuments"</a>. 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrworld.com.ua/">UKRWorld.Com</a>. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrworld.com.ua/odesskaya-oblast/odessa/97-odessa-architecture-and-monuments.html">the original</a> on 6 Mairch 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Juin</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odessa%3A+Architecture+and+Monuments&rft.pub=2009+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fukrworld.com.ua%2F+UKRWorld.Com%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukrworld.com.ua%2Fodesskaya-oblast%2Fodessa%2F97-odessa-architecture-and-monuments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">freemit airtin in <code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trams-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-trams_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050311074800/http://www.dgmaestro.com/tram/">"Odessa Tram Themes"</a>. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgmaestro.com/tram">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(HTML)</span> on 2005-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 2 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odessa+Tram+Themes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgmaestro.com%2Ftram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baltimore-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Baltimore_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011195723/http://baltimore.org/visitors/international/sister-cities/">"Sister Cities"</a>. Baltimore Convention & Tourism Board. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltimore.org/visitors/international/sister-cities">the original</a> on 11 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Baltimore+Convention+%26+Tourism+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaltimore.org%2Fvisitors%2Finternational%2Fsister-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chișinău_twinnings-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chișinău_twinnings_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526">"Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) <i>[via WaybackMachine.com]</i>"</a> (in Romanian). Primăria Municipiului Chişinău. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903122220/http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526">Archived</a> frae the original on 3 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Julie</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ora%C5%9Fe+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C5%A3ite+%28Twin+cities+of+Minsk%29+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft.pub=Prim%C4%83ria+Municipiului+Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chisinau.md%2Ftabview.php%3Fl%3Dro%26idc%3D526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognised_leid" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognised leid">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haifa.muni.il/Cultures/en-US/city/CitySecretary_ForeignAffairs/EngActs.htm">"Twin City acitivities"</a>. Haifa Municipality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621013813/http://www.haifa.muni.il/Cultures/en-US/city/CitySecretary_ForeignAffairs/EngActs.htm">Archived</a> frae the original on 21 Juin 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twin+City+acitivities&rft.pub=Haifa+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haifa.muni.il%2FCultures%2Fen-US%2Fcity%2FCitySecretary_ForeignAffairs%2FEngActs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm">"Sister Cities of Istanbul"</a>. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm">the original</a> on 17 Januar 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities+of+Istanbul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatistanbul.com%2Fsister_cities.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFErdem2003" class="citation news cs1">Erdem, Selim Efe (3 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185">"İstanbul'a 49 kardeş"</a> (in Turkish). Radikal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2008</span>. <q>49 sister cities in 2003</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C4%B0stanbul%27a+49+karde%C5%9F&rft.date=2003-11-03&rft.aulast=Erdem&rft.aufirst=Selim+Efe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radikal.com.tr%2Fhaber.php%3Fhaberno%3D94185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolkata_twinnings-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolkata_twinnings_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMazumdar2013" class="citation news cs1">Mazumdar, Jaideep (17 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms">"A tale of two cities: Will Kolkata learn from her sister?"</a>. <i>Times of India</i>. New Delhi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+cities%3A+Will+Kolkata+learn+from+her+sister%3F&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.aulast=Mazumdar&rft.aufirst=Jaideep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2FA-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister%2Farticleshow%2F25916888.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218003809/http://liverpool.gov.uk/Community_and_living/Twinning/index.asp">"Liverpool City Council: twinning"</a>. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Community_and_living/Twinning/index.asp">the original</a> on 18 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liverpool+City+Council%3A+twinning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpool.gov.uk%2FCommunity_and_living%2FTwinning%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Łódź_twinning-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Łódź_twinning_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624211727/http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/">"Miasta partnerskie - Urząd Miasta Łodzi <i>[via WaybackMachine.com]</i>"</a>. <i>City of Łódź</i> (in Polish). Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka">the original</a> on 24 Juin 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Julie</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&rft.atitle=Miasta+partnerskie+-+Urz%C4%85d+Miasta+%C5%81odzi+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uml.lodz.pl%2Fsamorzad%2Fmiasta_partnerskie_lodzi%2Ftabelka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognised_leid" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognised leid">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624211727/http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/">Archived</a> 2013-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marseille-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marseille_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222232554/http://www.marseille.fr/vdm/cms/accueil/mairie/international/pid/185">"Marseille Official Website – Twin Cities"</a>. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/10px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> 2008 Ville de Marseille. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marseille.fr/vdm/cms/accueil/mairie/international/pid/185">the original</a> on 22 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marseille+Official+Website+%E2%80%93+Twin+Cities&rft.pub=10px+%3Cspan+class%3D%22languageicon%22%3E%28in+French%29%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AAirticles+wi+French-leid+freemit+airtins+2008+Ville+de+Marseille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille.fr%2Fvdm%2Fcms%2Faccueil%2Fmairie%2Finternational%2Fpid%2F185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oulu_Twin_Cities-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Oulu_Twin_Cities_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050221/https://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/ystavyyskaupungit">"Ystävyyskaupungit (Twin Cities)"</a>. <i>Oulun kaupunki (City of Oulu)</i> (in Finnish). Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/ystavyyskaupungit">the original</a> on 10 Julie 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 Julie</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oulun+kaupunki+%28City+of+Oulu%29&rft.atitle=Yst%C3%A4vyyskaupungit+%28Twin+Cities%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouka.fi%2Foulu%2Fkansainvalisyys%2Fystavyyskaupungit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_twinnings-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_twinnings_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greek_twinnings_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805053212/http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf">"Twinnings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece</i>. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Union+of+Municipalities+%26+Communities+of+Greece&rft.atitle=Twinnings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kedke.gr%2Fuploads%2Ftwinnedcities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Split_twinnings-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Split_twinnings_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526">"Gradovi prijatelji Splita"</a>. <i>Grad Split [Split Official City Website]</i> (in Croatian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324035937/http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526">Archived</a> frae the original on 24 Mairch 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grad+Split+%5BSplit+Official+City+Website%5D&rft.atitle=Gradovi+prijatelji+Splita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.split.hr%2FDefault.aspx%3Fsec%3D526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|trans_title=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valencia_twinnings-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Valencia_twinnings_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/rinternacionales_accesible.nsf/vDocumentosTituloAux/D80022569C2533B9C12571F100285E72?OpenDocument&bdOrigen=ayuntamiento%2Frinternacionales_accesible.nsf&idapoyo=&lang=1&nivel=3">"Ciudades Hermanadas con València"</a>. <i>Ajuntament de València [City of Valencia]</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029071705/http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/rinternacionales_accesible.nsf/vDocumentosTituloAux/D80022569C2533B9C12571F100285E72?OpenDocument&bdOrigen=ayuntamiento%2Frinternacionales_accesible.nsf&idapoyo=&lang=1&nivel=3">Archived</a> frae the original on 29 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ajuntament+de+Val%C3%A8ncia+%5BCity+of+Valencia%5D&rft.atitle=Ciudades+Hermanadas+con+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valencia.es%2Fayuntamiento%2Frinternacionales_accesible.nsf%2FvDocumentosTituloAux%2FD80022569C2533B9C12571F100285E72%3FOpenDocument%26bdOrigen%3Dayuntamiento%252Frinternacionales_accesible.nsf%26idapoyo%3D%26lang%3D1%26nivel%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|trans_title=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognised_leid" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognised leid">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vancouver-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vancouver_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf">"Vancouver Twinning Relationships"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. City of Vancouver<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 Julie</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vancouver+Twinning+Relationships&rft.pub=City+of+Vancouver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvancouver.ca%2Fctyclerk%2Fcclerk%2F20080311%2Fdocuments%2Fa14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings_2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_2_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105095529/http://www.yerevan.am/3-194-194.html">"Yerevan - Twin Towns & Sister Cities"</a>. <i>Yerevan Municipality Official Website</i>. © 2005—2013 www.yerevan.am. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerevan.am/3-194-194.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yerevan+Municipality+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Yerevan+-+Twin+Towns+%26+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2F3-194-194.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news">"ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ"</a> (in Armenian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.yerevan.amwww.yerevan.am">[1]</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news">Archived</a> frae the original on 12 Mey 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D4%B5%D5%90%D4%B5%D5%8E%D4%B1%D5%86%D4%BB+%D5%94%D4%B1%D5%82%D4%B1%D5%94%D4%B1%D5%8A%D4%B5%D5%8F%D4%B1%D5%90%D4%B1%D5%86%D5%8A%D4%B1%D5%87%D5%8F%D5%88%D5%86%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%86+%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%85%D5%94&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.amwww.yerevan.am%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fpages.php%3Flang%3D1%26id%3D184%26page_name%3Dnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|trans_title=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">freemit airtin in <code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yokohama-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yokohama_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505110044/http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html">"Official Yokohama City Tourism Website: <i>Sister Cities</i>"</a>. Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html">the original</a> on 5 Mey 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Yokohama+City+Tourism+Website%3A+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Yokohama+Convention+%26+Visitors+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcome.city.yokohama.jp%2Feng%2Ftourism%2Fmame%2Fa3000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418161507/http://city.brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31">"Побратимские связи г. Бреста"</a> (in <span class="languageicon">(in Roushie)</span>). City.brest.by. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://city.brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31">the original</a> on 18 Apryle 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8+%D0%B3.+%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.pub=City.brest.by&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcity.brest.by%2Farticle_in.php%3Fid%3D1464%26tc%3D26%26tc2%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognised_leid" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognised leid">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gdańsk-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gdańsk_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html">"Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a> (in Polish & English). <a href="/wiki/Copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright">©</a> 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdansk.pl/">Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku</a>. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html">the original</a> on 23 Julie 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 Julie</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gda%C5%84sk+Official+Website%3A+%27Miasta+partnerskie%27&rft.pub=%C2%A9+2009+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdansk.pl%2F+Urz%C4%85d+Miejski+w+Gda%C5%84sku%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdansk.pl%2Fsamorzad%2C62%2C733.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">freemit airtin in <code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognised_leid" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognised leid">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Eedit section: External links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odessa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2odessa.com">Odessa guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211212442/http://2odessa.com/">Archived</a> 2022-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons haes media relatit tae <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Odesa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Odesa">Odessa</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r862244">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceeties_in_Ukraine_bi_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r862114">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ceeties_in_Ukraine" title="Template:Ceeties in Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_collogue:Ceeties_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template collogue:Ceeties in Ukraine (page disna exeest)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ceeties_in_Ukraine&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceeties_in_Ukraine_bi_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leet_o_ceeties_in_Ukraine" title="Leet o ceeties in Ukraine">Ceeties in Ukraine bi population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odessa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhia" title="Zaporizhia">Zaporizhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kryvyi_Rih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kryvyi Rih (page disna exeest)">Kryvyi Rih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariupol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariupol (page disna exeest)">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makiivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makiivka (page disna exeest)">Makiivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poltava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poltava (page disna exeest)">Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy" title="Cherkasy">Cherkasy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumy (page disna exeest)">Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianske" title="Kamianske">Kamianske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kropyvnytskyi" title="Kropyvnytskyi">Kropyvnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi,_Ukraine" title="Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine">Khmelnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Rivne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk" title="Kremenchuk">Kremenchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ternopil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ternopil (page disna exeest)">Ternopil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivano-Frankivsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivano-Frankivsk (page disna exeest)">Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_Tserkva" title="Bila Tserkva">Bila Tserkva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk" title="Kramatorsk">Kramatorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikopol,_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikopol, Ukraine (page disna exeest)">Nikopol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloviansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sloviansk (page disna exeest)">Sloviansk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berdiansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berdiansk (page disna exeest)">Berdiansk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievierodonetsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sievierodonetsk (page disna exeest)">Sievierodonetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alchevsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alchevsk (page disna exeest)">Alchevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavlohrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavlohrad (page disna exeest)">Pavlohrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysychansk" title="Lysychansk">Lysychansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenakiieve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yenakiieve (page disna exeest)">Yenakiieve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Taen frae "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odessa&oldid=899442">https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odessa&oldid=899442</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categeries</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:CS1_Turkish-leid_soorces_(tr)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-leid soorces (tr) (page disna exeest)">CS1 Turkish-leid soorces (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:CS1_Croatian-leid_soorces_(hr)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" 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