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href="#Adaptation_goal_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Adaptation goal statements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_goal_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Consensus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Projections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Significant publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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change</div> <table class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:larger;"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; width:15%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center">List of years in climate change </td> <td style="text-align:right; width:15%;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Years_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Years in climate change (page does not exist)">…</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in climate change (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in climate change (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in climate change (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 in climate change (page does not exist)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 in climate change (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 in climate change (page does not exist)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 in climate change (page does not exist)">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2026_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2026 in climate change (page does not exist)">2026</a> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2027_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2027 in climate change (page does not exist)">2027</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2028_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2028 in climate change (page does not exist)">2028</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2029_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2029 in climate change (page does not exist)">2029</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2030_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2030 in climate change (page does not exist)">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2031_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2031 in climate change (page does not exist)">2031</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2032_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2032 in climate change (page does not exist)">2032</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2033_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2033 in climate change (page does not exist)">2033</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Years_in_climate_change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Years in climate change (page does not exist)">…</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_art" title="2023 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_archaeology" title="2023 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_architecture" title="2023 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_literature" title="2023 in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_music" title="2023 in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_philosophy" title="2023 in philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_science" title="2023 in science">Science</a></li></ul> </div><a href="/wiki/Category:2023" title="Category:2023">+...</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For information on meteorology in 2023, see <a href="/wiki/Meteorology_in_the_21st_century#2023" title="Meteorology in the 21st century">Meteorology in the 21st century § 2023</a>.</div> This article documents events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adapt to</a> the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming and climate change</a>—during the year 2023. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summaries">Summaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summaries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1940-2023_Global_surface_temperature_-_stacked_-_Copernicus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1940-2023_Global_surface_temperature_-_stacked_-_Copernicus.jpg/440px-1940-2023_Global_surface_temperature_-_stacked_-_Copernicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1940-2023_Global_surface_temperature_-_stacked_-_Copernicus.jpg/660px-1940-2023_Global_surface_temperature_-_stacked_-_Copernicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1940-2023_Global_surface_temperature_-_stacked_-_Copernicus.jpg/880px-1940-2023_Global_surface_temperature_-_stacked_-_Copernicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>2023 saw the highest global average surface temperature in recorded history.<a href="#cite_note-CopernicusGMST_thru2023-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:50%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #226;">Global boiling has arrived</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      Climate change is here. It is terrifying. And it is just the beginning. The era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, U.N. Secretary-General<a href="#cite_note-UN_20230727-2">[2]</a> 27 July 2023</cite> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_overview_on_the_central_role_of_the_Earth_heat_inventory_and_its_linkage_to_anthropogenic_emissions,_the_Earth_energy_imbalance,_change_in_the_Earth_system,_and_implications_for_ecosystems_and_human_systems.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schematic_overview_on_the_central_role_of_the_Earth_heat_inventory_and_its_linkage_to_anthropogenic_emissions%2C_the_Earth_energy_imbalance%2C_change_in_the_Earth_system%2C_and_implications_for_ecosystems_and_human_systems.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schematic_overview_on_the_central_role_of_the_Earth_heat_inventory_and_its_linkage_to_anthropogenic_emissions%2C_the_Earth_energy_imbalance%2C_change_in_the_Earth_system%2C_and_implications_for_ecosystems_and_human_systems.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Schematic_overview_on_the_central_role_of_the_Earth_heat_inventory_and_its_linkage_to_anthropogenic_emissions%2C_the_Earth_energy_imbalance%2C_change_in_the_Earth_system%2C_and_implications_for_ecosystems_and_human_systems.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1379" /></a><figcaption>Schematic overview on the central role of the Earth heat inventory and its linkages.<a href="#cite_note-10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023-3">[3]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>6 February: U.N. Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> said "I have a special message for fossil fuel producers and their enablers scrambling to expand production and raking in monster profits: If you cannot set a credible course for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">net-zero</a>, with 2025 and 2030 targets covering all your operations, you should not be in business."<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230206-4">[4]</a></li> <li>20 March – The final <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_review" title="Umbrella review">synthesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report#AR6_Synthesis_Report:_Climate_Change_2023" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> is published. It summarises the state of knowledge relating to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> with assessed levels of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_confidence" title="Analytic confidence">confidence</a>. Conclusions in the summary for contemporary policy-makers include that the extent to which both current and future <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generations</a> will be <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">impacted</a> depends on choices now and in the near-term, with "high confidence" that <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policies</a> implemented by the end of 2020 are "projected to result in higher global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">GHG</a> emissions <a href="/wiki/2020s" title="2020s">in 2030</a> than emissions implied by <a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">NDCs</a>" and would <a href="/wiki/Governance_failure" title="Governance failure">fail</a> to meet <a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">global climate goals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li>6 September: U.N. Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> said "Our planet has just endured a season of simmering — the hottest summer on record. <a href="/wiki/Climate_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate breakdown">Climate breakdown</a> has begun."<a href="#cite_note-UN_20230906-6">[6]</a></li> <li>24 October: <a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a>'s "2023 state of the climate report" stated that "we must shift our perspective on the climate emergency from being just an isolated environmental issue to a systemic, existential threat".<a href="#cite_note-BioScience_20231024-7">[7]</a></li> <li>27 December: <a href="/wiki/Inside_Climate_News" title="Inside Climate News">Inside Climate News</a> summarized the year: "The push and pull of progress and catastrophe made 2023 one of the most discordant—and consequential—years for the world's climate. ... In 2023, clean energy progress and the horrors of a radically warming climate fought almost to a draw."<a href="#cite_note-ICN_20231227-8">[8]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurements_and_statistics">Measurements and statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Measurements and statistics">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 707.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 705.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:20231231_Vital_signs_of_the_planet_-_NASA_-_climate_change.png" class="mw-file-description" title=""Vital Signs of the Planet" as presented by NASA on 31 December 2023[9]"><img alt=""Vital Signs of the Planet" as presented by NASA on 31 December 2023[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/20231231_Vital_signs_of_the_planet_-_NASA_-_climate_change.png/1058px-20231231_Vital_signs_of_the_planet_-_NASA_-_climate_change.png" decoding="async" width="706" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/20231231_Vital_signs_of_the_planet_-_NASA_-_climate_change.png/1587px-20231231_Vital_signs_of_the_planet_-_NASA_-_climate_change.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/20231231_Vital_signs_of_the_planet_-_NASA_-_climate_change.png/2115px-20231231_Vital_signs_of_the_planet_-_NASA_-_climate_change.png 2x" data-file-width="4279" data-file-height="1214" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Vital Signs of the Planet" as presented by NASA on 31 December 2023<a href="#cite_note-NASAvitals_20231231-9">[9]</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>3 January: the <a href="/wiki/National_Snow_and_Ice_Data_Center" title="National Snow and Ice Data Center">National Snow and Ice Data Center</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a> extent stood at the lowest in the 45-year satellite record—more than 500,000 square kilometers (193,000 square miles) below the previous record (2018), with four of the five lowest years for the last half of December having occurred since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-NSIDC_20230103-10">[10]</a></li> <li>26 January: Bloomberg NEF's "Energy Transition Investment Trends" report estimated that, for the first time, energy transition investment matched global fossil fuel investment—$1.1 trillion in 2022, including China with $546 billion, the US with $141 billion, and the EU if treated as a bloc, $180 billion.<a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20230126-11">[11]</a></li> <li>3 April: An unexplained rise of emissions of five <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorofluorocarbons">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs), successfully banned by the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> of 1989, is reported in Nature Geoscience. Their climate impact in 2020 is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions">roughly equivalent to that of the CO2e from Denmark in 2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Reported 10 May: <a href="/wiki/Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax</a> Electric Insights reported that in the first three months of 2023, Britain's wind turbines generated more electricity (32.4%) than gas-fired power stations (31.7%) for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Drax_20230510-14">[14]</a></li> <li>18 May: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> reported that more than 50% of freshwater lakes and reservoirs lost volume from 1992 to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Science_20230518-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1994-_Global_average_temperature_during_June-July-August.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1994-_Global_average_temperature_during_June-July-August.svg/220px-1994-_Global_average_temperature_during_June-July-August.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1994-_Global_average_temperature_during_June-July-August.svg/330px-1994-_Global_average_temperature_during_June-July-August.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1994-_Global_average_temperature_during_June-July-August.svg/440px-1994-_Global_average_temperature_during_June-July-August.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>2023's June-July-August season was the warmest on record globally by a large margin, as El Niño conditions continued to develop.<a href="#cite_note-Copernicus_202309-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1940-_September_global_average_temperature_changes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1940-_September_global_average_temperature_changes.svg/220px-1940-_September_global_average_temperature_changes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1940-_September_global_average_temperature_changes.svg/330px-1940-_September_global_average_temperature_changes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1940-_September_global_average_temperature_changes.svg/440px-1940-_September_global_average_temperature_changes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>September 2023 was the warmest September on record globally, with an average surface air temperature 0.5 °C above the temperature of the previous warmest September (2020).<a href="#cite_note-CopernicusSept_20231005-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>31 May: an international study in Nature, using modelling and literature assessment, codifies, integrates into and quantifies "safe and just <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Earth system boundaries</a>" (ESBs) with the context of <a href="/wiki/Earth_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth system">Earth system</a> stability and minimization of human harm. They expand upon earlier boundary frameworks by incorporating concepts such as intra- and <a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergenerational justice">intergenerational justice</a>, propose that their framework may better enable a <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">quantitative foundation</a> for safeguarding the <a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global commons</a>, and report many of the ESBs are already exceeded.<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8-18">[18]</a></li> <li>15 June: the <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Climate_Change_Service" title="Copernicus Climate Change Service">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> said that for 11 days, <a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">global surface air temperatures</a> had risen to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels for the first time—the limit aspired to in the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>—the rise occurring near the beginning of an <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> warming phase.<a href="#cite_note-Fortune_20230616-19">[19]</a></li> <li>24 July: the <a href="/wiki/National_Data_Buoy_Center" title="National Data Buoy Center">National Data Buoy Center</a> recorded an unprecedented temperature of 101.1 °F (38.4 °C) at a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m) in <a href="/wiki/Florida_Bay" title="Florida Bay">Florida Bay</a>, Florida, US, raising concerns about catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PopScience_20230726-20">[20]</a></li> <li>8 August: in coastal Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> reached 70 °C (158 °F).<a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20230809-21">[21]</a></li> <li>29 August: an <a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a> (IRENA) publication stated that ~86% (187 GW) of renewable capacity added in 2022 had lower costs than electricity generated from fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-IRENA_20230829-22">[22]</a></li> <li>31 August: an article in <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a> reported a March 2022 "unprecedented heatwave" in the Antarctic reaching 39 °C (70 °F) above average—the largest temperature anomaly ever recorded globally—attributed 2 °C of the increase to global warming, and projected possible heatwaves of an additional 5–6 °C (9.0–10.8 °F) warmer by 2100.<a href="#cite_note-GeophysRschLtrs_20230831-23">[23]</a></li> <li>29 September: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a> estimated the global costs of extreme weather attributable to climate change in the last twenty years to be US$143 billion per year, 63% of which is due to human loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20230929-24">[24]</a></li> <li>19 October: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a> said that the number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones that intensify from a Category 1 into a major hurricane within 36 hours, has more than doubled from 1971-1990 to 2001-2020.<a href="#cite_note-SciReports_20231019-25">[25]</a></li> <li>20 November: the Copernicus <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a> reported that 17 November was the first day that the global average surface temperature exceeded pre-industrial levels by more than 2°C.<a href="#cite_note-Copernicus_20231120-26">[26]</a></li> <li>29 November: a study published in <a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">The BMJ</a> concluded that about 5.13 million excess deaths per year globally are attributable to ambient air pollution from fossil fuel use.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ_20231129-27">[27]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_CO2_emissions_by_source_of_continued_CO2_rise.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fossil_CO2_emissions_by_source_of_continued_CO2_rise.png/220px-Fossil_CO2_emissions_by_source_of_continued_CO2_rise.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fossil_CO2_emissions_by_source_of_continued_CO2_rise.png/330px-Fossil_CO2_emissions_by_source_of_continued_CO2_rise.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fossil_CO2_emissions_by_source_of_continued_CO2_rise.png/440px-Fossil_CO2_emissions_by_source_of_continued_CO2_rise.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption>Fossil CO2 emissions by source of continued CO2 rise</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>5 December: the annual <a href="/wiki/Global_Carbon_Project" title="Global Carbon Project">Global Carbon Budget</a> study finds fossil CO2 emissions are still rising when if they stayed the same, the 50% likelihood to limit global warming to 1.5 °C would be exceeded around 2031.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>8 May 2024 (reported): <a href="/wiki/Ember_(non-profit_organisation)" title="Ember (non-profit organisation)">Ember</a> reported that for the first time, renewable energy generated a 30% of global electricity in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Ember_20240508-30">[30]</a></li> <li>28 August 2024: a study published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> concluded that the June-September <a href="/wiki/2023_Canadian_wildfires" title="2023 Canadian wildfires">2023 Canadian wildfires</a> caused <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">carbon emissions</a> that exceeded annual fossil fuel emissions of all nations except India, China and the US.<a href="#cite_note-Byrne_Nature_20240828-31">[31]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_events_and_phenomena">Natural events and phenomena</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural events and phenomena">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>7 February: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a> concluded that 15 million people globally are exposed to impacts from potential <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">glacial lake outburst floods</a> (GLOFs), more than half being from India, Pakistan, Peru, and China.<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20230207-32">[32]</a> Climate change has intensified glacial ice melt and expanded glacial lakes.<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20230207-32">[32]</a></li> <li>13 February: a study published in the <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> reported that increasing abundance of a thermotolerant symbiotic alga hosted by corals has facilitated maintenance of high coral cover after three mass coral bleaching events, suggesting that future reefs might maintain high cover for several decades, albeit with low diversity and provided that other stressors are minimized.<a href="#cite_note-PNAS_20230213-33">[33]</a></li> <li>2 March: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> said that boreal fires, typically accounting for 10% of global fire CO2 emissions, contributed 23% in 2021, by far the highest fraction since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Science_20230302-34">[34]</a> 2021 was an abnormal year because North American and Eurasian boreal forests synchronously experienced their greatest water deficit.<a href="#cite_note-Science_20230302-34">[34]</a></li> <li>13 March: a study published in Nature Water found that total intensity of extreme events (droughts and <a href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">pluvials</a> (rainfall events)) is strongly correlated with global mean temperature, and concluded that continued warming of the planet will cause more frequent, more severe, longer and/or larger of such extreme events, and that "distortion of the water cycle... will be among the most conspicuous consequences of climate change".<a href="#cite_note-NatureWater_20230313-35">[35]</a></li> <li>15 February: Two joint studies by the <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">US Antarctic programme</a> finds that glaciers on the icy continent may be more sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change#Ice_and_snow" title="Effects of climate change">changes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sea_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea temperature">sea temperature</a> than previously thought. Researchers used sensors and an <a href="/wiki/Underwater_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater robot">underwater robot</a> beneath the <a href="/wiki/Thwaites_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Thwaites glacier">Thwaites glacier</a> to study melting.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> One day earlier, a new record low <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a> extent is reported by the <a href="/wiki/National_Snow_and_Ice_Data_Center" title="National Snow and Ice Data Center">National Snow and Ice Data Center</a> in the US, beating the previous record set a year earlier.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>29 March: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> concluded that under a high-emissions scenario, abyssal warming is set to accelerate over the next 30 years, and that meltwater input around Antarctica drives a contraction of <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Bottom_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Bottom Water">Antarctic Bottom Water</a> (AABW), opening a pathway that allows warm <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_deep_water" title="Circumpolar deep water">circumpolar deep water</a> greater access to the continental shelf and results in warming and aging of the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_zone" title="Abyssal zone">abyssal ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_20230329-41">[41]</a> The study described the "critical importance of Antarctic meltwater in setting the abyssal ocean overturning, with implications for global ocean biogeochemistry and climate that could last for centuries".<a href="#cite_note-Nature_20230329-41">[41]</a> On 25 May, observational evidence for problematic fast slowdown of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_bottom_water" title="Antarctic bottom water">Antarctic bottom water</a> current is presented in Nature Climate Change.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>7 April: citing reduced air density caused by global warming, a study published in the <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Meteorological_Society" title="Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society">Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</a> estimated global warming has enabled more than 500 excess home runs in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> since 2010, and projected hundreds more in this century, explaining that "even the elite billion-dollar sports industry is vulnerable to unexpected impacts" of global warming.<a href="#cite_note-AmMetSoc_20230407-43">[43]</a></li> <li>5 June: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a> estimated that fungi can fix (remove from the atmosphere) the equivalent of ~36% of global fossil fuel <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CurrentBiology_20230605-44">[44]</a></li> <li>8 June: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> published an "ENSO update" declaring that "El Niño is here", estimating the odds of it becoming a strong event (56%), at least a moderate event (84%), and "fizzling out" (4-7%).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA_20230608-45">[45]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1978-_Antarctic_sea_ice_extent_-_Purich_and_Doddridge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1978-_Antarctic_sea_ice_extent_-_Purich_and_Doddridge.png/220px-1978-_Antarctic_sea_ice_extent_-_Purich_and_Doddridge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1978-_Antarctic_sea_ice_extent_-_Purich_and_Doddridge.png/330px-1978-_Antarctic_sea_ice_extent_-_Purich_and_Doddridge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1978-_Antarctic_sea_ice_extent_-_Purich_and_Doddridge.png/440px-1978-_Antarctic_sea_ice_extent_-_Purich_and_Doddridge.png 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>Reporting on the reduced Antarctic sea ice extent in mid 2023, researchers concluded that a "regime shift" may be taking place "in which previously important relationships no longer dominate sea ice variability".<a href="#cite_note-CommsEarthEnv_20230913-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg/220px-1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg/330px-1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg/440px-1983-_Canada_wildfires_-_area_burned_annually.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The area burned by the <a href="/wiki/2023_Canadian_wildfires" title="2023 Canadian wildfires">2023 Canadian wildfires</a> was more than twice that of any prior year of record.<a href="#cite_note-CIFFC_202310-47">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>11 June: <a href="/wiki/Fluchthorn" title="Fluchthorn">Fluchthorn</a>, a mountain between Switzerland and Austria, experienced a landslide of 3,500,000 cubic feet (99,000 m3) and a loss of 60 feet (18 m) in height, that has been attributed to melting of <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LiveScience_20230626-48">[48]</a></li> <li>20 June (reported): the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> is experiencing its lowest rainfall since inception, lowering water levels and requiring restrictions for some vessels to limit their cargo by about 25% to maintain a safe <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a> and avoid running aground.<a href="#cite_note-WallStJournal_20230620-49">[49]</a></li> <li>4 July: the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a> formally declared "onset of El Niño conditions", projecting it to be "at least of moderate strength".<a href="#cite_note-WMO_20230704-50">[50]</a></li> <li>11 July: a study of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> structures published in <a href="/wiki/Communications_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Engineering">Communications Engineering</a> found that in urban settings, subsurface <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">heat islands</a> caused by global warming cause significant deformations and displacements that may be "incompatible with the operational requirements of civil structures".<a href="#cite_note-CommsEng_20230711-51">[51]</a></li> <li>28 July: <a href="/wiki/Yale_Environment_360" title="Yale Environment 360">Yale Environment 360</a> reported that, adding to ongoing climate change's dominant warming influence, additional factors contributing to current temperature increases include: (1) 2022 eruption of an underwater volcano near <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, vaporizing large amounts of sea water and contributing an estimated 0.03 °C (0.054 °F) of warming, (2) solar radiance increasing towards its ~2025 11-year peak when it may contribute 0.05 °C (0.090 °F) of warming, and (3) the Pacific Ocean entering its <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> phase, projected to contribute 0.14 °C (0.25 °F) of warming.<a href="#cite_note-YaleEnv260_20230728-52">[52]</a></li> <li>23 August (reported): the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> experienced an unprecedented dry season causing a decline in water levels and prompting canal administrators to limit daily vessel passages from 36 to 32, and forcing some ships to carry up to 40% less cargo to avoid hitting the bottom.<a href="#cite_note-CBSnews_20230823-53">[53]</a></li> <li>24 August: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a> concluded that <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> <a href="/wiki/Rapid_intensification" title="Rapid intensification">rapid intensification</a> (RI) events in offshore areas within 400 kilometres (250 mi) of coastlines, tripled in frequency from 1980 to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20230824-54">[54]</a></li> <li>8 September (date of report): for the first time in recorded history, all seven tropical <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">ocean basins</a> saw <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones/hurricanes</a> reach <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales" title="Tropical cyclone scales">Category 5</a> strength in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20230908-55">[55]</a></li> <li>13 September: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Communications_Earth_%26_Environment" title="Communications Earth & Environment">Communications Earth & Environment</a> concluded that, while for many years Antarctic sea ice had increased, from recent record lows in Antarctic sea ice coverage "it appears that we may now be seeing the inevitable decline, long projected by climate models", and that a "regime shift" may be taking place "in which previously important relationships no longer dominate sea ice variability".<a href="#cite_note-CommsEarthEnv_20230913-46">[46]</a></li> <li>13 September: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a> indicated that six of the nine "planetary boundaries"—delimiting the "safe operating space"—had been exceeded.<a href="#cite_note-SciAdvances_20230913-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide concentration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> were among the boundaries that had been exceeded.<a href="#cite_note-SciAdvances_20230913-56">[56]</a></li> <li>27 September: studying tropical cyclones from 1981–2017, a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> found that cyclones formed almost two weeks sooner, on average, which authors said was "closely related to the seasonal advance of rapid intensification events".<a href="#cite_note-Nature_20230927-57">[57]</a> The time advance shifts cyclones from autumn into summer, increasing overlap with the peak rainfall season.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_20230927-57">[57]</a></li> <li>6 December: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Geoscience" title="Nature Geoscience">Nature Geoscience</a> said that marine <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane hydrate</a>—an ice-like substance found in sediment beneath water depths greater than ~450–700 m—can vent into the ocean to such a degree that it should considered for estimating climate change-induced release of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatureGeosci_20231206-58">[58]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actions_and_goal_statements">Actions and goal statements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Actions and goal statements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>8 February: Scientists in the U.S. propose mining the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">lunar soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoengineering">launching it</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> to form a shield (<a href="/wiki/Space_sunshade" title="Space sunshade">space sunshade</a>) against <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>3 March: After a study (31 Jan) indicated that in <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">building heating</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of the EU">EU</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Feasibility_study" title="Feasibility study">feasibility</a> of staying within <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a> is possible only <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="relying on electrification where system costs could be reduced via "Large-scale international trade of electricity combined with renewable electricity generation in the most favourable locations" and "Balancing supply and demand through a combination of trade and dispatchable generation means there was almost no need for energy storage"">through <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Green_hydrogen" title="Green hydrogen">green</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel#Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel">hydrogen heating</a> being 2–3 times more expensive than <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a> costs,<a href="#cite_note-Gabbatiss-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116602-62">[62]</a> a study indicates that replacing <a href="/wiki/Gas_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas boiler">gas boilers</a> with heat pumps is the fastest way to cut <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas consumption">gas consumption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>17 April – A study in Earth System Science Data expands upon the international Earth heat inventory from 2020, which provides a measure of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget#Importance_as_a_climate_change_metric" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth energy imbalance</a> (EEI) and allows for quantifying how much and where heat has accumulated in the <a href="/wiki/Earth_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth system">Earth system</a> with comprehensive data. It suggests that the EEI is the "most fundamental global climate indicator" to gauge <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> efforts.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023-3">[3]</a></li> <li>8 May: a study published in the <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> concluded that studies extending the reach of "vertical fingerprinting" to the mid to upper <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> provide "incontrovertible evidence of anthropogenic impact on Earth's climate".<a href="#cite_note-PNAS_20230508-65">[65]</a></li> <li>3 August (reported): floating, vertical-axis wind turbines with a "twirling" operation generate power regardless of wind direction.<a href="#cite_note-CoolDown_20230803-66">[66]</a></li> <li>17 October: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a> concluded that, subject to various uncertainties, "a global irreversible solar <a href="/wiki/Tipping_point_(sociology)" title="Tipping point (sociology)">tipping point</a> may have passed where solar energy gradually comes to dominate global electricity markets, without any further climate policies".<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20231017-67">[67]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political,_economic,_legal,_and_cultural_actions">Political, economic, legal, and cultural actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political, economic, legal, and cultural actions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #226;">Phasedown of fossil fuels</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      The phasedown of fossil fuels is inevitable. The speed at which this happens depends on how quickly we can phase up zero carbon alternatives, while ensuring energy security, accessibility and affordability. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Sultan_Al_Jaber" title="Sultan Al Jaber">Sultan Ahmed al-Jaber</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP28</a> President and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230608-68">[68]</a> June 2023</cite> </div> <ul><li>1 January: <a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a> made a statement that for 2023 it had made "a controversial resolution to temporarily shift away from <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">public disruption</a> as a primary tactic", after 2022's traffic blockages and throwing soup on the case of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sunflowers_(Van_Gogh_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)">Sunflowers</a>" painting.<a href="#cite_note-VoiceOfAmerica_20230101-69">[69]</a></li> <li>5 January: A <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalled</a> <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> in Nature Climate Change reports "required <a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society#Environment" title="Technology and society">technology</a>-level <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> shifts for <a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">climate-relevant infrastructure</a> until 2035" within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, which it finds to be "most drastic for <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity grid">electricity grids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail infrastructure</a>", ~87€ billion above the planned <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budgets</a> and in need of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">sustainable finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>11 January: the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">French National Assembly</a> adopted the Acceleration of Renewable Energies bill, which includes a requirement to install solar panels on all car parks (parking lots) of over 1,500 square metres (16,100 square feet).<a href="#cite_note-RadioFranceInt_20230111-72">[72]</a></li> <li>12 January: A study in Environmental Research Letters suggests that applying the principle of <a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">extended producer responsibility</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel industry">fossil fuels</a> could deconflict <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">climate policy</a> at an affordable <a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">cost</a>, in particular authors suggest the responsibility could be used to establish the financing of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">CO2 storage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">nature-based solutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>25 January: A paper in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Environmental_Law_Review" title="Harvard Environmental Law Review">Harvard Environmental Law Review</a> suggests that according to already-existing <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel industry">fossil fuel companies</a> may be <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">chargeable with homicide</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change effects">climate change effects</a> and e.g. partly their deception of the public and proactive prevention of regulations or adequate regulations. The paper is focused on corporate actors and does not address e.g. <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politicians</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policymakers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">responsibilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic pressures or incentives</a>, and responsibilities for solutions to these underlying economic issues.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>14 February: the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> effectively banned sale of new petrol and diesel cars in the European Union from 2035, and set a 55% cut over 2021 CO2 emission levels for new cars sold from 2030.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230214-77">[77]</a></li> <li>19 February: A study in Ethics, Policy & Environment reports that <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> has been neglected as a policy option for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigating climate change</a>, and, partly based on historical data and economic analysis, concludes that such <a href="/wiki/Personal_carbon_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal carbon allowance">personal carbon allowances</a> (PCAs) could help states reduce emissions rapidly and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">fairly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>March: the UN 2023 Water Conference was held in New York.<a href="#cite_note-UNwaterConf-80">[80]</a></li> <li>21 April: a review study published in <a href="/wiki/One_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="One Earth">One Earth</a> stated that opinion polls show that most people perceive climate change as occurring now and close by.<a href="#cite_note-OneEarth_20230421-81">[81]</a> The study concluded that seeing climate change as more distant does not necessarily result in less climate action, and reducing psychological distancing does not reliably increase climate action.<a href="#cite_note-OneEarth_20230421-81">[81]</a></li> <li>21 April: the Director General of the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> said that there are more people displaced because of climate change than because of conflicts, explaining that climate change and conflict interact as triggers of displacement.<a href="#cite_note-Euronews_20230421-82">[82]</a></li> <li>24 April: A <a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">policy study</a> in Nature Communications identifies reduction of <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">car</a> travel activity as the <a href="/wiki/Prioritization" title="Prioritization">most important</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportation_policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportation policy (page does not exist)">transportation policy</a> option in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">reducing GHG emissions</a> to levels comparable to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">carbon budget</a> levels, with a "decrease car distance driven and <a href="/wiki/Car_ownership" title="Car ownership">car ownership</a> by over 80% as compared to current levels" by 2027 being effective in "edging close to the <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">designated</a> carbon budget" in their case-study of London and <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> being highly insufficient.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #226;">Joint action is essential for planetary and human health</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      Over 200 health journals call on the United Nations, political leaders, and health professionals to recognise that climate change and biodiversity loss are one indivisible crisis and must be tackled together to preserve health and avoid catastrophe. This overall environmental crisis is now so severe as to be a <a href="/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern" title="Public health emergency of international concern">global health emergency</a>. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">The BMJ</a> medical journal<a href="#cite_note-BMJ_20231025-84">[84]</a> October 2023</cite> </div> <ul><li>19 May: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Cell_Press" title="Cell Press">One Earth</a> estimated that the top 21 fossil fuel companies will owe cumulative <a href="/wiki/Climate_reparations" title="Climate reparations">climate reparations</a> of $5.4 trillion over the period 2025–2050.<a href="#cite_note-OneEarth_20230519-85">[85]</a></li> <li>12 June: the trial phase of <a href="/wiki/Held_v._Montana" title="Held v. Montana">Held v. Montana</a>, the first constitutional climate trial in US, began in the U.S. state of Montana.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20230612-86">[86]</a> Sixteen young residents filed the suit based on the state's 1972 constitution requiring that the "state and each person shall maintain and improve a clean and healthful environment in Montana for present and future generations".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20230612-86">[86]</a> On August 14, 2023, the trial court judge ruled in the youth plaintiffs' favor, though the state indicated it would appeal the decision.<a href="#cite_note-APNews_20230814-87">[87]</a></li> <li>23 June: a global summit on finance and climate ended in Paris without creating a tax on <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from maritime transport, or fulfilling promises to transfer money to poor countries through the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Euronews_20230623-88">[88]</a></li> <li>11 July: A study suggests in <a href="/wiki/One_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="One Earth">One Earth</a> that <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon taxation</a> approaches or instruments would be more effective and <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">fairer</a> when distinguishing between luxury- and basic goods and services.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> A separate study (17 July) in Nature Energy finds that for <a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">energy demand reduction</a> (EDR), "capping energy use of the top quintile of <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">consumers</a>" would be effective, <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">more equitable</a>, and increase public acceptance of transformative climate action in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>July: at a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India, <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> climate and environment ministers did not come to agreement on four of 68 points considered, including achieving peak emissions by 2025, converting to clean energy, or taxing carbon.<a href="#cite_note-Euronews_20230729-93">[93]</a></li> <li>14 August: the trial court judge in <a href="/wiki/Held_v._Montana" title="Held v. Montana">Held v. Montana</a> ruled in favor of the youth plaintiffs, declaring certain Montana laws violated Montana's state constitution.<a href="#cite_note-TrialRuling_20230814-94">[94]</a> The judge's 103-page ruling concluded that the "MEPA Limitation violates Youth Plaintiffs' right to a clean and healthful environment and is unconstitutional on its face".<a href="#cite_note-TrialRuling_20230814-94">[94]</a></li> <li>17 August: Scientists publish in PLOS Climate what could be the first study both investigating climate-polluting investments and proposing taxation thereof as <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">transformative</a> revenue for <a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">climate finance</a>, i.a. indicating "40% of total U.S. emissions were associated with income flows to the highest earning 10% of households" in 2019 with a <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">growing emissions inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>18 August: A study in One Earth investigating <a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">public policies and spending</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> activities regarding a transition to a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">sustainable food system</a> finds that governments "largely ignore the climate-mitigation potential of animal product analogs" and that food production has 'lock-in' problems.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #226;">2023 U.N. Climate Change Conference (COP28)</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      The Conference of the Parties... calls on Parties to contribute to the following global efforts: <dl><dd>     (a) Tripling renewable energy capacity globally and doubling the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030;</dd> <dd>     (d) Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner, accelerating action in this critical decade, so as to achieve net zero by 2050 in keeping with the science;</dd></dl> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Outcome of the first global stocktake, <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP28</a><a href="#cite_note-UNFCC_202312213-97">[97]</a> 13 December 2023</cite> </div> <ul><li>24 August: the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> reported that global <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">fossil fuel subsidies</a> in 2022 were $7 trillion ($13 million per minute), amounting to 7.1% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_20230824-98">[98]</a></li> <li>6 September: the first Africa Climate Summit concluded with the "Nairobi Declaration", in which African leaders requested global taxes on carbon pollution, phasing out coal use, and ending fossil fuel subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_20230907-99">[99]</a></li> <li>6 September: A study in PLOS Climate using a global food system model suggests that <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">net-negative</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">greenhouse gas emissions</a> could be possible in a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">sustainable food system</a> achievable with full global deployment of diverse interventions, with the most promising options including <a href="/wiki/Green_hydrogen" title="Green hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer#Production" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestock feed">livestock feeds</a>, organic and inorganic <a href="/wiki/Soil_amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil amendment">soil amendments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">sustainable seafood</a> harvesting practices, and adoption of <a href="/wiki/Flexitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexitarian">flexitarian</a> diets.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>25 October: over 200 health journals called on the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> to declare the "indivisible climate and nature crisis" a <a href="/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern" title="Public health emergency of international concern">global health emergency</a>, saying that treating the climate crisis and the nature crisis as separate challenges is "a dangerous mistake".<a href="#cite_note-BMJ_20231025-84">[84]</a></li> <li>30 November − 12 December: the <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> (COP28) convened in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-UNFCC_202312213-97">[97]</a> Controversial because Emirati oil executive <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Al_Jaber" title="Sultan Al Jaber">Sultan Al Jaber</a> presided over the conference and because of the presence of record numbers of fossil fuel lobbyists, COP28 was the first COP to explicitly call on participants to "transition away from fossil fuels" so as to achieve <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero emissions</a> by 2050, though not adopting calls for a "complete phase-out" of fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-UNFCC_202312213-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20231213-101">[101]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation_goal_statements">Mitigation goal statements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mitigation goal statements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #226;">A rapidly narrowing window</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      Key finding 4: global emissions are not in line with modelled global mitigation pathways consistent with the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement, and there is a rapidly narrowing window to raise ambition and implement existing commitments in order to limit warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change<a href="#cite_note-UNFCC_20230908-102">[102]</a> 8 September 2023</cite> </div> <ul><li>15 April: a communique from a meeting of <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> ministers pledged to collectively increase <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">offshore wind capacity</a> by 150 gigawatts by 2030 and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar capacity</a> to more than 1 terawatt, and agreed to accelerate the phase-out of unabated (without <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">recapture</a>) fossil fuels to achieve net zero by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230415-103">[103]</a> They stopped short of endorsing a 2030 deadline for phasing out coal, and left the door open for continued investment in gas to help address potential energy shortfalls.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230415-103">[103]</a></li> <li>19 May: a <a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">policies study</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific review">review</a> in <a href="/wiki/One_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="One Earth">One Earth</a>, based on a systematic examination of existing methane policies across sectors, concludes that both only "about 13% of <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> are covered by methane <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigation</a> policies and that the effectiveness of these policies "is far from clear".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_goal_statements">Adaptation goal statements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adaptation goal statements">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. 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(January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consensus">Consensus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consensus">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>8 June: a study published in <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS Climate</a> studied defensive and secure forms of <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>—respectively called "national narcissism"<a href="#cite_note-NationalNarcissism-105">[Note 1]</a> and "secure national identification"<a href="#cite_note-SecureNationalIdentification-106">[Note 2]</a>—for their correlation to support for policies to mitigate climate change and to transition to renewable energy.<a href="#cite_note-PLOSClimate_20230608-107">[105]</a> The researchers concluded that secure national identification tends to support policies promoting renewable energy; however, national narcissism was found to be inversely correlated with support for such policies—except to the extent that such policies, as well as <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>, enhance the national image.<a href="#cite_note-PLOSClimate_20230608-107">[105]</a> Right-wing political orientation, which may indicate susceptibility to climate conspiracy beliefs, was also concluded to be negatively correlated with support for genuine climate mitigation policies.<a href="#cite_note-PLOSClimate_20230608-107">[105]</a></li> <li>7 August: A global survey study of climate policy researchers, published in Nature Sustainability, finds these experts substantially doubt the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">green growth</a> narrative, "underscor[ing] the importance of considering alternative post-growth perspectives" that include approaches of <a href="/wiki/Agrowth" title="Agrowth">agrowth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projections">Projections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Projections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-2100_Impacts_of_global_warming_on_glaciers_and_sea_level_rise.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2015-2100_Impacts_of_global_warming_on_glaciers_and_sea_level_rise.svg/300px-2015-2100_Impacts_of_global_warming_on_glaciers_and_sea_level_rise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2015-2100_Impacts_of_global_warming_on_glaciers_and_sea_level_rise.svg/450px-2015-2100_Impacts_of_global_warming_on_glaciers_and_sea_level_rise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2015-2100_Impacts_of_global_warming_on_glaciers_and_sea_level_rise.svg/600px-2015-2100_Impacts_of_global_warming_on_glaciers_and_sea_level_rise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> Projections for different amounts of global warming: Melting of glacial mass, sea level rise, and loss of number of glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-Science_20230105-109">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">       The consequences of (<a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>) are unthinkable. Low-lying communities and entire countries could disappear forever. We would witness a mass exodus of entire populations on a biblical scale. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, U.N. Secretary-General<a href="#cite_note-UN_20230214-110">[108]</a> 14 February 2023</cite> </div> <ul><li>2 January: a study published in <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">Earth's Future (American Geophysical Union)</a> concluded that the greatest increase in the amount of coastal area below <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">mean sea level</a> will occur in the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> (SLR), contrary to earlier assessments, shortening time for adaptation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-EarthsFuture_20230102-111">[109]</a> Latest projections indicate that SLR is certain to exceed 2 metres (6.6 ft) in coming centuries, and a rise by 4 metres (13 ft) is considered possible.<a href="#cite_note-EarthsFuture_20230102-111">[109]</a></li> <li>5 January: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> stated that, based on then-current pledges, global mean temperature is projected to increase by +2.7 °C, which would cause loss of about half of Earth's glaciers by 2100, causing a sea level rise of 115±40 millimeters (not counting ice sheet melt).<a href="#cite_note-Science_20230105-109">[107]</a></li> <li>30 January: Climate scientists predict, using <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> will exceed 1.5 °C <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">in the next decade (scenario <a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">SSP2-4.5</a>), and a nearly 70% chance of 2 °C between 2044 and 2065 (~2054) – a substantial probability of exceeding the 2 °C threshold – even if emissions rapidly decline (scenario <a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">SSP1-2.6</a>).<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></li> <li>30 January: A study in Nature Sustainability outlines challenges of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation#Mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation decarbonization</a> by 2050 whose identified factors mainly are future demand, continuous <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft" title="Fuel economy in aircraft">efficiency</a> improvements, new short-haul engines, higher <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_aviation_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable aviation fuel">SAF (biofuel)</a> production, <a href="/wiki/CO2_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 removal">CO2 removal</a> to compensate for non-CO2 forcing, and related policy-options. With constant air transport demand and aircraft efficiency, decarbonizing aviation would require nearly five times the 2019 worldwide <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> production, competing with other hard-to-decarbonize sectors and land-use (or <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>).<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9-114">[112]</a></li> <li>6 February: A study in Nature Climate Change integrates <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> as an aspect into an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_assessment_modelling" title="Integrated assessment modelling">integrated assessment model</a>, showing that <a href="/wiki/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance" title="Powering Past Coal Alliance">Powering Past Coal Alliance</a>-based (from <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP23</a>) <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">coal phase-out</a> is <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">highly unlikely</a> (<5%) with current policies where both coal-use would substantially only shift from power to other industries (steel, cement, and chemicals) and <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">China</a> will now potentially "dangerously delay" the phase-out.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></li> <li>February: the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>'s Electricity Market Report 2023 projected that low-emissions sources will constitute almost all the growth in global electricity demand through 2025, with renewables' portion of global power generation rising from 29% in 2022 to 35% in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-IEA_Market_20230200-117">[115]</a></li> <li>6 March: The highest-granularity study <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">on food GHGs</a>, published in Nature Climate Change, reports that <a href="/wiki/Human_food#Economy" title="Human food">global food consumption</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">alone would lead to <a href="/wiki/Governance_failure" title="Governance failure">failed</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate goals</a> with constant patterns, with ~75% of the projected warming <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">due to ruminant meat, dairy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice#Climate_change" title="Rice">rice</a>, albeit consumption currently shifts towards higher emissions overall as economic development is expected to facilitate acquisitions of undifferentiated goods like beef.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></li> <li>13 March: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Sustainability" title="Nature Sustainability">Nature Sustainability</a> forecast that floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems on reservoirs could provide 9,434±29 terawatt-hours/year<a href="#cite_note-NatureSustainability_20230313-120">[118]</a>—over a third of global electricity.<a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnica_20230313-121">[119]</a></li> <li>27 March: a study in <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a> attempts to provide <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="It found that "critical ice volumes are crossed for cumulative emissions of 1,000 and 2,500 GtC, which would cause long-term sea level rise by 1.8 and 6.9 m respectively", suggesting a "tipping of the GIS within the range of the temperature limits of the Paris agreement"">estimations of <a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system#Greenland_ice_sheet_disintegration" title="Tipping points in the climate system">the tipping point(s) of the Greenland ice sheet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></li> <li>5 April: in its Boom and Bust Coal publication, <a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Monitor" title="Global Energy Monitor">Global Energy Monitor</a> stated that phasing out operating coal power by 2040 would require an average of 117 GW of retirements per year—4.5 times the capacity retired in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEnergyMonitor20230405-124">[122]</a> An average of 60 GW/yr for OECD countries, and 91 GW/year for non-OECD countries, must come offline.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEnergyMonitor20230405-124">[122]</a></li> <li>17 May: the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a> Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update projected that the chance of global near-surface temperature exceeding 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels for at least one year between 2023 and 2027 is 66%, though it is unlikely (32%) that the five-year mean will exceed 1.5 °C.<a href="#cite_note-WMO_20230517-125">[123]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #226;">Energy transition gathers pace</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">       The adoption of tighter efficiency standards by regulators, structural changes to the economy and the ever-accelerating penetration of EVs are expected to powerfully moderate annual growth in oil demand throughout the (2023–2028) forecast. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—International Energy Agency (IEA)<a href="#cite_note-IEA_20230614-126">[124]</a> 14 June 2023</cite> </div> <ul><li>20 May: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Cell_Press" title="Cell Press">One Earth</a> found that increased temperature delays sleep onset and increases the probability of insufficient sleep, estimating that global warming may erode 50–58 hours of sleep per person-year while producing geographic inequalities that scale with future emissions.<a href="#cite_note-OneEarth_20230520-127">[125]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_and_population_densities_exposed_to_unprecedented_heat_at_different_levels_of_global_warming.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Regions_and_population_densities_exposed_to_unprecedented_heat_at_different_levels_of_global_warming.webp/220px-Regions_and_population_densities_exposed_to_unprecedented_heat_at_different_levels_of_global_warming.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Regions_and_population_densities_exposed_to_unprecedented_heat_at_different_levels_of_global_warming.webp/330px-Regions_and_population_densities_exposed_to_unprecedented_heat_at_different_levels_of_global_warming.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Regions_and_population_densities_exposed_to_unprecedented_heat_at_different_levels_of_global_warming.webp/440px-Regions_and_population_densities_exposed_to_unprecedented_heat_at_different_levels_of_global_warming.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Regions and population densities exposed to unprecedented heat at different levels of global warming.<a href="#cite_note-NatureSustainability_20230522-128">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>22 May: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Sustainability" title="Nature Sustainability">Nature Sustainability</a> projected that current policies leading to ~2.7 °C global warming could leave 22–39% of humans outside their "<a href="/wiki/Human_climate_niche" title="Human climate niche">human climate niche</a>"—defined as "the historically highly conserved distribution of relative human population density with respect to mean annual temperature."<a href="#cite_note-NatureSustainability_20230522-128">[126]</a> The study projected that reducing warming from 2.7 to 1.5 °C would result in a ~5-fold decrease in population exposed to unprecedented heat.<a href="#cite_note-NatureSustainability_20230522-128">[126]</a></li> <li>6 June: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a> projected that under all <a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">SSP</a> emissions scenarios considered, the Arctic would be ice-free in September as soon as the 2030s, sooner than the IPCC's earlier projection of mid-century.<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20230606-129">[127]</a></li> <li>7 June: the <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a> projected that, by 2050, as the U.S. moves to 100 percent zero emission new passenger vehicles sales and clean electricity generation, the resulting cleaner air could bring $978 billion in public health benefits, 89,300 fewer premature deaths, 2.2 million fewer asthma attacks, and 10.7 million fewer lost workdays.<a href="#cite_note-AmLungAssn_20230607-130">[128]</a></li> <li>14 June: the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>'s Oil 2023: Analysis and forecast to 2028 said that demand for oil from combustible fossil fuels is on course to peak in 2028 (the final year of the forecast), and that growth is set to reverse after 2023 for gasoline and after 2026 for transport fuels overall.<a href="#cite_note-IEA_20230614-126">[124]</a></li> <li>25 July: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a> projected a <a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">tipping point</a> collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> (AMOC) by mid-century, causing long term cooling of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20230725-131">[129]</a> Earlier IPCC projections were that such a collapse is not likely within the century.<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20230725-131">[129]</a></li> <li>19 August: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Energies_(journal)" title="Energies (journal)">Energies</a> projected that global warming reaching 2 °C this century will cause premature deaths in roughly 1 billion humans.<a href="#cite_note-Energies_20230819-132">[130]</a> The study cited the order-of-magnitude estimate in the "1000-ton rule" that states that a future person is killed every time 1000 tons of fossil carbon are burned.<a href="#cite_note-Energies_20230819-132">[130]</a></li> <li>28 August: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Climate_Change" title="Nature Climate Change">Nature Climate Change</a> projected that without snowmaking, 53% of ski resorts in 28 European countries will be at "very high risk for snow supply" under global warming of 2 °C (98% under 4 °C warming).<a href="#cite_note-NatureCC_20230828-133">[131]</a></li> <li>5 September: A study in The Lancet Planetary Health shows <a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">decoupling</a> rates in high-income countries are inadequate for <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> commitments and suggests <a href="/wiki/Post-growth" title="Post-growth">post-growth</a> approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Demand#Demand_reduction" title="Demand">demand reduction</a> <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation#Degrowth" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">strategies</a> and reorienting the economy.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a></li> <li>2 October: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a> studied the effect of the expected reduction in the amount of dark-colored, light-absorbing atmospheric particles (LAPs) that snow would absorb, making the snow reflect more sunlight, thus reducing <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> that would otherwise warm the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20231002-135">[133]</a> The study concluded that there would be a reduction in radiative forcing from 0.65 W/m2 (1995-2014) to 0.49  W/m2 (in 2081-2100).<a href="#cite_note-NatureComms_20231002-135">[133]</a></li> <li>23 October: a Washington Post analysis concluded that by 2040, longer warm and moist transmission seasons and expanding habitats for mosquitos (both caused by climate change), coupled with expected demographic growth, could put more than 5 billion people at risk of contracting malaria.<a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20231023-136">[134]</a></li> <li>23 October: a study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Climate_Change" title="Nature Climate Change">Nature Climate Change</a> projected that ocean warming at about triple the historical rate is likely unavoidable in the 21st century, with no significant difference between mid-range emissions scenarios versus achieving the most ambitious targets of the Paris Agreement—suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#Needed_emissions_cuts" title="Climate change mitigation">greenhouse gas mitigation</a> has limited ability to prevent collapse of the <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">West Antarctic Ice Sheet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatureClimateChange_20231023-137">[135]</a></li> <li>24 October: the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>'s World Energy Outlook 2023 stated that "the momentum behind clean energy transitions is now sufficient for global demand for coal, oil and natural gas to all reach a high point before 2030 in the STEPS" (Stated Policies Scenario).<a href="#cite_note-IEA_WorldEnergyOutlook2023_Executive_Summary-138">[136]</a></li> <li>2 November: a study published in Oxford Open Climate Change (co-author: <a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James E. Hansen</a>) projected that the recent decline of aerosol emissions should increase the global warming rate of 0.18 °C per decade (1970–2010) to at least 0.27 °C per decade, so that "under the present geopolitical approach to GHG emissions", warming will exceed 1.5 °C in the 2020s and 2 °C before 2050.<a href="#cite_note-OxfordOpenCC_20231102-139">[137]</a></li> <li>5 December: a report from the United Nations Environment Programme projected that on current growth trends, electricity for cooling equipment (air conditioning) would more than double by 2050, and that under a business-as-usual scenario, emissions from cooling would account for more than 10% of global emissions in 2050.<a href="#cite_note-UNEP_20231205-140">[138]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_publications">Significant publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Significant publications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #226;">Observed Changes and Impacts</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      Human-caused climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe. This has led to widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages to nature and people (high confidence). Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the least to current climate change are disproportionately affected (high confidence). </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—"Headline Statement A2" in the AR6 Synthesis Report<a href="#cite_note-IPCC_HeadlineStatements_20230300-141">[139]</a></cite> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #226;">Entering uncharted territory</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">      We warn of potential collapse of natural and socioeconomic systems in such a world where we will face unbearable heat, frequent extreme weather events, food and fresh water shortages, rising seas, more emerging diseases, and increased social unrest and geopolitical conflict. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—2023 State of the Climate Report<a href="#cite_note-BioScience_20231024-7">[7]</a> 15,000 scientist signatories, 24 October 2023</cite> </div> <ul><li>February: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/255e9cba-da84-4681-8c1f-458ca1a3d9ca/ElectricityMarketReport2023.pdf">"Electricity Market Report 2023"</a> (PDF). iea.org. International Energy Agency. February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209182033/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/255e9cba-da84-4681-8c1f-458ca1a3d9ca/ElectricityMarketReport2023.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iea.org&rft.atitle=Electricity+Market+Report+2023&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiea.blob.core.windows.net%2Fassets%2F255e9cba-da84-4681-8c1f-458ca1a3d9ca%2FElectricityMarketReport2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>22 March: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements">"AR6 Synthesis Report / Headline Statements"</a>. IPCC.ch. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322222753/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPCC.ch&rft.atitle=AR6+Synthesis+Report+%2F+Headline+Statements&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fsyr%2Fresources%2Fspm-headline-statements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>22 March: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6syr/pdf/IPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf">"Longer Report of the Synthesis Report of the IPCC Six Assessment Report (AR6)"</a> (PDF). IPCC.ch. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322195653/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6syr/pdf/IPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPCC.ch&rft.atitle=Longer+Report+of+the+Synthesis+Report+of+the+IPCC+Six+Assessment+Report+%28AR6%29&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freport.ipcc.ch%2Far6syr%2Fpdf%2FIPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>23 March: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gilmore, Anna B; et al. (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00013-2">"Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health"</a>. The Lancet. 401 (10383): 1194–1213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2823%2900013-2">10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00013-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1893%2F35148">1893/35148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36966782">36966782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257698115">257698115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Defining+and+conceptualising+the+commercial+determinants+of+health&rft.volume=401&rft.issue=10383&rft.pages=1194-1213&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1893%2F35148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257698115%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2823%2900013-2&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36966782&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Anna+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2823%2900013-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>21 April: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=11593">"State of the Global Climate 2022"</a>. WMO.int. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 21 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421134523/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=11593">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WMO.int&rft.atitle=State+of+the+Global+Climate+2022&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wmo.int%2Fdoc_num.php%3Fexplnum_id%3D11593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>17 May: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=11611">"WMO Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update"</a>. World Meteorological Organization. 17 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517111758/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=11611">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Global+Annual+to+Decadal+Climate+Update&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wmo.int%2Fdoc_num.php%3Fexplnum_id%3D11611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>22 August: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child2023" class="citation web cs1">Committee on the Rights of the Child (22 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsqIkirKQZLK2M58RF%2F5F0vHrWghmhzPL092j0u3MJAYhyUPAX9o0tJ4tFwwX4frsfflPka9cgF%2FBur8eYD%2BEeDmuoVnVOpjkzwB9eiDayjZA">"Convention on the Rights of the Child / General comment No. 26 (2023) on children's rights and the environment, with a special focus on climate change"</a>. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829213701/https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsqIkirKQZLK2M58RF%2F5F0vHrWghmhzPL092j0u3MJAYhyUPAX9o0tJ4tFwwX4frsfflPka9cgF%2FBur8eYD%2BEeDmuoVnVOpjkzwB9eiDayjZA">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child+%2F+General+comment+No.+26+%282023%29+on+children%27s+rights+and+the+environment%2C+with+a+special+focus+on+climate+change&rft.pub=United+Nations+Commission+on+Human+Rights&rft.date=2023-08-22&rft.au=Committee+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocstore.ohchr.org%2FSelfServices%2FFilesHandler.ashx%3Fenc%3D6QkG1d%252FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsqIkirKQZLK2M58RF%252F5F0vHrWghmhzPL092j0u3MJAYhyUPAX9o0tJ4tFwwX4frsfflPka9cgF%252FBur8eYD%252BEeDmuoVnVOpjkzwB9eiDayjZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>4 October: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/20231004-laudate-deum.html">"Apostolic Exhortation / Laudate Deum of the Holy Father Francis to all people of good will on the climate crisis"</a>. vatical.va. The Vatican. 4 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026123140/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/20231004-laudate-deum.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatical.va&rft.atitle=Apostolic+Exhortation+%2F+Laudate+Deum+of+the+Holy+Father+Francis+to+all+people+of+good+will+on+the+climate+crisis&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Fapost_exhortations%2Fdocuments%2F20231004-laudate-deum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>24 October: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/2b0ded44-6a47-495b-96d9-2fac0ac735a8/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf">World Energy Outlook 2023</a> (PDF). International Energy Agency. 24 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026214855/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/2b0ded44-6a47-495b-96d9-2fac0ac735a8/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Energy+Outlook+2023&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiea.blob.core.windows.net%2Fassets%2F2b0ded44-6a47-495b-96d9-2fac0ac735a8%2FWorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>24 October: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippleWolfGreggRockström2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Gregg, Jillian W.; Rockström, Johan; et al. (24 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biad080/7319571">"The 2023 state of the climate report: Entering uncharted territory"</a>. BioScience. biad080 (12): 841–850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiad080">10.1093/biosci/biad080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=The+2023+state+of+the+climate+report%3A+Entering+uncharted+territory&rft.volume=biad080&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=841-850&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiad080&rft.aulast=Ripple&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Gregg%2C+Jillian+W.&rft.au=Rockstr%C3%B6m%2C+Johan&rft.au=Newsome%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Law%2C+Beverly+E.&rft.au=Marques%2C+Luiz&rft.au=Lenton%2C+Timothy+M.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Chi&rft.au=Huq%2C+Saleemul&rft.au=Simons%2C+Leon&rft.au=King%2C+Sir+David+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbioscience%2Fadvance-article%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiad080%2F7319571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>14 November: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nca2023.globalchange.gov/">Fifth National Climate Assessment</a>, U.S. Global Change Research Program. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114171559/https://nca2023.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA5_Ch1_Overview.pdf">overview, 47 pp</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114171346/https://nca2023.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA5_Report-In-Brief.pdf">Report in Brief, 144pp</a>)</li> <li>30 November: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmo.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/WMO%20Provisional%20State%20of%20the%20Global%20Climate%202023.pdf">"Provisional State of the Global Climate 2023"</a> (PDF). WMO.int. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 30 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130211946/https://wmo.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/WMO%20Provisional%20State%20of%20the%20Global%20Climate%202023.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WMO.int&rft.atitle=Provisional+State+of+the+Global+Climate+2023&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwmo.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-11%2FWMO%2520Provisional%2520State%2520of%2520the%2520Global%2520Climate%25202023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>19 March 2024: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.wmo.int/viewer/68835/download?file=1347_Statement_2023_en.pdf&type=pdf&navigator=1">"State of the Global Climate 2023"</a>. WMO.int. World Meteorological Organization. 19 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319195010/https://library.wmo.int/viewer/68835/download?file=1347_Statement_2023_en.pdf&type=pdf&navigator=1">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WMO.int&rft.atitle=State+of+the+Global+Climate+2023&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wmo.int%2Fviewer%2F68835%2Fdownload%3Ffile%3D1347_Statement_2023_en.pdf%26type%3Dpdf%26navigator%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> WMO-No. 1347.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NationalNarcissism-105"><a href="#cite_ref-NationalNarcissism_105-0">^</a> Cislak et al. define National Narcissism as "a belief that one's national group is exceptional and deserves external recognition underlain by unsatisfied psychological needs". </li> <li id="cite_note-SecureNationalIdentification-106"><a href="#cite_ref-SecureNationalIdentification_106-0">^</a> Cislak et al. define Secure National Identification as "reflect(ing) feelings of strong bonds and solidarity with one's ingroup members, and sense of satisfaction in group membership". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_the_environment" title="2023 in the environment">2023 in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_science" title="2023 in science">2023 in science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology#History" title="Climatology">Climatology § History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment#Fifth_National_Climate_Assessment_(NCA5)_2023" title="National Climate Assessment">Fifth National Climate Assessment (NCA5) 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change#History" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change § History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sustainable_energy_research_2020%E2%80%93present" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present">Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CopernicusGMST_thru2023-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CopernicusGMST_thru2023_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2023">"The 2023 Annual Climate Summary / Global Climate Highlights 2023"</a>. 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Nature Geoscience. 16 (4): 309–313. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatGe..16..309W">2023NatGe..16..309W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-023-01147-w">10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F9e103fef-e61c-49c7-a1a3-902540ec1d7c">1983/9e103fef-e61c-49c7-a1a3-902540ec1d7c</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0908">1752-0908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257941769">257941769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Global+increase+of+ozone-depleting+chlorofluorocarbons+from+2010+to+2020&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-313&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F9e103fef-e61c-49c7-a1a3-902540ec1d7c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257941769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatGe..16..309W&rft.issn=1752-0908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-023-01147-w&rft.aulast=Western&rft.aufirst=Luke+M.&rft.au=Vollmer%2C+Martin+K.&rft.au=Krummel%2C+Paul+B.&rft.au=Adcock%2C+Karina+E.&rft.au=Crotwell%2C+Molly&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Harth%2C+Christina+M.&rft.au=Langenfelds%2C+Ray+L.&rft.au=Montzka%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=M%C3%BChle%2C+Jens&rft.au=O%27Doherty%2C+Simon&rft.au=Oram%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Reimann%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Rigby%2C+Matt&rft.au=Vimont%2C+Isaac&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ray+F.&rft.au=Young%2C+Dickon&rft.au=Laube%2C+Johannes+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41561-023-01147-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drax_20230510-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Drax_20230510_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drax.com/uk/press_release/wind-powers-britain-more-than-gas-for-first-time/">"Wind powers Britain more than gas for first time"</a>. 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Science. 380 (6646): 743–749. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...380..743Y">2023Sci...380..743Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abo2812">10.1126/science.abo2812</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10754%2F691878">10754/691878</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37200445">37200445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258765167">258765167</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605153400/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo2812">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Satellites+reveal+widespread+decline+in+global+lake+water+storage&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=6646&rft.pages=743-749&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10754%2F691878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258765167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Sci...380..743Y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37200445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abo2812&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Fangfang&rft.au=Livneh%2C+Ben&rft.au=Rajagopalan%2C+Balaji&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jida&rft.au=Cr%C3%A9taux%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Wada%2C+Yoshihide&rft.au=Berge-Nguyen%2C+Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abo2812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> "The net volume loss in natural lakes is largely attributable to climate warming, increasing evaporative demand, and human water consumption, whereas sedimentation dominates storage losses in reservoirs." </li> <li id="cite_note-Copernicus_202309-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Copernicus_202309_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/summer-2023-hottest-record">"August Climate Bulletins / Summer 2023: the hottest on record"</a>. 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Associated Press. 16 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621041000/https://fortune.com/2023/06/16/climate-change-global-warming-eu-copernicus-surface-air-temperature-june/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=The+world+just+blew+past+the+Paris+climate+talks%27+maximum+temperature+threshold%3A+%27I+feel+like+I+am+watching+a+global+train+wreck+in+slow+motion%27&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2023%2F06%2F16%2Fclimate-change-global-warming-eu-copernicus-surface-air-temperature-june%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopScience_20230726-20"><a href="#cite_ref-PopScience_20230726_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaisis2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Baisis, Laura (26 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/mass-coral-reef-bleaching-florida/">"Mass coral reef bleaching in Florida as ocean temperatures hit 100 degrees"</a>. Popular Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726132343/https://www.popsci.com/environment/mass-coral-reef-bleaching-florida/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Mass+coral+reef+bleaching+in+Florida+as+ocean+temperatures+hit+100+degrees&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft.aulast=Baisis&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fenvironment%2Fmass-coral-reef-bleaching-florida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashPost_20230809-21"><a href="#cite_ref-WashPost_20230809_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2023" class="citation news cs1">Livingston, Ian (9 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/08/09/iran-persian-gulf-extreme-heat/">"Hot-tub-like Persian Gulf fuels 158-degree heat index in Iran"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230809214245/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/08/09/iran-persian-gulf-extreme-heat/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hot-tub-like+Persian+Gulf+fuels+158-degree+heat+index+in+Iran&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fweather%2F2023%2F08%2F09%2Firan-persian-gulf-extreme-heat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRENA_20230829-22"><a href="#cite_ref-IRENA_20230829_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/News/pressreleases/2023/Aug/Renewables-Competitiveness-Accelerates-Despite-Cost-Inflation">"Global power sector saved fuel costs of USD 520 billion last year thanks to renewables, says new IRENA report"</a>. 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CIFFC.net. Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC). October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231025181718/https://ciffc.net/statistics">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIFFC.net&rft.atitle=Fire+Statistics&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciffc.net%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> ● Cited by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2023" class="citation news cs1">Livingston, Ian (24 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/10/24/climate-change-extremes-el-nino-global-warming/">"Earth's climate shatters heat records. These 5 charts show how"</a>. 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Live Science. 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The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620133333/https://www.livemint.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+the+Worst+Drought+in+a+Century+Is+Changing+the+Panama+Canal&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Costas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-the-worst-drought-in-a-century-is-changing-the-panama-canal-11687262553147.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-worst-drought-in-a-century-is-changing-the-panama-canal-50e58f13">WSJ direct</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO_20230704-50"><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_20230704_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/world-meteorological-organization-declares-onset-of-el-nino-conditions">"World Meteorological Organization declares onset of El Niño conditions"</a>. 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Nature Climate Change. 13 (2): 130–139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCC..13..130B">2023NatCC..13..130B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01570-8">10.1038/s41558-022-01570-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798">1758-6798</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256659280">256659280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Coal-exit+alliance+must+confront+freeriding+sectors+to+propel+Paris-aligned+momentum&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=130-139&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01570-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256659280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1758-6798&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatCC..13..130B&rft.aulast=Bi&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Nico&rft.au=Jewell%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41558-022-01570-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> — Research institute press release: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2023-02-coal-exit-stronger-policies-china.html">"Coal exit can happen only with stronger policies, and with China cooperating, says study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Institute_for_Climate_Impact_Research" title="Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a> via phys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328150755/https://phys.org/news/2023-02-coal-exit-stronger-policies-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. 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Nature Climate Change. 13 (11): 1222–1228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCC..13.1222N">2023NatCC..13.1222N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-023-01818-x">10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264476246">264476246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Unavoidable+future+increase+in+West+Antarctic+ice-shelf+melting+over+the+twenty-first+century&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1222-1228&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A264476246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-023-01818-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatCC..13.1222N&rft.aulast=Naughten&rft.aufirst=Kaitlin+A.&rft.au=Holland%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=De+Rydt%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41558-023-01818-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEA_WorldEnergyOutlook2023_Executive_Summary-138"><a href="#cite_ref-IEA_WorldEnergyOutlook2023_Executive_Summary_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023/executive-summary">"World Energy Outlook 2023 / Executive summary"</a>. 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(2 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/oocc/article/3/1/kgad008/7335889">"Global warming in the pipeline"</a>. Oxford Open Climate Change. 3 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfclm%2Fkgad008">10.1093/oxfclm/kgad008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Open+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Global+warming+in+the+pipeline&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfclm%2Fkgad008&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Sato%2C+Makiko&rft.au=Simons%2C+Leon&rft.au=Nazarenko%2C+Larissa+S.&rft.au=Sangha%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Kharecha%2C+Pushker&rft.au=Zachos%2C+James+C.&rft.au=von+Schuckmann%2C+Karina&rft.au=Loeb%2C+Norman+G.&rft.au=Osman%2C+Matthew+B.&rft.au=Jin%2C+Qinjian&rft.au=Tselioudis%2C+George&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Eunbi&rft.au=Lacis%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+Reto&rft.au=Russell%2C+Gary&rft.au=Cao%2C+Junji&rft.au=Li%2C+Jing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Foocc%2Farticle%2F3%2F1%2Fkgad008%2F7335889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP_20231205-140"><a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_20231205_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/key-measures-could-slash-predicted-2050-emissions-cooling-sector">"Key measures could slash predicted 2050 emissions from cooling sector"</a>. United Nations Environment Programme. 5 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205214754/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/key-measures-could-slash-predicted-2050-emissions-cooling-sector">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+measures+could+slash+predicted+2050+emissions+from+cooling+sector&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Programme&rft.date=2023-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fpress-release%2Fkey-measures-could-slash-predicted-2050-emissions-cooling-sector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC_HeadlineStatements_20230300-141"><a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_HeadlineStatements_20230300_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements">"AR6 Synthesis Report / Headline Statements"</a>. IPCC.ch. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. March 2023. p. A2 Observed Changes and Impacts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322222753/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPCC.ch&rft.atitle=AR6+Synthesis+Report+%2F+Headline+Statements&rft.pages=A2+Observed+Changes+and+Impacts&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fsyr%2Fresources%2Fspm-headline-statements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128081229/https://public-old.wmo.int/en">World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators">Climate indicators</a> at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys,_summaries_and_report_lists">Surveys, summaries and report lists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_climate_change&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Surveys, summaries and report lists">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrownhart2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Crownhart, Casey (21 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/12/21/1085795/2023-climate-records-data/">"2023 is breaking all sorts of climate records"</a>. MIT Technology Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231224063545/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/12/21/1085795/2023-climate-records-data/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=2023+is+breaking+all+sorts+of+climate+records&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft.aulast=Crownhart&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2023%2F12%2F21%2F1085795%2F2023-climate-records-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsSwanCousinsBlight2023" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Jonathan; Swan, Lucy; Cousins, Rich; Blight, Garry; Symons, Harvey; Scruton, Paul (29 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2023/sep/29/the-hottest-summer-in-human-history-a-visual-timeline">"The hottest summer in human history – a visual timeline"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016151755/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2023/sep/29/the-hottest-summer-in-human-history-a-visual-timeline">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+hottest+summer+in+human+history+%E2%80%93+a+visual+timeline&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Swan%2C+Lucy&rft.au=Cousins%2C+Rich&rft.au=Blight%2C+Garry&rft.au=Symons%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Scruton%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2Fng-interactive%2F2023%2Fsep%2F29%2Fthe-hottest-summer-in-human-history-a-visual-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20231214-nine-breakthroughs-for-climate-and-nature-in-2023-you-may-have-missed">"Nine breakthroughs for climate and nature in 2023 you may have missed"</a>. BBC. 14 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218142728/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20231214-nine-breakthroughs-for-climate-and-nature-in-2023-you-may-have-missed">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nine+breakthroughs+for+climate+and+nature+in+2023+you+may+have+missed&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20231214-nine-breakthroughs-for-climate-and-nature-in-2023-you-may-have-missed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICN_Staff2023" class="citation news cs1">ICN Staff (27 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27122023/2023-in-climate-news/">"2023 in Climate News"</a>. Inside Climate News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227103827/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27122023/2023-in-climate-news/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Climate+News&rft.atitle=2023+in+Climate+News&rft.date=2023-12-27&rft.au=ICN+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideclimatenews.org%2Fnews%2F27122023%2F2023-in-climate-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2023+in+climate+change" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output 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title="wikt:climate change">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Climate change">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Climate change">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Climate_change" class="extiw" title="q:Climate change">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Climate_change" class="extiw" title="s:Climate change">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Climate_Change" class="extiw" title="b:Climate Change">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Climate_change" class="extiw" title="v:Climate change">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Climate engineering</a></li> <li><a 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title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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