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.article-header__hero { -webkit-box-flex: 1; -ms-flex: 1; flex: 1; } } .article-header__promo { display: none; } @media (min-width: 1280px) { .article-header__promo--is-active { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-pack: center; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-left: 16px; width: 400px; } } .bbccom_standard_slot { background: transparent; } .bbccom_slot.bbccom_visible .bbccom_advert { padding-bottom: 0; } .bbccom_slot { background-color: transparent; padding-bottom: 8px; position: relative; } .bbccom_slot .bbccom_native_pwa { padding: 8px; } .bbccom_slot .bbccom_sponsor_section { padding-right: 8px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; display: -webkit-box !important; display: -ms-flexbox !important; display: flex !important; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal !important; -webkit-box-direction: normal !important; -ms-flex-direction: row !important; flex-direction: row !important; 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white-space: normal; z-index: 9999; } .bbccom_slot .bbccom_sponsor_section > div { background-color: unset; padding-left: 8px; z-index: 9999; } .ad_info_text { color: #444444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; position: relative; text-align: center; } .ad--hidden { display: none; } .sticky { top: 0; position: -webkit-sticky; position: sticky; } .sticky:before, .sticky:after { content: ''; display: table; } .adslot--mpu { padding: 0 10px 10px; height: 100%; } @media (max-width: 1007px) { .adslot--mpu { position: relative !important; left: unset !important; top: unset !important; -webkit-transform: none !important; transform: none !important; } } .adslot__mpu { -webkit-box-flex: 1; -ms-flex-positive: 1; flex-grow: 1; } .adslot--sponsor { padding: 10px; } .adslot--sponsor > div { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; max-width: 216px; } .adslot--sponsor .bbccom_text { color: #fff !important; padding-right: 8px; margin: 4px 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.article-body__image-gallery, .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text, .article-body__body-text { grid-column-start: 1; justify-self: center; padding: 0 16px 16px; width: 100%; } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .article-body__image-gallery, .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text, .article-body__body-text { padding: 0 8px 16px; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .article-body__image-gallery, .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text, .article-body__body-text { padding: 0 0 16px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .article-body__image-gallery, .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text, .article-body__body-text { padding: 0 32px 16px; } } .article-body__iframe { grid-column-start: 1; justify-self: center; padding: 0; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article-body__iframe { padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 767px) { .article-body__iframe { padding-left: 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.bbccom_slot { background-color: transparent; padding-bottom: 8px; position: relative; } .bbccom_slot .bbccom_native_pwa { padding: 8px; } .bbccom_slot .bbccom_sponsor_section { padding-right: 8px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; display: -webkit-box !important; display: -ms-flexbox !important; display: flex !important; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal !important; -webkit-box-direction: normal !important; -ms-flex-direction: row !important; flex-direction: row !important; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; } .bbccom_slot .bbccom_sponsor_section > a { position: relative !important; display: inline-block; width: 105px; white-space: normal; z-index: 9999; } .bbccom_slot .bbccom_sponsor_section > div { background-color: unset; padding-left: 8px; z-index: 9999; } .ad_info_text { color: #444444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; position: relative; text-align: center; } .ad--hidden { display: none; } .sticky { top: 0; position: -webkit-sticky; position: sticky; } .sticky:before, .sticky:after { content: ''; display: table; } .adslot--mpu { padding: 0 10px 10px; height: 100%; } @media (max-width: 1007px) { .adslot--mpu { position: relative !important; left: unset !important; top: unset !important; -webkit-transform: none !important; transform: none !important; } } .adslot__mpu { -webkit-box-flex: 1; -ms-flex-positive: 1; flex-grow: 1; } .adslot--sponsor { padding: 10px; } .adslot--sponsor > div { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; max-width: 216px; } .adslot--sponsor .bbccom_text { color: #fff !important; padding-right: 8px; margin: 4px 0 !important; width: 106px; } .article-end-component { margin-top: 32px; width: 100%; } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .article-end-component { margin-top: 16px; } } @media (min-width: 1280px) { .article-end-component { margin-top: 24px; } } </style> <script 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class="article-header__heading"><div class="label-with-line"><div class="label-with-line__label"><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--large">You're reading</h2></div><div class="styled-line styled-line--future"></div></div></div><div class="article-header__content"><div class="article-header__hero"><div class="article-title-card article-title-card--small-tablet"><div class="article-title-card__container"><div class="article-title-card__labels article-title-card__labels--small" data-cy="article-header"><div class="hero-card-labels"><a class="hero-card-labels__link" target="" rel="" id=""><div class="hero-card-labels__header"><h2 data-cy="article-hero-title" class="hero-header__header">How to calculate your dog's real age</h2></div></a><div class="hero-card-labels__description"><div class="hero-card-labels__dot-label"><div class="dot-with-label"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20200108163508/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/animal"><div class="styled-dot 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/whatsapp://send/?text=How%20to%20calculate%20your%20dog's%20real%20age: https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.whatsapp" class="whatsapp-icon gelicon--whatsapp" target="" rel="" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Whatsapp</span><div id="WhatsAppIcon"></div></a></div></div></div><div class="share-tools__container"><div id="shareIcon" class="share-tools__toggle"><button class="share-icon gelicon--share"><span class="screen-reader-only">Open share tools</span></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-header__promo"></div></div></div></header><article class="article__main"><aside class="article__intro"><div class="article-intro"><div class="article-intro__header"><h2 class="simple-header simple-header--serif simple-header--small">Your pet clearly ages faster than you do, but new research is giving us a much clearer idea of just how old your dog really might be.</h2></div><div class="article-intro__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--future"></div></div></div></aside><div class="article__sidebar"><header><aside class="article__author-unit"><div class="author-unit author-unit--center"><div class="author-unit__container"><a class="author-unit__image" target="" rel="" id=""><div class="circle-image circle-image--small circle-image__image--dark-blue" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/77/yz/p077yzlp.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="Author image" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/77/yz/p077yzlp.jpg 144w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/77/yz/p077yzlp.jpg 208w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/77/yz/p077yzlp.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/77/yz/p077yzlp.jpg 624w" sizes="20vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/960_540/images/live/p0/77/yz/p077yzlp.jpg" alt="Author image"/></div></a><div class="author-unit__info"><a class="author-unit__text" target="" rel="" id=""><h3 class="author-name">By Christian Yates</h3></a><span class="author-unit__date"> 6th January 2020 </span></div></div></div></aside></header><div class="adslot__mpu"><div class=" sticky"><div id="bbccom_mpu_1_2_3_4" class="bbccom_slot bbccom_standard_slot adslot--mpu" aria-hidden="true"><div id="mpu" class="bbccom_mpu bbccom_advert"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__container"><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__drop-capped body-text-card__drop-capped--flushed"><div class="drop-capped drop-capped--future"><p class="drop-capped__letter">I</p></div></div><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--drop-capped body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>If your dog has been alive and kicking its paws about for a decade, the widely held belief is it has aged as much as a human would have done over 70 years. This conversion factor – each year of a dog’s life accounting for seven human years – comes from dividing human life expectancy of around 77 by the canine life expectancy of around 11.</p> <p>The underlying assumption is that each calendar year a dog lives through is equivalent to seven human years at any stage of a dog’s life. But new research <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829192v1?ct=">suggests that things aren’t so simple</a>. And if we look at some basic developmental milestones, it’s clear why.</p> <p><em>You might also like:</em></p> <p>• <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly" target="_blank">Why do we think cats are so unfriendly?</a><br/>• <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180712-the-age-you-feel-means-more-than-your-actual-birthdate" target="_blank">The age you feel means more than your birth date </a><br/>• <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151111-why-do-dogs-look-like-their-owners%20" target="_blank">Do dogs really look like their owners? </a></p> <p>For example, most dog breeds <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/sexual-maturity-in-puppies-what-to-expect/">reach sexual maturity</a> between the ages of six and 12 months – the upper end of that range corresponding, by the traditional conversion, to a human age of seven. And at the other end of the spectrum, although unusual, some dogs have been known to live for over 20 years. Under the “factor-of-seven” conversion rule, this would equate to an unfathomable 140 human-equivalent years.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-native-ad article-body__body-text"><div class=""><div id="bbccom_native_pwa_1_2_3_4" class="bbccom_slot bbccom_standard_slot adslot--native_pwa" aria-hidden="true"><div id="native_pwa" class="bbccom_native_pwa bbccom_advert"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text"><div class="inline-image inline-image--card"><div class="inline-image__image inline-image__image--card"><img draggable="false" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/189_106/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbyg.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/304_171/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbyg.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbyg.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbyg.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1280_720/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbyg.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbyg.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbyg.jpg"/></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div><div class="inline-image__description inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--blue text-summary__text--center">New insights into how dogs age suggest our pets move into middle age more rapidly than most owners might suspect (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>To make matters more complicated, dogs’ life expectancy depends significantly on the breed. Smaller dogs <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/why-do-small-dogs-live-longer/">tend to live significantly longer</a>, suggesting that they age more slowly than bigger dogs.</p> <p>All of this raises the question of what exactly we mean by age. The most obvious way to describe it is simply the length of time that has passed since birth. This is known as the chronological definition of age.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><div class="inline-quote"><div class="inline-quote__open-quote"><div class="open-quote gelicon--quote open-quote--large"></div></div><blockquote class="inline-quote__blockquote"><div class="inline-quote__text inline-quote__text--desktop"><h2 class="simple-header simple-header--condensed-bold simple-header--large">When it comes to comparing animal ages across species, the biological definitions of age are far more useful than their chronological counterparts</h2></div></blockquote><div class="inline-quote__social inline-quote__social--desktop"><div class="styled-line styled-line--future"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>However, there are other descriptions. Biological age, for example, is a more subjective definition, which relies on assessing physiological indicators to identify an individual’s development. These include measures like the “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2318-8-24">frailty index</a>” – surveys that take into account an individual’s disease status, cognitive impairments and levels of activity.</p> <p>Then there are the more objective <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/56/4/B180/619965">ageing biomarkers</a>, such as <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639797/">levels of gene expression</a> (genes produce proteins at differing rates at different stages of life) or <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/56/4/B180/619965">numbers of immune cells</a>. The rate at which biological age increases depends on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578245v1.full">genetically inherited factors, mental health and lifestyle</a>.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text"><div class="inline-image inline-image--card"><div class="inline-image__image inline-image__image--card"><img draggable="false" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/189_106/images/live/p0/7z/n6/p07zn6mc.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/304_171/images/live/p0/7z/n6/p07zn6mc.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7z/n6/p07zn6mc.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7z/n6/p07zn6mc.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1280_720/images/live/p0/7z/n6/p07zn6mc.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/7z/n6/p07zn6mc.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7z/n6/p07zn6mc.jpg"/></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div><div class="inline-image__description inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--blue text-summary__text--center">Rather than celebrating chronological age, looking at the levels of methylation on a dog's DNA is a much more accurate measure of aging (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>For example, if you’ve spent a lot of time eating junk food and smoking cigarettes instead of taking exercise and eating healthily, the chances are your biological age will exceed your chronological age. Or, you might be a 60-year-old with the body of a 40-year-old if you’ve looked after yourself well.</p> <p><strong>A dog’s life</strong></p> <p>When it comes to comparing animal ages across species, the biological definitions of age are far more useful than their chronological counterparts. Knowing a hamster is six weeks old doesn’t give you a good picture of that animal’s life stage, even if you know the life expectancy of a hamster is only three years. Learning that a hamster has reached an age where it can reproduce gives a much better picture of its level of maturity.</p> <p>The authors of the new ageing study suggest that <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829192v1?ct=">a sensible way to measure biological age is though so-called “epigenetic clocks”</a> – changes to the packaging of our DNA that accumulate over time in all mammals.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text"><div class="inline-image inline-image--card"><div class="inline-image__image inline-image__image--card"><img draggable="false" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/189_106/images/live/p0/7z/n4/p07zn4zn.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/304_171/images/live/p0/7z/n4/p07zn4zn.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7z/n4/p07zn4zn.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7z/n4/p07zn4zn.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1280_720/images/live/p0/7z/n4/p07zn4zn.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/7z/n4/p07zn4zn.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7z/n4/p07zn4zn.jpg"/></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div><div class="inline-image__description inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--blue text-summary__text--center">In their first year of life, puppies grow up so quickly that they age the equivalent of 31 human years (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>In particular, “methylation” – the addition of methyl groups (a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms) to DNA – seems to be a good indicator of age. Many prominent physiological markers, such as the development of teeth, seem to occur at the same levels of methylation across different species. So by matching the levels of methylation in Labrador retrievers and humans, the researchers derived a formula to map dog age to its human equivalent.</p> <p>That formula is: human equivalent age = 16 x ln(dog’s chronological age) + 31.</p> <p>Here “ln” represents a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.rapidtables.com/calc/math/Ln_Calc.html">mathematical function</a> known as the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.britannica.com/science/logarithm#ref795970">natural logarithm</a>. The logarithm function is well-known in the non-linear scales for energy released during earthquakes (Richter) or for measuring sound (decibels). It comes in useful for measuring quantities whose sizes vary over many orders of magnitude. It’s even possible that a logarithmic experience of the passing of time might explain why we perceive <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://theconversation.com/why-time-seems-to-go-by-more-quickly-as-we-get-older-63354">time speeding up as we get older</a>.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><div class="inline-quote"><div class="inline-quote__open-quote"><div class="open-quote gelicon--quote open-quote--large"></div></div><blockquote class="inline-quote__blockquote"><div class="inline-quote__text inline-quote__text--desktop"><h2 class="simple-header simple-header--condensed-bold simple-header--large">A handy short cut is to remember that the first dog year counts for 31 human years</h2></div></blockquote><div class="inline-quote__social inline-quote__social--desktop"><div class="styled-line styled-line--future"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>In the graph below, you can see how the natural logarithm works to convert the years a dog has lived (dog age) into the equivalent human age in the red dashed curve. The curve suggests that dogs mature extremely rapidly at first, but that their ageing then slows down, meaning that most of their lives are experienced as a form of protracted middle age.</p> <p>A handy short cut is to remember that the first dog year counts for 31 human years. Then, after that, every time the dog’s chronological age doubles, the number of equivalent human years increases by 11. So eight calendar years represents three “doublings” (from one to two, two to four and then four to eight) giving a dog age equivalent of 64 (that’s 31 + 3x11).</p> <p>This useful approximation is plotted as the black curve on the conversion figure below. The green line represents the discredited factor-of-seven rule that suggests unrealistic ages at the higher end of the dog age spectrum.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text"><div class="inline-image inline-image--card"><div class="inline-image__image inline-image__image--card"><img draggable="false" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/189_106/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbj5.jpg 189w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/304_171/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbj5.jpg 304w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbj5.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbj5.jpg 976w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1280_720/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbj5.jpg 1280w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/1600_900/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbj5.jpg 1600w" sizes="(min-width: 800px) 70vw, 100vw" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/976_549/images/live/p0/7z/nb/p07znbj5.jpg"/></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div><div class="inline-image__description inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--blue text-summary__text--center">In eight calendar years a dog will approximately age the equivalent of 64 years (Credit: Christian Yates)</p></div></div><div class="inline-image__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__body-text"><div class="body-text-card"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Most dog lovers will already have suspected that the human-to-dog age relationship is non-linear, having noticed that, initially, their pets mature much more quickly than the linear factor-of-seven rule suggests.</p> <p>A <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/pets/news-features/calculate-dogs-age-human-years/">more sophisticated refinement</a> to the factor-of-seven rules has suggested that each of the dog’s first two years correspond to 12 human years while all subsequent years count for four human equivalents. The blue curve in the above figure, which represents this ad hoc rule, shows better agreement with the new logarithmic law.</p> <p>In practice the new molecular insights into human-to-dog age conversion encapsulated by the logarithmic law suggest that dogs move into middle age even more rapidly than most dog-owners would have suspected. It’s worth bearing in mind, when you find that Rex is reluctant to chase the ball like he once did, that he’s probably got more miles on the clock than you’ve been giving him credit for.</p> <p><em>Christian Yates is a senior lecturer in mathematical biology at the University of Bath. He is also the author of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/http://www.kityates.com/" target="_blank">The Maths of Life and Death</a></em><em>.</em></p> <p><em>This article</em> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://theconversation.com/are-dog-years-for-real-an-explanation-of-calculating-canine-age-127655" target="_blank"><strong><em>originally appeared</em></strong></a> <em>on The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence. </em></p> <p>--</p> <p><em>Join one million Future fans by liking us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.facebook.com/BBCFuture/"><strong><em>Facebook</em></strong></a><em>, or follow us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://twitter.com/BBC_Future"><strong><em>Twitter</em></strong></a><em> or<strong> </strong></em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/https://www.instagram.com/bbcfuture_official/"><strong><em>Instagram</em></strong></a><em>.</em></p> <p><em>If you liked this story, </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108163508/http://pages.emails.bbc.com/subscribe/?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup"><strong><em>sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter</em></strong></a><em>, called “The Essential List”. 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Belmain, University of Greenwich)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200108163508\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F3b\u002F9j\u002Fp03b9j9b.jpg","title":"Eating rats in Mozambique","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p03b9j9b","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200108163508\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F3b\u002F9j\u002Fp03b9j9b.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282340},"p03b9j3z":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p03b9j3z","_id":"5e15d1441e021d2f8f17faba","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":299809,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200108163508\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F3b\u002F9j\u002Fp03b9j3z.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200108163508\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F3b\u002F9j\u002Fp03b9j3z.jpg","title":"GettyImages-51632741.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p03b9j3z","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200108163508\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F3b\u002F9j\u002Fp03b9j3z.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282340},"p0350qzy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p0350qzy","_id":"5e0f0dc41e021d2f8fee8d3c","copyright":"iStock","fileSizeBytes":125722,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200108163508\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F35\u002F0q\u002Fp0350qzy.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: iStock)","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: iStock)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: iStock)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200108163508\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F35\u002F0q\u002Fp0350qzy.jpg","title":"sub_iStock_1920x1080.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p0350qzy","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20200108163508\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F35\u002F0q\u002Fp0350qzy.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282341}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age","_id":"5e14aeb61e021d2f8f3b4c06","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchristian-yates"],"bodyIntro":"Your pet clearly ages faster than you do, but new research is giving us a much clearer idea of just how old your dog really might be.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf your dog has been alive and kicking its paws about for a decade, the widely held belief is it has aged as much as a human would have done over 70 years. This conversion factor – each year of a dog’s life accounting for seven human years – comes from dividing human life expectancy of around 77 by the canine life expectancy of around 11.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe underlying assumption is that each calendar year a dog lives through is equivalent to seven human years at any stage of a dog’s life. But new research \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biorxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F829192v1?ct=\"\u003Esuggests that things aren’t so simple\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And if we look at some basic developmental milestones, it’s clear why.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhy do we think cats are so unfriendly?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180712-the-age-you-feel-means-more-than-your-actual-birthdate\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe age you feel means more than your birth date \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-why-do-dogs-look-like-their-owners%20\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EDo dogs really look like their owners? \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, most dog breeds \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.akc.org\u002Fexpert-advice\u002Fhealth\u002Fsexual-maturity-in-puppies-what-to-expect\u002F\"\u003Ereach sexual maturity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between the ages of six and 12 months – the upper end of that range corresponding, by the traditional conversion, to a human age of seven. And at the other end of the spectrum, although unusual, some dogs have been known to live for over 20 years. Under the “factor-of-seven” conversion rule, this would equate to an unfathomable 140 human-equivalent years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07znbyg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"New insights into how dogs age suggest our pets move into middle age more rapidly than most owners might suspect (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo make matters more complicated, dogs’ life expectancy depends significantly on the breed. Smaller dogs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.akc.org\u002Fexpert-advice\u002Fhealth\u002Fwhy-do-small-dogs-live-longer\u002F\"\u003Etend to live significantly longer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, suggesting that they age more slowly than bigger dogs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll of this raises the question of what exactly we mean by age. The most obvious way to describe it is simply the length of time that has passed since birth. This is known as the chronological definition of age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When it comes to comparing animal ages across species, the biological definitions of age are far more useful than their chronological counterparts","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there are other descriptions. Biological age, for example, is a more subjective definition, which relies on assessing physiological indicators to identify an individual’s development. These include measures like the “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2318-8-24\"\u003Efrailty index\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” – surveys that take into account an individual’s disease status, cognitive impairments and levels of activity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there are the more objective \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbiomedgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F56\u002F4\u002FB180\u002F619965\"\u003Eageing biomarkers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4639797\u002F\"\u003Elevels of gene expression\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (genes produce proteins at differing rates at different stages of life) or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbiomedgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F56\u002F4\u002FB180\u002F619965\"\u003Enumbers of immune cells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The rate at which biological age increases depends on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biorxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F578245v1.full\"\u003Egenetically inherited factors, mental health and lifestyle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07zn6mc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"Rather than celebrating chronological age, looking at the levels of methylation on a dog's DNA is a much more accurate measure of aging (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor example, if you’ve spent a lot of time eating junk food and smoking cigarettes instead of taking exercise and eating healthily, the chances are your biological age will exceed your chronological age. Or, you might be a 60-year-old with the body of a 40-year-old if you’ve looked after yourself well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA dog’s life\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to comparing animal ages across species, the biological definitions of age are far more useful than their chronological counterparts. Knowing a hamster is six weeks old doesn’t give you a good picture of that animal’s life stage, even if you know the life expectancy of a hamster is only three years. Learning that a hamster has reached an age where it can reproduce gives a much better picture of its level of maturity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe authors of the new ageing study suggest that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biorxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F829192v1?ct=\"\u003Ea sensible way to measure biological age is though so-called “epigenetic clocks”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – changes to the packaging of our DNA that accumulate over time in all mammals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07zn4zn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"In their first year of life, puppies grow up so quickly that they age the equivalent of 31 human years (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn particular, “methylation” – the addition of methyl groups (a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms) to DNA – seems to be a good indicator of age. Many prominent physiological markers, such as the development of teeth, seem to occur at the same levels of methylation across different species. So by matching the levels of methylation in Labrador retrievers and humans, the researchers derived a formula to map dog age to its human equivalent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat formula is: human equivalent age = 16 x ln(dog’s chronological age) + 31.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHere “ln” represents a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rapidtables.com\u002Fcalc\u002Fmath\u002FLn_Calc.html\"\u003Emathematical function\u003C\u002Fa\u003E known as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Fscience\u002Flogarithm#ref795970\"\u003Enatural logarithm\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The logarithm function is well-known in the non-linear scales for energy released during earthquakes (Richter) or for measuring sound (decibels). It comes in useful for measuring quantities whose sizes vary over many orders of magnitude. It’s even possible that a logarithmic experience of the passing of time might explain why we perceive \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhy-time-seems-to-go-by-more-quickly-as-we-get-older-63354\"\u003Etime speeding up as we get older\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A handy short cut is to remember that the first dog year counts for 31 human years","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the graph below, you can see how the natural logarithm works to convert the years a dog has lived (dog age) into the equivalent human age in the red dashed curve. The curve suggests that dogs mature extremely rapidly at first, but that their ageing then slows down, meaning that most of their lives are experienced as a form of protracted middle age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA handy short cut is to remember that the first dog year counts for 31 human years. Then, after that, every time the dog’s chronological age doubles, the number of equivalent human years increases by 11. So eight calendar years represents three “doublings” (from one to two, two to four and then four to eight) giving a dog age equivalent of 64 (that’s 31 + 3x11).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis useful approximation is plotted as the black curve on the conversion figure below. The green line represents the discredited factor-of-seven rule that suggests unrealistic ages at the higher end of the dog age spectrum.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07znbj5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"In eight calendar years a dog will approximately age the equivalent of 64 years (Credit: Christian Yates)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost dog lovers will already have suspected that the human-to-dog age relationship is non-linear, having noticed that, initially, their pets mature much more quickly than the linear factor-of-seven rule suggests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fpets\u002Fnews-features\u002Fcalculate-dogs-age-human-years\u002F\"\u003Emore sophisticated refinement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the factor-of-seven rules has suggested that each of the dog’s first two years correspond to 12 human years while all subsequent years count for four human equivalents. The blue curve in the above figure, which represents this ad hoc rule, shows better agreement with the new logarithmic law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn practice the new molecular insights into human-to-dog age conversion encapsulated by the logarithmic law suggest that dogs move into middle age even more rapidly than most dog-owners would have suspected. It’s worth bearing in mind, when you find that Rex is reluctant to chase the ball like he once did, that he’s probably got more miles on the clock than you’ve been giving him credit for.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EChristian Yates is a senior lecturer in mathematical biology at the University of Bath. He is also the author of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.kityates.com\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe Maths of Life and Death\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fare-dog-years-for-real-an-explanation-of-calculating-canine-age-127655\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eon The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-01-06T12:12:59.232Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to calculate your dog's real age","headlineShort":"The truth about dog years","image":["p07zn7p7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0c1e021d2f8ff109f4"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"summaryLong":"Your pet clearly ages faster than you do, but new research is giving us a much clearer idea of just how old your dog really might be.","summaryShort":"The widely held belief that a dog ages seven years in one human year is wrong","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"creationDateTime":"2020-01-07T02:00:12.795191Z","entity":"article","guid":"76bfad1d-9531-4841-8f40-998276db868c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age","modifiedDateTime":"2020-01-07T16:15:32.655991Z","project":"future","slug":"20200106-how-to-calculate-your-dogs-real-age","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282335},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates","_id":"5e0f0d6e1e021d2f8feba322","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"Crows have long been considered cunning. But their intelligence may be far more advanced than we ever thought possible.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe crow’s name was Betty. And she was on her way to stardom. A gaggle of Oxford University scientists watched in wonder as she casually picked up a piece of wire in her cage and then used a nearby object to bend it at one end, transforming the wire into a hooked tool. That tool allowed Betty to hoist up a small container of meat – delicious pig’s heart – from inside a plastic tube. Lunch was served.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack then, in 2002, Betty’s feat was a source of amazement. How did this crow solve such a complex problem so spontaneously? It suggested mental acrobatics akin to our own. This, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuknews\u002F1403946\u002FHow-Betty-the-crow-is-bending-the-rules-of-animal-behaviour.html\"\u003Ethe headlines read, was one stunningly clever crow\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExcept that Betty was not quite as special as some first thought. Many years later, research showed that New Caledonian crows are habitual tool-benders. In the wild, they do it all the time. Observers had initially been startled by Betty’s behaviour because it looked as though she had come up with the design for her hooked tool on the fly. Like an engineer inventing a new machine. In reality, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fscience\u002F2016\u002Faug\u002F10\u002Fcrow-that-bent-wire-to-retrieve-food-was-acting-naturally-scientists-discover\"\u003ENew Caledonians have evolved to make hooked tools from soft twigs as part of their usual foraging activity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was less a moment of genius – and more an expression of her nature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-strange-evolution-the-weird-future-of-life-on-earth\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe strange evolution of future life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-the-animals-that-will-survive-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe animals that will survive climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160824-what-would-happen-if-all-animals-were-as-smart-as-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhat is animals were as smart as us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t want to downplay her cognitive abilities,” says Christian Rutz at the University of St Andrews. “At the very least, it forces us to reassess how insightful Betty’s behaviour was.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENew Caledonian crows belong to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rspb.org.uk\u002Fbirds-and-wildlife\u002Fwildlife-guides\u002Fbird-a-z\u002Fcrow-family\u002F\"\u003Ethe corvid family of birds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – as do jackdaws, rooks, jays, magpies and ravens. In recent years, the brains of these birds have been studied ever more closely. There is no doubt that some of them display impressive cognitive abilities. But intelligence is a murky subject. What exactly is it, in the first place? And why has it evolved?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECorvids are helping us to answer these questions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07x3v9b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIntelligence is rooted in the brain. Clever primates – including humans – have a particular structure in their brains called the neocortex. It is thought that this helps to make advanced cognition possible. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnautil.us\u002Fblog\u002Fwhy-neuroscientists-need-to-study-the-crow\"\u003ECorvids, notably, do not have this structure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They have instead evolved densely packed clusters of neurons that afford them similar mental prowess.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe specific kind of brain they have doesn’t really matter – corvids and primates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F306\u002F5703\u002F1903\"\u003Eshare some of the same basic capabilities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in terms of problem-solving and plasticity, or being able to adapt and change in the face of new information and experiences. This is an example of convergent evolution, where completely different evolutionary histories have led to the same feature or behaviour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy for humans to see why the things corvids can do are useful. From \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=bOkj7lJpeoc\"\u003Eidentifying people who have previously posed a threat to them or others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in their group to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fncomms1567\"\u003Eusing gestures for communication\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – we too rely on abilities like these.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERutz is unequivocal. Some birds, like the New Caledonian crows he studies – can do remarkable things. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1098\u002Frsbl.2018.0836\"\u003Ea paper published earlier this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he and his co-authors described how New Caledonians seek out a specific type of plant stem from which to make their hooked tools. Experiments showed that crows found the stems they desired even when they had been disguised with leaves from a different plant species. This suggested that the birds were selecting a kind of material for their tools that they knew was just right for the job. You wouldn’t use a spanner to hammer in a nail, would you?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Ranking the intelligence of animals seems an increasingly pointless exercise when one considers the really important thing: how well that animal is adapted to its niche","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the wild, New Caledonians use their tools to scoop insects out of holes, for example in tree trunks. Footage of this behaviour \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.latimes.com\u002Fscience\u002Fsciencenow\u002Fla-sci-sn-wild-crows-use-tools-on-camera-20151223-story.html\"\u003Ehas been caught on camera\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou might think that some animals are smarter than others – with humans at the top of the proverbial tree. Certainly, humans do rely excessively on intelligence to get by. But that doesn’t mean we’re the best at every mental task. Chimps, notes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foeb.harvard.edu\u002Fpeople\u002Fdakota-mccoy\"\u003EDakota McCoy at Harvard University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have been shown to possess \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002Fdn12993-chimps-outperform-humans-at-memory-task\u002F\"\u003Ebetter short-term memories than humans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This might help them to memorise where food is located in the forest canopy, for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERanking the intelligence of animals seems an increasingly pointless exercise when one considers the really important thing: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Feducation\u002Farchive\u002F2015\u002F02\u002Fwhat-animals-teach-us-about-measuring-intelligence\u002F386330\u002F\"\u003Ehow well that animal is adapted to its niche\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Intelligence is, first and foremost, a means towards specialisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Rutz says, analysis of crows’ intelligence “cannot be divorced from the natural history of the animal”. And New Caledonians are far from the only non-human species to have evolved the ability to use tools. The list of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhat-makes-an-animal-clever-research-shows-intelligence-is-not-just-about-using-tools-76531\"\u003Eother animals that share this trait\u003C\u002Fa\u003E includes chimpanzees, parrots, alligators and even crabs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07x3xz9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile cognition may help a creature to do things required for survival in its own environment, other animals get by via other means. Where a crow uses mental abilities and tools to access hard-to-reach food, a giraffe simply stretches its long neck. Clever cogs just have another tool from evolution’s own toolbox.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat said, “clever” animals can sometimes perform tasks beyond those strictly demanded by nature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=AVaITA7eBZE\"\u003Ethis clip from the BBC TV series, Inside the Animal Mind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Chris Packham watches a New Caledonian, nicknamed 007, solve an artificially constructed puzzle involving eight distinct steps.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis seems to dwarf Betty’s humble hooked tool demo. A crow has now been shown to apply its cognitive abilities to advanced problem solving. It’s a situation the bird would never encounter in the wild, but it excels all the same. True, 007 had already learned how the individual steps worked but solving them in sequence presents an even greater challenge. It’s a hint that this bird can plan ahead to some extent. There are likely many other fascinating things that 007 and his fellow crows can do, we just haven’t tested for them yet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Cognition opens a door to behaviour that isn’t necessarily essential for survival","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMcCoy, like Rutz, also studies New Caledonian crows. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fcurrent-biology\u002FpdfExtended\u002FS0960-9822(19)30840-1\"\u003EIn a paper published this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, she and colleagues described an experiment designed to show if the birds’ mood were affected by tool use. New Caledonians were trained to recognise that a box at one end of a table contained more food than a box at the opposite end. Then, the crows were presented with a box in the middle of the table – suggesting an uncertain quantity of meat inside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBirds that had recently used tools to retrieve food from a container approached the mystery box more quickly than those that had not used tools. This indicated that tool use made the crows more optimistic, says McCoy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s not to say they were necessarily “happy”, she adds – but it does suggest a positive relationship between tool use and expectation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECognition, says McCoy, can be fun. It opens a door to behaviour that isn’t necessarily essential for survival.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07x3z2q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECrows, in fact, might be like us not so much because they are clever (and so are we) but rather because they sometimes engage their cleverness \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farstechnica.com\u002Fscience\u002F2017\u002F10\u002Fscientists-investigate-why-crows-are-so-playful\u002F\"\u003Esimply for fun\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and so do we.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe crows McCoy studies have a natural curiosity, she says. They cheekily grab scientific equipment and fly off with it in the aviary. Young birds especially, she says, love to play. Humans are not so different, she argues: “We have these incredibly huge brains but we use them to do crossword puzzles – that’s not something that is evolutionarily selected for.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne could argue that there are utilitarian benefits to such mental exertion. It keeps the mind sharp, it reinforces one’s abilities – all the fitter to survive. But if there is pleasure in it or if it has unexpected effects, one might also say that such activity is just part of what makes life colourful. New Caledonian crows, like us and other clever animals, have moods and memories. Strategies and expectations. They seem remarkably able to engage with complexity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvolution made this possible. But cognition, like life itself, serves more than just a need. Animal intelligence allows all sorts of fascinating phenomena to arise. A gorilla \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=FqJf1mB5PjQ\"\u003Ethat recognises human language\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A crow that solves puzzles. A parrot that tells jokes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENature provided the notes, but animal brains make the music. The mind, as they say, is the only limit. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-12-12T02:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Crows could be the smartest animal other than primates","headlineShort":"The curious intelligence of crows","image":["p07x3t8f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0c1e021d2f8ff109f4"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fwildlife"],"summaryLong":"Crows have long been considered cunning. But their intelligence may be far more advanced than we ever thought possible.","summaryShort":"There’s nothing bird-brained about them","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"creationDateTime":"2019-12-12T02:00:21.218932Z","entity":"article","guid":"7e326212-c1cd-4ff9-9288-63a11d64a897","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-12T02:00:21.218932Z","project":"future","slug":"20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282335},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly","_id":"5e0f0d6c1e021d2f8feb9828","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fstephen-dowling"],"bodyIntro":"Cats are the only asocial animal we have successfully domesticated. We’re disappointed that we don’t bond with them as easily as dogs. But are we just missing the signs?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E* This story is featured in BBC Future’s “Best of 2019” collection. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EDiscover more of our picks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDogs seem almost biologically incapable of hiding their inner moods – shuffling, snuffling, tail-wagging clues to contentment, nervousness or sheer, unadorned joy. Despite what the famous painting might want to tell you, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDogs_Playing_Poker\"\u003Edogs would be terrible poker players\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. We pick up their cues all too easily.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECats also have sophisticated body language – their moods are signalled through twitching tails, ruffled fur, and the position of ears and whiskers. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr\"\u003EA purr usually\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (but not always) signals friendliness or contentment. They’re a usually reliable method of working out if the cat is in friendly mode or best left alone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe complicated truth about a cat’s purr\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy sloths move so slowly\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-why-do-dogs-look-like-their-owners?ocid=global_future_rss\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy dogs look like their owners\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile we can reasonably be sure of a dog’s bond with us, despite the thousands of years domesticated cats have kept us company, they still suffer something of a bad PR image. The independence that many see as a bonus is seen by others as aloofness or selfishness. Their detractors claim they only really show affection when a food bowl is empty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECat owners will claim this is all nonsense, of course, and that their bond with their cat is as strong as any dog owner’s. But why does this image of the aloof, unfriendly cat remain? And is there any truth to it?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07ryy2t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Cat being stroked (Credit: Getty Images)","imageCaption":"Some people believe cats are only affectionate as a way of getting food (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt the very least, the image of the “independent” cat has done it little harm in terms of popularity as a pet. It’s thought there are as many as 10 million domestic cats in the UK alone. Some 25% of households \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F224966270_Number_of_cats_and_dogs_in_UK_welfare_organisations\"\u003Ewere believed to have at least one cat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when a study was undertaken in 2012.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne clue to the cat’s image may come from how they were domesticated in the first place. It was a much more gradual process than that of dogs – and cats were very much in the driving seat. The earliest domesticated cats started appearing in Neolithic villages in the Middle East around 10,000 years ago. They didn’t depend on their early human hosts for food – they were encouraged to fetch it themselves, keeping crops and food stores safe from rats and other vermin. Our relationship with them was, from the outset, a little more at arms’ length than dogs, who helped us hunt and relied upon humans for a share of the spoils. (\u003Cem\u003EFind out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190109-what-we-can-learn-from-overweight-pets-about-human-obesity\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewhy cats and other pets might hold the key to the obesity crisis.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Dogs and humans are very similar and have lived together a long time. In a way it has been co-evolution - Karen Hiestand","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe cat that may be currently curled up on your sofa or glaring at you from its vantage point on top of the bookcase shares many of its instincts with that of its pre-domestic ancestors – the desire to hunt, to patrol territory, guarding it from other cat; they are much closer to their old selves than dogs. Our taming of cats has only partly removed them from the wild.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Mostly, it’s just human misunderstanding of the species,” says Karen Hiestand, a vet and trustee of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ficatcare.org\u002F\"\u003EInternational Cat Care\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Dogs and humans are very similar and have lived together a long time. In a way it has been co-evolution. With cats, it is way more recent. They come from a solitary ancestor that isn’t a social species.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe African wildcat we domesticated our housecats from, \u003Cem\u003EFelis lybica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, tends to lead a solitary life, mostly meeting when it is time to mate. “Cats are the only asocial animal that’s been domesticated. Every other animal we’ve domesticated has a social bond with other members of its species.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rywx2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Cat being stroked (Credit: Getty Images)","imageCaption":"When cats have their basic needs such as food and litter taken care of, they are more likely to seek out companionship (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGiven that cats are such an outlier among the animals we live with, it’s no wonder that we might have been getting their signals wrong.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Because they are so self-determined and can take care of themselves, cats are becoming more and more popular,” Hiestand says. “But whether the lifestyle suits them is another question. Humans are expecting cats to be like us and like dogs. And they aren’t.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch into cats’ emotions and sociability has long lagged behind that on dogs, but in recent times it has gathered pace. Much of it is in its early stages, but already research has shown that cats’ sociability towards humans is quite a complicated spectrum.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It is highly variable, driven by genetics, and the sociability part can come from what they experience in the first six or eight weeks. If they have positive experiences in the early part of their lives, they’re probably going to like humans and want to hang out with us.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Just like dogs, cats do a lot of communication with their bodies rather than through sound","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven the domestication of cats itself is a spectrum. Feral strays often hide or flee from humans, behaving far more like their wild ancestors. In places such as the Mediterranean and Japan, colonies of “community cats” thrive in fishing villages, friendly enough to ingratiate themselves with locals who feed them. In Istanbul, for instance, the semi-stray cats are fed and looked after by locals, and have become part of the city’s identity, even spawning a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kedifilm.com\u002F\"\u003Erecent documentary film\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there are the cats that live with us, but even this subset is a spectrum; some keep a relative distance, while others positively thrive with human company. (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20141212-how-cats-can-control-our-minds\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out if your cat is controlling you.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, if we’re wanting a strong bond with our cats, what should we be looking out for?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust like dogs, cats do a lot of communication with their bodies rather than through sound. “I think it’s a lot harder for people to read their body language compared to dogs,” says Kristyn Vitale, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmaueyes.com\u002F\"\u003Ea PhD researcher studying cat behaviour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That’s not necessarily the cat’s fault.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne vital feature may have allowed dogs to leapfrog cats to our affection. A study from Portsmouth University found that dogs have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Feducation-48665618#targetText=Researchers%20have%20found%20that%20dogs,prompts%20a%20%22nurturing%20response%22.\"\u003Elearned to mimic the expressions of infants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which triggers a desire to nurture in their human owners. The change seems to have been the development of a muscle which raises the inner eyebrow – and it’s not something found in their wolf ancestors. “Puppy dog eyes” aren’t just a cliché, they’re an evolutionary trick which has strengthened the bond between dogs and people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07ryvx4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Cat with half-closed eyes (Credit: Getty Images)","imageCaption":"Slow blinking is a sign of affection from cats (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe bad news for cats? They lack this muscle. As a result, cats’ stares can look cold and unfriendly, and two cats staring at each other can often be a prelude for fisticuffs. But a slow blinking stare – one that your cat probably gives towards you from the other side of the room – is something else entirely; it’s their way of expressing love. Even turning their heads to one side isn’t necessarily disdain, but a sign of their relaxation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVitale draws attention to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Flife-style\u002Fcats-loyal-owners-dogs-behaviour-myth-a9118496.html\"\u003Eher study at Oregon State University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in which cats and dogs were left in a room by their owner, with the owner suddenly returning some time later. “One interesting thing is that the majority of cats who were secure with their owners, when they returned, they greeted them and went back to exploring the room, with little moments of coming back. Dogs did similar,” Vitale says. “If the dog has run around the room, playing with toys and occasionally coming back to the owner, we wouldn’t worry so much.” Researchers called this “secure attachment” – calmness when the owner returned, suggesting a strong emotional bond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Relaxed cats are more likely to want to make friends","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Humans’ expectation bias for the animal impacts their behaviour,” says Vitale. By trying to force cats to behave more like dogs – showering us with attention – we’re trying to push them away from their natural behaviour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHiestand says that our historic inability to see cats’ temperament as different to dogs is part of the issue. Even experts with years of training are not immune. “I went to a conference in 2007 and felt like an absolute idiot,” she says. “There was all this basic information about cats that I didn’t know, such as that they like their water and their food in separate places. This research is all quite new, but once you have the humility that what you thought you knew about them is wrong, you start to learn stuff that’s interesting.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07ryzql"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Cat bumping nose with man (Credit: Getty Images)","imageCaption":"If cats have positive contact with humans early on, they're more liekly to want to form bonds with us (Credit: Getty Images)","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETake the way cats rub themselves against their owners. This used to be thought of as a kind of territory marker, like wild cats might do on trees or other landmarks in their territory. But when they do it on people, it’s usually a sign of affiliation – the cat is transferring its scent onto your skin, and at the same time transferring yours onto its fur. This is what feral cats do with other cats they are allied with. It is a way of creating a “common scent” which distinguishes friend from foe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, Hiestand says, one thing is key – relaxed cats are more likely to want to make friends. “They want their water and their food and their sleeping arrangements and their litter tray just right, and when they are right, they’re able to start exploring those social bonds.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, the next time you come home to find a cat quietly surveying you from the couch, or lazily yawning as they pad their way into the hallway, don’t be disappointed. In their own, quiet way, they’re letting you know it’s good to see you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fask-a-stupid-question"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-25T17:49:17Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why do we think cats are unfriendly?","headlineShort":"Why do we think cats are unfriendly?","image":["p07ryyyj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0c1e021d2f8ff109f4"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"summaryLong":"Cats are the only asocial animal we have successfully domesticated. We’re disappointed that we don’t bond with them as easily as dogs. But are we just missing the signs?","summaryShort":"They’re sending us signals perhaps we don’t read","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-25T09:13:52.554278Z","entity":"article","guid":"4129f332-467e-41d5-a77b-85180bb6e883","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly","modifiedDateTime":"2019-12-27T02:02:21.35051Z","project":"future","slug":"20191024-why-do-we-think-cats-are-unfriendly","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282336},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly","_id":"5e0f0d6f1e021d2f8feba4cf","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fstephen-dowling"],"bodyIntro":"Sloths do everything in slow motion – even blinking. But why did they evolve to live their lives at such a slow pace?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESloths, as their name betrays, have little need to rush. For the most part, they live high in the branches of the forests which stretch across Central and South America, only coming down to the ground to defecate. And the life they lead is very much in slow motion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJust why sloths move so slowly is due to some peculiar evolutionary tricks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EModern-day sloths – the three-toed sloth and the two-toed sloth – are much smaller versions of the sloths that inhabited the prehistoric world. Giant sloths, some that would weigh up to several tonnes, walked on the ground during the last ice age until around 11,000 years ago, foraging from the trees by standing up on their hind legs to reach into the foliage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr\"\u003EThe complicated truth about a cat’s purr\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city\"\u003ECan wildlife return to a city?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190821-the-wildlife-haven-in-a-cold-war-death-strip\"\u003EThe wildlife haven in a former ‘death strip’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“What changed was a combination of both going up into the trees, and having a diet almost entirely based on leaves,” says Camila Mazzoni of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Germany.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“The leaf diet is very poor in nutrients and the intake of calories is very low. Because of this they have to have a very slow metabolic rate to cope with this low calorific intake.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd part of that comes down to where it is they live.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07ltkjv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAll six species of sloths live in tropical forests. It’s a hot and humid environment that means some of the normal advantages of an endothermic system aren’t really required – the environment’s already warm, so you don’t have to expend an enormous amount of energy to keep your muscles and cardiovascular system warm. So sloths don’t.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBeing a mammal has its benefits. Capable of regulating their body temperature internally, they can live in colder climates – much colder than reptiles or other cold-blooded animals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut this hot-blooded evolutional trick has a few drawbacks as well. In order to fuel this energy-hungry system, mammals need to eat a lot and often to keep the muscles needed for movement warm. It’s why mammals can still dart about on a cool day, while lizards remain sluggish – if they move at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":" The thermo-regulation that most mammals have to do requires a lot of energy – Camila Mazzoni","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis endothermic adaptation has allowed mammals to colonise most of the environments on Earth – including the freezing cold expanses of both poles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut elsewhere, some mammals have abandoned the endothermic traits that evolution has gifted them. In doing so, they’ve adopted a go-slow, energy-saving lifestyle more similar to cold-blooded animals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“The thermo-regulation that most mammals have to do requires a lot of energy,” says Mazzoni. “But because sloths don’t have it, it means they require a lot less energy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“But this means they can only live in the tropics, and not high up in the mountains where the temperature gets quite low. Having said that, the two-toed sloth is a bit more flexible, and will go a bit higher into the mountains in Costa Rica.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07ltkqg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe sloths’ tree-based life cycle means they spend very little time at risk from predators like the jaguar. This is another reason why lightning-fast reactions – and the enormous amount of energy needed to fuel them – just aren’t needed. “They have this intimate relationship with the trees,” says Mazzoni. “They depend on them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe says sloths often “go up to the top of the canopy in the morning to get some energy from the Sun and when it gets really hot they go back down to the shade of the trees”. This behaviour is much more typical of cold-blooded animals – lizards and other reptiles – than it is of other mammals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBecky Cliffe, a British zoologist who works at Costa Rica’s Sloth Conservation Foundation, says it is only when you see sloths in the wild that you truly appreciate just how slow they are. “You know they move slowly, but then you look at one and every part of their body – when they turn their head, or even when they blink – it’s all done so slowly. You have to spend a lot of time out in [the] field to see one.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Among the other hallmarks of mammalian life that sloths have dispensed with is the amount of milk nursing mothers produce for their offspring","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELook closely at a sloth and its fur will often also have a green shade to it. It might be tempting to assume that the animals have become so sedentary that they have become home to moss and algae from the trees around them. But this misses something far more fascinating, says Mazzoni.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Their hair is modified and has these kind of openings in which the algae and fungi can grow,” she says. “It’s not because they’re slow. We know there’s some kind of symbiotic relationship going on there.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhat are these algae good for? Many scientists are trying to figure that out. “It could be that it’s good for the sloths’ camouflage,” adds Mazzoni. The green algae and fungi could help sloths blend in to the background of the forest canopy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It could also be a way for the sloths to get extra protein,” she says, noting that sloths have sometimes been seen to lick the algae growing on their fur. The fungal growths may also help keep down the number of parasites. “Their fur is almost completely water resistant, and impedes a lot of parasites. Sloths have fewer parasites than other mammals of a similar size.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07ltk24"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAmong the other hallmarks of mammalian life that sloths have dispensed with is the amount of milk nursing mothers produce for their offspring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Sloth mothers don’t store large amounts of milk, so it just comes out drop by drop,” says Cliffe. The young attach themselves close to the nipple, and then feed as the milk dribbles out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The sloth’s steady-as-you-go approach to life shouldn’t be mistaken for laziness, however","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECliffe’s years watching sloths in the Costa Rican jungle has given her much insight into their behaviour. “They don’t jump and they don’t run. But they do have the most incredibly strong arms. If a human and a sloth had an arms wrestle, the sloth would definitely win.” But the sloth’s legs – which aren’t needed for breakneck speed or even supporting their full weight most of the time – don’t have the same muscle mass.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe sloth’s steady-as-you-go approach to life shouldn’t be mistaken for laziness, however, says Cliffe. “They’re not lazy. The howler monkeys that live in the forests sleep for up to 18 hours a day, and the sloths only sleep for around 10.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHad sloths not ended up living in a hot, humid environment covered in trees, they might be sprightlier, living at a quicker pace. But over countless generations they have arrived at a pace of life perfectly suited to their environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“They show that you don’t have to run around all the time trying to find food,” says Cliffe. “They’ve relaxed the whole system.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Worklife, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fask-a-stupid-question"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-08-29T15:57:25Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why do sloths move so slowly?","headlineShort":"Why do sloths move so slowly?","image":["p07ltg1y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0c1e021d2f8ff109f4"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"summaryLong":"Sloths do everything in slow motion – even blinking. But why did they evolve to live their lives at such a slow pace?","summaryShort":"The forest dwellers who will not rush","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"creationDateTime":"2019-08-29T01:02:54.90474Z","entity":"article","guid":"858e063e-d6ff-4d6f-a583-ab28aa9d9445","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-01T11:37:57.233738Z","project":"future","slug":"20190828-why-do-sloths-move-so-slowly","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282337},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city","_id":"5e0f0d6f1e021d2f8feba4c5","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmartha-henriques"],"bodyIntro":"Many cities are challenging places for wildlife, full of people, noise and pollution. But small changes are all it takes to tempt many species to live in the concrete jungle.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUrban rewilding projects are tempting nature back into our cities, from creating city butterfly meadows to building unlikely homes for deadly birds of prey.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe middle of London’s hectic West End doesn’t seem like the likeliest location for one of the UK’s rarest birds. There are only an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rspb.org.uk\u002Fbirds-and-wildlife\u002Fwildlife-guides\u002Fbird-a-z\u002Fblack-redstart\u002F\"\u003Eestimated 20-40 breeding pairs of black redstarts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the country. But in recent years, without being artificially introduced into the area, this rare bird has started to make a home in this crowded part of Central London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe black redstart isn’t the only unexpected species of wildlife to start living in conspicuously urban landscapes. Moths, butterflies, woodpeckers and even serotine bats, more commonly found in rural pastures, have also been on the rise in this part of London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a trend growing in strength worldwide. While in New York, peregrine falcons – once nearly extinct in the US, can now regularly be seen diving at breakneck speeds from skyscrapers across the city.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fgallery\u002F20190111-welcome-to-bright-sparks\"\u003ESeven big challenges for tomorrow’s leaders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180226-the-teenage-scientist-tracking-a-sea-of-space-junk\"\u003EThe teenage scientist tracking a sea of space junk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180323-the-drone-that-sniffs-out-landmines\"\u003EThe drone that sniffs out landmines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese changes are the payoff of increasing efforts to transform dense urban areas from wildlife dead-spots into attractive, viable homes for nature alongside city dwellers. One new initiative is even trying to get \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20190117-the-young-woman-who-wants-to-put-bees-in-your-office\"\u003Eoffices to keep beehives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou don’t have to completely redesign a city’s layout to achieve this, says Emily Woodason, a senior landscape architect at the design and planning firm Arup. Sometimes creating pockets of greenery at sufficiently regular intervals is enough to tempt wildlife back into an area. The Wild West End project, involving six of London’s largest landowners, is seeking to create 100 square metres (330 sq ft) of green space every 100m.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s an ambitious objective,” says Woodason. “Ultimately the aim is to create a green corridor between London’s parks.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06yc2lw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs well as planning more green areas, many of the landowners are choosing to retrofit existing buildings with green walls or roofs. So far, it appears to be working. Since a baseline wildlife assessment two years ago, several unexpected species have returned to the area, including the black redstart.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“One of the types of space created might include rock piles and log piles, which are great at attracting different insects and allow more natural colonisation of species over time,” says Woodason. “Those conditions are perfect for this type of bird.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We realise that planning, development, architecture and industrial design are all complicit in wiping out other species on this planet – Mitchell Joachim","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAttracting rare species back to cities isn’t just “nice to have”, although it does make urban life more varied and interesting. Some of the species tempted back by such programmes are the ones we rely on heavily for food security, such as pollinators like bees and butterflies. Their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-43200277\"\u003Epopulations are plummeting globally\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We realise that planning, development, architecture and industrial design are all complicit in wiping out other species on this planet,” says \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.terreform.org\u002Fpeople_mj.html\"\u003EMitchell Joachim\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, director and co-founder of Terreform, an ecological planning and architecture firm. “I am absolutely passionate about trying to restore these habitats in cities, and to instil that in how we plan our buildings.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESometimes that means planning a giant, eight-storey transparent vertical meadow into the walls of an office building in Manhattan. Monarch butterflies are native to North America but have been disappearing fast since the 1980s because of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffenvs.2018.00086\u002Ffull\"\u003Ewidespread destruction of milkweed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a plant that monarchs use while breeding. “Milkweed is a highly invasive species, humans don’t like it – it can give you a rash, or take over your beautiful American lawn,” says Mitchell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBuilding a space for monarchs into the building would be part of an effort to slow their precipitous decline.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06ybzkt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“It is a sanctuary for monarch butterflies, to breed them, with nurseries for caterpillars and areas for the chrysalises and the adult butterflies,” says Joachim. “They live there for a few weeks and then they’re released.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo have a real impact on monarch butterfly populations, it will take more than one sanctuary. The most important thing to do is restore the butterfly’s natural habitat – within the city and outside it along its migration route to Mexico – in particular by providing more milkweed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn cities, a roof garden is the obvious place to start allowing milkweed to grow. One such roof garden is planned to sit on top of the butterfly building, which the insects are greeted with when they are released into the open air. But this is something that everyone who owns or rents a property can contribute to, not just the proprietors of large landmark buildings. To make a long-term difference, people need to look past the state of their lawns and leave the milkweed intact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One place that the peregrine falcons thrived turned out to be quite unexpected","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESometimes wildlife returns to a city not because people carve out a designated space for them, but because something toxic to them is removed. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F157285a0\"\u003EThe pesticide DDT, originally considered a wonder chemical\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, was used widely in agriculture from the 1940s. It wasn’t until decades later that people discovered it was highly toxic to many species, including humans, and the US’s Environment Protection Agency (EPA) banned it in 1972.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAmong the worst affected were birds of prey, because the toxin accumulated up the food chain. The US population of peregrine falcons, the world’s fastest bird of prey, was decimated and by 1970 the birds were on the edge of extinction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA group of scientists set up a conservation initiative they called the Peregrine Fund, to try to breed peregrines in captivity until they could be released into the wild. One place that the peregrine falcons thrived turned out to be quite unexpected.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06ygpwd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“They started to experiment with releasing peregrine falcons into cities,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.peregrinefund.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fkatzner-erin\"\u003EErin Katzner\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, director of global engagement at the Peregrine Fund. “Not only did it work, it worked really well.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe skyscrapers provided a habitat that the birds were well adapted to – high up, with sheer drops, with spots to nest far away from potential predators like racoons or foxes. Scientists worked with building owners to create ledges for the birds to nest on. Pigeons and migratory birds provided plentiful food. As pollution of the food chain with DDT declined, peregrine falcon populations in cities soared.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Now you can find them in almost every city across the US, including multiple pairs in Manhattan,” says Katzner. “You can go into downtown New York City and see peregrines flying among the skyscrapers.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The long-game is not just to build in green compromises to existing city areas, but to shift what development looks like in a city","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven for birds released into the countryside, there are now many accounts of them making their way to cities of their own accord, because they had become such a good habitat. As well as exciting birdwatchers, urban birds of prey help to keep down rodent populations within the cities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUrban rewilding initiatives often have multiple levels of benefit – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F23613211\"\u003Egreener spaces make people happier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but they also help \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thames21.org.uk\u002Fjoinacampaign\u002Flondonriversweek\u002Frewilding-londons-rivers\u002F\"\u003Esolve water drainage problems and prevent flooding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as providing a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0158117\"\u003Ehome for pollinators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other animals. But perhaps one of their most valuable traits is to make people feel more connected with nature and be more aware of our relationship with the environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe long-game is not just to build in green compromises to existing city areas, but to shift what development looks like in a city. Until recent years, urbanisation has meant turning green areas grey with the concrete, asphalt and glass of traditional buildings and infrastructure. That transformation has unsurprisingly ended up being bad for our mental wellbeing, physical health, environment, ecosystems and wildlife.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERewilding is one way to reverse that process: prioritising plants and animals first, and paving the way for the benefits to our health, wellbeing and the urban environment that follow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-01-21T15:50:01Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How do you bring wildlife back to the city?","headlineShort":"Can wildlife return to a city?","image":["p06ybzdm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0c1e021d2f8ff109f4"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"summaryLong":"Many cities are challenging places for wildlife, full of people, noise and pollution. But small changes are all it takes to tempt many species to live in the concrete jungle.","summaryShort":"The concrete jungle can be a habitat, too","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"creationDateTime":"2019-01-21T10:59:23.411246Z","entity":"article","guid":"18be071a-79ea-4921-bc25-5934db93c9f8","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:27:24.037568Z","project":"future","slug":"20190118-how-do-you-bring-wildlife-back-to-the-city","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282337},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr","_id":"5e0f0d6b1e021d2f8feb960d","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fstephen-dowling"],"bodyIntro":"Our cats may purr when we pet and tickle them, but it’s a much more complicated form of communication than we've assumed.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe \u003Cem\u003Ethink\u003C\u002Fem\u003E we know what a cat’s purr means.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is arguably the most recognisable sign of animal contentment: a pleasurable rasp that erupts whenever a cat is tickled or petted, the soundtrack to countless sessions sprawled on an owner’s lap.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut that’s not quite the full story. There is a lot more going on with the cat’s purr than you might reasonably expect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven the ‘how’ was long a subject of debate. Some thought it was linked to blood flowing to the inferior vena cava, a vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. But with more research it seemed likelier that the noise came from the muscles within the cat’s larynx. As they move, they dilate and constrict the glottis – the part of the larynx that surrounds the vocal chords – and the air vibrates every time the cat breathes in or out. The result? A purr.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe woman who lives with mountain lions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150625-decoding-the-internet-of-ants\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDecoding the ‘internet of ants’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20141212-how-cats-can-control-our-minds\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThree ways cats can control our mind\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven though science is now fairly sure this is the process, there’s no definitive answer as to what triggers the response. The biggest clue is a neural oscillator deep within the cat’s brain, one that otherwise has no clear purpose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut if that neural oscillator is triggered, is it just when a cat is happy?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESometimes. But only sometimes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06f24vf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMarjan Debevere is a cat shelter photographer in London who is currently studying for a degree in feline psychology. She is also the owner of four cats – Clive, Hula, Luigi and Archie – who are something of an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Flillmanlulu_luigi_and_co\u002F?hl=en\"\u003EInstagram sensation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (33,000-odd followers and counting, Instagram fans).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People assume they’re happy when they’re purring. That’s just not always the case – Marjan Debevere","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPart of the mystery around the purr is that we often only notice cats purring “when we tickle them in places that they like to be tickled”, says Debevere. Yet they also purr when we’re not around, and the extent of that purring varies between individuals. “All cats are different, some never purr and some will purr constantly,” she says. She draws the comparison between her cat Luigi – a stray who followed someone in to their office and was subsequently taken to a shelter – and Archie, who “moved in from next door” and became part of the family. Luigi purrs little, and Archie a lot.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I’ve photographed more than 3,000 cats so far [at shelters] and no two are the same,” Debevere says. “I’ve witnessed a lot of cats purring when they’re dying, and when they’re being put to sleep. The vet will say something like ‘They were purring right up until the end’, and people assume they’re happy when they’re purring. That’s just not always the case.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe study of cats’ behaviour and communication has lagged behind that of dogs, which are usually more willing participants, especially if there is a reward of food involved. But in recent years more light has been shed on the purr.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We’re just beginning to understand it and there are more unanswered questions than answered – Gary Weitzman","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"We’re just beginning to understand it and there are more unanswered questions than answered,\" says Gary Weitzman, a veterinarian and CEO of the San Diego Humane Society. \"While the purr does generally represent contentment for cats, it can also express nervousness, fear and stress. Fortunately, more often it’s an indicator of the former.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"It’s been speculated for decades that purring was a form of communication. In the early 2000s we hypothesised that purring has other purposes besides this. Work by Elizabeth von Muggenthaler, Karen Overall, and others has led to a better understanding of the purpose of the purr. It’s likely that purring has communication, appeasement, and healing properties,\" Weitzman says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fl7vh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECats begin purring when they are a few days old, which helps their mothers locate them for feeding time. This may persist with some adult cats who purr as they feed – or who purr beforehand as they try and convince a human it’s dinner time. Some will purr loudly when they are cautiously investigating new environments (my own cat purrs loudest when it’s exploring the back of the wardrobe). Cats may also purr after they’ve been startled, or after stressful episodes like being chased by a dog.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe more science has delved into the purr, the more it seems to have uncovered. \"Researchers have recorded 'ordinary purrs' and purrs that were soliciting food from their owners,\" says Celia Haddon, an author and cat behavioural expert."},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EAsk a Stupid Question is a new column on BBC Future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is where we address seemingly simple questions… that have very interesting scientific answers. After all, as science has taught us again and again, there’s no such thing as a stupid question.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAre there any ‘stupid questions’ you’d like to see answered? Let us know via \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Ask a Stupid Question","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\"Even non-cat owners could tell the difference. Inside the ordinary low purr was a higher frequency cry, somewhat like a meow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"This particular sound is rather like the isolation cry of kittens or the human baby distress cry. We humans are naturally sensitive to the baby cry, so we respond also to the cry within the purr.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESam Watson, the scientific officer at the UK’s animal charity the RSPCA, says there is still little understanding of how cats purr amongst each other in the wild, though it’s apparent that they will purr as they groom each other. “There could be one for ‘I want that’, another for ‘Let’s share resources’. There are lots of things like that we know so little about.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Feline communication is absolutely overlooked, and it deserves a lot more attention and study than it’s given today.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s thought that the vibrations from the activity are physically rejuvenating – a way for the cat to ‘heal’ itself after stress","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E One hypothesis is that the purr is a powerful healing action. It’s thought that the vibrations from the activity are physically rejuvenating – a way for the cat to ‘heal’ itself after stress. The frequency of those vibrations – which range from 20Hz up to 150Hz – is thought to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasa.scitation.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1121\u002F1.4777098\"\u003Epromote bone growth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as bones harden in response to the pressure. Other frequencies may do something similar to tissue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Purrs at a frequency of 25-100Hz correspond with established healing frequencies in therapeutic medicine for humans,\" Weitzman says. \"Bone responds to 25-50Hz and skin and soft tissues to around 100Hz according to researchers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06f23x2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is why we see cats purring in apparent contentment while dozing. In reality, it's a form of self-repair. Cats may have adapted their normal behaviour – which now involves spending a lot of the day resting – as a way of avoiding injury through over-exertion. The purr has developed as a low-energy way to keep bones and tissues in good condition while they rest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd the purr may not just be of benefit to the cats themselves. Petting a cat has long been seen as a form of stress relief – cat ownership could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3317329\u002F\"\u003Ecut the risk of stroke or heart disease by as much one-third\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Those same frequencies cats purr at might also be doing good to us as well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We respond to a cat’s purr as a calming stimulus – Weitzman","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"I think the purr has a big benefit for humans,\" says Weitzman. \"The physiological benefits aside, we’ve always responded to purring’s psychological effects. It calms us and pleases us, like watching waves against a beach. We respond to a cat’s purr as a calming stimulus and may have even genetically selected cats with more propensity to purr.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHaddon agrees. “If it is winding round your feet, looking up at you, glancing towards the food cupboard or the fridge, you cannot miss the signs together with the loud purring that say it wants its food – now!\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fl8mn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“In the morning loud purring can be used, together with human face patting or rubbing, to wake up a human and thus get breakfast. Most of us feed the cat before ourselves, which shows how effective their communication is.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, the quest to define the meaning of a purr may benefit from getting to know cats’ body language better – from the periscope tail of a friendly cat in sociable mood to the wide eyes and bent-back whiskers of a cat in fight mode. With this deeper knowledge, the bond between cat and owner can only grow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=EsWCxOxipeDTD2uG1KjXrVr2aohpEtGq4--4FAWEVFTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.facebook.com%2fBBCFuture\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=m-PP8de121BqbUMFuNSaT_1otrPX5hz17nUvtbpdtUbb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2ftwitter.com%2fbbc_future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=aKgBDVAFPnR-GgSKDwyPQlFGWWC7k4B8S6moVv9HFeTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.instagram.com%2fbbcfuture_official%2f\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr-18"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fask-a-stupid-question"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-07-25T12:16:41Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The complicated truth about a cat’s purr","headlineShort":"Why do cats purr?","image":["p06f23lk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0c1e021d2f8ff109f4"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"summaryLong":"Our cats may purr when we pet and tickle them, but it’s a much more complicated form of communication than we've assumed.","summaryShort":"It’s not always a sign of contentment","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"creationDateTime":"2018-07-25T08:54:08.735186Z","entity":"article","guid":"9f86636d-7ed9-414d-9b1a-7ef034666e98","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:28:53.945442Z","project":"future","slug":"20180724-the-complicated-truth-about-a-cats-purr","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282338},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country","_id":"5e0f0d6b1e021d2f8feb92c7","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fadam-popescu"],"bodyIntro":"One California farmer found herself caught up in a conservation dilemma, after a wild mountain lion attacked her ranch and killed her animals.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the early hours of 25 November 2016, the day after Thanksgiving, Victoria Vaughn-Perling was awakened by the sound of screams. Her small alpaca ranch was under attack.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EToo frightened to trudge into the chilly darkness and face the aggressor, Vaughn-Perling waited until the Sun rose, sleeping in her car. When morning came, she found massive paw-prints throughout her property. Ten of her alpacas were dead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere was no doubt about the culprit. It was a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feol.org\u002Fpages\u002F311910\u002Foverview\"\u003Emountain lion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or “cougar”, a species of big cat that lives in the California countryside Vaughn-Perling has made her home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe wanton attack led to an extreme response: a permit to kill the mountain lion in question. But that set off a storm of controversy. Vaughn-Perling had to decide whether to go ahead with the kill, or spare the mountain lion – and, perhaps, risk that it might kill again. Her dilemma is a vivid illustration of the difficulties of living with big predators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt the time Victoria Vaughn-Perling was 54 years old, a former teacher struggling to deal with a divorce, money troubles and caring for her ageing mother. She lives in \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmaps.latimes.com\u002Fneighborhoods\u002Fneighborhood\u002Funincorporated-santa-monica-mountains\u002F\"\u003Ea rural pocket of the Santa Monica Mountains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of Southern California’s least-populated spaces. Just up the road is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmaps.latimes.com\u002Fneighborhoods\u002Fneighborhood\u002Fmalibu\u002F\"\u003EMalibu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where people on six-figure incomes dwell on sprawling estates surrounded by high barriers. But Vaughn-Perling’s neighbourhood is less well-heeled. It is a haven for bucolic Americana and the West, filled with ranches and cowboy culture. Despite its proximity to Los Angeles, there is also a lot of wildlife: deer, coyotes, bobcats, even the occasional bear or mountain lion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05rj4cw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMountain lions normally avoid humans and our settlements. But not always.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENovember and December 2016 saw a string of local attacks. Both the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wildlife.ca.gov\u002F\"\u003ECalifornia Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (FWS) and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fstate\u002Fca\u002Findex.htm\"\u003ENational Park Service\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (NPS) attributed the attacks to mountain lions. Over 50 animals were slain in the area in 2016. Those numbers may seem dire, yet wildlife managers say they are not unusual. Nor are they the work of some monstrous and special beast. At least four mountain lions – out of about a dozen in the Santa Monica Mountains – have attacked livestock. It is normal behaviour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter the strike on Vaughn-Perling’s farm, the culprit was swiftly found: a male mountain lion dubbed P45. Signals from his radio collar placed the 150-pound cat at the scene. Days after the slaughter, FWS issued a permit to kill P45.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen Vaughn-Perling’s boyfriend Reid Breitman, a lawyer, shared these details at a hastily-thought-out press conference, a flood of international press attention drenched residents. There were heated \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsamofund.org\u002Fcalendar\u002F#event%7Ctips-for-living-in-mountain-lion-country%7C500\"\u003Ecommunity meetings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and wild allegations were spewed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The problem is that California’s mountain lions are threatened","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome supported the killing, arguing that P45 might switch to attacking humans. Others were vehemently opposed. Vaughn-Perling and her neighbour Wendell Phillips, who she had entrusted with killing P45, even had death threats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe problem is that California’s mountain lions are threatened. They have been squeezed onto an island of habitat and isolated by freeways. Their food choices are limited – apart from the ample supply of livestock, which makes for easy prey. In 2015, P45 killed several llamas at a Malibu winery. In \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flosangeles.cbslocal.com\u002F2016\u002F10\u002F26\u002Fmountain-lion-p45-suspected-of-killing-livestock-again\u002F\"\u003EOctober 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he’s suspected of killing a miniature horse at a nearby petting zoo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe problem can be tackled, but not cheaply. Most notably, there are plans to build a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fanimalia\u002Fwp\u002F2016\u002F03\u002F01\u002Fhow-will-l-a-s-mountain-lions-cross-the-road-it-may-take-a-55-million-bridge\u002F?tid=a_inl&utm_term=.9b48b154c55d\"\u003E$56m wildlife bridge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E across the 10-lane US 101 freeway. In December 2016, the California Wildlife Commission approved a $7.1m land buy along that freeway, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marketplace.org\u002F2016\u002F01\u002F01\u002Fsustainability\u002Fbridge-seen-key-mountain-lion-survival-near-la\"\u003Ethat is one step in a long process\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile the mountain lions are being picked off one by one. P45 may have been spared, but Fish and Wildlife issued 221 depredation permits across California in 2016, resulting in 98 lions being killed – although none have been taken in the Santa Monica, Verdugo or Santa Susana Mountains in over 14 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHow do you coexist with an apex predator if it preys on your livestock? What happens to these cats should these incidents continue—and how at-risk, if at all, are we?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI met Vaughn-Perling at her home a few weeks after the attack. She was still unsure what to do about P45.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05rj03h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I’m usually a really shy person,” she said. It was cold out but she wore a sleeveless dress, as if still unable to process the present.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt was a muddy morning. Her 15 remaining alpacas brayed a donkey-like hee-haw and the hens squawked. We approached the fence she hopes will protect them. It was clearly inadequate. It was electric, but only on three sides of the farm, and at the time it was shut off due to recent rains. There were motion sensor lights and a white cord encircling the area, which Vaughn-Perling said scares mountain lions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe trouble was, the fence was only shoulder-high, so an agile mountain lion could easily leap it. “Fish and Wildlife laughed at me when they came out,” Vaughn-Perling said. “They said: ‘No matter how high you build your pens, you can’t really do anything because a mountain lion can jump over a school bus. The long way.’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis was supposed to be a pensioner’s paradise, or so she hoped when she bought it in 2012. “I knew the mountain lions were here. I knew that they were threatened. I didn’t know they were threatening,” she says, her eyes red and cheeks wet. “I just feel so pushed to the edge. All mountain lions are not like this. I’m scared to walk here at night. I’m scared for my son to come here.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Pens can protect livestock, but they can cost thousands of dollars","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are stringent regulations to protect California’s wildlife. In particular, fences around large tracts of land have to be “wildlife-permeable”, so that animals like deer can dart off-road and escape into the brush. This means you cannot wall off an entire property with chain-link fences, only small enclosures, and there is a limit on the height of fences. However, these rules also make it hard to protect livestock.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“The law should give flexibility here,” says the Humane Society’s \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.humanesociety.org\u002Fabout\u002Fleadership\u002Fexecutive_staff\u002Fnicole_paquette.html\"\u003ENicole Paquette\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Livestock owners should be required to protect herds and bring prey animals indoors or into covered pens at night.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EState Assembly member \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fa50.asmdc.org\u002F\"\u003ERichard Bloom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is working to sponsor a bill to change the existing permit system for fencing, but since the law is a voter initiative, it may not be eligible for modification.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPens can protect livestock, but they can cost thousands of dollars. Some, like Vaughn-Perling, can’t afford them. “Not everyone who lives in Malibu has money,” she told me. Luckily for her, when I visited four 10ft-by-10ft enclosures (3m-by-3m) with chain-link walls and roofs had been built with donations from the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mountainlion.org\"\u003EMountain Lion Foundation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the National Wildlife Federation, all okayed by the county.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt seemed to me that what Vaughn-Perling really wanted was something the state can’t provide: peace of mind. “Someone’s going to kill it [P45] and it’s not going to be on the news,” she said. “Some beloved actress is going to have her horse killed, she’s gonna lawyer up. It’s gonna end up costing the county a lot of money.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05rj0kx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShe has a point. It is not the first time P45 has been threatened with government-mandated death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWendell Phillips lives just down the road from Vaughn-Perling. His in-laws have lived in the area since 1957. He is in his late 50s and a former Swat officer: a robust man with a cap slung over his bald head and a caterpillar-like moustache that wiggles when he speaks. Phillips owns a 10-acre ranch, home to alpacas, chickens and horses, which is used for photoshoots and films. He and his wife run an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FSpunkys.RR\u002F\"\u003Eanimal rescue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and keep three pit-mastiff hounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EP45 began attacking Phillips’ ranch in late 2015. He attributes the deaths of at least five of his alpacas and the maiming of a horse to the mountain lion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn two occasions Phillips was issued depredation permits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn March 2015, Phillips spent three nights waiting for P45 to return, his Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle in hand. He set a trap, spotlights trained on a baited carcass. On 16 March – St. Patrick’s Day eve  – the cat finally showed. Phillips lined up his shot and fired one round as P45 shifted his head to feed. He claims the bullet bounced off the cat’s skull. “I figured we’d find his body the next morning.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I would hate to have to shoot him – Wendell Phillips, rancher","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, when he returned all he found was a few crimson drops and a tuft of fur. GPS tracking revealed that P45 hid in the brush near his property for hours, then took off when FWS and NPS showed. Both agencies confirmed the incident, but couldn’t verify the cat being hit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESince the attacks began, Phillips has kept his animals in enclosed pens at night. He says the lion hasn’t returned. “I would hate to have to shoot him,” he told me. “Would hate to have to. But if he comes on the property and threatens my stock or my family, I don’t have any other choice.” He is particularly worried that the cat might attack a resident. “I don’t think P45 would hesitate for a second if he got a small human in an area where he was hunting and hungry.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPhillips has clearly had a bad time since P45 began attacking, and not just from the cat. He showed me emails he has received threatening his life, and recounted stories of altercations with animal-rights activists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome of his claims are wilder. He accused members of the NPS of “siccing Peta on me”, referring to the animal-rights charity People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. NPS says that allegation is completely false. Phillips also told me that P45 was brought to the area by NPS to boost the genetic diversity of the local mountain lion population, as “a biology experiment with tax money”, and that it had previously attacked people elsewhere. I did not find any corroborating evidence for that, and NPS vehemently deny it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05rj40p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn person, Phillips comes off as abrasive; perhaps a relic of his law enforcement persona. But like Vaughn-Perling, he’s passionate about his lifestyle, animals and way of life. And while he might not care to admit it, he has faced something that would scare almost anyone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMountain lions were living here long before humans arrived. Phillips says his in-laws never had a run-in, but really clashes between humans and mountain lions are nothing new. It may be that many past incidents went unreported because people did not regard them as exceptional.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen I spoke to the much-maligned wildlife managers, they measured their words – but they also painted a very different picture to the one Phillips presented.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI spoke to Jeff Sikich, an NPS field biologist who has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fsamo\u002Flearn\u002Fnature\u002Fpumapage.htm\"\u003Estudying mountain lions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E since 2002 and has tracked cats over four continents. I have met him before: he once \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fsanta-monica-s-mountain-lions-are-stuck-on-an-island-and-fast-disappearing\u002F\"\u003Etook me scampering through the mountains to collect images of mountain lion kills from camera traps\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. He bristles at the characterisations Phillips has used.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Many residents want to know where the mountain lions are and rail against NPS for not sharing that information","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“P45 is a mountain lion acting like a mountain lion,” says Sikich. “Most adult males we’ve followed since 2002 have taken unprotected livestock, because they have large home ranges.” In other words, there is nothing exceptional about what P45 has done – not that that is much comfort to Vaughn-Perling or Phillips.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany residents want to know where the mountain lions are and rail against NPS for not sharing that information. But GPS collars don’t provide real-time data. “We get nine locations a day,” says Sikich: “every two hours at night, one daytime location at 2pm.” It’s against policy to share that. “We don’t want to influence behaviour on either side.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInstead, Sikich works with homeowners, including Vaughn-Perling, teaching them how to ward off potential trouble. The key point is that lions only target livestock if it offers an easy meal. So the solution is employing guard dogs and full enclosures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnother local resident testifies that this approach works.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05rj3r5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENot far from Phillips’ farm, British expat Karen Simes has a herd of 300 goats roaming 600 acres; the largest local herd. Since 2009 she has run \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fhireaherd\u002F\"\u003EHire A Herd\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, doing TV and commercial work as well as brush clearance. I spoke with her in February and March 2017.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Oh God, have I ever seen a lion?” she laughed. “Many times. I see the lion quite regularly.” But Simes doesn’t see P45 or others as a threat to livestock, or to her own safety.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I think it’s hysteria,” she said. “I’m very angry about it. If you’re going to have a backyard farm, you need to learn how to protect your animals. Shame on the humans. Learn how to protect your livestock. You can’t have animals in your front garden. Of course he will kill them, he’s a cat. That’s what they do.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESimes has lost livestock, too, but she says the solution isn’t relocation or picking up a rifle. “Get a dog. Put the gun down. I don’t have any fences, perimeters. I have dogs. I never worry.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFour Anatolian Shepherd dogs – big, strong animals bred to defend livestock against large carnivores – are always out with Simes’ herd. In the two months prior to our interview, mountain lions and a bobcat came onto her land a total of three times; but there were no kills.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESimes told me she had lost half a dozen goats over the past decade. “We had two kills [in 2015] when we inadvertently took them up in the day, on the ridge. Obviously he [P45] was just sitting up there, viewing us. They know when we’re not paying attention.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We have never had any aggressive attacks against people – Jeff Sikich, biologist","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat, though, of Phillips’ concern that P45 might attack a person? Sikich says the risk is minimal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Through the course of our study we’ve had millions of visitors in the Santa Monica Mountains,” he says. “We have never had any aggressive attacks against people. Based on all of our GPS points, they do their best to avoid us. Even researchers who follow them daily hardly ever see them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Depredation patterns are not predictive of lions attacking humans,” agrees \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wildlife.ca.gov\u002FExplore\u002FOrganization\u002FWLB\u002FWIL\"\u003EMarc Kenyon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the FWS. “When mountain lions attack people, that is essentially a different lion than the one perusing neighbourhoods in search of prey or deer or livestock.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05rj29x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESikich does offer a few pointers, just in case. Don’t crouch on all fours when tying a shoe, because you may look like a deer from behind. Keep injured hikers in the group. If you meet a mountain lion, back away slowly: never turn and run.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKenyon advises maintaining a healthy respect for the mountain lions, but avoiding terror. “Even when I have a lion in a trap, there’s… a little bit of fear,” he says. “Not having that respect is when you lose your ability to effectively manage an encounter.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn December 2016, a few days after I met her, Vaughn-Perling called me. She had decided not to have P45 killed, and instead asked for the cat to be moved. However, relocating wildlife is against \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnrm.dfg.ca.gov\u002FFileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=68271&inline\"\u003EFWS policy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so P45 remains in the Santa Monica mountains. In April 2017, according to Phillips, over a three-week period something “killed all 144 of my neighbour’s stock” – he suspects one or more mountain lions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Always suspect that they are in your area. Because they are – Jeff Sikich","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EP45 was granted a reprieve, but he and his fellow mountain lions remain at risk. As long as the cats are squeezed into a small habitat, and farms are not protected, it seems inevitable that there will be more attacks on livestock, and more clashes between people and mountain lions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESikich, who may have the most intimate knowledge of these cats, has a simple answer for avoiding conflict. “I ask ‘what would you do if you knew there was a lion in your backyard?’ And if you would do something differently, you should do that 24-7. If you see deer, you could see a mountain lion. Always suspect that they are in your area. Because they are.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country-24"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-12-19T16:19:09Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What it’s like living in California’s mountain lion country","headlineShort":"The woman living with mountain lions","image":["p05rhyrp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0c1e021d2f8ff109f4"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"summaryLong":"One California farmer found herself caught up in a conservation dilemma, after a wild mountain lion attacked her ranch and killed her animals.","summaryShort":"After a cougar attacked her farm, she had to decide whether to kill it","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"creationDateTime":"2017-12-19T11:15:09.843816Z","entity":"article","guid":"3c76c9fb-da35-490b-953e-910a1d9ec8ab","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:29:48.369406Z","project":"future","slug":"20171218-what-its-like-living-in-californias-mountain-lion-country","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282338},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene","_id":"5e0f0d6b1e021d2f8feb94ad","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"In an era defined by humanity’s impact on the planet, some animals appear to be proliferating quite happily.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the streets and alleyways of Baltimore, Dawn Biehler and her colleagues have been hunting for mosquito larvae – with turkey basters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We go to a block and look for every single standing water container we can find,” she explains. “It could be as small as a bottle cap – we see a lot of those.” A small sample of water is sucked up into the tubes and brought back to the lab for analysis. This reveals how many larvae are present.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FDawn_Biehler\"\u003EBiehler\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’s research at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, is an effort to document the specific bits of man-made environments that encourage these insects to multiply. Besides feeding on the blood of humans and their pets, mosquitos are well-adapted to life in cities. Stagnant water is their breeding ground, so waste items that have collected rain are excellent places to find larvae.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHer team has found the greatest numbers of mosquitos in deprived areas, where fly-tipping is common and where sanitation is poor. “The neighbourhoods that have experienced disinvestment and lower economic status have about three times the level of mosquitos than the upper income neighbourhoods,” says Biehler.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese mosquitos are just one example of a species that, far from being driven to extinction by the dominance of humanity, are thriving. Some organisms just seem to have the knack of living alongside us – and those organisms will likely shape Earth’s ecosystem for millions of years to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"p05b7shz”}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20120209-welcome-to-the-age-of-modern-man\"\u003EAnthropocene\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is the name given to the newest geological epoch, one in which human activity has been the dominant force for environmental change on Earth. The effects of our activity are visible everywhere: not just in cities but on farmlands and in national parks, forests and oceans. Species around the world are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-33209548\"\u003Egoing extinct much faster than usual\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: perhaps \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwwf.panda.org\u002Fabout_our_earth\u002Fbiodiversity\u002Fbiodiversity\u002F\"\u003E1,000 times the natural rate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOur own species is clearly thriving. There are now more than seven billion men, women and children on Earth. But we are bringing a raft of other species with us that also appear to be doing well, either because, or in spite of, our impact on their habitats. Which, then, are the animals of the Anthropocene – and will they continue to thrive as the planet changes ever more rapidly?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is not just pests that have proven adaptable to urban spaces","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E In her 2013 book \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.washington.edu\u002Fuwpress\u002Fsearch\u002Fbooks\u002FBIEFLI.html\"\u003EPests in the City: Flies, bedbugs, cockroaches and rats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Biehler explores how a handful of species have profited from human expansion – despite our attempts to purge them from our homes. She argues that it is often the very design of our buildings, or the untidiness of urban spaces, that make it so easy for these species to thrive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor example, in North America cockroaches and other insects often make their homes within cavity walls in cheaper housing. From there, they can infest not just one apartment but several, by travelling via the gaps between dwellings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, rodents find shelter, warmth and plentiful food in human households. Some have even evolved \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-19974261\"\u003Ea resistance to common poisons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, prompting worrisome headlines like, “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.itv.com\u002Fnews\u002F2014-06-26\u002Fhow-do-we-tackle-poison-resistant-super-rats\u002F\"\u003EHow do we tackle poison-resistant super rats?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut it is not just pests that have proven adaptable to urban spaces. A variety of fungi, pollinating insects and plants have also \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fearth\u002Fstory\u002F20150820-secrets-of-natures-city-dwellers\"\u003Etaken up city living\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. What’s more, anthropogenic changes reach far beyond the city limits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05b7nxj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.co.uk\u002Fcitations?user=N9f43xoAAAAJ&hl=en\"\u003EBradley Cardinale\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the University of Michigan points out, managed forests tend to have a high turnover of trees. This has benefitted some species more than others, since they feed on young plants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Deer love these forest practices,” says Cardinale. “It’s been absolutely a huge boon for them, especially when we eradicate the wolves as well. Certain species go hand-in-hand with human activities.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, Cardinale points out that squirrels adore parkland. Not only are natural predators absent, there is a ready supply of food in the form of nuts, since trees are well looked-after throughout the seasons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Cardinale says that the biodiversity in water bodies impacted by farming often goes down, even though a handful of species, like certain cyanobacteria, do well","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHuman impact on local ecologies can sometimes have unexpected effects, as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.brianmcgill.org\u002F\"\u003EBrian McGill\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the University of Maine notes. He points to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fele.12387\"\u003Ea study published in 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that found common European bird species, such as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feol.org\u002Fpages\u002F922241\u002Foverview\"\u003Ehouse sparrows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, were declining in numbers. This coincided with an increase in less abundant birds like \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feol.org\u002Fpages\u002F1048664\u002Foverview\"\u003Egrey herons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECardinale also cites the example of cyanobacteria, a group of photosynthesising bacteria that sometimes look like algae. A \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00027-015-0411-x\"\u003E2015 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that many nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria – those that use nitrogen to make compounds – were generally dominant in lakes with higher levels of nearby anthropogenic land use, such as farming.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENitrogen levels in rivers and lakes are often higher than natural, thanks to fertilisers applied to farmland being washed into the water. However, the authors of the study note that there could also be other factors at play, such as increased water temperatures – that might also be due to farming.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECardinale says that the biodiversity in water bodies impacted by farming often goes down, even though a handful of species, like certain cyanobacteria, do well. As a result, an individual success story is not necessarily a sign of good news for local wildlife. Sometimes the individual in question is just a vigorous survivor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there is one group of animals that does seem to be coping rather well in the Anthropocene: cephalopods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05b7p3j"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese sea-dwelling creatures include all squid, octopus and cuttlefish. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.gillanderslab.org\u002F\"\u003EBronwyn Gillanders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the University of Adelaide and colleagues recently investigated stories that the population of the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feol.org\u002Fpages\u002F593213\u002Foverview\"\u003EAustralian cuttlefish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was declining.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut when they combed through reports of cephalopods in fishing catches over the last 61 years, the team found that estimated numbers of all groups were rising. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.cub.2016.04.002\"\u003ETheir results were published in 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is also difficult to know how humans have affected the numbers of some species, because we do not have data from before we started significantly impacting the environment","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We weren’t really expecting to see an increase,” says Gillanders. “What was surprising was that every single group and every single dataset came out very similar.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere was even good news for the Australian cuttlefish. “Its numbers actually increased in the last few years as well.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is not clear why cephalopods are proliferating. One possibility is that we are fishing the animals that prey on them, says Gillanders. It could also be a result of the oceans warming thanks to climate change. But these are just suggestions and, importantly, Gillanders has found plenty of evidence for human activity \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0308597X16306352\"\u003Ehaving a negative impact on other marine species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is simply quite difficult to know how humans have affected the numbers of some species, because we do not have data from before we started significantly impacting the environment, says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.co.uk\u002Fcitations?user=0Jlh2vQAAAAJ&hl=en\"\u003EChris Thomas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the University of York.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat said, one thing that is clear is that cephalopods have been around for a long time: over 480 million years. “I wonder whether perhaps they are a little bit more hardy,” says Gillanders. It is not clear why one species should be more hardy than another, but it may be that some are more adaptable in the face of upheaval.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo really understand this, we need a global picture of how biodiversity across the globe is changing over time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05b7s6h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2014, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FMaria_Dornelas\"\u003EMaria Dornelas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the University of St Andrews and colleagues published \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.1248484\"\u003Ea survey of 100 environments from all over the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The team found that, even though many individual species had died out, overall the sites were not becoming less biodiverse. Instead, in many places the changeover of species was increasing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“This doesn't prevent the fact that there are many individual sites with strong declines, just that they're balanced with strong gains,” says McGill, a co-author.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the paper’s conclusions have not been generally accepted. Cardinale and colleagues \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1890\u002F15-1759.1\"\u003Epublished a detailed critique\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2016. “They did make a very good point that, in the habitats that humans have yet to destroy, biodiversity is increasing,” says Cardinale. But his paper argues that the dataset is simply not good enough to assess what is happening to global biodiversity, because it does not cover a representative sample of Earth’s ecosystems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Despite these complexities, scientists do agree that the current rate of extinction is higher than it has been for the majority of Earth’s history","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe extreme complexity of biodiversity studies is illustrated by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fecog.00793\"\u003Ea study of global shark populations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published in 2014. The authors show that there has been a steep decline in the populations of many shark species, but at the same time there has also been an increase in the discovery of new shark species, particularly in shallow waters. As a result, they write, “models cannot predict the global number of sharks”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite these complexities, scientists do agree that the current rate of extinction is higher than it has been for the majority of Earth’s history. But that may not be the whole story.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05b7pms"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChris Thomas has long warned that key habitats could be lost if we do not do more to protect them. However, in 2013 he surprised some by suggesting that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1038\u002F502007a\"\u003Ebiodiversity could actually increase during the Anthropocene\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Speciation by hybridization is likely to be a signature of the Anthropocene,” he wrote in the journal \u003Cem\u003ENature\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. “A new hybrid species of \u003Cem\u003ERhagoletis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E fruitfly has colonized invasive honeysuckle in North America. A primrose species, \u003Cem\u003EPrimula kewensis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, arose by hybridization and continues to be propagated in London’s Kew Gardens.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThomas’s point is that environmental change can act as an encouragement to evolution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, a shock to ecosystems does not necessarily have to result in biological apocalypse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s commonplace that species will have part of their distribution beyond the original space where they evolved – Chris Thomas","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis has been true of previous mass extinctions – at least in the long run. Most famously, the mass extinction of 66 million years ago wiped out all dinosaurs except for birds, clearing the way for the rise of mammals and ultimately of human beings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENatural selection is primed to ensure that species will continue to adapt to changing surroundings – unless, of course, the change is too drastic for them. To return for a moment to mosquitos, one distinct subspecies has evolved in an unusual place: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fearth\u002Fstory\u002F20160323-the-unique-mosquito-that-lives-in-the-london-underground\"\u003Ethe London Underground rail network\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It has adapted to breed in tighter spaces than its above-ground cousins, and does not need to feed on birds: it has turned instead to rodents and humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBecause change and adaptation are normal, Thomas takes a relatively relaxed view of so-called invasive species, which are often targeted for eradication. “It’s commonplace that species will have part of their distribution beyond the original space where they evolved,” he says. “A vast majority are relatively rare and produce relatively few changes.” This is even true for species that are brought into new areas suddenly, as a result of human activity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05b7nql"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn seemingly stark contrast, some conservationists argue that we should engage in “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fearth\u002Fstory\u002F20160527-the-zoo-that-wants-to-release-wild-elephants-in-denmark\"\u003Erewilding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”: returning altered habitats to their former state, often by reintroducing species that have been exterminated, such as wolves or elephants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Thomas says there are limits to our ability to restore past ecosystems. “It won’t create the same thing that was there before, because too much water’s gone under the bridge,” he says. “The climate has changed, there’s more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is also difficult to decide which species to reintroduce and which long-lost time period was the “golden era” for a particular patch of land. There are no scientific criteria, so Thomas says that “in the end, it is a social decision”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Rapidly-evolving flora and fauna may outpace humanity’s imprint on the planet","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInstead of trying to bring back lost ecosystems, we might do better to prioritise the conservation of species we stand to lose, and not worry too much about change in general. After all, the Earth really is changing. There is only so much we can do about that.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStill, it seems there is a kernel of hope in the Anthropocene. Many plants and animals are displaying incredible resilience and adaptability. That does not mean everything is fine – on the contrary, many species and ecosystems will surely need our help if they are to survive – but it does suggest that the situation is far from hopeless.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05b7n8w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat leaves one lingering question: what about us? If the extinctions continue and global biodiversity falls, scientists like Cardinale question whether we will still have enough access to essential resources like food. There is gathering evidence that climate change, in particular, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fnclimate2317\"\u003Ewill reduce the global food supply\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the end, rapidly-evolving flora and fauna may outpace humanity’s imprint on the planet. As Cardinale says, “Nature’s been doing it for 3.6 billion years. We don’t have that experience.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene-24"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-08-01T10:08:44.03Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The animals thriving in the Anthropocene","headlineShort":"The species that thrive alongside us","image":["p05b7rkb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5e0f0e0c1e021d2f8ff109f4"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"summaryLong":"In an era defined by humanity’s impact on the planet, some animals appear to be proliferating quite happily.","summaryShort":"The modern era will not just be a mass extinction","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"creationDateTime":"2017-08-01T09:37:49.453981Z","entity":"article","guid":"1082ea4e-7b6d-4259-b126-4e2ba4318894","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:30:31.224811Z","project":"future","slug":"20170801-the-animals-thriving-in-the-anthropocene","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282339},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten","_id":"5e0f0d691e021d2f8feb8ade","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Cricket pie, a mealworm burger – the food at Britain’s first insect restaurant is supposed to be good for the environment. But is it tasty? We booked a table to find out.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Waiter, waiter, there’s a fly in my soup,” I say, pointing a spoon at my starter. Strictly speaking, the spindly, orange-brown limbs poking out from my starter are grasshoppers. But I’m allowing myself some poetic licence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEllis, the waiter in question, humours me with polite laughter. Apparently, as one of the first diners here, I’m also the first to use the line on him. As he works at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Flife-style\u002Ffood-and-drink\u002Fnews\u002Fgrub-kitchen-welcome-to-britains-first-insect-restaurant-a6706891.html\"\u003Ewhat has been dubbed Britain’s first insect restaurant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, I suspect I won’t be the last.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.grubkitchen.co.uk\u002F\"\u003EGrub Kitchen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which opened in November 2015 near St David’s, Pembrokeshire, is the first in the UK to include insects in most items on its menu. Although an oddity to most Westerners, eating insects is commonplace in many countries. And as the world’s population rises rapidly and demand for meat and fish rises more rapidly still, the voices proclaiming that our current diets are unsustainable are getting louder.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELittle wonder then that previously radical ideas are being taken more seriously. Danish chef René Redzepi has been extolling the virtues of eating insects at his Copenhagen restaurant Noma for several years, while London’s Archipelago also offers several insect-based dishes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.grubkitchen.co.uk\u002Fthe-food\u002F\"\u003EGrub Kitchen dishes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E like mealworm hummus, bug burritos and chilli cricket cocktail the solution? Are they novelties that should be left to reality TV contestants, or could they really help feed the world? And – the question that can’t be answered with research studies alone – what do they taste like?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI booked a table to find out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGrasshopper-and-garlic soup\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMy starter is a fire-roasted red pepper and tomato soup with a garlic grasshopper crumb. The eyes peering at me from beneath a basil leaf are a little disconcerting. However, the insects have a pleasant nutty taste, closest perhaps to hazelnut. And their crunch adds texture to the soup’s smoky peppers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“As a chef, insects provide a good opportunity to try some new things out with ingredients that others aren’t using,” says Andy Holcroft, Grub Kitchen founder and chef. “I want to demonstrate they can be tasty and nutritious and provide an alternative, more sustainable source of protein to the intensive rearing of livestock.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Insects are high in protein, fats, minerals and vitamins","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBy 2050, the United Nations estimates there will be an extra 2.3 billion mouths to feed and demand for animal feed will grow by 70%. Prices of high-protein feeds based on soya and fish have soared, and the livestock industry already \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002F2006\u002F1000448\u002Findex.html\"\u003Eemits more greenhouses gases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than aeroplanes, cars and the rest of the transport sector combined.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInsects could be the solution: they are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fmnfr.201200735\u002Fabstract\"\u003Ehigh in protein, fats, minerals and vitamins\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A study published in 2013 found \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F23020616\"\u003Ecrickets to be two, four and 12 times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as efficient as chickens, pigs and cattle respectively in terms of how much feed is required to produce a given amount of meat. Insects can also be fed on out-of-date food or agricultural waste and they require a fraction of the water and generate much less greenhouse gas than traditional livestock.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe question is whether people can be convinced to eat them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorms in wine sauce\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENext up: a puff pastry pie of seasonal vegetables, mealworms and crickets in red wine sauce. Despite considering myself an adventurous eater, I instinctively recoil at the sight of the mealworms – which look like maggots, only three times as long – floating on the gravy’s surface.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis ‘yuck factor’ divides Grub Kitchen’s other diners. Lisa Reeves, a teaching assistant in a local school, compares the grasshoppers to crispy bacon. Her daughters beg to differ. “I’m not eating that,” says Alana, aged eight. “They look disgusting.” Megan, 13, is even less keen, responding to questions by pulling her woolly hat further down over her eyes. “She’s not speaking to me because I put her off her lemonade by eating grasshoppers,” says her mother.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Not so long ago sushi was a weird, disgusting Japanese thing that no Englishman in his right mind would touch","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut as researchers point out, tastes can change rapidly. “Not so long ago sushi was a weird, disgusting Japanese thing that no Englishman in his right mind would touch,” says entomologist Peter Smithers, an associate research fellow at the University of Plymouth with an interest in edible insects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“If you explain to people in an entertaining and informative way that insects are eaten all over the world, most are willing to give them a try.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBug burger\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the interests of research, I taste a second main course. Grub Kitchen’s signature dish is a bug burger made with mealworms, crickets and grasshoppers in a focaccia roll, served with polenta chips and ant-topped garlic mayonnaise. It’s like a veggie burger with a more interesting range of tastes and textures. Like the surprising citrus tang and popping sensations that come from crunching through the ants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough I enjoyed the dish, it’s a sensation not all diners would enjoy – which is why some believe insects can play a valuable future role in human diets one step further down the food chain, as livestock feed. Companies in countries including the US, Canada, France, the Netherlands and South Africa are setting up \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20140603-are-maggots-the-future-of-food\"\u003Eever larger insect farms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to generate protein for feed for more traditional farm animals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EElsewhere in the world, consumers have fewer qualms about eating insects more directly. Ants are served with sticky rice in southeast Asia, dipped in chocolate in Brazil and put in soups in China. Grasshoppers are deep-fried in Thailand, and toasted with chilli and lime in Mexico. Aboriginal Australians enjoy fat \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWitchetty_grub\"\u003Ewitchetty grubs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fdocrep\u002F018\u002Fi3253e\u002Fi3253e.pdf\"\u003Emore than 1,900 insect species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been reported as in use as food sources and insects still form the diets of at least two billion people worldwide, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut in Britain, the practice pretty much died out with the Saxons, who used to collect and eat the larvae of cockchafers (a type of beetle sometimes called the May bug). As farming methods improved, the time-consuming practice of hunting for insect grubs in the wild gradually made less and less sense, especially in non-tropical climates where they grow more slowly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"More than 1,900 insect species have been reported as in use as food sources ","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“One reason people eat insects more in the tropics is they grow more quickly in the tropics, whereas the colder temperatures in temperate regions mean there isn’t the abundance or mass of insect material that make them worth harvesting,” says Smithers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA rocky road\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis may be the case, but there’s definitely some insect material in the six-legged rocky road dessert which Ellis has just placed in front of me. But the subtle flavours of the grasshoppers and mealworms are overpowered by the chocolate-marshmallow sweetness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECurrently Holcroft and others selling insect-based foods in Britain are restricted to offering dried creepy crawlies from countries like Holland and Canada, where there are small-scale insect farming operations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is currently legal to farm insects for human consumption in the UK although there are no known operations doing so, and opinions are divided among experts on whether existing legislation on traditional livestock apply to insects. Holcroft hopes one day to be able to farm his own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“At the moment we have to get our insects freeze-dried or dehydrated from abroad,” Ahe says. “If we were able to use fresh insects, there might be different ways to use them – such as slow roasting – to get different flavours.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOthers doubt insects can be farmed economically in the UK because of the climate. Sceptics also point to the cost of insects as another major barrier: the cheapest are mealworms which currently go for around £45 per kilo wholesale – more than 10 times the cost of minced beef. Crickets cost around double the price of mealworms, and locusts around double the price of crickets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETraditional meat prices are likely to rise in the future. It’s impossible, though, to calculate how much the cost of insect-based protein will fall as industrial-scale farming operations are set up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the meantime, Holcroft hopes he can attract enough adventurous diners to make Grub Kitchen into a commercial success. “The main challenge, not just my business but the edible insects industry, isn’t getting people to try insects,” he says. “It’s getting them to come back purely for the food.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story is a part of BBC Britain – a series focused on exploring this extraordinary island, one story at a time. Readers outside of the UK can see every BBC Britain story by heading to the \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fbritain\"\u003EBritain homepage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E; you also can see our latest stories by following us on \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCBritain\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E and \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmobile.twitter.com\u002FBBC_Britain\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-11-19T00:05:25Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The strangest meal I’ve ever eaten","headlineShort":"The strangest meal I’ve ever eaten","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Cricket pie, a mealworm burger – the food at Britain’s first insect restaurant is supposed to be good for the environment. But is it tasty? We booked a table to find out.","summaryShort":"‘One dish made me instinctively recoil’","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2015-11-19T09:54:17.379691Z","entity":"article","guid":"76f826a0-814c-4c6d-9d21-b74b8c3d03e3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:34:19.621893Z","project":"future","slug":"20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282340},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140523-giant-rats-that-can-sniff-out-tb":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20140523-giant-rats-that-can-sniff-out-tb","_id":"5e0f0d661e021d2f8feb7f07","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"embedded","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Scientists have trained the much-maligned rodent to detect tuberculosis much quicker than humans. What is it that makes a rat's sense of smell so much better than ours?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDerided as dirty, dangerous and diseased, if there is one creature that tops the list of people's most hated animal, it is the rat. But rats are clever, and usually trainable. In Tanzania, they have been taught to detect patients with tuberculosis by detecting early signs in human saliva. What would take a human scientist a whole day to diagnose the disease takes a rat a mere seven minutes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBBC Earth’s Extraordinary Animals series visited the social enterprise Apopo in Tanzania to see how the rats are trained, and discover what makes a rat's sense of smell so superior. A rat makes about eight sniffs a second compared with two for humans. Rats also smell in stereo, distinguishing two similar odours with one sniff. And around one in every 100 of a rat’s genes is involved with odour detection, compared with one in 1,000 humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFor more videos subscribe to the \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fchannel\u002FUCwmZiChSryoWQCZMIQezgTg\"\u003EBBC Earth channel on YouTube\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this video or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002Fu\u002F0\u002Fb\u002F107828172298602173375\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page, or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140523-giant-rats-that-can-sniff-out-tb-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2014-05-23T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"\u003Ciframe width=\"624\" height=\"351\" src=\"\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002Fjrp2UgbYJn4\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen\u003E\u003C\u002Fiframe\u003E","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"customEmbedded","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Giant rats that can sniff out TB","headlineShort":"Giant rats that can sniff out TB","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Scientists have trained the much-maligned rodent to detect tuberculosis much quicker than humans. What makes a rat's sense of smell so much better than ours?","summaryShort":"Why they can smell disease but we can’t","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2014-11-18T09:16:50Z","entity":"article","guid":"4d6a618d-4d62-4b9d-98a7-f4d0935ad8b1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140523-giant-rats-that-can-sniff-out-tb","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:34:19.621893Z","project":"future","slug":"20140523-giant-rats-that-can-sniff-out-tb","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282340},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu","_id":"5e0f0d651e021d2f8feb77f3","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Billions more hungry mouths are going to put more strain on the planet’s resources. Can eating creepy crawlies offer a solution? Emily Anthes reports.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt first my meal seems familiar, like countless other dishes I’ve eaten at Asian restaurants. A swirl of noodles slicked with oil and studded with shredded chicken, the aroma of ginger and garlic, a few wilting chives placed on the plate as a final flourish. And then, I notice the eyes. Dark, compound orbs on a yellow speckled head, joined to a winged, segmented body. I hadn’t spotted them right away, but suddenly I see them everywhere – my noodles are teeming with insects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI can’t say I wasn’t warned. On this warm May afternoon, I’ve agreed to be a guinea pig at an experimental insect tasting in Wageningen, a university town in the central Netherlands. My hosts are Ben Reade and Josh Evans from the Nordic Food Lab, a non-profit culinary research institute. Reade and Evans lead the lab’s ‘insect deliciousness’ project, a three-year effort to turn insects – the creepy crawlies that most of us squash without a second thought – into tasty treats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe project began after René Redzepi (the chef and co-owner of Noma, the Danish restaurant often ranked the best in the world) tasted an Amazonian ant that reminded him of lemongrass. Redzepi, who founded the Nordic Food Lab in 2008, became interested in serving insects at Noma and asked the researchers at the lab to explore the possibilities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"imagepid\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003EThe Food Lab operates from a houseboat in Copenhagen, but Reade and Evans are in the Netherlands for a few days, and they’ve borrowed a local kitchen to try out some brand new dishes. I, along with three other gastronomes, am here to taste the results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe take our seats at a long, high table as Reade and Evans wheel in a trolley loaded with our meals. We each receive a different main course. I get the Asian-style noodles and fixate on the bug I can see. “That’s a locust,” Reade says. “[It] was alive this morning. Very fresh.” But he’s much more excited about another, hidden ingredient: fat extracted from the larvae of black soldier flies (or, to put it less delicately, maggot fat). The whole dish has been stir-fried in it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I believe you’re the first human being on the planet to have ever been served anything cooked with this,” Reade tells me. But not to worry: “I’ve eaten some of it myself, an hour ago. I’m still alive.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI inspect my plate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EReade urges us to begin: “Eat before it gets cold.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFeast or famine?\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E The next morning, Reade and Evans join 450 of the world’s foremost experts on entomophagy, or insect eating, at a hotel down the road in Ede. They are here for Insects to Feed the World, a three-day conference to “promote the use of insects as human food and as animal feed in assuring food security”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe attendees are all familiar with the same dire facts. By the year 2050, the planet will be packed with nine billion people. In low- and middle-income countries, the demand for animal products is rising sharply as economies grow; in the next few decades, we’ll need to figure out how to produce enough protein for billions more mouths. Simply ramping up our current system is not really a solution. The global livestock industry already takes an enormous toll on the environment. It’s a hungry and thirsty beast, gobbling up land and water. It’s a potent polluter, thanks to the animal waste and veterinary medicines that seep into soil and water. And it emits more greenhouse gases than planes, trains and automobiles combined.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe insect authorities assembling in Ede believe that entomophagy could be an elegant solution to many of these problems. Insects are chock-full of protein and rich in essential micronutrients, such as iron and zinc. They don’t need as much space as livestock, emit lower levels of greenhouse gases, and have a sky-high feed conversion rate: a single kilogram of feed yields 12 times more edible cricket protein than beef protein. Some species of insects are drought resistant and may require less water than cows, pigs or poultry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInsect meal could also replace some of the expensive ingredients (e.g. soybeans and fishmeal) that are fed to farm animals, potentially lowering the cost of livestock products and freeing up feed crops for human consumption. As an added bonus, bugs can be raised on refuse, such as food scraps and animal manure, so insect farms could increase the world’s supply of protein while reducing and recycling waste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe gathering in Ede, jointly organised by the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and Wageningen University and Research Centre, is the culmination of all these efforts – the first major international conference to bring together entomologists, entrepreneurs, nutritionists, chefs, psychologists and government officials. They are here to discuss how to expand the use of insects as food and feed, particularly in the Western world, and to lay the foundation for an edible insect industry by reviewing the science and identifying the obstacles to its progress.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOver the next three days, they will lay out their vision for the future. It is ambitious and optimistic; an insect aisle at the supermarket and fast-food restaurants that serve bug burgers. Packages of ‘beautiful, clean’ shrink-wrapped mealworms on display at the meat counter, alongside the skirt steak and chicken wings. And a world in which forests are thick, land is fertile, the climate is stable, water is clean, waste is minimal, food prices are low, and hunger and malnutrition are rare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis conference, they hope, will be the beginning of it all. The experts assembled in the darkened auditorium are fired up, ready to give the world the gift of six-legged livestock. But are we ready to receive it?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBug buffet\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETurning to insects for nourishment is not a novel idea – the Bible mentions entomophagy, as do texts from Ancient Greece and Rome. But insect eating never became common in Modern Europe. The reasons are unknown, but the spread of agriculture – and, in particular, the domestication of livestock – may have made insects, and undomesticated plants and animals in general, less important as food sources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, entomophagy remains common in some parts of the world: at least two billion people worldwide eat insects, according to the FAO. Yellow jacket wasp larvae are popular in Japan, cicadas are treasured in Malawi, and weaver ants are devoured in Thailand. Termites, a food favourite in many African nations, can be fried, smoked, steamed, sun-dried or ground into a powder. The list of edible insect species is at 1,900 and growing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELaura D’Asaro’s first brush with entomophagy came in Tanzania. In the summer of 2011, D’Asaro – a tall, freckled Harvard student with a relentlessly cheerful disposition – had gone to East Africa to take classes in Swahili. One day, she came across a Tanzanian woman standing by the side of the road, selling fried caterpillars out of a big basket. D’Asaro, an on-again off-again vegetarian, wasn’t sure she wanted to eat an insect, but curiosity trumped apprehension. “When else am I going to try fried caterpillar?” she wondered. She was pleasantly surprised – the texture and the taste reminded her of lobster.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen the summer ended, D’Asaro returned to the USA and moved on with her college life until, two years later, she stumbled across an article on the benefits of bug eating. She thought back to her time in Tanzania. “All these things clicked,” she recalls. “It made me reconsider why I was vegetarian and made me realise that insects could be this more sustainable protein that I’d been looking for pretty much my whole life.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ED’Asaro decided to start a company to introduce insects to American diners and enlisted two of her college classmates, Rose Wang and Meryl Natow, to join her. They began ordering boxes of bugs from pet food companies and playing around in the kitchen, making waxworm tacos and smothering crickets in soy sauce. “We were immediately very impressed with the taste of it all,” D’Asaro says. They partnered with a Boston chef and started developing recipes. But when they shared samples with friends, or bravely brought some of their new dishes to potluck dinners, it did not go well. “People seemed very frightened.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome foods, like chocolate, sell themselves. Insects are not one of those foods. “Insects,” says Paul Rozin, a psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania, “are disgusting. Things that are disgusting are offensive because of what they are. It’s not that insects taste bad. It’s that the idea of an insect is upsetting to people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYuck factor\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Why do we find insects so disgusting? Rozin says the answer is simple: because they’re animals. As a general rule, most of the foods that humans find disgusting are animal products.  Even the most insatiable carnivores eat only a small fraction of the species that exist on the planet. In some ways, roaches are no different to gorillas, gerbils or iguanas, or any other creatures that we don’t routinely eat. In other ways, though, they’re much worse. Many insect species are found on, in or around waste, and they’re commonly associated with dirt, decay and disease, all of which increase the yuck factor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ED’Asaro and her partners realised that they’d need to ease consumers into the idea of bug gastronomy, so they abandoned the idea of serving whole insects and decided to work instead with cricket flour, which could be invisibly incorporated into familiar foods. They decided to launch their company, which they named Six Foods, with a product Americans already love: chips [crisps]. They created ‘Chirps’, a triangular chip made of black beans, rice and cricket flour, which is lightly spritzed with oil and then baked. Chirps are high in protein and low in fat and taste similar to tortilla chips, D’Asaro says, although the cricket flour adds a slightly nutty, savoury flavour. Six Foods plans to begin shipping them this month.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn some ways, however, Chirps are a Trojan horsefly, a way to sneak bugs into American diets and transform sceptics into insectivores. In the past few years, there’s been an explosion in businesses trying to put the ‘meal’ into mealworms. A Belgian outfit called Green Kow makes carrot-mealworm, tomato-mealworm and chocolate-mealworm spreads. Ento, based in the UK, sells mealworm and cricket pâtés at food festivals and last year created a pop-up restaurant devoted to insect cuisine. In the USA, Chapul and Exo sell protein bars full of cricket flour, while New Generation Nutrition, in the Netherlands, has experimented with a falafel-like chickpea and buffalo worm patty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThen there are the companies that are raising insects for animal feed, such as Agriprotein, which is based in South Africa and building “a damn big fly factory”, as co-founder David Drew puts it. The plant is scheduled to open next year and will produce 24 tonnes of larvae and seven tonnes of maggot meal, or MagMeal, every day. Agriprotein plans to create nine more of these factories across the globe by 2020. Enviroflight (in the USA), Ynsect (in France) and Protix (in the Netherlands) have also built large-scale insect production facilities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Honey bugs’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany companies have arrived at the same conclusion as Six Foods – that it’s best not to confront consumers with insects too directly. Take waxworms, which live in beehives and eat honeycomb. By all accounts, they’re delicious: buttery, with a taste reminiscent of bacon. But the word ‘worm’ can be a deal-breaker for diners, so Six Foods has re-christened them ‘honey bugs’. Ento calls them ‘honeycomb caterpillars’. Florence Dunkel, an entomologist at Montana State University, recommends borrowing from their scientific name, Galleria mellonella. “We say ‘We’re having Galleria quesadilla,’ and it sounds much more exotic,” she tells the audience at one presentation. Dunkel also suggests using the euphemism ‘land shrimp’ for insects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen Rozin conducted an online survey of several hundred Americans, he found that 75% said they’d rather eat an insect than raw goat meat, and 53% reported that they’d rather eat an insect than endure 10 minutes of moderate pain. “So this isn’t the worst thing in the world,” Rozin reassures the audience during his talk. “It’s just something you’d rather not do.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe conference-goers seem to find comfort in telling and re-telling the story of sushi – a strange, foreign dish that showcased raw fish (raw fish!) and yet became not just acceptable but trendy in the West. “There’s no question that food preferences can change,” says D’Asaro, whose words tend to come rushing out in an enthusiastic tumble. “I mean, there are 450 people here who believe in the future of insects as food. So I think it’s going to happen, it’s going to happen now, and I would certainly put – I mean, I am putting – my money on it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere is audible excitement on the first morning of the conference when the organiser, entomologist Arnold van Huis, announces that each day’s lunch will feature at least one insect snack. That day, it’s miniature quiches sprinkled liberally with dried mealworms. They don’t look particularly appetising to me, but I’m in the company of true believers. It’s easy to get caught up in their passion and energy, their conviction that ‘land shrimp’ are the key to fixing food.I put a mealworm quiche on my plate. I don’t want to miss my chance to help save the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Not all insects are safe’\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EAdrian Charlton is a major buzzkill. A biochemist at the Food & Environment Research Agency in the UK, Charlton is one of the scientists working on PROteINSECT, a 3m euro (£2.34m), EU-funded project that launched last year. The team, which includes researchers in seven countries and three continents, is trying to nail down the nitty-gritty details involved in turning insects into animal feed. The scientists are testing different methods of fly farming, conducting livestock feeding trials and analysing the environmental impact of insect factories, among other things. Charlton is heading up the safety and quality analyses, and he’s here at the conference at 9am, the day after we’ve all chowed down on mealworm quiche, to warn us that “not all insects are safe”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBugs scooped up from the wild may be covered in pesticides or other contaminants, but even raising insects in industrial, indoor facilities won’t necessarily eliminate the risks. Food scraps may be contaminated with fungus, some species of which produce nasty toxins. Animal manure may contain disease-causing bacteria, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter, as well as antibiotics or other drugs given to livestock. Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium and lead can also accumulate in animal manure and agricultural waste – and then in the bodies of insects that feed on it. “We know in some cases insects will tolerate much higher levels of metals than mammals,” Charlton warns. “And therefore that’s a risk in terms of using them as a feedstock.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECharlton has found that some flies raised on animal and food waste have cadmium levels higher than limits set by the EU. Other researchers have also documented elevated levels of lead in dried grasshoppers from Mexico and dangerous levels of fungal toxins in the mopane caterpillar, which is eaten in many parts of Africa. “This is not all speculation,” says Charlton.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInsects also have their own pathogens: viruses, bacteria and fungi that colonise their tiny bodies. Although there’s still a lot to learn about these microorganisms, some could potentially pose risks to humans or livestock.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThen there’s the allergy question. Insects are arthropods, and several other arthropods – most notably shrimp – can cause severe allergic reactions. One of the major triggers of shellfish allergies is a muscle protein called tropomyosin. The protein sequence of tropomyosin is similar in insects and crustaceans, and people with shellfish allergies may also react to insects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECommercial confusion\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EGiven that, Charlton says, it makes sense for legislators to take a cautious approach. In the EU, companies that want to introduce edible insect products may be subject to the Novel Food Regulation, which applies to any food that wasn’t ‘used for human consumption to a significant degree’ in Europe before the law was enacted in 1997. Any of these so-called ‘novel’ products or ingredients must undergo a thorough safety assessment, and then be approved by food safety regulators, before being placed on the market. The situation in the USA is similar: companies can sell whole insects as long as they are clean, wholesome and raised specifically for human consumption, but if they want to use a novel insect-derived product (eg protein powder) as an additive, they may need to petition the Food and Drug Administration to designate the ingredient as safe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Novel Food Regulation currently applies to ingredients that are ‘isolated’ from animals but not animals that are eaten whole. And yet, some national food authorities have rejected whole-insect products, and future versions of the novel food regulation may encompass them. Meanwhile, some companies are already selling products that may be forbidden under the current regulation, without any apparent consequence. These and other ambiguities can leave companies in an uncomfortable grey area.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGetting insects into animal feed could prove even tougher than getting them onto people’s plates, thanks to rules enacted in response to the outbreak of mad cow disease in the UK in the 1980s and 1990s. The disease spread as the remains of sick animals were processed into feed for other livestock. To combat this problem, the EU instituted a series of new policies, including a ban on feeding ‘processed animal proteins’ to farmed animals. There are some exceptions for fishmeal and fish feed, but as the law currently stands, insect meal is a non-starter. Another problem for would-be insect farmers is a law that forbids ‘farmed animals’ – a category that includes insects raised for food and feed – from being reared on certain kinds of waste, including manure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDavid Drew, of Agriprotein, finds it particularly bizarre that insects can’t even be fed to chickens. “It’s just a mistake – let’s be honest… At the time the legislation was created, there was no insect feed. Otherwise, it would be there in the legislation. It’s absolutely absurd that the natural food of chickens, which is maggots…is banned, and fish, which they’ve never eaten, is permitted.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMoving too fast?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut while the entrepreneurs seem to be growing restless – some have brought products to display at the conference that they’re not yet allowed to sell – some scientists are worried about moving too fast. “Until we know more, then the legislation shouldn’t change to allow insects into the food chain,” says Charlton.\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EWhen I catch up with him a few weeks after the conference, Charlton makes clear that he’s not trying to shut the bug businesses down or keep insects out of animal feed forever. “I actually do think that this is a good idea,” he says. “It just needs the data behind it to prove that.”\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EEating the mealworm quiche had given me a good sense of what the insectivores are up against. The dish tasted perfectly fine – the mealworms had a slightly nutty, toasted flavour and gave the quiche an extra crunch – but it still made my stomach turn. After taking a few bites, I found myself pushing the quiche to the side of my plate. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EBut I’d survived the quiche, as well as the maggot fat at that first tasting by the Nordic Food Lab. Over my week in the Netherlands, I’d tried other delicacies: locust tabbouleh; chicken crumbed in buffalo worms; bee larvae ceviche; tempura-fried crickets; rose beetle larvae stew; soy grasshoppers; chargrilled sticky rice with wasp paste; buffalo worm, avocado and tomato salad; a cucumber, basil and locust drink; and a fermented, Asian-style dipping sauce made from grasshoppers and mealworms.\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003ENone of them had actually tasted bad. The insects themselves were quite bland. The crickets had a slightly fishy aftertaste and the buffalo worms a metallic one. The rose beetle larvae were vaguely reminiscent of smoked ham. Mostly, the insects were carriers for other, stronger flavours in a dish.\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAstonishing tastes\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIn fact, the Nordic Food Lab’s Josh Evans and Ben Reade declared their tasting a failure, largely because the star ingredients – which came from Dutch insect farms – were nearly flavourless. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Over the past year, they’ve been to five continents and discovered an astonishing world of insect flavour. In Australia, they savoured the sweet-and-sour tang of honey ants and sampled scale insect larvae, which taste like fresh mushrooms and pop softly in the mouth. In Uganda, they feasted on queen termites, which are fatty – like little sausages – with the texture of sweetbreads, the fragrance of foie gras and a delicate sweetness. In Mexico, they enjoyed escamoles, desert ant eggs with a creamy mouthfeel and the aroma of blue cheese.\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003ERather than carting crates of escamoles to Copenhagen, Evans and Reade hope to identify European insects that are similar to the ones they tasted on their travels or can be prepared in similar ways. The goal, they say, isn’t necessarily to get everyone eating insects. Rather, it’s to introduce diners to delicious, under-used ingredients, expand food choice and encourage people to embrace the edible resources that surround them.\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EThey sometimes seem frustrated by all the talk of scaling up insect production enormously, using insects in highly processed products, and creating a global insect trade, with a few easy-to-farm species shipped all around the world. They object to large-scale insect farming partly on gastronomic grounds – in their experience, farmed, freeze-dried insects taste “like cardboard”, Evans says – but also on ecological ones, worrying that we may end up merely replacing one industrial protein-production system with another.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Insects themselves could be the most sustainable thing, they could have no carbon footprint at all,” Reade says. “But then if we insisted on freeze-drying them all using huge amounts of energy and sending them halfway across the planet for energy-consuming protein extraction and then decided to sell that protein in another part of the world shaped like chicken breasts in a little plastic packet – well, there’s nothing sustainable about that at all.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFood for everyone\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBart Muys, an ecologist at KU Leuven in Belgium, tells the conference-goers that although insects can be reared on relatively tiny plots of land, producing insect meal requires significantly more energy than fishmeal or soymeal does, largely because the bugs need to be raised in warm conditions. The environmental impact of each production system will vary. The golden rule, Muys warns, is: “Do not claim before you know.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough everyone at the conference is dreaming of a future with more insects on the menu, the exact natures of those dreams vary widely – from the chefs who want to showcase insects’ unique flavours at the world’s best restaurants to the businessmen who believe the best use of bugs is as a feedstock to help lower the price of beef. There’s no central authority dictating the next steps; although there’s talk of gathering for another conference in two or three years, all the experts and advocates will pursue their own priorities in the meantime.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor their part, Evans and Reade reject the notion that insects will be some sort of silver bullet. Bugs, they say, will only be a real part of the solution if we are careful and thoughtful about how we integrate them into the food system. In their eyes, entomophagy is about more than merely getting a precise amount of protein on a plate – it’s about making sure everyone on the planet has access to food that is affordable, healthy, diverse, environmentally sound and, yes, delicious. “Insects can be a vehicle for something,” Reade says. “But it has to be recognised that it’s not the insects themselves that are going to make it sustainable. It’s the humans.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article was originally published by Mosaic, and is reproduced under a Creative Commons licence. For more about the issues around this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mosaicscience.com\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Evisit Mosaic’s website here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this, or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002Fu\u002F0\u002Fb\u002F107828172298602173375\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page, or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu-20"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Could insects be the wonder food of the future?","headlineShort":"Would you go on the insect diet?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":[],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Billions more hungry mouths are going to put more strain on the planet’s resources. Can eating creepy crawlies offer a solution?","summaryShort":"Why we should turn grubs into grub","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2014-11-18T09:12:17Z","entity":"article","guid":"e364c39e-8d55-4d3e-98f7-818b647c7711","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:34:19.621893Z","project":"future","slug":"20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282340},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat","_id":"5e0f0d691e021d2f8feb8c94","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Tweaking the DNA of fish, pigs, and cows promises to breed healthier, happier animals and boost food production. But will people eat the results? Daniel Cossins investigates.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We need to use all the tools we have available, and genetic engineering is one of them","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe highlands of western Panama are an odd place for a fish farm. But then the Atlantic salmon reared there is unusual. It’s genetically engineered to grow twice as fast as typical farmed salmon, containing a growth-hormone gene from Chinook salmon and DNA from an eel-like species. It could boost production and reduce the environmental burden of salmon farming. If it ever gets into the shops, that is.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 2012, the AquAdvantage salmon, reared by the US-based AquaBounty Technologies, looked set to become the first GM animal approved for human consumption. A panel appointed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said the fish is safe to eat and poses no threat to the environment. Approval seemed imminent, despite opposition from environmental groups alarmed by the prospect of a GM salmon escaping. But the FDA stalled. Today, AquaBounty’s fast-growing salmon is stuck in the pipeline.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EResearchers have developed dozens of GM animals over the years, from pigs full of healthy omega-3 fatty acids to chickens resistant to bird flu. They insist their work can help solve one of our greatest problems: how to feed a swelling global population with dwindling natural resources. “We need to produce more food with less land and water while not degrading the environment for future generations,” says James Murray of the University of California, Davis, who has developed GM goats that produce milk containing antibacterial proteins that can prevent diarrhoea. “We need to use all the tools we have available, and genetic engineering is one of them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo can we expect to see GM meat and milk on our shelves any time soon?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGenetic modification can enrich animal products and boost production efficiency, says Murray, whilst simultaneously improving animal welfare. But so far not one transgenic animal ‒ an animal with genes transferred from another species ‒ has made it to market. In the developed world at least, there is strong resistance from environmental groups, sections of the public are wary, and regulatory authorities appear to be dragging their heels. Such a hostile landscape has made investors cautious and strangled government funding, stifling research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s extremely frustrating,” says Murray, who has transferred his GM goat project to Brazil, where children still die from diarrhea and the government is more receptive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAccelerated selective breeding\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E The technology, however, has continued to advance in recent years. Powerful new genome-editing tools mean researchers can make very precise changes to DNA, altering specific genes without changing other parts of an animal’s genome. Now, instead of inserting genes from distantly related species, researchers can “improve” livestock by replicating small genetic variations found naturally in different breeds of the same species. “We’re not slapping in genes from other species, we’re making changes in the exact places we want them to create mutations that exist in animals we already eat,” says Bruce Whitelaw of the Roslin Institute at the University of Edinburgh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, it’s an accelerated form of selective breeding – and some in the field hope it will be a game changer. They argue that gene-edited animals with mutations swapped around within their own species are less risky than traditional transgenic animals and therefore should not have to clear the same regulatory hurdles. Some even argue that they should not be regulated at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne thing is clear: such debates remain theoretical until researchers come up with a more compelling case than fast-growing salmon. “We need to produce animals with real and distinct benefits that can’t be produced any other way,” says Whitelaw, “then we can ask society, ‘Do you want it?’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhitelaw is using genome-editing tools to make European domestic pigs resistant to a deadly viral disease called African swine fever, for which there is no vaccine. Wild pigs in Africa are resistant to the disease but they cannot be crossbred with European domestic pigs. So Whitelaw and his colleagues pinpointed a tiny genetic variation that they think bestows resistance – a mutation in a single base pair among three billion – and precisely replicated it in the fertilised eggs of a European domestic pig. In October 2013, Whitelaw’s team announced the birth of five pigs carrying the mutation. It remains to be seen how these GM pigs cope when infected with the virus. But if they are resistant, the benefits are clear. “It would be good news for the animals and good news for producers,” says Whitelaw.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETweaking the genomes\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Across the Atlantic, Scott Fahrenkrug is betting that hornless cattle can serve up a similar win-win situation that will finally push a GM animal into mainstream farming. In 2010, Fahrenkrug, a molecular geneticist then at the University of Minnesota, saw a TV news story about how farmhands use hot irons to burn off horns from dairy cows. The practice is necessary to stop the animals from injuring their handlers and each other, but it’s also painful for cows and expensive for farmers. “It’s a pretty nasty practice and everyone wants to get rid of it,” says Fahrenkrug. But it would take decades to produce hornless dairy cattle with conventional selective breeding methods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInstead, Fahrenkrug’s St Paul, Minnesota-based startup Recombinetics is tweaking a few letters in the genomes of dairy cattle to render them hornless, while maintaining cherished milk-production qualities. They precisely edit the DNA of cells from Holstein bulls – prized for producing huge amounts of milk – to replicate the letters that make Red Angus cattle – a breed prized for beef – hornless. The researchers then use cloning to transform edited cattle cells into embryos, or direct embryo editing, to produce hornless calves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Whitelaw, these hornless cattle and his disease-resistant pigs should be treated differently than traditional transgenic animals. Think of it as a spectrum, he says. At one end are transgenic animals carrying genes from different species. Pretty much everyone agrees that such animals require in-depth review. At the other end are gene-edited animals in which a few DNA letters have been tweaked to replicate a gene found in the same species. Here the risk is much smaller, says Whitelaw, and the regulatory pathway should be less onerous: “I think [gene-edited animals] should be regulated. But if we’re talking about changes to one or a few base pairs, it should be fast-tracked in some way.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEthical minefield\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Fahrenkrug goes further, arguing that his hornless cattle should not be regulated. We’ve been swapping around traits within species ever since we began selecting and breeding animals, he says, and “regardless of the breeding technique you use, that’s never been the purview of regulatory bodies”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe FDA is still figuring out how to deal with gene-edited animal products, as is the European Food Standards Agency. But even if some gene-edited animal products do eventually get the nod, will the public want to eat them? “We don’t know the extent to which people distinguish between gene editing and GM, so it’s hard to predict how people will react,” says Ann Bruce, a social scientist at the University of Edinburgh’s ESRC Institute for Innovation Generation in the Life Sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat we do know is that many people’s objections to GM animals seem to be on ethical grounds. For people opposed to the very idea of genetic tinkering, the method by which that is achieved are irrelevant. Still others insist that any genetic modification to animals, regardless of how small and precise, can have unintended and potentially dangerous consequences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, then, the onus remains on the scientists to come up with a must-have application: a gene-edited animal that is demonstrably too good to turn down. “To persuade the public you need a product people really want, something transformative,” says Bruce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EShare this story on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat-9"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-03-09T10:28:15Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Will we ever eat genetically modified meat?","headlineShort":"Will we ever eat GM meat?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Tweaking the DNA of fish, pigs, and cows promises to breed healthier, happier animals and boost food production. But will people eat the results?","summaryShort":"Why the question is far from simple","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2015-03-09T10:28:15Z","entity":"article","guid":"e140b72b-4e23-4c24-8d31-a3b558aa4037","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:31:15.942132Z","project":"future","slug":"20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282341},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu","_id":"5e0f0d651e021d2f8feb7961","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["wwearth\u002Fauthor\u002Fkarl-gruber"],"bodyIntro":"While rats are met with revulsion in most parts of the world, some communities put rodents pride of place on the dinner menu.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBefore going to sleep, you ought to make sure no food is left forgotten somewhere on the floor or table. Otherwise, you may end up with some familiar and unwelcome guests: rats. Just a glimpse of a furry rodent is enough to inspire revulsion and complaints to authorities – for example, New York \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Faponline\u002F2015\u002F10\u002F18\u002Fus\u002Fap-us-new-york-city-rats.html\"\u003Ehas recently renewed efforts to solve a ‘rat crisis’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the city. But such guests are not despised everywhere. In fact, in some places around the world, rats are considered a delicious delicacy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn 7 March every year, in a remote village in the hills of north-east India, the Adi tribe celebrates Unying-Aran, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F26024664\"\u003Ean unusual festival with rats as the culinary centrepiece\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One of the Adi’s favourite dishes is a stew called bule-bulak oying, made with the rat’s stomach, intestines, liver, testes, foetuses, all boiled together with tails and legs plus some salt, chili and ginger.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERodents of all kind are welcomed in this community, from the household rats often seen around the house to the wild species that dwell in the forest. The rat's tail and feet are particularly appreciated for their taste, says Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow, at Oulu University, Finland, who interviewed several members of the Adi tribe for a recent study into rats as a food resource.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Rodent meat is the most delicious and best meat they can imagine","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe answers he got revealed a different view of the pesky pests. The respondents told Meyer-Rochow that rodent meat “is the most delicious and best meat they can imagine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I was told: ‘No party; no happiness if there is no rat available: to honour an important guest, visitor or relative, to celebrate a special occasion; it can only be done if rats are on the menu.’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p03b9j4n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe rats are so beloved they are more than just a menu item. “Gifts of rats, dead of course, are also an important item in making sure the bride's relatives are happy to see their daughter leave her old family and join that of her husband,” he says. In the first morning of the Unying-Aran festival, called Aman Ro, children receive two dead rats as presents, much like the toys you got as a kid on Christmas morning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELittle is known about when or how the Adi people developed their taste for rats, but Meyer-Rochow is certain it is a long-held tradition, and not formed due to a lack of other choices of game. Plenty of animals such as deer, goat and buffalo still roam the forests surrounding the village. These tribes simply prefer the taste of rodents. “[They] assured me that ‘nothing beats the rat’,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven Meyer-Rochow, despite being vegetarian, ended up trying the famous meat, which he found similar to other meats he had eaten, except for the smell. “It brings up memories of zoology students' first lab courses in which they dissect and cut up rats to study vertebrate anatomy,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p03b9j4q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not just in this small corner of India that rat is on the menu. British TV presenter Stefan Gates has travelled around the world meeting people with very unusual sources of food. Outside the city of Yaounde, in Cameroon, he found a small farm of cane rats, a species he describes as “like a small dog, angry, vicious little fellows”. Vicious, perhaps, but also tasty. Gates says these rats are a special treat, since they are more expensive than chicken or vegetables.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Rat meat is a bit like pork, but very tender, like slowly cooked pork shoulder - Stefan Gates","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd what did it taste like?  “It was the most delicious meat I ever had in my life,” he says. Gates recalls the meat was stewed with tomatoes, and he describes it as being  “a bit like pork, but very tender, like slowly cooked pork shoulder. Extraordinarily tender, gentle and delicious, the stew was “very succulent, juicy and with a lovely layer of fat that has melted down beautifully”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the Indian state of Bihar, Gates spent some time with the Dalits, one of the poorest castes in India. The people he met, called ‘rat eaters’ by locals, tended the crops of wealthier landowners of a different caste in exchange of the right to eat the rats that plagued the field.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p03b9j77"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Gates, these small rats were very tender and tasted much like a small chicken or quail. The only unpleasant aspect was the smell of burning hair – to avoid wasting any bit of skin or meat from the tiny animal it is grilled whole, to burn off its hair. And this produced a “horrible, horrible smell”, says Gates, and “a bitter sensation on the outside of the skin”. But it was all good inside. “The meat and skin inside the rat was absolutely delicious,” he said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETasty rats around the world\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOur taste for rodents goes back many centuries. According to a scholarly review by the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu\u002Fcgi\u002Fviewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=vpc14\"\u003Erats were eaten in China during the Tang dynasty\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (618-907 AD) and called “household deer”. One speciality eaten during the Tang dynasty was new-born rats stuffed with honey, “conveniently snatching them with chopsticks“, the authors say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUntil about 200 years ago the kiore – or \u003Cem\u003ERattus exulans\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a close relative of the common house rat – was eaten by many Polynesians, including the Maori of New Zealand. “In pre-European times [New Zealand’s] South Island was a major source of kiore, which were preserved and eaten in vast quantities, normally in early winter,” says Jim Williams, a researcher from New Zealand’s University of Otago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p03b9j4c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, the kiore was considered a delicacy served to visitors and even used as a currency, exchanged at ceremonies such as weddings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERats are eaten regularly in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, parts of the Philippines and Indonesia, Thailand, Ghana, China and Vietnam, says Grant Singleton, from the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In Laos, farmers can identify at least five rodent species based on their taste","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESingleton says he has eaten rat meat at least six times in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. As for the flavour?  “In the case of the rice field rat I would describe it as more gamey, with a taste closer to rabbit,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESingleton also recalls eating rats in the uplands of Laos and in the lower delta of Myanmar. In Laos, he says, farmers in the northern upland provinces can identify at least five rodent species based on their taste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p03b9j9b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Africa, some communities have a long tradition of eating rats. In Nigeria, for instance, the African giant rat is a favourite among all ethnic groups, says Mojisola Oyarekua, from the University of Science and Technology Ifaki-Ekiti (Usti) Nigeria. “It is regarded as a special delicacy and it is more expensive than equivalent weight of cow meat or fish. It is delicious and can be eaten as roasted, dried or boiled,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo why do people eat rats? Sheer necessity? After tasting rats in different countries, Gates says people do so more from choice than being forced to out of scarcity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERats may not be currently on the menu of your favourite neighbourhood restaurant, but as we move into a more globalised world with more adventurous diners, it is not unreasonable to think that rodents could one day feature on Western menus more frequently. Just give it a try. You might like it. After all, for some, it is the most delicious meat they have ever tasted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFollow us\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eon\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Fbbc-com\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELinkedIn\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finstagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-12-07T02:21:57.653Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The countries where rats are on the menu","headlineShort":"The people who eat rats","image":["p03b9j77"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p03b9j3z"],"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20151111-the-strangest-meal-ive-ever-eaten","future\u002Farticle\u002F20140523-giant-rats-that-can-sniff-out-tb","future\u002Farticle\u002F20141014-time-to-put-bugs-on-the-menu","future\u002Farticle\u002F20150309-will-we-ever-eat-gm-meat"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"While rodents are met with revulsion in most parts of the world, some communities put them pride of place on the dinner menu, finds Karl Gruber","summaryShort":"The countries where rodents are on the menu","tag":["tag\u002Ffood","tag\u002Fanthropology","tag\u002Fanimal"],"creationDateTime":"2015-12-07T04:38:12.673931Z","entity":"article","guid":"47c4f8ca-aad0-4ad7-8a1c-ca33597b32a4","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:34:19.621893Z","project":"future","slug":"20151207-the-countries-where-rats-are-on-the-menu","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282340},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141126-exploring-hidden-ocean-depths":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20141126-exploring-hidden-ocean-depths","_id":"5e0f0d691e021d2f8feb88ef","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"video","assetVideo":[],"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Ahead of a new series of Genius Behind – stories from the world’s most innovative minds – BBC Future revisits ocean explorer Sylvia Earle’s quest to the deepest parts of Earth’s oceans in a glass submarine she calls her “dream machine”.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know so little about the depths of our oceans that they might as well exist on another planet. The majority of the sea floor has never been visited by humans. As to what lives and feeds and breeds down there in the icy depths, it remains best left to our imagination.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESylvia Earle, an Explorer in Residence at National Geographic, has been exploring the sea since she was a teenager, and she has been diving since the 1950s. In those early days, as she explored the shallow seas in scuba gear, she was frustrated at not being able to see what was going on in deeper waters. “From the earliest time I had frustration, to go out to the edge of a drop-off, as deep as I could go, and look over, and the fish didn’t stop, the ocean didn’t stop. I wanted to go over the edge and see what was in the deep water beyond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Technology was the key for me to be able to see the ocean with new eyes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEarle founded the company Deep Ocean Exploration and Research in order to investigate this world, invisible from the ocean surface. One of the submersibles the company is currently designing is what Earle calls her “dream machine”; a submarine that can take scientists all the way to the bottom of the deepest ocean floor, 11,000 metres (33,000ft) underneath the ocean’s surface.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWatch and read more from our series \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fthe-genius-behind\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Genius Behind\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: the most amazing and sometimes little-known technological and scientific breakthroughs of modern times, and the innovative minds behind them.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this, or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eor\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002Fu\u002F0\u002Fb\u002F107828172298602173375\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Epage, or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141126-exploring-hidden-ocean-depths-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2014-11-26T09:24:29Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Exploring the ocean’s hidden depths","headlineShort":"Diving into the dark abyss","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Ahead of a new series of Genius Behind – stories from the world’s most innovative minds – BBC Future revisits ocean explorer Sylvia Earle’s quest to the deepest parts of the oceans.","summaryShort":"What lies beneath?","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2014-11-26T09:24:29Z","entity":"article","guid":"2b516cea-a894-4474-96b8-2b72e1987e65","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20141126-exploring-hidden-ocean-depths","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:34:19.621893Z","project":"future","slug":"20141126-exploring-hidden-ocean-depths","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282341},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151012-understanding-the-noisy-world-of-the-deep":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20151012-understanding-the-noisy-world-of-the-deep","_id":"5e0f0d671e021d2f8feb8008","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p0350fmw"],"author":null,"bodyIntro":"The oceans are full of noise – both natural and man-made. In this video, researcher Michel Andre explains how he is trying to make sense of how our sounds have such far-reaching effects on the whales sharing our seas.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBefore humanity began to explore the ocean in earnest, it was thought the world beneath the waves was a silent one. That couldn’t be more wrong.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESound travels five times as fast underwater as it does in air. Along with the natural sounds – the calls of whales and dolphins, schools of fish, the myriad of life lurking on the bottom – humanity has added to the cacophony.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMichel Andre of the Technical University of Catalonia, BarcelonaTech (UPC) says the noise of ships can be more than annoying to whales – it can be deadly. The French bio-acoustician says the amount of noise can desensitise the whales over time, making them more likely to swim into the path of a ship – with possibly fatal results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAndre has been trying to understand how sound travels in the water, and what can be done to prevent such deaths.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFurther information about Michel Andre’s work:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.lab.upc.edu\u002F\"\u003ELaboratory of Applied Bioacoustics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fthesenseofsilencefoundation.com\u002F\"\u003EThe Sense of Silence Foundation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flistentothedeep.com\u002F\"\u003EListening to the Deep Ocean Environment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFollow us\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eon\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Fbbc-com\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELinkedIn\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finstagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151012-understanding-the-noisy-world-of-the-deep-0"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fthe-genius-behind"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-10-12T10:06:12.35Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The killer noise threatening ocean life","headlineShort":"The killer noise threatening ocean life","image":["p0350qzy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20141126-exploring-hidden-ocean-depths"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The oceans are full of noise – made by both nature and humanity. Researcher Michel Andre wants to find out how our sounds have such far-reaching effects on the whales sharing our seas.","summaryShort":"Deep beneath the sea, sound can be deadly","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal","tag\u002Focean"],"creationDateTime":"2015-10-12T09:16:16.680353Z","entity":"article","guid":"e0f666c7-925a-45c0-8c52-37bd5630ee3e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20151012-understanding-the-noisy-world-of-the-deep","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:34:19.621893Z","project":"future","slug":"20151012-understanding-the-noisy-world-of-the-deep","cacheLastUpdated":1578501282341}},"tags":{"tag\u002Fanimal":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fanimal","_id":"5e0f0eb61e021d2f8ff2d6dc","assetImage":["p051v8z4"],"description":"Animal 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