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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Karbala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Karbala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Battle of Karbala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Karbala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mesopotamia in the Quran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hadith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religious tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karbala_in_other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karbala_in_other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Karbala in other cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karbala_in_other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawza_Seminary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawza_Seminary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hawza Seminary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawza_Seminary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-city_high-speed_railway_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-city_high-speed_railway_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Inter-city high-speed railway system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-city_high-speed_railway_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Published_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Published in the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Published in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Published in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karbala</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="كربلاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربلاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99rb%C9%99la" title="Kərbəla – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kərbəla" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کربلا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربلا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কারবালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কারবালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Кәрбәлә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кәрбәлә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кербела – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кербела" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кербала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кербала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbal%C3%A1" title="Karbalá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karbalá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbela" title="Kerbela – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kerbela" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbal%C4%81%E2%80%99" title="Karbalā’ – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karbalā’" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Καρμπάλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρμπάλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbala" title="Kerbala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kerbala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbalo" title="Karbalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کربلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbala" title="Kerbala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kerbala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%9C%EB%9D%BC" title="카르발라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르발라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Քարբալա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարբալա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="करबला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="करबला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbela" title="Kerbela – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kerbela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90" title="כרבלא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרבלא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ქარბალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქარბალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کربلا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کربلا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кербела – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кербела" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbela" title="Kerbela – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kerbela" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кербела – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кербела" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbela" title="Kerbela – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kerbela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbela" title="Kerbela – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kerbela" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbala" title="Carbala – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carbala" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbela" title="Kerbela – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kerbela" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2" title="കർബല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കർബല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="करबला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="करबला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ქარბალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქარბალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="كربلاء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كربلاء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کربلا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کربلا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ကရ်ဘလာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကရ်ဘလာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="カルバラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルバラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbalo" title="Karbalo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karbalo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਰਬਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰਬਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کربلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کربلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کربلا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کربلا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbala" title="Carbala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbala" title="Kerbala – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kerbala" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кербела – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кербела" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qerbelaja" title="Qerbelaja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qerbelaja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbala" title="Kerbala – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kerbala" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ڪربلا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪربلا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbalaa" title="Karbalaa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Karbalaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کەربەلا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەربەلا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Карбала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карбала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="கர்பலா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கர்பலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8D" title="Кәрбәлаэ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәрбәлаэ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8C" title="กัรบะลาอ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กัรบะลาอ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbela" title="Kerbela – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kerbela" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кербела – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кербела" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کربلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کربلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7" title="كەربەلا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كەربەلا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karbala" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89" title="卡尔巴拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔巴拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbela" title="Kerbela – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kerbela" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karbala&params=32_37_N_44_02_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°37′N</span> <span class="longitude">44°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.617°N 44.033°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.617; 44.033</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Karbala Governorate, Iraq</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Karbala_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karbala (disambiguation)">Karbala (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kerbela" redirects here. For the moth genus, see <a href="/wiki/Kerbela_(moth)" title="Kerbela (moth)">Kerbela (moth)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Iraq</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Karbala</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="Mesopotamian Arabic"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَرْبَلَاء</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mayoralty of Karbala</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karbala_collage2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Karbala_collage2.jpg/275px-Karbala_collage2.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="597" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Karbala_collage2.jpg/413px-Karbala_collage2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Karbala_collage2.jpg/550px-Karbala_collage2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="3113" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="300" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_59a06e66403bef0ac83f5f8fafa46993bdfe38cc"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Karbala&revid=1258650597&groups=_59a06e66403bef0ac83f5f8fafa46993bdfe38cc" width="270" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Karbala&revid=1258650597&groups=_59a06e66403bef0ac83f5f8fafa46993bdfe38cc 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karbala is located in Iraq"><img alt="Karbala is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.656%;left:53.648%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karbala"><img alt="Karbala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Karbala</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Karbala within Iraq</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iraq</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karbala is located in Asia"><img alt="Karbala is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.415%;left:13.043%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karbala"><img alt="Karbala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Karbala</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Karbala (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karbala&params=32_37_N_44_02_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°37′N</span> <span class="longitude">44°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.617°N 44.033°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.617; 44.033</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">690 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">42.4 km<sup>2</sup> (16.4 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 m (92 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">711,530</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Karbalaei</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (Arabian Standard Time)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (No DST)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">10001 to 10090</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two weighty things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam#Branches" title="Shia Islam">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Allah">Houthi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi 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sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a 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title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Islam" title="Template talk:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karbala</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAR</span>-bə-lə</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAR</span>-bə-<span style="font-size:90%">LAH</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَرْبَلَاء</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Karbalāʾ</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[karbaˈlaːʔ]</a></span>) is a city in central <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, located about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, and a few miles east of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Milh" title="Lake Milh">Lake Milh</a>, also known as Razzaza Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Risk2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risk2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UF2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karbala is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala Governorate</a>, and has an estimated population of 691,100 people (2024).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city, best known as the location of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> in 680 AD, or for the <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Hussain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Abbas_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Abbas Mosque">Abbas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shimoni_&_Levine,_1974,_p._160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimoni_&_Levine,_1974,_p._160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aghaie,_2004,_pp._10-11_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aghaie,_2004,_pp._10-11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered a <a href="/wiki/Holy_city" title="Holy city">holy city</a> for <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, and due to this, the city is also referred to with the honorific name <b>Karbala al-Muqaddasah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كربلاء المقدسة</span>). Tens of millions of Shi'ite Muslims visit the site twice a year. <sup id="cite_ref-Islam_in_the_World_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_in_the_World-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zondervan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zondervan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn ibn 'Ali and <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Ali" title="Abbas ibn Ali">Abbas ibn 'Ali</a> is commemorated annually by near a hundred million of Shi'ites in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_in_the_World_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_in_the_World-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zondervan_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zondervan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to 34 million pilgrims visit the city to observe <i><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">ʿĀshūrāʾ</a></i> (the tenth day of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>), which marks the anniversary of Husayn's death, but the main event is the <i><a href="/wiki/Arbaeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaeen">Arbaʿeen</a></i> (the 40th day after 'Ashura'), where up to 40 million visit the graves. Most of the pilgrims travel on foot and come from all around Iraq and more than 56 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Karbala" title="Special:EditPage/Karbala">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are many opinions among different investigators, as to the origin of the word <i>Karbala</i>. Some have pointed out that <i>Karbala</i> has a connection to the "Karbalato" language, while others attempt to derive the meaning of word by analyzing its spelling and language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They conclude that it originates from the "Kar Babel" group of ancient Babylonian villages that included Nainawa, Al-Ghadiriyya, Karbella (or Karb Illu), Al-Nawaweess, and Al-Heer. This last name is today known as Al-Hair and is where <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a> ibn Ali's grave is located. </p><p>The investigator <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> had pointed out that the meaning of <i>Karbala</i> could have several explanations, one of which is that the place where Husayn ibn Ali was martyred is made of soft earth—<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Karbalāt</i></span>. </p><p>According to Shia's belief, the archangel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> narrated the true meaning of the name <i>Karbala</i> to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>: a combination of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">karb</i></span> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَرْب</span>, "the land which will cause many agonies") and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">balāʾ</i></span> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَلاء</span>, "afflictions").<sup id="cite_ref-kamil01_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamil01-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Karbala">Battle of Karbala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Karbala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></div> <p>The Battle of Karbala was fought on the bare deserts on the way to Kufa on October 10, 680 AD (10 Muharram 61 AH). Both <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Ali" title="Abbas ibn Ali">Abbas ibn Ali</a> were buried by the local Banī Asad tribe, at what later became known as the <i>Mashhad Al-Husayn</i>. The battle itself occurred as a result of Husain's refusal of <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid</a>'s demand for allegiance to his caliphate. The Kufan governor, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, sent thirty thousand horsemen against Husayn as he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>. Husayn had no army, he was with his family and few friends who joined them, so there were around 73 men, including the 6-month-old <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Asghar_ibn_Husayn" title="Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn">Ali Asghar</a>, son of Imam Husayn, in total. The horsemen, under 'Umar ibn Sa'd, were ordered to deny Husayn and his followers water to force Husayn to agree to give an oath of allegiance. On the 9th of Muharram, Husayn refused, and requested to be given the night to pray. On the 10th day of Muharram, Husayn ibn Ali prayed the morning prayer and led his troops into battle along with his brother Abbas. Many of Husayn's followers, including all of his present sons <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Akbar_ibn_Husayn" title="Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn">Ali Akbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Asghar_ibn_Husayn" title="Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn">Ali Asghar</a> (six months old) and his nephews Qassim, Aun and Muhammad were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 63 AH (683 AD), Yazid ibn Mu'awiya released the surviving members of Husayn's family from prison as there was a threat of uprisings and some of the people in his court were unaware of who the battle was with, when they got to know that the descendants of Muhammad were killed, they were horrified. On their way to Mecca, they stopped at the site of the battle. There is a record of Sulayman ibn Surad going on pilgrimage to the site as early as 65 AH (685 AD). The city began as a tomb and shrine to <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and son of <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grew as a city to meet the needs of pilgrims. The city and tombs were greatly expanded by successive Muslim rulers, but suffered repeated destruction from attacking armies. The original shrine was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">Al-Mutawakkil</a> in 850 but was rebuilt in its present form around 979, only to be partly destroyed by fire in 1086 and rebuilt yet again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, the city suffered from severe water shortages that were only resolved in the early 18th century by building a dam at the head of the Husayniyya Canal. In 1737, the city replaced <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan (city)">Isfahan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> as the main center of Shia scholarship. In the mid-eighteenth century it was dominated by the dean of scholarship, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Al_Bahrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Al Bahrani">Yusuf Al Bahrani</a>, a key proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> tradition of Shia thought, until he died in 1772,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the more state-centric <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> school became more influential. </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala">Wahhabi sack of Karbala</a> occurred on 21 April 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801),<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_bin_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad">Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad</a> the second ruler of the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a>, when 12,000 Wahhabi Muslims from <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> attacked the city of Karbala.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack was coincident with the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/The_event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="The event of Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khum</a> event,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 10 <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fight left 3,000–5,000 deaths and the dome of the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was destroyed. The fight lasted for 8 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexei_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexei-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg/200px-Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg/300px-Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg/400px-Destruction_of_the_Tomb_of_Husain_at_Kerbela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>Destruction of the Tomb of Husain at Karbala on the orders of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a> invasion, the city enjoyed semi-autonomy during Ottoman rule, governed by a group of gangs and mafia variously allied with members of the 'ulama. In order to reassert their authority, the Ottoman army laid siege to the city. On January 13, 1843, Ottoman troops entered the city. Many of the city leaders fled leaving defense of the city largely to tradespeople. About 3,000 Arabs were killed in the city, and another 2,000 outside the walls (this represented about 15% of the city's normal population). The Turks lost 400 men.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted many students and scholars to move to Najaf, which became the main Shia religious centre.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1850 and 1903, Karbala enjoyed a generous influx of money through the <a href="/wiki/Oudh_Bequest" title="Oudh Bequest">Oudh Bequest</a>. The Shia-ruled Indian Province of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>, known by the British as Oudh, had always sent money and pilgrims to the holy city. The Oudh money, 10 million rupees, originated in 1825 from the Awadh <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghazi-ud-Din_Haider" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi-ud-Din Haider">Ghazi-ud-Din Haider</a>. One third was to go to his wives, and the other two-thirds went to holy cities of Karbala and Najaf. When his wives died in 1850, the money piled up with interest in the hands of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. The EIC sent the money to Karbala and Najaf per the wives' wishes, in the hopes of influencing the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a> in Britain's favor. This effort to curry favor is generally considered to have been a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915, Karbala was the scene of an <a href="/wiki/1915_uprising_in_Karbala" title="1915 uprising in Karbala">uprising against the Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, an important drainage project was carried out to relieve the city of unhealthy swamps, formed between Hussainiya and the Bani Hassan Canals on the Euphrates.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karbala_07402u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karbala_07402u.jpg/250px-Karbala_07402u.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karbala_07402u.jpg/375px-Karbala_07402u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Karbala_07402u.jpg/500px-Karbala_07402u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in Karbala (1932)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Karbala_City_Hall" title="Defense of the Karbala City Hall">Defense of the City Hall in Karbala</a> – a series of skirmishes fought from April 3 to April 6, 2004, between the Iraqi rebels of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Companies">Mahdi Army</a> trying to conquer the city hall and the defending Polish and Bulgarian soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Division_Central-South" title="Multinational Division Central-South">Multinational Division Central-South</a> </p><p>In 2003 following the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">American invasion</a>, the Karbala town council attempted to elect <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> Matthew Lopez as mayor. Ostensibly so that his Marines, contractors, and funds could not leave.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 14, 2007, a car bomb exploded about 600 ft (180 m) from the shrine to Husayn, killing 47<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wounding over 150. </p><p>On January 19, 2008, 2 million <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> marched through Karbala city, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashura</a>. 20,000 Iraqi troops and police guarded the event amid tensions due to clashes between Iraqi troops and Shia which left 263 people dead (in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasiriya">Nasiriya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karbala experiences a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<i>BWh</i> in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>) with extremely hot, long, dry summers and mild winters. Almost all of the yearly precipitation is received between November and April, though no month is wet. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Karbala (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.4<br />(108.3) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(112.5) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(112.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.9<br />(105.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(0.69) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(0.56) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(0.47) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(0.16) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(0.58) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(0.54) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">93.5<br />(3.67) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.1 </td> <td style="background: #1616FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.7 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.8 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7 </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Meteorological Organisation">World Meteorological Organisation</a> (precipitation days 1976-2008)<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran">Mesopotamia in the Quran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia in the Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Kifl" title="Dhu al-Kifl">Dhu al-Kifl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idris (prophet)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Noah in Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel_in_Islamic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower of Babel in Islamic tradition">Tower of Babel in Islamic tradition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso2mil-English.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/220px-Meso2mil-English.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/330px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/440px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the 3rd millennium BCE, showing <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> (the township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Yunus</a>)),<sup id="cite_ref-qref|10|98|b=y_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|10|98|b=y-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SycOrth_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SycOrth-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Rimah" title="Tell al-Rimah">Qattara (or Karana)</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%ABr-Katlimmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dūr-Katlimmu">Dūr-Katlimmu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuzi" title="Nuzi">Nuzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dur-Kurigalzu" title="Dur-Kurigalzu">Dur-Kurigalzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, from north to south. Note the relative proximity of Babylon and Sippar to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Milh" title="Lake Milh">Lake Milh</a>, which is near Karbala.<sup id="cite_ref-Risk2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risk2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UF2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some Shi'ites consider this verse of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to refer to Iraq, the land of the Shi'ite sacred sites of <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tabatabaei1979_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabatabaei1979-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamil2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamil2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Najaf, Karbala, <a href="/wiki/Kadhimiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadhimiyyah">Kadhimiyyah</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AI2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2007Unesco_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2007Unesco-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the <a href="/wiki/Tauhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauhid">Monotheistic</a> preachers <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-qref|26|160|b=y_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|26|160|b=y-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">Prophets in Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler2002_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are believed to have lived in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iraq">ancient Iraqi</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha Rabba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MAH_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAH-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before going to "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">The Blessed Land</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-qref|21|51|b=y}_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|21|51|b=y}-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then We delivered him(Ibrahim), along with Lot, to the land We had showered with blessings for all people.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=71">21:71</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Aside from the story of Abraham and Lot in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamian polytheism">Polytheistic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brit,_AMR_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit,_AMR-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MAH_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAH-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qref|21|51|b=y}_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|21|51|b=y}-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are passages in the Quran about <a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-qref|11|44|b=y_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|11|44|b=y-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qref|23|23|b=y_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|23|23|b=y-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis1984_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1984-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Babil" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil">Babil</a> ("Babylon")<sup id="cite_ref-qref|2|102|b=y_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|2|102|b=y-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Qaryat Yunus</a></i> ("Town of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-qref|10|98|b=y_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qref|10|98|b=y-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbnHisham,_V.1,_P.419–421-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SycOrth_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SycOrth-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadith">Hadith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tomb of the martyred Imam has acquired great significance in <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> tradition because he and his fellow martyrs are seen as models of jihad in the way of God. Shi'ites believe that Karbala is one of the holiest places on Earth according to the following traditions (among others): </p> <ul><li>The angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> narrated to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> that:<sup id="cite_ref-kamil01_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamil01-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Karbala, where your <a href="/wiki/Hussein_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein ibn Ali">grandson</a> and his family will be martyred, is one of the most blessed and the most sacred lands on Earth, and it is one of the valleys of Paradise.</p></blockquote> <ul><li>The fourth <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Shi'ite Imam</a>, that is <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Zayn al-Abidin</a> narrated:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>God chose the land of Karbalā' as a safe and blessed sanctuary twenty-four thousand years before He created the land of the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'bah">Ka'bah</a> and chose it as a sanctuary. Verily it (Karbala) will shine among the gardens of Paradise like a shining star shines among the stars for the people of Earth.</p></blockquote> <ul><li>In this regard, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> narrates, 'Allah, the Almighty, has made the dust of my ancestor's grave – Imam Husain (r.a) as a cure for every sickness and safety from every fear.'<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is narrated from Ja'far that: "The earth of the pure and holy grave of Husayn ibn ‘Ali (r.a) is a pure and blessed musk. For those who consume it, it is a cure for every ailment, and if our enemy uses it then he will melt the way fat melts, when you intend to consume that pure earth recite the following supplication"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_tourism">Religious tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/220px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/330px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/440px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Shrine in Karbala, showing use of <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Karbala, alongside <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, is considered a thriving tourist destination for Shia Muslims and the tourism industry in the city boomed after the end of Saddam Hussein's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some religious tourism attractions include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Abbas_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Abbas Mosque">Al Abbas Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Imam Husayn Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_of_Mujada" title="Ruins of Mujada">Ruins of Mujada</a>, about 40 km (25 miles) to the west of the city<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shirazi_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shirazi-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holy_Karbala_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holy_Karbala-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Arbaeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaeen">Arbaeen</a> is a massive annual pilgrimage event that takes place in Karbala. It is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">largest peaceful gatherings</a> in the world. In 2017, approximately 30 million people took part in the pilgrimage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karbala_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbala FC">Karbala FC</a> is a football club based in Karbala. It plays in the top tier <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stars_League" title="Iraq Stars League">Iraq Stars League</a>, the highest division of the Iraqi football league system. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Karbala_International_Stadium" title="Karbala International Stadium">Karbala Sports City</a> located south of Karbala city, is a large <a href="/wiki/Sports_complex" title="Sports complex">sports complex</a> housing the <a href="/wiki/Karbala_International_Stadium" title="Karbala International Stadium">Karbala International Stadium</a> with a capacity of 30,000 spectators, a smaller football stadium with a capacity of 2,000, as well as a football field for training, a swimming hall, and a hotel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many references in books and films to Karbala, specifically referring to Imam Husayn's death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a>. One such example is the Iranian film <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Who_Said_No" title="Hussein Who Said No">Hussein Who Said No</a>. In paintings, Husayn is often depicted on a white horse impaled by arrows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A number of documentaries detailing the events of the Battle of Karbala have also been produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karbala_in_other_cultures">Karbala in other cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Karbala in other cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <i>Karbala</i>, apart from meaning the city of Karbala (which is usually referred to as <i>Karbala-e-Mualla</i> meaning Karbala the exalted), also means local grounds where commemorative processions end and/or <i><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh#Ta'zīya_in_India" title="Ta'zieh">ta'zīya</a></i> are buried during Ashura or Arba'een, usually such grounds will have <i>shabeeh</i> (copy) of <i>Rauza</i> or some other structures.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of <i>ta'zīyas</i> in various shapes and sizes are made every year for the months of mourning of Muharram and Safar; and are carried in processions and may be buried at the end of Ashura or Arba'een.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karbala" title="University of Karbala">University of Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahlulbait_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahlulbait University College">Ahlulbait University College</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karbala" title="University of Karbala">University of Karbala</a>, which was inaugurated on March 1, 2002, is one of the top most universities in Iraq regarding academic administration, human resources, and scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt_University" title="Ahl al-Bayt University">Ahl al-Bayt University</a> was founded in September 2003 by Dr. Mohsen Baqir Mohammed-Salih Al-Qazwini. The university has six major colleges: College of Law, Arts, Islamic Sciences, Medical & Health Technology, Pharmacy and Dentistry.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warith al-Anbiya University in Karbala, sponsored by the Imam Husayn Holy Shrine, was established in 2017. It has the faculties of engineering, administration, economics, law and pathology. It received its first batch of students in the academic year 2017–2018.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawza_Seminary">Hawza Seminary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hawza Seminary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a> are Islamic education institutions that are administered under the guidance of a Grand Ayatollah or group of scholars to teach Shia Muslims and guide them through the rigorous journey of becoming an Alim (a religious scholar). Initially Karbala's hawza consisted mostly of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> and Turkish scholars. The death of Sharif-ul-Ulama Mazandarani in 1830 as well as the repression of the Shia population by the Ottomans in 1843 both played a significant role in the relocation of many scholars to the city of <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and thus Najaf subsequently became the center of Shia Islamic leadership and education.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the Hawza Seminary still exists in Karbala (such as the School of Allamah Bin Fahd) but to a lesser extent in comparison to Najaf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airports in Karbala include:<sup id="cite_ref-Frbiu_03-2017_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frbiu_03-2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Northeast_Airport" title="Karbala Northeast Airport">Karbala Northeast Airport</a><sup id="cite_ref-CAPA_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAPA-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_International_Airport" title="Karbala International Airport">Karbala International Airport</a><sup id="cite_ref-MEED_2018_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEED_2018-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (located to the southeast of Karbala)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-city_high-speed_railway_system">Inter-city high-speed railway system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inter-city high-speed railway system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2024, the Iraqi National Investment Commission (NIC) unveiled a project to construct an inter-city <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> connecting the cities of Karbala and <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>. Once finished, it is set to accommodate up to 25,000 passengers per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2024, Karbala has 4 <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a>: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-mashhad_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mashhad-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(1991)" title="Battle of Karbala (1991)">Battle of Karbala (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2003)" title="Battle of Karbala (2003)">Battle of Karbala (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Karbala_bombings" title="2003 Karbala bombings">2003 Karbala bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashura_massacre" title="2004 Ashura massacre">2004 Ashura massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Karbala_mosque_bombings" title="2007 Karbala mosque bombings">2007 Karbala mosque bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_provincial_headquarters_raid" title="Karbala provincial headquarters raid">Karbala raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala,_Iran" title="Karbala, Iran">Karbala, Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kadhimyyah used to be a township of its own, but is now a part of the city of Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIAH,_Kadhimiyyah_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIAH,_Kadhimiyyah-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation.de-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html">"Iraq: Governorates & Cities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Governorates+%26+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Firaq%2Fcities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/karbala">"Karbala"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fkarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182548/https://www.lexico.com/definition/karbala">"Karbala"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Karbala">the original</a> on 2020-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FKarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Karbala" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Karbala">"Karbala"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DKarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Karbal%C4%81%27">"Karbalā'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Karbal%C4%81%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FKarbal%25C4%2581%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risk2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risk2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risk2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/77116/iraq-livelihoods-at-risk-as-level-of-lake-razaza-falls">"Iraq: Livelihoods at risk as level of Lake Razaza falls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IRIN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="IRIN News">IRIN News</a>. 5 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Livelihoods+at+risk+as+level+of+Lake+Razaza+falls&rft.pub=IRIN+News&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F77116%2Firaq-livelihoods-at-risk-as-level-of-lake-razaza-falls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UF2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UF2004_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UF2004_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWVtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Under Fire: Untold Stories from the Front Line of the Iraq War</i></a>. Reuters Prentice Hall. January 2004. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142397-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142397-8"><bdi>978-0-13-142397-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Fire%3A+Untold+Stories+from+the+Front+Line+of+the+Iraq+War&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Reuters+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=978-0-13-142397-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWVtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21533/karbala/population">"Karbala, Iraq Metro Area Population 1950-2024"</a>. <i>www.macrotrends.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macrotrends.net&rft.atitle=Karbala%2C+Iraq+Metro+Area+Population+1950-2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fglobal-metrics%2Fcities%2F21533%2Fkarbala%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shimoni_&_Levine,_1974,_p._160-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shimoni_&_Levine,_1974,_p._160_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimoni & Levine, 1974, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aghaie,_2004,_pp._10-11-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aghaie,_2004,_pp._10-11_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aghaie, 2004, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_in_the_World-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_in_the_World_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_in_the_World_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalise_Ruthven2006" class="citation book cs1">Malise Ruthven (2006). <i>Islam in the World</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305036"><bdi>9780195305036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195305036&rft.au=Malise+Ruthven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Seddon2013" class="citation book cs1">David Seddon (11 Jan 2013). <i>Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East</i>. Karbala (Kerbala): Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135355616" title="Special:BookSources/9781135355616"><bdi>9781135355616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Karbala+%28Kerbala%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=9781135355616&rft.au=David+Seddon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zondervan-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zondervan_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zondervan_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_AzumahDr._Kwame_Bediako_(Foreword)2009" class="citation book cs1">John Azumah; Dr. Kwame Bediako (Foreword) (26 May 2009). <i>My Neighbour's Faith: Islam Explained for African Christians</i>. Main Divisions and Movements Within Islam: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310574620" title="Special:BookSources/9780310574620"><bdi>9780310574620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Neighbour%27s+Faith%3A+Islam+Explained+for+African+Christians&rft.place=Main+Divisions+and+Movements+Within+Islam&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft.isbn=9780310574620&rft.au=John+Azumah&rft.au=Dr.+Kwame+Bediako+%28Foreword%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Grieve2006" class="citation book cs1">Paul Grieve (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212"><i>A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics: The Complete Introduction</i></a></span>. Carroll and Graf Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212">212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786718047" title="Special:BookSources/9780786718047"><bdi>9780786718047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Islam%3A+History%2C+Faith+and+Politics%3A+The+Complete+Introduction&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Carroll+and+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780786718047&rft.au=Paul+Grieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefguidetoisla00grie%2Fpage%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Grieve2006" class="citation book cs1">Paul Grieve (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212"><i>A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics : the Complete Introduction</i></a></span>. Carroll and Graf Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefguidetoisla00grie/page/212">212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786718047" title="Special:BookSources/9780786718047"><bdi>9780786718047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Islam%3A+History%2C+Faith+and+Politics+%3A+the+Complete+Introduction&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Carroll+and+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780786718047&rft.au=Paul+Grieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefguidetoisla00grie%2Fpage%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/iran/map2.html">"Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam"</a>. <i>PBS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Interactive+Maps%3A+Sunni+%26+Shia%3A+The+Worlds+of+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fwideangle%2Fshows%2Firan%2Fmap2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kamil01-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamil01_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamil01_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qummi2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). <i>Kāmil al-Ziyārāt</i>. Translated by Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81mil+al-Ziy%C4%81r%C4%81t&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=Shiabooks.ca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=al-Qummi&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far+ibn+Q%C5%ABlawayh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir – History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid ibn Muawiyah, translated by I.K.A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seyyed-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatab2011" class="citation book cs1">Khatab, Sayed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBYnDAAAQBAJ&q=1802+fall+of+karbala&pg=PA74"><i>Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-499-6"><bdi>978-977-416-499-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Islamic+Fundamentalism%3A+The+Theological+and+Ideological+Basis+of+Al-Qa%27ida%27s+Political+Tactics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-977-416-499-6&rft.aulast=Khatab&rft.aufirst=Sayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBYnDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1802%2Bfall%2Bof%2Bkarbala%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Cole, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C">Sacred Space and Holy War</a></i>, IB Tauris, 2007 p. 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writers" class="citation web cs1">Staff writers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040317191304/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/loc/sa/saud_wahhabi.htm">"The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam, 1500–1818"</a>. <i>www.au.af.mil</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/loc/sa/saud_wahhabi.htm">the original</a> on March 17, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.au.af.mil&rft.atitle=The+Saud+Family+and+Wahhabi+Islam%2C+1500%E2%80%931818&rft.au=Staff+writers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Floc%2Fsa%2Fsaud_wahhabi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C., ed. (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world</i> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2"><bdi>0-02-865603-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52178942">52178942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52178942&rft.isbn=0-02-865603-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Litvak, Meir (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karbala">"KARBALA"</a>. <i>Iranica Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KARBALA&rft.btitle=Iranica+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexei-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexei_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassiliev2013" class="citation book cs1">Vassiliev, Alexei (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lEIhBQAAQBAJ&q=Wahhabi+sack+of+Karbala&pg=PT81"><i>The History of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Saqi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-779-7"><bdi>978-0-86356-779-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Saqi&rft.date=2013-09&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-779-7&rft.aulast=Vassiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlEIhBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DWahhabi%2Bsack%2Bof%2BKarbala%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Juan R.I. and Moojan Momen. 1986. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unesco+names+World+Heritage+sites&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6248244.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|26|160|b=y-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qref|26|160|b=y_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/26?startingVerse=160">26:160</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler2002-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2002_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC&q=%2225+prophets+mentioned+by+name%22&pg=PA8"><i>Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis</i></a>. Comparative Islamic studies. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 1–393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4957-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-4957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Quran%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Quran+and+Muslim+exegesis&rft.series=Comparative+Islamic+studies&rft.pages=1-393&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4957-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Brannon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIDZIep-GIQC%26q%3D%252225%2Bprophets%2Bmentioned%2Bby%2Bname%2522%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAH-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAH_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAH_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Islam</i>, volume 1, by Professor Masudul Hasan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific edition of the work in which the material appears (September 2021)">edition needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|21|51|b=y}-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qref|21|51|b=y}_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|21|51|b=y}_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=51">21:51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit,_AMR-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brit,_AMR_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen,_Thorkild2023" class="citation web cs1">Jacobsen, Thorkild (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mesopotamian-religion">"Mesopotamian religion"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+religion&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Thorkild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMesopotamian-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|11|44|b=y-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qref|11|44|b=y_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/11?startingVerse=44">11:44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|23|23|b=y-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qref|23|23|b=y_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=23">23:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis1984-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis1984_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. P. Lewis, <i>Noah and the Flood: In Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Tradition</i>, The Biblical Archaeologist, December 1984, p.237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|2|102|b=y-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qref|2|102|b=y_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=102">2:102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JE_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Jastrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Jastrow">Morris Jastrow</a>, Ira Maurice Price, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Jastrow" title="Marcus Jastrow">Marcus Jastrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Black_MacDonald" title="Duncan Black MacDonald">Duncan B. MacDonald</a>; "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2279-babel-tower-of">Babel, Tower of</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>; Funk & Wagnalls, 1906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Qummi2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). <i>Kāmil al-Ziyārāt</i>. Translated by Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 534.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81mil+al-Ziy%C4%81r%C4%81t&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Shiabooks.ca+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=al-Qummi&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far+ibn+Q%C5%ABlawayh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amali by <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a>, vol. 1 pg. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mustadrakul Wasail, vol. 10, pg 339-40 tradition 2; Jadid Makarimul Akhlaq pg.189; Beharul Anwaar vol. 101, tradition 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/art-and-culture/2013/04/04/Iraq-s-holy-cities-enjoy-boom-in-religious-tourism.html">"Iraq's holy cities enjoy boom in religious tourism"</a>. Al Arabiya. 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+holy+cities+enjoy+boom+in+religious+tourism&rft.pub=Al+Arabiya&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Flife-style%2Fart-and-culture%2F2013%2F04%2F04%2FIraq-s-holy-cities-enjoy-boom-in-religious-tourism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Shirazi-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shirazi_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alshirazi.net/karbala/torath/04.htm">منارة موجدة «مَعلَمٌ حددت وظيفته تسميته»</a>. <i>Al-Shirazi</i>. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holy_Karbala-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holy_Karbala_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holykarbala.net/v2/index.php/ar/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9-3/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1/258-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9">الآثار منارة موجدة</a>. <i>Holy Karbala</i>. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A8307ae11-21a4-4a2e-95b0-cb76d59212fb/datastreams/ATTACHMENT03">(Re-)defining Some Genre-Specific Words: Evidence from some English Texts about Ashura</a>, Muhammad-Reza Fakhr-Rohani, University of Qom, Iran</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A citation from Fruzzetti, "Muslim Rituals," for this use of Karbala is as follows: "The Muslims then proceed to 'Karbala' to bury the flowers which were used to decorate the tazziyas, the tazziyas themselves being kept for the next year's celebration." (pp. 108–109).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-AbouseifVernoit2006" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris; Vernoit, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4q58Af5zAoC&q=taziya+in+India&pg=PA413"><i>Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, And Eclecticism</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004144420" title="Special:BookSources/9004144420"><bdi>9004144420</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+in+the+19th+Century%3A+Tradition%2C+Innovation%2C+And+Eclecticism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9004144420&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft.au=Vernoit%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4q58Af5zAoC%26q%3Dtaziya%2Bin%2BIndia%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075548/http://en.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/about-us-uni">"Karbala University: A General View"</a>. <i>University of Karbala</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/about-us-uni">the original</a> on 2017-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Karbala&rft.atitle=Karbala+University%3A+A+General+View&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.uokerbala.edu.iq%2Findex.php%2Fabout-us-uni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abu.edu.iq/en">"Ahl Al Bayt University Website"</a>. <i>Ahl Al Bayt University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahl+Al+Bayt+University&rft.atitle=Ahl+Al+Bayt+University+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabu.edu.iq%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Tekmaji2017" class="citation web cs1">Ali Tekmaji (September 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://im.imamhussain.org/english/reports/7306">"Karbala opens new advanced academic university"</a>. Imam Hussein Holy Shrine (International Media)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karbala+opens+new+advanced+academic+university&rft.pub=Imam+Hussein+Holy+Shrine+%28International+Media%29&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.au=Ali+Tekmaji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fim.imamhussain.org%2Fenglish%2Freports%2F7306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak1998" class="citation book cs1">Litvak, Meir (1998). <i>Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth Century: The Ulama of Najaf and Karbala</i>. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62356-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62356-1"><bdi>0-521-62356-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27i+Scholars+of+Nineteenth+Century%3A+The+Ulama+of+Najaf+and+Karbala&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=51-141&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-62356-1&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frbiu_03-2017-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frbiu_03-2017_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frbiu.com/articles/500-million-airport-scandal-exposes-industrial-scale-corruption-in-holy-karbala">"$500 Million Airport Scandal Exposes Industrial Scale Corruption in Holy Karbala"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)">Foreign Relations Bureau – Iraq</a>. 2017-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%24500+Million+Airport+Scandal+Exposes+Industrial+Scale+Corruption+in+Holy+Karbala&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frbiu.com%2Farticles%2F500-million-airport-scandal-exposes-industrial-scale-corruption-in-holy-karbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAPA-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAPA_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/karbala-northeast-imam-hussein-airport">"Karbala Northeast (Imam Hussein) Airport"</a>. CAPA Centre for Aviation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karbala+Northeast+%28Imam+Hussein%29+Airport&rft.pub=CAPA+Centre+for+Aviation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentreforaviation.com%2Fdata%2Fprofiles%2Fnewairports%2Fkarbala-northeast-imam-hussein-airport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEED_2018-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEED_2018_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=559WAAAAYAAJ&q=karbala+international+airport"><i>MEED</i></a>. Vol. 42. <a href="/wiki/MEED" title="MEED">Economic East Economic Digest</a>. 2018. pp. 38–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MEED.&rft.pages=38-48&rft.pub=Economic+East+Economic+Digest&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D559WAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkarbala%2Binternational%2Bairport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-technology.com/news/iraqi-government-opens-two-rail-project-tenders/">"Iraqi government opens two rail project tenders"</a>. Railway Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+government+opens+two+rail+project+tenders&rft.pub=Railway+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technology.com%2Fnews%2Firaqi-government-opens-two-rail-project-tenders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shiawaves.com/english/news/101296-work-on-high-speed-train-project-linking-holy-karbala-to-holy-najaf-to-begin-soon-ministry-says/">"Work on high-speed train project linking Holy Karbala to Holy Najaf to begin soon, ministry says"</a>. ShiaWaves.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Work+on+high-speed+train+project+linking+Holy+Karbala+to+Holy+Najaf+to+begin+soon%2C+ministry+says&rft.pub=ShiaWaves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshiawaves.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F101296-work-on-high-speed-train-project-linking-holy-karbala-to-holy-najaf-to-begin-soon-ministry-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mashhad-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mashhad_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mashhad.ir/portal_content/782528-Town-Twinning.html">"Town Twinning"</a>. <i>mashhad.ir</i>. Mashhad<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mashhad.ir&rft.atitle=Town+Twinning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.mashhad.ir%2Fportal_content%2F782528-Town-Twinning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranparadise.com/tomb-of-kamal-ol-molk/">"Tomb of Kamal-ol-Molk"</a>. Iranparadise.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomb+of+Kamal-ol-Molk&rft.pub=Iranparadise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanparadise.com%2Ftomb-of-kamal-ol-molk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toiran.com/en/city-qom">"Qom"</a>. <i>toiran.com</i>. Toiran.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=toiran.com&rft.atitle=Qom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toiran.com%2Fen%2Fcity-qom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tabriz.ir/News/281/Tabriz-and-Shanghai-agree-to-be-sister-cities-.html">"Tabriz and Shanghai agree to be sister cities"</a>. <i>tabriz.ir</i>. Tabriz. 2019-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tabriz.ir&rft.atitle=Tabriz+and+Shanghai+agree+to+be+sister+cities&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tabriz.ir%2FNews%2F281%2FTabriz-and-Shanghai-agree-to-be-sister-cities-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_in_the_19th_century">Published in the 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Published in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_de_Sivry1859" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Louis de Sivry, ed. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRsAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA859">"Karbala"</a>. <i>Dictionnaire geographique, historique, descriptif, acheologique des pèlerinages anciens et modernes</i> (in French). Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+geographique%2C+historique%2C+descriptif%2C+acheologique+des+p%C3%A8lerinages+anciens+et+modernes&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjRsAAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_in_the_20th_century">Published in the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Published in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Punnett_Peters" title="John Punnett Peters">Peters, John Punnett</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kerbela"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kerbela">"Kerbela" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 753–754.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kerbela&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=753-754&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=John+Punnett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_in_the_21st_century">Published in the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Published in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Edmund_Bosworth2007" class="citation book cs1">C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Karbala". <i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Koninklijke Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R.T._DumperBruce_E._Stanley2008" class="citation cs2">Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Karbala", <i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa</i>, Santa Barbara, USA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+USA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarbala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbala&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130108100039/http://indianmuslims.in/karbala-a-lesson-for-mankind/">Karbala – A Lesson for Mankind</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smsblaze.com/category/karbala-sms/">Karbala Quotes and Sayings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minhaj-al-nubuwwah.cf/karbala.html">Karbala and Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twelvershia.net/2016/01/29/karbala-the-facts-and-the-fairytales/">Karbala – The Facts and the Fairy-tales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/articles/karbala-the-chain-of-events-ramzan-sabir">Karbala, the Chain of Events</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Iraq_and_their_capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and their capitals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar_Governorate" title="Al Anbar Governorate">Anbar Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anah_District" title="Anah District">Anah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anah" title="Anah">Anah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_District" title="Fallujah District">Fallujah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haditha_District" title="Haditha District">Haditha District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haditha" title="Haditha">Haditha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit_District" title="Hit District">Hit District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hit,_Iraq" title="Hit, Iraq">Hit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_District" title="Al-Qa'im District">al-Qa'im District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(town)" title="Al-Qa'im (town)">Al-Qa'im</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadi_District" title="Ramadi District">Ramadi District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawah_District" title="Rawah District">Rawah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rawa,_Iraq" title="Rawa, Iraq">Rawah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rutba_District" title="Ar-Rutba District">ar-Rutba District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ar-Rutbah" title="Ar-Rutbah">Ar-Rutbah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="19" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iraq"><img alt="Flag of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/75px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/100px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Iraq</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Babil_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil Governorate">Babil Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashimiya_District" title="Hashimiya District">Hashimiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Hashimiyah,_Iraq" title="Al Hashimiyah, Iraq">Al Hashimiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hilla_District" title="Al-Hilla District">Al-Hilla District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahawil_District" title="Al-Mahawil District">al-Mahawil District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Mahawil" title="Al-Mahawil">Al-Mahawil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayab_District" title="Al-Musayab District">al-Musayab District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musayyib" title="Musayyib">Musayyib</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_District" title="Abu Ghraib District">Abu Ghraib District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Istiqlal_District" title="Al-Istiqlal District">al-Istiqlal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in_District" title="Al-Mada'in District">al-Mada'in District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudiya_District" title="Mahmudiya District">Mahmudiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mahmoudiyah,_Iraq" title="Mahmoudiyah, Iraq">Mahmudiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taji_District" title="Taji District">Taji District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tarmia_District" title="Al-Tarmia District">al-Tarmia District</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Administrative_districts_in_Baghdad" title="Administrative districts in Baghdad">Baghdad</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Baghdad" title="New Baghdad">New Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhamiyah" title="Adhamiyah">Adhamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrada" title="Karrada">Karrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkh" title="Karkh">Karkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_district" title="Mansour district">Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid,_Baghdad" title="Al-Rashid, Baghdad">Al Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rusafa,_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">Rusafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_City" title="Sadr City">Sadr City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb_District" title="Abu Al-Khaseeb District">Abu Al-Khaseeb District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Al-Khaseeb" title="Abu Al-Khaseeb">Abu Al-Khaseeb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basrah_District" title="Basrah District">Basrah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_District,_Basra_Governorate" title="Al-Faw District, Basra Governorate">al-Faw District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Faw" title="Al-Faw">al-Faw</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Midaina_District" title="Al-Midaina District">al-Midaina District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Midaina" title="Al-Midaina">Al-Midaina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurna_District" title="Al-Qurna District">al-Qurna District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Qurnah" title="Al-Qurnah">Al-Qurnah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_Al-Arab_District" title="Shatt Al-Arab District">Shatt Al-Arab District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zubair_District" title="Al-Zubair District">al-Zubair District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Az_Zubayr" title="Az Zubayr">Al-Zubair</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate">Dhi Qar Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Chibayish_District" title="Al-Chibayish District">al-Chibayish District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Chibayish" title="Al-Chibayish">Al-Chibayish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah_District" title="Nasiriyah District">Nasiriyah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rifa%27i_District" title="Al-Rifa'i District">al-Rifa'i District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Rifa%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Rifa'i (page does not exist)">Al-Rifa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shatrah_District" title="Al-Shatrah District">al-Shatrah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Shatrah" title="Al-Shatrah">Al-Shatrah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suq_al-Shuyukh_District" title="Suq al-Shuyukh District">Suq al-Shuyukh District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suq_Al-Shoyokh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suq Al-Shoyokh (page does not exist)">Suq Al-Shoyokh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diyala_Governorate" title="Diyala Governorate">Diyala Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balad_Ruz_District" title="Balad Ruz District">Balad Ruz District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balad_Ruz" title="Balad Ruz">Balad Ruz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27quba_District" title="Ba'quba District">Ba'quba District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baqubah" title="Baqubah">Baqubah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khalis_District" title="Al Khalis District">al Khalis District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Khalis" title="Al Khalis">Al Khalis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanaqin_District" title="Khanaqin District">Khanaqin District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kifri_District,_Diyala_Governorate" title="Kifri District, Diyala Governorate">Kifri District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Miqdadiya_District" title="Al-Miqdadiya District">al-Miqdadiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miqdadiyah" title="Miqdadiyah">Al-Miqdadiya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akre_District" title="Akre District">Akre District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Akre" title="Akre">Akre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya District">Amadiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya">Amadiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhok_District" title="Duhok District">Duhok District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Duhok</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_District" title="Simele District">Simele District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simele" title="Simele">Simele</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakho_District" title="Zakho District">Zakho District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choman_District" title="Choman District">Choman District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Choman,_Iraq" title="Choman, Iraq">Choman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_District" title="Erbil District">Erbil District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sinjaq_District" title="Koy Sinjaq District">Koy Sinjaq District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq" title="Koy Sanjaq">Koy Sanjaq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhmur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhmur District">Makhmur District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makhmur,_Iraq" title="Makhmur, Iraq">Makhmur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergasor_District" title="Mergasor District">Mergasor District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mergasor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mergasor (page does not exist)">Mergasor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa_District" title="Shaqlawa District">Shaqlawa District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_District" title="Soran District">Soran District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soran,_Iraq" title="Soran, Iraq">Soran</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byara_District" title="Byara District">Byara District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Byara" title="Byara">Byara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurmal_District" title="Khurmal District">Khurmal District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khurmal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khurmal (page does not exist)">Khurmal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirwan_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirwan District (page does not exist)">Sirwan District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sirwan,_Iraq" title="Sirwan, Iraq">Sirwan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karbala_Governorate" title="Karbala Governorate">Karbala Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hindiya_District" title="Al-Hindiya District">al-Hindiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hindiya" title="Al-Hindiya">Al-Hindiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerbala_District" title="Kerbala District">Kerbala District</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karbala</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Al-Tamur_District" title="Ain Al-Tamur District">Ain Al-Tamur District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Tamr" title="Ayn al-Tamr">Ayn al-Tamr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daquq_District" title="Daquq District">Daquq District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daquq" title="Daquq">Daquq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibis_District" title="Dibis District">Dibis District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibis,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibis, Iraq (page does not exist)">Dibis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawija_District" title="Hawija District">Hawija District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawija" title="Hawija">Hawija</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_District" title="Kirkuk District">Kirkuk District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate">Maysan Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Al-Gharbi_District" title="Ali Al-Gharbi District">Ali Al-Gharbi District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Al-Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Al-Gharbi (page does not exist)">Ali Al-Gharbi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_District" title="Amara District">Amara District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kahla_District" title="Al-Kahla District">al-Kahla District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Kahla" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kahla">Al-Kahla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maimouna_District" title="Al-Maimouna District">al-Maimouna District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maimouna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maimouna (page does not exist)">Al-Maimouna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mejar Al-Kabi District">al-Mejar Al-Kabi District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mejar_Al-Kabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mejar Al-Kabi (page does not exist)">Al-Mejar Al-Kabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh_District" title="Qal'at Saleh District">Qal'at Saleh District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh" title="Qal'at Saleh">Qal'at Saleh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Muthanna Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khidhir_District" title="Al-Khidhir District">al-Khidhir District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Khidhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khidhir (page does not exist)">Al-Khidhir</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rumaitha_District" title="Al-Rumaitha District">al-Rumaitha District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Rumaitha" title="Al-Rumaitha">Al-Rumaitha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salman_District" title="Al-Salman District">al-Salman District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Salman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Salman (page does not exist)">Al-Salman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Samawa District">al-Samawa District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Governorate" title="Najaf Governorate">Najaf Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kufa_District" title="Kufa District">Kufa District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Manathera_District" title="Al-Manathera District">al-Manathera District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Manathera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Manathera (page does not exist)">Al-Manathera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Meshkhab_District" title="Al-Meshkhab District">al-Meshkhab District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Meshkhab" title="Al-Meshkhab">Al-Meshkhab</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_District" title="Najaf District">Najaf District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj_District" title="Al-Ba'aj District">al-Ba'aj District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27aj" title="Al-Ba'aj">Al-Ba'aj</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamdaniya_District" title="Al-Hamdaniya District">al-Hamdaniya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra_District" title="Hatra District">Hatra District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hadar" title="Al-Hadar">Al-Hadar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_District" title="Mosul District">Mosul District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhan_District" title="Shekhan District">Shekhan District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ain_Sifni" title="Ain Sifni">Ain Sifni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_District" title="Sinjar District">Sinjar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Afar_District" title="Tel Afar District">Tel Afar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Kaif_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Kaif District">Tel Kaif District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_Governorate" title="Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate">al-Qādisiyyah Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afak_District" title="Afak District">Afak District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afak" title="Afak">Afak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwaniya_District" title="Diwaniya District">Diwaniya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Diwaniyah" title="Al Diwaniyah">Al Diwaniyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_District" title="Hamza District">Hamza District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamza,_Iraq" title="Hamza, Iraq">Hamza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shamiya_District" title="Al-Shamiya District">al-Shamiya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Shamiya_(Iraq)" title="Al-Shamiya (Iraq)">Al-Shamiya </a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiji_District" title="Baiji District">Baiji District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baiji_(city)" title="Baiji (city)">Baiji</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_District,_Iraq" title="Balad District, Iraq">Balad District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balad,_Iraq" title="Balad, Iraq">Balad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Daur_District" title="Al-Daur District">al-Daur District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ad-Dawr" title="Ad-Dawr">Ad-Dawr</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dujail_District" title="Dujail District">Dujail District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dujail" title="Dujail">Dujail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_District" title="Samarra District">Samarra District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shirqat_District" title="Al-Shirqat District">al-Shirqat District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Shirqat" title="Al-Shirqat">Al-Shirqat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikrit_District" title="Tikrit District">Tikrit District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooz_District" title="Tooz District">Tooz District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuz_Khurmatu" title="Tuz Khurmatu">Tuz Khurmatu</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamchamal_District" title="Chamchamal District">Chamchamal District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chamchamal" title="Chamchamal">Chamchamal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbandikhan_District" title="Darbandikhan District">Darbandikhan District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darbandikhan" title="Darbandikhan">Darbandikhan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokan_District" title="Dokan District">Dokan District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dokan,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dokan, Iraq (page does not exist)">Dokan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalar_District" title="Kalar District">Kalar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalar,_Iraq" title="Kalar, Iraq">Kalar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kifri_District,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Kifri District, Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Kifri District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawat_District" title="Mawat District">Mawat District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mawat,_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawat, Kurdistan">Mawat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjwen_District" title="Penjwen District">Penjwen District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjwen (page does not exist)">Penjwen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshdar_District" title="Pshdar District">Pshdar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qaladiza" title="Qaladiza">Qaladiza</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaradagh_District" title="Qaradagh District">Qaradagh District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qaradagh,_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaradagh, Kurdistan (page does not exist)">Qaradagh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranya_District" title="Ranya District">Ranya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranya" title="Ranya">Ranya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidsadiq_District" title="Saidsadiq District">Saidsadiq District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Said_Sadiq" title="Said Sadiq">Said Sadiq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharazoor_District" title="Sharazoor District">Sharazoor District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarayan (page does not exist)">Zarayan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharbazher_District" title="Sharbazher District">Sharbazher District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharbazher" title="Sharbazher">Sharbazher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_District" title="Sulaymaniyah District">Sulaymaniyah District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wasit_Governorate" title="Wasit Governorate">Wasit Governorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aziziyah District (page does not exist)">Al-Aziziyah District</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah,_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aziziyah, Iraq (page does not exist)">Al-Aziziyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badra_District" title="Badra District">Badra District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Badra,_Iraq" title="Badra, Iraq">Badra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hai_District" title="Al-Hai District">al-Hai District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hay" title="Al-Hay">Al-Hay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kut_District" title="Kut District">Kut District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27maniya_District" title="Al-Nu'maniya District">al-Nu'maniya District</a> (<a href="/wiki/An_Numaniyah" title="An Numaniyah">Al-Nu'maniya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwaira_District" title="Al-Suwaira District">al-Suwaira District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Suwaira" title="Al-Suwaira">Al-Suwaira</a>)</li></ul> 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157167729">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm9ctVmtPT64cjJXPXDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4206813-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85093311">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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