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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名詞起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名詞起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名詞起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名詞起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>特徵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-按生物地理分佈區列出的世界各地的天空島" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#按生物地理分佈區列出的世界各地的天空島"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>按生物地理分佈區列出的世界各地的天空島</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-按生物地理分佈區列出的世界各地的天空島-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关按生物地理分佈區列出的世界各地的天空島子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-按生物地理分佈區列出的世界各地的天空島-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-埃塞俄比亞界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#埃塞俄比亞界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>埃塞俄比亞界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-埃塞俄比亞界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-澳新界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#澳新界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>澳新界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-澳新界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-東洋界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#東洋界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>東洋界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-東洋界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新北界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新北界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>新北界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新北界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新熱帶界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新熱帶界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>新熱帶界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新熱帶界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古北界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古北界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>古北界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古北界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">天空島</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。16种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="جزر السماء – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر السماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_del_cel" title="Illes del cel – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes del cel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Island" title="Sky Island – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sky Island" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_island" title="Sky island – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sky island" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ielinsulo" title="Ĉielinsulo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉielinsulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_serranas" title="Islas serranas – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas serranas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_island" title="Sky island – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sky island" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אי שמיים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אי שמיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_island" title="Sky island – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sky island" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="スカイ・アイランド – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スカイ・アイランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_island" title="Sky island – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sky island" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_do_c%C3%A9u" title="Ilha do céu – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha do céu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_island" title="Sky island – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sky island" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0)" title="Небесный остров (форма рельефа) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Небесный остров (форма рельефа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மேகத் தீவுகள் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேகத் தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Небесний острів – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Небесний острів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1584931#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2" title="地形">地形</a>。关于台灣歌手<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E7%A6%8F%E5%A6%82" title="鄧福如">鄧福如</a>的同名專輯，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6_(%E5%B0%88%E8%BC%AF)" title="天空島 (專輯)">天空島 (專輯)</a></b>」。关于<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a>的島嶼，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%87%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="斯凯岛">斯凯岛</a></b>」。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SkyIslands_from_SantaCatalinaMtns.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SkyIslands_from_SantaCatalinaMtns.JPG/220px-SkyIslands_from_SantaCatalinaMtns.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SkyIslands_from_SantaCatalinaMtns.JPG/330px-SkyIslands_from_SantaCatalinaMtns.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SkyIslands_from_SantaCatalinaMtns.JPG/440px-SkyIslands_from_SantaCatalinaMtns.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>從<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E7%90%B3%E5%A8%9C%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖卡塔琳娜山脈（页面不存在）">聖卡塔琳娜山脈</a>看向<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E9%BA%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖麗塔山脈（页面不存在）">聖麗塔山脈</a>，後者是亞利桑那州南部著名的天空島之一</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiricahua_mtns-kmf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chiricahua_mtns-kmf.JPG/220px-Chiricahua_mtns-kmf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chiricahua_mtns-kmf.JPG/330px-Chiricahua_mtns-kmf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chiricahua_mtns-kmf.JPG/440px-Chiricahua_mtns-kmf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>9,000英尺高的奇里卡華山</figcaption></figure> <p><b>天空島</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Sky island</span>）指受到地理環境所分隔的高海拔棲地，棲息在天空島上的物種在長期地理隔離之下，不同天空島的族群可能逐漸產生基因上的分歧。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%89%E7%A8%AE" title="特有種">特有種</a>、垂直遷移和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%91%E9%81%97" title="孑遗">殘留種</a>都可以在天空島發現。 </mark></p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物地理學">生物地理學</a>關心天空島上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="物種多樣性">物種多樣性</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a>注意天空島上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a>。天空島形成的重要因素之一是與其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="山脈">山脈</a>的絕對距離，因為距離太遠故而形成了獨立的生物棲息地。 </p><p>一些天空島還是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="殘遺種保護區" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Refugium (population biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AE%98%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%AE%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="殘遺種保護區（页面不存在）">殘遺種保護區</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Refugium (population biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Refugium (population biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span>，生活著<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%B2%B3%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="冰河時期">冰河時期</a>的孑遺。在一些情況下，當地物種會<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成">形成新的物種</a>，類似<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="加拉帕戈斯群島">加拉帕戈斯群島</a>上發生的那樣。<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名詞起源"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E8.A9.9E.E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>名詞起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名詞起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>這個名詞是由韋爾登·希爾德（Weldon Heald）推廣的，他居住在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%91%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" title="亞利桑那州">亞利桑那州</a>東南部<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在他1967年出版的《天空島》（Sky Island）一書中，描述了一次從<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="新墨西哥州">新墨西哥州</a>羅迪奧（位於西奇瓦瓦沙漠）駕車去攀登<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%A1%E8%8F%AF%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇里卡華山（页面不存在）">奇里卡華山</a>的經歷，全程35公里（22英里）最後抵達海拔 5,600米（18,400英尺）處。周圍環境從一開始的沙漠變為草地，然後是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%BE%E6%A9%A1%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="松橡林（页面不存在）">松橡林</a>、松林，最終抵達<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E6%9D%89" title="雲杉">雲杉</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%9D%89" class="mw-redirect" title="冷杉">冷杉</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%A8" title="山杨">山楊</a>林。書中提到了<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4%E7%B3%BB" title="生物群系">生物群系</a>，但更常用的名詞是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生命帶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Life zone"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%B8%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命帶（页面不存在）">生命帶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_zone" class="extiw" title="en:Life zone"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Life zone</span></a></span>）</span></span>，并引用了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E5%8E%84%E5%A7%86" title="克林顿·哈特·梅里厄姆">克林頓·哈特·梅里厄姆</a>的工作。書中也描述了奇里卡華的野生動物與生活條件。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>與此同時，類似的觀點被科學家們提出了，並被一些著名作家例如戴维·夸曼<sup id="cite_ref-Quammen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quammen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·麥克菲（页面不存在）">約翰·麥克菲</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>引用。這個概念適於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="岛屿生物地理学">岛屿生物地理学</a>的研究範疇，而且不僅僅限於北美洲西南部的山脈，而是普適於全世界的山脈、高地和丘陵。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在更早的1943年，奈特·N·道奇在亞利桑那州公路雜誌（Arizona Highways magazine）上也提到了這一概念：亞利桑那州東南部的奇里卡華山像是“沙海中的山島”。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特徵"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>特徵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：特徵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalina_Mountains_elev7000.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Catalina_Mountains_elev7000.JPG/220px-Catalina_Mountains_elev7000.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Catalina_Mountains_elev7000.JPG/330px-Catalina_Mountains_elev7000.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Catalina_Mountains_elev7000.JPG/440px-Catalina_Mountains_elev7000.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>聖卡塔琳娜山脈上7,000英尺處，前景是雪與松林，而山腳卻是沙漠</figcaption></figure> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">雖然是一個普適概念，但是最著名的一些天空島還是位於北美洲的，美國北部地區有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疯狂山脉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crazy Mountains"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%8B%E7%8B%82%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="瘋狂山脈">疯狂山脉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Mountains" class="extiw" title="en:Crazy Mountains"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crazy Mountains</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="城堡山脈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Castle Mountains (Montana)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="城堡山脈（页面不存在）">城堡山脈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Mountains_(Montana)" class="extiw" title="en:Castle Mountains (Montana)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Castle Mountains (Montana)</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熊掌山脈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bears Paw Mountains"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%8A%E6%8E%8C%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熊掌山脈（页面不存在）">熊掌山脈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bears_Paw_Mountains" class="extiw" title="en:Bears Paw Mountains"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bears Paw Mountains</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高木山脉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Highwood Mountains"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%A8%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高木山脉（页面不存在）">高木山脉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwood_Mountains" class="extiw" title="en:Highwood Mountains"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Highwood Mountains</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小洛磯山脈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Little Rocky Mountains"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E6%B4%9B%E7%A3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小洛磯山脈（页面不存在）">小洛磯山脈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rocky_Mountains" class="extiw" title="en:Little Rocky Mountains"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Little Rocky Mountains</span></a></span>）</span></span>，全部位於蒙大拿州境內。它們在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%9C%A8%E7%B7%9A" title="林木線">林木線</a>之上都有<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="苔原">苔原</a>和積雪場，但是卻不和其他有森林的山脈相連，而其山腳則都是稀樹的草原和半乾旱灌木叢林地。其他著名的北美天空島有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加利福尼亞州">加利福尼亞州</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="白山 (加利福尼亞州)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="White Mountains (California)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1_(%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白山 (加利福尼亞州)（页面不存在）">白山</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountains_(California)" class="extiw" title="en:White Mountains (California)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">White Mountains (California)</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%8F%AF%E9%81%94%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="內華達州">內華達州</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%AD%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="拉斯維加斯">拉斯維加斯</a>附近的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="春山 (山脈)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spring Mountains"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%A5%E5%B1%B1_(%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="春山 (山脈)（页面不存在）">春山</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Mountains" class="extiw" title="en:Spring Mountains"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spring Mountains</span></a></span>）</span></span>。美國<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E7%A3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="洛磯山脈">洛磯山脈</a>中部和北部的天空島一般叫做艾蘭山脈（island range）。</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><p>位於美國<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="新墨西哥州">新墨西哥州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%91%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" title="亞利桑那州">亞利桑那州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E8%AB%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%9E" title="索諾拉州">索諾拉州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%93%A6%E7%93%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="奇瓦瓦州">奇瓦瓦州</a>的邁迪仁天空群島與<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="西馬德雷山脈">西馬德雷山脈</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="科羅拉多高原">科羅拉多高原</a>相連<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%A2%A8%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="美墨邊境">美墨邊境</a>上的植物親緣關係因此也更加複雜，高緯度的植物更具北方特色，而山腳下相反。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一些山區的物種，例如莱尔山鼩（一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%A9%E9%BC%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="鼩鼱">鼩鼱</a>），逐漸變得適應當地環境了。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但是另外一些卻在逐漸消失，也許是因為太小、太孤立的緣故。<sup id="cite_ref-Quammen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quammen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此外，一些物種，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E7%86%8A" title="灰熊">灰熊</a>，需要大面積領地因而不適於這些狹小地區。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在這些高地與低地之間生活的一些動物會進行季節性遷徙，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="大盆地">大盆地</a>的山鹑（一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%B5%AA%E9%B6%89" class="mw-redirect" title="鵪鶉">鵪鶉</a>），這些鳥類在山上無雪時生活在高海拔，冬季則向“下”遷徙。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="按生物地理分佈區列出的世界各地的天空島"><span id=".E6.8C.89.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86.E5.88.86.E4.BD.88.E5.8D.80.E5.88.97.E5.87.BA.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.90.84.E5.9C.B0.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.A9.E7.A9.BA.E5.B3.B6"></span>按<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%8C%BA" title="生物地理分布区">生物地理分佈區</a>列出的世界各地的天空島</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：按生物地理分佈區列出的世界各地的天空島"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="埃塞俄比亞界"><span id=".E5.9F.83.E5.A1.9E.E4.BF.84.E6.AF.94.E4.BA.9E.E7.95.8C"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="埃塞俄比亚界">埃塞俄比亞界</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：埃塞俄比亞界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="马多山脉">馬多山脈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喀麥隆高地森林（页面不存在）">喀麥隆高地森林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="埃塞俄比亞高地">埃塞俄比亞高地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86#高海拔地區" title="南非地理">南非高地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9E%E5%8A%9B%E9%A6%AC%E6%89%8E%E7%BE%85%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="乞力馬扎羅山">乞力馬扎羅山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%96%87%E4%BD%90%E9%87%8C%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="鲁文佐里山脉">魯文佐里山脈</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="澳新界"><span id=".E6.BE.B3.E6.96.B0.E7.95.8C"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%96%B0%E7%95%8C" title="澳新界">澳新界</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：澳新界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%B3%B0" title="威廉峰">威廉峰</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="東洋界"><span id=".E6.9D.B1.E6.B4.8B.E7.95.8C"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B4%8B%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="東洋界">東洋界</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：東洋界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A6%E5%B3%B0" title="番西邦峰">番西邦峰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E5%B1%B1" title="玉山">玉山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%B4%E9%B2%81%E5%B1%B1" title="京那巴鲁山">京那巴魯山</a></li> <li>纳特马汤恩</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8E%9F" title="西原">西原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E8%BF%AA%E6%97%BA%E6%B2%99%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="蒂迪旺沙山脈">蒂迪旺沙山脈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AB%98%E6%AD%A2%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="西高止山脈">西高止山脈</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新北界"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E5.8C.97.E7.95.8C"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E7%95%8C" title="新北界">新北界</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：新北界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>馬德雷天空群島</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大盆地山地林（页面不存在）">大盆地山地林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E8%BE%BE%E6%B4%9B%E6%99%AE%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="瓜达洛普山脉">瓜達洛普山脈</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新熱帶界"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E7.86.B1.E5.B8.B6.E7.95.8C"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E7%95%8C" title="新热带界">新熱帶界</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：新熱帶界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="下加利福尼亞州">下加利福尼亞州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%81%94%E9%BB%8E%E5%8A%A0%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86#山脈" title="哥斯達黎加地理">中美洲科迪勒拉山系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%9B%BE" title="圭亚那地盾">圭亞那地盾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%B1%B1" title="馬爾山">馬爾山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="委內瑞拉海岸山脈">委內瑞拉海岸山脈</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古北界"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.8C.97.E7.95.8C"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8C%97%E7%95%8C" title="古北界">古北界</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：古北界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>亚尔山脉</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾泰山脈">阿爾泰山脈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="貝加爾山脈">貝加爾山脈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索">高加索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E8%B4%9D%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="提贝斯提高原">提貝斯提高原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%B1%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="天山山脈">天山山脈</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%B8%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍爾德里奇生命帶（页面不存在）">霍爾德里奇生命帶</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">王玉婷. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/38640580504159382596">《島嶼中的島嶼: 從粒線體DNA 探討台灣不同高山地區台灣高山田鼠 (Microtus kikuchii) 的遺傳結構》</a> (学位论文). <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8_(%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3)" title="東海大學 (台灣)">東海大學</a>. 2012年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E7%8E%89%E5%A9%B7&rft.date=2012&rft.inst=%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&rft.title=%E3%80%8A%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%3A+%E5%BE%9E%E7%B2%92%E7%B7%9A%E9%AB%94DNA+%E6%8E%A2%E8%A8%8E%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B0%E9%BC%A0+%28Microtus+kikuchii%29+%E7%9A%84%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandle.ncl.edu.tw%2F11296%2Fndltd%2F38640580504159382596&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411185222/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1106986.The_Chiricahua_Mountains">The Chiricahua Mountains: Formerly Sky Island</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-01-14</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1106986.The_Chiricahua_Mountains">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.btitle=The+Chiricahua+Mountains%3A+Formerly+Sky+Island&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F1106986.The_Chiricahua_Mountains&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Heald, Weldon. Sky Island. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. 1967: 114–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.aufirst=Weldon&rft.aulast=Heald&rft.btitle=Sky+Island&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=114-126&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quammen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quammen_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quammen_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Quammen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Quammen（页面不存在）">Quammen, David</a>. The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in An Age of Extinctions. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2004: 436–447. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-684-82712-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-684-82712-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-684-82712-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Quammen&rft.btitle=The+Song+of+the+Dodo%3A+Island+Biogeography+in+An+Age+of+Extinctions&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82712-4&rft.pages=436-447&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McPhee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McPhee（页面不存在）">McPhee, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basinrange00mcph">Basin and Range</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1981: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basinrange00mcph/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-374-10914-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-374-10914-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-374-10914-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.btitle=Basin+and+Range&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-374-10914-1&rft.pages=46&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasinrange00mcph&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Warshall, Peter. The Madrean Sky Island Archipelago: A Planetary Overview. Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago .The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. Fort Collins, CO: United States Forest Service. 19 September 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.atitle=The+Madrean+Sky+Island+Archipelago%3A+A+Planetary+Overview&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Warshall&rft.date=1994-09-19&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">mountain island in a desert sea</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Dodge, Natt. Monument in the Mountain. Arizona Highways (Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Highway Department). March 1943, <b>19</b> (3): 20–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.atitle=Monument+in+the+Mountain&rft.aufirst=Natt&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.date=1943-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Highways&rft.pages=20-28.&rft.volume=19&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B4" title="Category:引文格式1维护：日期与年">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbiol.com/content/7/9/32">Islands in the sky: the impact of Pleistocene climate cycles on biodiversity</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-01-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911232804/http://www.jbiol.com/content/7/9/32">存档</a>于2015-09-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.btitle=Islands+in+the+sky%3A+the+impact+of+Pleistocene+climate+cycles+on+biodiversity&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbiol.com%2Fcontent%2F7%2F9%2F32&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin1994" class="citation">McLaughlin, Steven P., An Overview of the Flora of the Sky Islands, Southeastern Arizona: Diversity, Affinities, and Insularity, Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago .The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico, Fort Collins, CO: United States Forest Service, 19 September 1994</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.aufirst=Steven+P.&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.btitle=An+Overview+of+the+Flora+of+the+Sky+Islands%2C+Southeastern+Arizona%3A+Diversity%2C+Affinities%2C+and+Insularity&rft.date=1994-09-19&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Fort+Collins%2C+CO&rft.pub=United+States+Forest+Service&rft.series=Biodiversity+and+Management+of+the+Madrean+Archipelago+.The+Sky+Islands+of+Southwestern+United+States+and+Northwestern+Mexico&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wilson, Don; Ruff, Sue. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1999: 26. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-56098-845-2" title="Special:网络书源/1-56098-845-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-56098-845-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.au=Ruff%2C+Sue&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.btitle=The+Smithsonian+Book+of+North+American+Mammals&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56098-845-2&rft.pages=26&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brown, David E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grizzlyinsouthw00brow">The Grizzly in the Southwest</a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1985: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grizzlyinsouthw00brow/page/77">77</a>–95, 136–159. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8061-1930-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-8061-1930-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8061-1930-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.btitle=The+Grizzly+in+the+Southwest&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8061-1930-6&rft.pages=77-95%2C+136-159&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrizzlyinsouthw00brow&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndow.org/hunt/seasons/upland/info/mq_fact_sheet.pdf">Mountain Quail fact sheet</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Nevada Department of Wildlife. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2011]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916172541/http://www.ndow.org/hunt/seasons/upland/info/mq_fact_sheet.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2012-09-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&rft.btitle=Mountain+Quail+fact+sheet&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nevada+Department+of+Wildlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndow.org%2Fhunt%2Fseasons%2Fupland%2Finfo%2Fmq_fact_sheet.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyislandalliance.org/">Sky Island Alliance主頁</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130105022824/http://www.skyislandalliance.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710140231/http://www.skyislands.us/">長距離徒步線路，天空島</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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