CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "philpapers.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8ebd44574f184a23',cH: 'g0eLj9KAM53_X0y9eGG.sUHW7E2ADC147SZHT_zE9lo-1733162955-1.2.1.1-_p.Y0lqTXLGXC70inOpXrEUNuACi2HgSHYe8BUJQgnKMMgGziuIqn5P79EwUmL82',cUPMDTk: "\/bbs\/thread.pl?tId=193&__cf_chl_tk=iEEGmBCbrO1YJWjxwAg6qwyfutEYte8.Qebad8jPb28-1733162955-1.0.1.1-bWYkLetkCndydg5By4nrs1MpMNENPDjb2RhXkXHjXQU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1733162955',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/bbs\/thread.pl?tId=193&__cf_chl_f_tk=iEEGmBCbrO1YJWjxwAg6qwyfutEYte8.Qebad8jPb28-1733162955-1.0.1.1-bWYkLetkCndydg5By4nrs1MpMNENPDjb2RhXkXHjXQU",md: "aW91iuus60RLkXytLIBuZ8awG.0nbodLzOaigElf3bk-1733162955-1.2.1.1-FVhptm.8JyBQ4XYgNaS635Qk765Ms7Ia_w0ZGt00V54loaKv9LoMqYx5nKnJEfDtiH2cuuFn_UfWlZ660HNJP3Cldshrxo.eKMoqOrHo50yqWUbiBVelKqoUAMVBazZI5T5qjxvWXS.b9CkQZ3g44RAIRVulp6.wKwfZKIQiBF4RZjrnqFqY9_1mMObJ3NbVF2pDDi4_0uHjmZbBnuNqJZYTx34.tBz8pKJHzt9PnLnZF9.UtbWaPFle3AzZ_PfNhEhZimNsKupaA4RDuWYfXuqW0i8oIsHhtXG3zavEUoeIN2OnwcZyuLa0QwQxk7tSJOmJZ9FU_Xg09i9_QdcFx7Ldbz8OmIL9b13zizUqTccLq6tLAj85o6UoD9r2H19z9EXmyT7MJjrdzgvz4jW7Sd5yziSdFVlWa8tRt.XDFKOCQJbpYfw38UrCoWYpURYFZ85yRVLfyVVbWut_50Nf9DtPLqGwmy3ivm8azXQyZLKxHEiOoLoWgaw4MSrkmHr3s9DlrOlQuNkcsgCMWatMCVr2yxH3AZ2hZRlydaEmJQ6wP8GSfuiHL5cd4bzv4x.eP7B0.gIADsyOG__TixiLujlTTGjcyi7vWd.EaLEM7WWuAtpSxSArV7pZd_HfbFQYJGdOXMiIznJvS9UGa.djsvAgKX2Zty3cZW6_tfFU2AP1z2BCZ_VEEumZ2HX4G81X4UEus7uPsmulqpdPA1twZ2.BCiQGErEcFez3n77UlmSBZvkEIPJuvF6vd6xKdA7Hu24bCOlG14uIKdDQi6n.3xW19GvXet_lm8gWnVPOAndeqfWu1Zahc7nw4nY1B0N.G90DSuLllq6IF.Wg97cvN1utCQ1prlaWxrgdbQG4UAy3r7LkSX4tGlIuBF0y1PbZQ6bim957u9CNiQka.oXGdT_WxSYWshqcGPbBTyrU2xfQyxlhBPQmx9m67XwFEOZ36tMSsHRRWf_NBlQieHTsQJq94txQ46XuiJ1s7NcsYk_XPrhG.mU9k1Xtxnos.4ZpFyViDm4nEJNVY9jr9fm9Et3ZyJZfs9SfCpxfxVsH1AmGrEiudXdH21JKV1vAPn.N80t5.HAR5jCLiEhwD1_uSR3cE3n2Mghbigv6fYcmx6Ej1gax2Yg9wnBWJJKSQoDDVKMj6UE356YY7SeOjMTE8NoEhaTUBIYVQQ8Jwo8sZ8pc1r2_ndg.yEiExQuCFCKoWsF66rNvfbn3ePOUwZv0K2CvZ3TFtTEvrN16qVAArBXOrQSFOf.SzOTjttWxeqYifg.anTP1uYciCoOHh2l8SX_SEpruolOhNUxkkjV_LmM6rG_2OnruG1F4m6nmu.EaRLTaSwGyY4GIfy6Lmk6t42KJGrNNtEEItmWCt1exL45oaH6POSzFTsdk1vPbYMpjvh5Enj6oYemYTicnUpdrTUASgWqqdMhDg6LSEXT8F86wFJpKR_aEQY6QwZ6eYuvGQIt0mgjIGVYRZ2IaxmXdWBtss.GbiL9gwc9mGS_9dIJQN4P4tcPI.c7w8rAeN_PVVQsVnNyzN1LogcfRRkQa6B1xS6WWOPvZXy7MVS3CBUki_nuFktAPGhFiEBhOtA.bSi5ZKD_YU7k3zmM7QU50YleZ5UuWyl58MVB0k4HkZRSnr_T6gaQqP7DcBSS99RvjnhndxPu7WuEe9nlcaaCwBfcqnaalJtjekf8g.3Gn2gKyTT2KHxesCC6wEB7Iy_UedhXLBil6O0SnKpdferMk.wG31X_6o2MqEpo06iWFUmBmyVgv2FIMA9reyMOuIkyRwoZ8MLZIHGK5knV0pA_L3_IzmYVTCyGGijmvjwgfYIfXdQt6TpyWC_4.S76xe.xa77OMBSm10j.d5LA_HNG1uQ5O2jPBtbtmO4uZquUi6y6udsYEHIFfFEQe5EHo7NijmcSu0g.w0QnisdDYH2op1hcukHT6a8XF.SZNnCp4lDa9tA1XB0OhzKen.ACE.QQIkXzvsqztYHTprc2Z37jh4vfKm.jCMmCkp5O26.CmB37_AADEcSMtsDrCZNJPPu.QME3Vn_lhHKBeeIs42E5fo_WwfWHuaTL_E_Npbqh7CCPf9RYLRhrt2_cI6OvCdXo_lf78fRnEtCt.VkYS7giaZvzI0ozXOdPPppJ.J86LGt8FrEIzHBmgZJPiTg6L4zv.XkOdwdcNFNGpyF9l81smn10wxvGRQlyFrtJDOvcuafkwS5TPXdZOU_U63vfTOKUOGjvjPSu.nreuvSCmHq1RONGWyZWGlrwb5VmU3ozwADwzHBjQsksg34x2Yd7NT4.yX6RMJ_Dv1.tG71UZKf2tvAKzYDQHrYOalOEWGtvSRTzw3f5GsKxTbq0Symzbld9m6wEUg5nD4cBPkBbUbzg7bR9cTqJKOETtRn7GqZJTb9c8Mhadm.iPTfVde1JRNIta4oExHSOBgfy6DQPxMqpQzk6Yjv13.ONjpyqzEV0z1wQfkpCGf4cavCyPHc1swaD4JyBvsGTAUiuNDT2zm2rnIngdJvevO3xIC6fqRbZ.ngvbRgA6eUmJ8X9S657cIT7qanOe9zOQ9V2JejyMTe1IGiRdykcG3dH6KH84WhQBtjIlL1HhP8yat1DuEyV9pKmOML9IDxqOaUGiyF9wqyIYfz7fHG3jPzhd_aIgRuu24nluEKHoQ.hKQTLNjjfKnsW3FuXZr_WXModYysL32CIIpjLGCN4V_WhO8Tmoq_hJMYihFJSKY4LIxZJnZddsKPTuKainsE1DIIWHLzp8HO.0LvRZFshkiB9rZAIzqC.BiQURwzqh3lffq202duwX4GVWQ0cMs36mhhrfbOBZQUe3qgZOswO_kJJs..bKgS.lPxMLaWjXuh7ccqLEAypzoAF9dRLxKXDDE_mI3GFinpJbX6py58wS3rJclfL9rZS.1kccRfgZPBC57GB5aDkbPNBC",mdrd: "CgLkqvpOHEV1Z1fD2.obTmgFXMcc3fewBIsz67M2v4Q-1733162955-1.2.1.1-6dP1wj63_X2_WbbVZFDWybCdRkl_7uArfvH64xJLI33pidQ_EaldDaaFlWRDwhRAJ14Alo7H0NNoARvSUZGldgrFhEP0Rr7a7XYM.s0J_dLnLJGVYLggO1Hoo2SVkzyw45uR3kRqas8m04w3Y4Q6FY.c68mwKeRkfRGo5mGOp5YQaiunwfx3Ctd7Mv0WiORnEApR1B9qElxDUZyeBAk4Fd6oXL488yfWcju5SsHTF7JgZdNUxFYlSqjnc2omy3kjm426u5Wl1qoMEG.fvSzJJ7lxlEJQT5KQ45CRTF31EV8yHZgYOlvB2e0rlzRoNCLV1vdQfDNqIfIEZIFMo5qn00RwVV.IefITrFfqjD1ZUh7TLjXqmSUFULsYqdr9sz.wP5avityklZT5h0FXttnhjqsgGp2RRNljSOoK0JvZ0O.3dvuZVYJ3.MBbt5S02HqaZRsw4izYsgEz1p5f2o.agnrktTSVMwj74XmM2S7IDK4gdiIJeF58Omyp1tD1FlahfzQLEfB0QFKtSgCkr4xQ4.dhwec4AECQIy8CX3oeSr9hYztH80wgahxkXcZscsblLK7fSpF5n2CYWm4STO4ZHwqc9HusR1pxqEMc4xCPtrZ3drt3U6TnuzZgnQQ_DAJsDNiakw4.2k9PTWUPl0scy.HbleyVg9_STly9r_Vi4dCNW2aCDyaXzFFqLkEorstK5OAjRhumnoJj7HB934bftJiRVe4J3Hf3TbqQEE2.BqMEDouQ30VQHYsWhvChGLHbkUw9nRTmhtoHpGdMrpAETJdndKe6lFCwfb_lJXu3eu_BIrW7tzpbRXJc8TwcopJXfoSr8lamXeYwD7sg434a0uvWLVNcbvfWGboOP2tcf7i6fXNTm1gZrz32b6gTRAzlIqoQstbnyP2cMiEAB3jmLfZSpdlKPP5eeFByVmeonisfr0aX.GmEYjU2g9M87Z1kiDHF8RGtXG8PkGZOX.pdsTwuo9MA6_UxJZax9rs4Dt0OGLxO8loZ5r.aCw_FST7W.T0LtZYsJ0JaifRMao1gtllVwPW_pa4m24Au1iyV1TsQIcZQV3wv4nPjEY3jBD0.7IfRirRn3wnzAoYe5HoBOdksTXaXrsE20zz155C698nY1BFyxYs6deqh00zUQYayxWr3n7JqWJQ5TAM.N4IwSa3SktuQUb2JS24Tror0Zj_gPJGEwJnyibKzEoqw1RvE3E8YXAyDOecQcq5qDvZk36U_2yenBrs5YI55h7vr2Dj94Yv4Md4h0XiFIUzkf2VDq0HIU8VjH4RcEkpnKopf7.BqCCtdTsRaCU6BN1XQZf.qjgQMXOMiZ.uaP4MMP3CVJ286fX8c8sBgPC_v0J3sg1MQaQyY0tr93.jbyUvW9mGWkG9J5aAA6SI0o8tFgV_JEE2Y2TeLTcf6z_.b8EE8TYskCye1IxObrZ5t42RkJZg_8FAQjH.0f6YTvwfgHgIz.O0AlKqDtk9x_WiArG7H8fy2D6ZdjvmRHeM654IcdTj35ZfCO9ri0gr0T8noqw1RhhHSOtMQwZVsGUYwZ.DRgxYRMsFt4szXlcG683ZgEDibEompmncTyXrqh2PHZig5FwK4ymuYz9fiROSC5_IPIhee2kJyREIO.CQnQoqUq41pViPAerKV2AOjzt9xVWTQt8WDOHc8cPPsw_NDZOzGo7b7vDEBrNC6MSUcdzOEv3CrBA1_wCXBzzaShMR4vgwdOpnzwph4twgZU.QAIcTIumoNXqu_0V86Yw0kcSimwoTklGT5JeKYEHja.ahs_sF.8UiMd88x_sPE53zYGw8jsrnjDiegQu0fRq1lwFk4zQMmhblm4zWyE1aK.5pfs0Kum0yTvfF.lcvhJ0HxvRpyESDT3llD6.cORf07kwvYJBgGvjqspQqA8rb8uKTkBkIm7zp2iADbjq2UJupCwKv83PfcY3JJORxLE4jCKa68rfX4OwfGNDY99IPv_KAiPi1t"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8ebd44574f184a23';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/bbs\/thread.pl?tId=193&__cf_chl_rt_tk=iEEGmBCbrO1YJWjxwAg6qwyfutEYte8.Qebad8jPb28-1733162955-1.0.1.1-bWYkLetkCndydg5By4nrs1MpMNENPDjb2RhXkXHjXQU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>