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id="toc-"...I_am"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"...I_am""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>"...I am"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"...I_am"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"...I_have_been"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"...I_have_been""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>"...I have been"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"...I_have_been"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_+_participle_genesthai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_+_participle_genesthai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Before + participle <i>genesthai</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_+_participle_genesthai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First person singular present active indicative of the verb "to be" in ancient Greek</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a>.</div> <p><i><b>Ego eimi</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἐγώ εἰμι</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eɡɔ̌ː<span class="wrap"> </span>eːmí]</a></span>) "<b>I am</b>", "<b>I exist</b>", is the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first person</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">active</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">indicative</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> "to be" in ancient Greek. The use of this phrase in some of the uses found in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> is considered to have <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> significance by many <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_Greek">Classical Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classical Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When used as a <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a>, "I am X", then usage is equivalent to English. </p><p>When used alone, without a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a>, "I am", "he is", "they are", typically mean "I exist" etc. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> 15:433 ‘Wouldest thou then return again with us to thy home, that thou mayest see the high-roofed house of thy father and mother, and see them too? For of a truth they still live (<i>eisi</i>, 3rd person plural of <i>eimi</i>), and are accounted rich.’<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This is so unless there is an implied predicate in immediate context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koine_Greek">Koine Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Koine Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use without a predicate in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Greek">Hellenistic Greek</a> is largely consistent with earlier 'classical' use, even in Jewish texts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> Exodus 3:14 "And God spoke to Moses, saying, I am (<i>ego eimi</i>) THE BEING; and he said, Thus shall ye say to the children of Israel, THE BEING has sent me to you."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> 2 Samuel 2:19 And Asahel pursued Abner, and as he went, he turned neither to the right hand nor to the left from following Abner. 20 Then Abner looked behind him and said, “Is that you, Asahel?” And he answered, "I am" (<i>ego eimi</i>) i.e. “It is I.”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://biblehub.com/texts/2_samuel/2-20.htm">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://biblehub.com/texts/exodus/3-14.htm">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> 9:8-9 The neighbours and those who had seen him before as a beggar were saying, “Is this not the man who used to sit and beg?” Some said, “It is he.” Others said, “No, but he is like him.” He kept saying, “I am he.” (<i>ego eimi</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_exegesis">Christian exegesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christian exegesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patristic_exegesis">Patristic exegesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patristic exegesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (ca. 340-400) took "I am" not as merely related to Abraham, but a statement including from before Adam. In his <i>Exposition of the Christian Faith, Book III</i> wrote: "In its extent, the preposition “before” reaches back into the past without end or limit, and so “Before Abraham was, [ἐγώ εἰμι]” clearly does not mean “after Adam,” just as “before the Morning Star” does not mean “after the angels.” But when He said “before [πριν],” He intended, not that He was included in any one's existence, but that all things are included in His, for thus it is the custom of Holy Writ to show the eternity of God."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> (ca. 349-407) attached more theological significance to <i>ego eimi</i>, In his 55th Homily on John: "But wherefore said He not, Before Abraham was, "I was" (ἐγώ ἦν), instead of "I Am" (ἐγώ εἰμι)? As the Father uses this expression, I Am (ἐγώ εἰμι), so also does Christ; for it signifies continuous Being, irrespective of all time. On which account the expression seemed to them to be blasphemous."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Evangelical_exegesis">Modern Evangelical exegesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Evangelical exegesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The texts of particular uses of interest to many Christians are the series in Gospel of John 4:26, 6:20, 8:24, 8:28, 8:58, (excluding <a href="/wiki/Healing_the_man_blind_from_birth" title="Healing the man blind from birth">the man born blind</a>, John 9:9) 13:19, 15:1, 18:5, which collectively are often identified as John's "'I am' statements".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Protestant commentaries it is often stated that "whenever John reports Jesus as saying <i>ego eimi</i>, a claim to deity is implicit."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In commentaries the English "I am" is sometimes capitalised "I AM" to demonstrate a connection with how the English Bibles often capitalize words where the Hebrew text has the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a> (YHWH), e.g. as the use of "LORD" in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>. For example; "These mighty words come from the Greek words <i>ego eimi</i>, which is more accurately translated, "I AM!".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also found in some Catholic commentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This connection is made because it is assumed that <i>ego eimi</i> is related to <a href="/wiki/I_am_that_I_am" class="mw-redirect" title="I am that I am">I am that I am</a> or Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Ehyeh_asher_ehyeh" title="Names of God in Judaism">Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 3:14. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic">Catholic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catholic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Catholic scholarship also tends to see a <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a> presented in the preponderance of the "I am" statements in the Gospels. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond Brown</a> sees a play on words in the story recounted in John 6:20 where the disciples in the boat are terrified when they see a man walking towards them on the water, and Jesus reassures them, ‘I AM; do not be afraid.’ Brown sees a twofold meaning: the obvious story line meaning of 'it is I' and a higher <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sacral" class="extiw" title="wikt:sacral">sacral</a> meaning inherent in Jesus' walking calmly on the storm-tossed waves and then bringing them safely ashore.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatical_issues">Grammatical issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammatical issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predicate">Predicate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Predicate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The absence of an immediate <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> ("I am X") may still require an implied predicate. For example A. T. Robertson in discussing John 8:24 notes the lack of a predicate after the copula <i>eimi</i>. But identifies either an implied predicate: </p> <ul><li>"either "that I am <i>from above</i>" (verse 23), "that I am <i>the one sent from the Father</i> or [I am] <i>the Messiah</i>" (7:18,28), "that I am <i>the Light of the World</i>" (8:12), "that I am <i>the Deliverer from the bondage of sin</i>" (8:28,31f.,36),</li></ul> <p>or: </p> <ul><li>"that I am" without supplying a predicate in the absolute sense as the Jews (De 32:39) used the language of Jehovah (cf. Isa 43:10 where the very words occur; <i>hina pisteusete hoti ego eimi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K. L. McKay considers the John "I am" statements to be primarily normal use with predicate, "I am X", "I am the true vine" etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_tense_and_aspect">Verbal tense and aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verbal tense and aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""...I_am""><span id=".22...I_am.22"></span>"...I am"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "...I am""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally considered, for example by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Daniel B. Wallace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that if that the intention of John was to state "I was" then the text should instead contain the corresponding past tense form which is <i>ego ēn</i> "I was", as in English and elsewhere in the New Testament. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">KJV</a> (1611) <a href="/wiki/English_Revised_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="English Revised Version">RV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">RSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a>: "Before Abraham was, I am."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Version" title="American Standard Version">ASV</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">NASB</a> (1995): "before Abraham was born, I am."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_Translation" title="The Passion Translation">The Passion Translation</a> "I have existed long before Abraham was born, for I AM!”</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation"> YLT</a> "Verily, verily, I say to you, Before Abraham's coming -- I am."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version"> NKJV</a> "Most assuredly, I say to you, before Abraham was, I AM." (Good News Translation GNT; International Standard Version ISV; Phillips; Jubillee Bible 2000; Modern English Version MEV and other translations render it in capital letters "I AM" as well, to indicate the Title element)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""...I_have_been""><span id=".22...I_have_been.22"></span>"...I have been"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "...I have been""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However in John 8:58 a few Bibles have renderings of <i>eimi</i> in past tenses: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Bible_Societies" title="United Bible Societies">United Bible Societies</a> <i>Hebrew New Testament</i> has <i>ani hayiti</i> "I was" not <i>ani hu</i> "I am."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Noyes" title="George R. Noyes">George R. Noyes</a>, Unitarian - <i>The New Testament</i> (Boston, 1871). "Before Abraham was born I was already what I am." and (in the 1904 edition) "I was."</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century_New_Testament" title="Twentieth Century New Testament">Twentieth Century New Testament</a></i> (TCNT) supervised by <a href="/wiki/J._Rendel_Harris" title="J. Rendel Harris">J. Rendel Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Weymouth" title="Richard Francis Weymouth">Richard Francis Weymouth</a> (Britain, 1900). "I have existed before Abraham was born."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moffatt" title="James Moffatt">James Moffatt</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moffatt,_New_Translation" title="Moffatt, New Translation">The Bible A New Translation</a></i> (New York, 1935). "I am here – and I was before Abraham!"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._P._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. P. Smith">J. M. P. Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._J._Goodspeed" class="mw-redirect" title="E. J. Goodspeed">E. J. Goodspeed</a> <i>An American Translation</i> (1935) "I existed before Abraham was born!"</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation" title="New World Translation">New World Translation</a></i> (1950, 1984) "before Abraham came to be, I have been."; (2013) "before Abraham came into existence, I have been."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._A._Kleist" class="mw-redirect" title="J. A. Kleist">J. A. Kleist</a> S.J. and <a href="/wiki/J._L._Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Lilly">J. L. Lilly</a> C.M., Roman Catholic - <i>The New Testament</i> (Milwaukee, 1956). "I was before Abraham."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Beck" title="William F. Beck">William F. Beck</a>, Lutheran - <i>The New Testament in the Language of Today</i> (St. Louis, 1963). "I was in existence before Abraham was ever born."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Taylor" title="Kenneth N. Taylor">Kenneth N. Taylor</a>, <i>The <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Bible" title="The Living Bible">Living Bible</a></i> (Wheaton, 1979). "I was in existence before Abraham was ever born!"</li> <li>The poet <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lattimore" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lattimore">Richard Lattimore</a>, <i>The Four Gospels and the Revelation</i> (New York, 1979). "I existed before Abraham was born."</li> <li>ed. Stanley L. Morris, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Simple_English_Bible" title="Simple English Bible">Simple English Bible</a></i> (1981) "I was alive before Abraham was born."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._B._Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="C. B. Williams">C. B. Williams</a>, <i>The New Testament in the Language of the People</i> (Nashville, 1986). "I most solemnly say to you, I existed before Abraham was born." </li></ul> <p>This reading is supported by a minority of modern scholars: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jason_BeDuhn" title="Jason BeDuhn">Jason BeDuhn</a>, cites <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Herbert Weir Smyth</a>'s grammar<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which shows examples in classical narratives of where a use of Greek present can be translated by English <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">present perfect progressive</a>, and BeDuhn argues for a <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">"past progressive"</a> translation such as "I have been."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beduhn2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beduhn2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas A. Howe accused BeDuhn of producing insufficient evidence for the claim that it is an idiom.<sup id="cite_ref-Howe_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BeDuhn has objected to Howe's critique, describing it as "a mess of circular argument, special pleading, and irrelevant 'evidence.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Beduhn2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beduhn2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Bowman,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Bowman, Jr.">Robert Bowman</a> and BeDuhn conducted a lengthy online discussion in 2005 regarding the translation of this verse. The emails were collated and are available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forananswer.org/Mars_Jw/JB-RB.Jn8_58.Index.htm">here</a>. </p><p>Kenneth L. McKay considers ego eimi in John 8:58 to be used emphatically as in "I exist" meaning <i>I have been in existence</i>, therefore that Jesus has existed longer than Abraham, and considers John 8:58 "quite unlikely" to be a reference to Exodus 3:14.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this <a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Daniel B. Wallace</a> replies that McKay's reading would not apply in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first person</a> discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_+_participle_genesthai"><span id="Before_.2B_participle_genesthai"></span>Before + participle <i>genesthai</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Before + participle genesthai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Greek the structure <i>prin</i> A ______, B ____ ("before A ___, B ___") does not indicate tense in the first verb after <i>prin</i> (before), whether this is "before becomes/became/will become" can only be inferred from the second clause "B ____" after the comma.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: <i>prin genesthai</i> "before it will happen" (John 14:29) implies a future "it will become" even though the "I have told you" is past.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This Greek structure resembles Wycliffe's 1395 translation from the Latin: </p> <dl><dd><i>Therfor Jhesus seide to hem, Treuli, treuli, Y seie to you, bifor that Abraham schulde be, Y am.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sozzini">Sozzini</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sozzini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of John 8:58 since the structure "before" + <a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">deponent</a> does not carry any indication of tense in Greek, some have considered that the more natural context of "before γενέσθαι + present verb" would be future, "before Abraham becomes". However the interpretation πρὶν Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι as "before Abraham becomes" is rare, and <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Sozzini" title="Fausto Sozzini">Fausto Sozzini</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_Smalcius" title="Valentinus Smalcius">Valentinus Smalcius</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were perhaps the first to advocate the reading "before Abraham becomes [father of many nations] I am [he, namely, the Messiah]". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calvin">Calvin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Calvin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another consideration, advanced by <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, is the comparison of Abraham 'coming into existence', "γενέσθαι", compared with Jesus declaring his existence with present tense "eimi", implies an eternal <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-existence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considers this to be contextually more probable and additionally sees a connection to Hebrews 13:8 "Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ego_eimi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perseus Project Greek text of Homer, Odyssey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenton, L. Septuagint</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenton,L. Septuagint</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UBS Greek Text Ed.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source. Translated by H. de Romestin, E. de Romestin and H.T.F. Duckworth. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 10. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1896.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/34043.htm">http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/34043.htm</a> . " Exposition of the Christian Faith, Book III 61 Again, immediately before the declaration, “The Lord created Me,” He says, “I will tell of the things which are from eternity,” and before saying, “He begot,” He premised, “In the beginning, before He made the earth, before all hills.” In its extent, the preposition “before” reaches back into the past without end or limit, and so “Before Abraham was, [εγω ειμι]” clearly need not mean “after Adam,” just as “before the Morning Star” need not mean “after the angels.” But when He said “before [πριν],” He intended, not that He was included in any one's existence, but that all things are included in His, for thus it is the custom of Holy Writ to show the eternity of God. Finally, in another passage you may read: “Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever the earth and the world were made, You are from everlasting to everlasting.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source. Translated by Charles Marriott. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol. 14. Edited by Philip Schaff. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1889.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/240155.htm">http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/240155.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/apr1995/v52-1-article1.htm">Who</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. I. Packer Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs 2001 page 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rick Renner, Sparkling Gems From The Greek 365 Greek Word Studies For Every Day Of The Year To Sharpen Your Understanding Of God's Word 2003 page 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Healy, Gospel of Mark, The Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture 2008, page 131: "...the episode is in the middle statement: "It is I" (<i>ego eimi</i>), which can also be translated "I AM," the divine name ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Brown, <i>An Introduction to New Testament Christology</i>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, A. T. Word Pictures of the New Testament.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, D. Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth H. W. <i>A Greek Grammar for Schools and Colleges</i> p. 278 "...the progressive perfect is often used in translation; Thus <i>palai thaumazo</i> P.Cr.43.b I have been long (and am still) wondering."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As found in the 1984 edition of the <a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation" title="New World Translation">New World Translation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beduhn2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beduhn2003_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeduhn2003" class="citation book cs1">Beduhn, Jason D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgnIp2Bzdi8C&pg=PA106">"Tampering with Tenses"</a>. <i>Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament</i>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2556-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2556-2"><bdi>978-0-7618-2556-2</bdi></a>. <q>A quick glance at Smyth's <i>Greek Grammar</i> reveals that what we are dealing with in John 8:58 is a well-known Greek idiom. The pertinent entry is section 1885 on verb tenses, which states, "The present, when accompanied by a definite or indefinite expression of past time, is used to express an action begun in the past and continued in the present. The 'progressive perfect' is often used in translation. Thus, … <i>I have been long</i> (and am still) <i>wondering.</i>" I think you can see immediately that this entry applies to John 8:58, where the present verb <i>eimi</i> is accompanied by an expression of past time, <i>prin Abraam genesthai</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tampering+with+Tenses&rft.btitle=Truth+in+Translation%3A+Accuracy+and+Bias+in+English+Translations+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2556-2&rft.aulast=Beduhn&rft.aufirst=Jason+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgnIp2Bzdi8C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgo+eimi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howe-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howe_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowe2008" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Thomas A. (April 3, 2008). "Tampering with the Truth". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229011443/http://www.ses.edu/Portals/0/documents/TRUTH%20IN%20TRANSLATIONA%2001.pdf#page=54"><i>The Truth about 'Truth in Translation': A Review and Analysis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>58. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ses.edu/Portals/0/documents/TRUTH%20IN%20TRANSLATIONA%2001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tampering+with+the+Truth&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+%27Truth+in+Translation%27%3A+A+Review+and+Analysis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fses.edu%2FPortals%2F0%2Fdocuments%2FTRUTH%2520IN%2520TRANSLATIONA%252001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgo+eimi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beduhn2010-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beduhn2010_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221174404/http://ivanmonroy.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/interview-with-jason-beduhn/">"Interview with Jason Beduhn"</a>. 16 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ivanmonroy.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/interview-with-jason-beduhn/">the original</a> on 21 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Jason+Beduhn&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fivanmonroy.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Finterview-with-jason-beduhn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgo+eimi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. L. McKay, 'I am' in John's Gospel, Expository Times 1996: 302-303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/bgreek/archives/96-12/0624.html">Daniel Wallace reply on BGreek, 11 Jan 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace Daniel B., "Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics" on πρὶν – John 14:29 καὶ νῦν εἴρηκα ὑμῖν <b>πρὶν γενέσθαι</b>, ἵνα – <b>before it becomes</b> I have told you.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I have told you (<i>eireka humin</i> ειρηκα υμιν) before it happens (<i>prin genesthai</i> πριν γενεσθαι), that when (<i>otan ὅταν) it will happen (</i>genetai<i> γένηται) you will believe (</i>pisteusete <i>πιστεύσητε</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy B. Zuck <i>Vital Christology Issues: Examining Contemporary and Classic Concerns</i> 1997 p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaak August Dorner <i>History of the Development of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ</i> Vol 2. p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom34.xiv.xi.html">"John Calvin: Commentary on John - Volume 1 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=John+Calvin%3A+Commentary+on+John+-+Volume+1+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fcalvin%2Fcalcom34.xiv.xi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgo+eimi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commentary on John "Yet these words may be explained in two ways. Some think that this applies simply to the eternal Divinity of Christ, and compare it with that passage in the writings of Moses, I am what I am, (Exodus 3:14.) But I extend it much farther, because the power and grace of Christ, so far as he is the Redeemer of the world, was common to all ages. It agrees therefore with that saying of the apostle, Christ yesterday, and to-day, and for ever, (Hebrews 13:8.) For the context appears to demand this interpretation. He had formerly said that Abraham longed for his day with vehement desire; and as this seemed incredible to the Jews, he adds, that he himself also existed at that time. The reason assigned will not appear sufficiently strong, if we do not understand that he was even then acknowledged to be the Mediator, by whom God was to be appeased. And yet the efficacy which belonged, in all ages, to the grace of the Mediator depended on his eternal Divinity; so that this saying of Christ contains a remarkable testimony of his Divine essence."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of John chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1">John 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Signs" title="Book of Signs">Book of Signs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_2" title="John 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_4" title="John 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_5" title="John 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_8" title="John 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_9" title="John 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_12" title="John 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Glory" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Glory">Book of Glory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_13" title="John 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_14" title="John 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_15" title="John 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_16" title="John 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_17" title="John 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18" title="John 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_20" title="John 20">20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">Epilogue: 21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_verses" title="Category:Gospel of John verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:20" title="John 1:20">20</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:23" title="John 1:23">23</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:25" title="John 1:25">25</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:33" title="John 1:33">33</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:35" title="John 1:35">35</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:42" title="John 1:42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">3:16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">14:6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18:38" title="John 18:38">18:38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_20" title="Category:John 20">20:1–31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />(chronological)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_man_blind_from_birth" title="Healing the man blind from birth">Healing a blind man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_paralytic_at_Bethesda" title="Healing the paralytic at Bethesda">Healing a paralytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_royal_official%27s_son" title="Healing the royal official's son">Healing a sick son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">Jesus and the woman taken in adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">Raising of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">Restoration of Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo" title="Ecce homo">Ecce homo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Feast of Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Commandment" title="New Commandment">"Love one another"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_wept" title="Jesus wept">Jesus wept</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quod_scripsi,_scripsi" title="Quod scripsi, scripsi">Quod scripsi, scripsi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_they_all_may_be_one" title="That they all may be one">That they all may be one</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_truth_will_set_you_free" title="The truth will set you free">The truth will set you free</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Ænon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well" title="Jacob's Well">Jacob's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Sychar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">I AM</a>" sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_(biblical_term)" title="I am (biblical term)">I am (biblical term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">Gate for the Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">Resurrectio et Vita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Vine" title="True Vine">True Vine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Johannine_literature" title="Holy Spirit in Johannine literature">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_John" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of John">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_John" title="Second Apocalypse of John">Second Apocalypse of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_John_(Pillar_New_Testament_Commentary)" title="The Gospel According to John (Pillar New Testament Commentary)">Pillar New Testament Commentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a></i> (J. S. Bach, 1724) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_structure" title="St John Passion structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_discography" title="St John Passion discography">Discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passio_(P%C3%A4rt)" title="Passio (Pärt)">Passio</a></i> (Pärt, 1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johannes-Passion_(Gubaidulina)" title="Johannes-Passion (Gubaidulina)">Johannes-Passion</a></i> (Gubaidulina, 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2003_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2003 film)">The Gospel of John</a></i> (2003 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2014_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2014 film)">The Gospel of John</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_6" title="Papyrus 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_22" title="Papyrus 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_28" title="Papyrus 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_36" title="Papyrus 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_39" title="Papyrus 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_55" title="Papyrus 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_59" title="Papyrus 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_60" title="Papyrus 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_63" title="Papyrus 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_66" title="Papyrus 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_76" title="Papyrus 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_80" title="Papyrus 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_90" title="Papyrus 90">90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_93" title="Papyrus 93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_95" title="Papyrus 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_106" title="Papyrus 106">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_107" title="Papyrus 107">107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_108" title="Papyrus 108">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_109" title="Papyrus 109">109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_119" title="Papyrus 119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_120" title="Papyrus 120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_121" title="Papyrus 121">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_122" title="Papyrus 122">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_128" title="Papyrus 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ιωάννην">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/John">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/John">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/John">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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