CINXE.COM
Passive DNS Exchange
<!doctype html><html lang="en" class="web tlp-clear" data-studio-config="eyJ4aHJDcmVkZW50aWFscyI6ZmFsc2UsInhockhlYWRlcnMiOnt9fQo="><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><title>Passive DNS Exchange</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Passive DNS Exchange" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.first.org/_/img/first-big-icon.png" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.first.org/global/sigs/passive-dns/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="FIRST — Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams" /> <meta property="fb:profile_id" content="296983660669109" /> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta property="twitter:site" content="@FIRSTdotOrg" /><meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/1st.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="128x128" href="/favicon.png" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_/web.css?20241031194005" /></head><body><header><div id="header" data-studio="CU52CV1W8g"><div id="c3" data-studio="Yu8FjCC11g"><div id="topbar"> <div class="sites right"> <ul> <li><a href="https://support.first.org" class="kb-datalist"><img src="/_/img/icon-portal_support.svg" alt="FIRST Support" title="FIRST Support" /></a></li> <li><a href="https://portal.first.org" class="button"><span class="no-tiny">Member </span>Portal</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="first-logo"> <p><a href="/"><img src="/_/img/first-org-simple-negative.svg" alt="FIRST.Org" title="FIRST" /></a></p> </div> <div class="nav"> <ul class="navbar"><li><a href="/about">About FIRST</a><ul><li><a href="/about/mission">Mission Statement</a></li><li><a href="/about/history">History</a></li><li><a href="/about/sdg">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization">Organization</a><ul><li><a href="/about/organization/directors">Board of Directors</a></li><li><a>Operations Team</a><ul><li><a href="/about/organization/ccb">Community & Capacity Building</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization/events">Event Office</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization/executive-director">Executive Director</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization/infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization/secretariat">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/about/organization/committees">Committees</a><ul><li><a href="/about/organization/committees/compensation-committee">Compensation Committee</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization/committees/conference-program-committee">Conference Program Committee</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization/committees/membership-committee">Membership Committee</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization/committees/rules-committee">Rules Committee</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization/committees/standards">Standards Committee</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/events/agm">Annual General Meeting</a></li><li><a href="/about/organization/reports">Annual Reports and Tax Filings</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/about/policies">FIRST Policies</a><ul><li><a href="/about/policies/anti-corruption">Anti-Corruption Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/antitrust">Antitrust Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/bylaws">Bylaws</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/board-duties">Board duties</a></li><li><a href="/about/bugs">Bug Bounty Program</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/code-of-conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/conflict-policy">Conflict of Interest Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/doc-rec-retention-policy">Document Record Retention and Destruction Policy</a></li><li><a href="/newsroom/policy">FIRST Press Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/gen-event-reg-refund-policy">General Event Registration Refund Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/event-site-selection">Guidelines for Site Selection for all FIRST events</a></li><li><a href="/identity">Identity & Logo Usage</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/mailing-list">Mailing List Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/media">Media Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/registration-terms-conditions">Registration Terms & Conditions</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/terms">Services Terms of Use</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/standards">Standards Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/diversity">Statement on Diversity & Inclusion</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/translation-policy">Translation Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/travel-policy">Travel Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/uniform-ipr">Uniform IPR Policy</a></li><li><a href="/about/policies/whistleblower-policy">Whistleblower Protection Policy</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/about/partners">Partnerships</a><ul><li><a href="/global/partners">Partners</a></li><li><a href="/global/friends">Friends of FIRST</a></li><li><a href="/global/supporters/">FIRST Supporters</a></li><li><a href="/about/sponsors">Sponsors</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/newsroom">Newsroom</a><ul><li><a href="/newsroom/news">What's New</a></li><li><a href="/newsroom/releases">Press Releases</a></li><li><a href="/newsroom/news/media">In the News</a></li><li><a href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a><ul><li><a href="/newsroom/news/first-impressions/">FIRST Impressions Podcast</a></li><li><a href="/newsroom/news/podcasts/">FIRSTCON Podcast</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/newsroom/newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li><a href="/newsroom/policy">FIRST Press Policy</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/about/procurement">Procurement</a></li><li><a href="/about/jobs/">Jobs</a></li><li><a href="/contact">Contact</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/members">Membership</a><ul><li><a href="/membership/">Becoming a Member</a><ul><li><a href="/membership/process">Membership Process for Teams</a></li><li><a href="/membership/process-liaisons">Membership Process for Liaisons</a></li><li><a href="/membership/#Fees">Membership Fees</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/members/teams">FIRST Teams</a></li><li><a href="/members/liaisons">FIRST Liaisons</a></li><li><a href="/members/map">Members around the world</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global">Initiatives</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs">Special Interest Groups (SIGs)</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/framework">SIGs Framework</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/academicsec" class="borderb">Academic Security SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/ai-security">AI Security SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/automation">Automation SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/bigdata">Big Data SIG</a></li><li><a href="/cvss">Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS-SIG)</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/calculator/4.0">Calculator</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/specification-document">Specification Document</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/user-guide">User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/examples">Examples</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4-0">CVSS v4.0 Documentation & Resources</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/calculator/4.0">CVSS v4.0 Calculator</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/specification-document">CVSS v4.0 Specification Document</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/user-guide">CVSS v4.0 User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/examples">CVSS v4.0 Examples</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/faq">CVSS v4.0 FAQ</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3-1">CVSS v3.1 Archive</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/calculator/3.1">CVSS v3.1 Calculator</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.1/specification-document">CVSS v3.1 Specification Document</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.1/user-guide">CVSS v3.1 User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.1/examples">CVSS v3.1 Examples</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.1/use-design">CVSS v3.1 Calculator Use & Design</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3-0">CVSS v3.0 Archive</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/calculator/3.0">CVSS v3.0 Calculator</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.0/specification-document">CVSS v3.0 Specification Document</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.0/user-guide">CVSS v3.0 User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.0/examples">CVSS v3.0 Examples</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.0/use-design">CVSS v3.0 Calculator Use & Design</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2">CVSS v2 Archive</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/v2/guide">CVSS v2 Complete Documentation</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/history">CVSS v2 History</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/team">CVSS-SIG team</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/meetings">SIG Meetings</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/adopters">CVSS Adopters</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/links">CVSS Links</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/v1">CVSS v1 Archive</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/v1/intro">Introduction to CVSS</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v1/faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v1/guide">Complete CVSS v1 Guide</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/data-representations">JSON & XML Data Representations</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/training">CVSS On-Line Training Course</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/identity">Identity & logo usage</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/csirt">CSIRT Framework Development SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cyberinsurance">Cyber Insurance SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cyberinsurance/events">Cyber Insurance SIG Webinars</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti">Cyber Threat Intelligence SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/">Curriculum</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/introduction">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/cti-introduction">Introduction to CTI as a General topic</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/methods-methodology">Methods and Methodology</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/pir">Priority Intelligence Requirement (PIR)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/source-evaluation">Source Evaluation and Information Reliability</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/machine-human">Machine and Human Analysis Techniques (and Intelligence Cycle)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/threat-modelling">Threat Modelling</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/training">Training</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/standards">Standards</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/glossary">Glossary</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/cti-reporting/">Communicating Uncertainties in CTI Reporting</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/events/">Webinars and Online Training</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program">Building a CTI program and team</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/program-stages">Program maturity stages</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/stage1">CTI Maturity model - Stage 1</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/stage2">CTI Maturity model - Stage 2</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/stage3">CTI Maturity model - Stage 3</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/starter-kit">Program Starter Kit</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/resources">Resources and supporting materials</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/digital-safety">Digital Safety SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/dns">DNS Abuse SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/dns/policies">Code of Conduct & Other Policies</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/dns/dns-abuse-examples">Examples of DNS Abuse</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/ethics">Ethics SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/ethics/ethics-first">Ethics for Incident Response Teams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/epss/">Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS)</a><ul><li><a href="/epss/model">The EPSS Model</a></li><li><a href="/epss/data_stats">Data and Statistics</a></li><li><a href="/epss/user-guide">User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/epss/research">EPSS Research and Presentations</a></li><li><a href="/epss/faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a href="/epss/who_is_using">Who is using EPSS?</a></li><li><a href="/epss/epss_tools">Open-source EPSS Tools</a></li><li><a href="/epss/api">API</a></li><li><a href="/epss/papers">Related Exploit Research</a></li><li><a>Blog</a><ul><li><a href="/epss/articles/prob_percentile_bins">Understanding EPSS Probabilities and Percentiles</a></li><li><a href="/epss/articles/log4shell">Log4Shell Use Case</a></li><li><a href="/epss/articles/estimating_old_cvss">Estimating CVSS v3 Scores for 100,000 Older Vulnerabilities</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/epss/partners">Data Partners</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/msr/">FIRST Multi-Stakeholder Ransomware SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/hfs/">Human Factors in Security SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/ics">Industrial Control Systems SIG (ICS-SIG)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/iep">Information Exchange Policy SIG (IEP-SIG)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/information-sharing">Information Sharing SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/information-sharing/misp">Malware Information Sharing Platform</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/le">Law Enforcement SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/malware">Malware Analysis SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/malware/ma-framework">Malware Analysis Framework</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/malware/ma-framework/malwaretools">Malware Analysis Tools</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/metrics">Metrics SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/metrics/events">Metrics SIG Webinars</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/netsec/">NETSEC SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/passive-dns">Passive DNS Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/policy">Policy SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/psirt">PSIRT SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/red-team">Red Team SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cpg">Retail and Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/ctf">Security Lounge SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/tic/">Threat Intel Coalition SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/tic/membership-rules">Membership Requirements and Veto Rules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/tlp">Traffic Light Protocol (TLP-SIG)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/transport">Transportation and Mobility SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/vulnerability-coordination">Vulnerability Coordination</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/vulnerability-coordination/multiparty">Multi-Party Vulnerability Coordination and Disclosure</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/vulnerability-coordination/multiparty/guidelines">Guidelines and Practices for Multi-Party Vulnerability Coordination and Disclosure</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/vrdx">Vulnerability Reporting and Data eXchange SIG (VRDX-SIG)</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/vrdx/vdb-catalog">Vulnerability Database Catalog</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/wof">Women of FIRST</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/governance">Internet Governance</a></li><li><a href="/global/irt-database">IR Database</a></li><li><a href="/global/fellowship">Fellowship Program</a><ul><li><a href="https://portal.first.org/fellowship">Application Form</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/mentorship">Mentorship Program</a></li><li><a href="/hof">IR Hall of Fame</a><ul><li><a href="/hof/inductees">Hall of Fame Inductees</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/victim-notification">Victim Notification</a></li><li><a href="/volunteers/">Volunteers at FIRST</a><ul><li><a href="/volunteers/list">FIRST Volunteers</a></li><li><a href="/volunteers/participation">Volunteer Contribution Record</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#new">Previous Activities</a><ul><li><a href="/global/practices">Best Practices Contest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="/standards">Standards & Publications</a><ul><li><a href="/standards">Standards</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss">Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS-SIG)</a></li><li><a href="/tlp">Traffic Light Protocol (TLP)</a><ul><li><a href="/tlp/use-cases">TLP Use Cases</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/standards/frameworks/">Service Frameworks</a><ul><li><a href="/standards/frameworks/csirts">CSIRT Services Framework</a></li><li><a href="/standards/frameworks/psirts">PSIRT Services Framework</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/iep">Information Exchange Policy (IEP)</a><ul><li><a href="/iep/iep_framework_2_0">IEP 2.0 Framework</a></li><li><a href="/iep/iep-json-2_0">IEP 2.0 JSON Specification</a></li><li><a href="/iep/iep-polices">Standard IEP Policies</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.first.org/iep/2.0/first-tlp-iep.iepj">IEP TLP Policy File</a></li><li><a href="https://www.first.org/iep/2.0/first-unknown-iep.iepj">IEP Unknown Policy File</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/iep/iep_v1_0">IEP 1.0 Archive</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/passive-dns">Passive DNS Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/epss">Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS)</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/resources/papers">Publications</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/events">Events</a></li><li><a href="/education">Education</a><ul><li><a href="/education/first-training">FIRST Training</a><ul><li><a href="/education/trainings">Training Courses</a></li><li><a href="/education/trainers">FIRST Trainers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="/blog">Blog</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div id="home-buttons"> <p><a href="/join" data-title="Join"><img alt="Join" src="/_/img/icon-join.svg"><span class="tt-join">Join<span>Details about FIRST membership and joining as a full member or liaison.</span></span></a> <a href="/learn" data-title="Learn"><img alt="Learn" src="/_/img/icon-learn.svg"><span class="tt-learn">Learn<span>Training and workshop opportunities, and details about the FIRST learning platform.</span></span></a> <a href="/participate" data-title="Participate"><img alt="Participate" src="/_/img/icon-participate.svg"><span class="tt-participate">Participate<span>Read about upcoming events, SIGs, and know what is going on.</span></span></a></p> </div></div></div></header><div id="body" data-studio="CU52CV1W8g"><div id="c1" data-studio="Yu8FjCC11g"><h1 id="Passive-DNS-Exchange">Passive DNS Exchange</h1> <h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2> <p>This group works to define a common output format of Passive DNS Servers which clients can query. Over time, since the initial announcement of Passive DNS replication at the 17<sup markdown="1">th</sup> Annual FIRST Conference on Computer Security by Florian Weimer, multiple Passive DNS Implementations were developed. This standard proposes a common output format to make Passive DNS information more universally useable.</p> <h2 id="Goals-Deliverables">Goals/Deliverables</h2> <p>The initial goal of this SIG was to collaboratively develop a common output format (COF) for Passive DNS data. As a result of this SIG, an <a href="https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-dulaunoy-kaplan-passive-dns-cof-02.txt">Internet Draft</a> was published on September 9<sup markdown="1">th</sup> 2014.</p> <p>The lastest version can be found on the <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-dulaunoy-dnsop-passive-dns-cof/">IETF site</a>. The source code of the standard can be found <a href="https://github.com/adulau/pdns-qof/">on github</a>. Change requests or discussions are welcome on github or on the mailing list.</p> <h2 id="Code">Code</h2> <p>Apart from definining the standard, farsight and the group added a <a href="https://github.com/MISP/misp-modules/">MISP module</a> called <em><a href="https://github.com/MISP/misp-modules/blob/main/misp_modules/modules/import_mod/cof2misp.py">cof2misp</a></em> which can import COF into MISP. There, the full power of the MISP correlation engine can be employed to find matching indicators of compromise. Therefore, by importing the COF format into MISP, we can pivot back and forth between passive DNS databases and MISP.</p> <p>If you want to try out the cof2MISP module and if you are a member of FIRST, the <a href="https://misp.first.org">https://misp.first.org</a> instance has the cof2MISP module installed, and you can try correlating events. If you need to get access to passive DNS DB servers, you can ask:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/">CIRCL.lu</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.farsightsecurity.com/community/farsight-labs/">farsight</a> (which is the largest passive DNS database operatore to the best of the author's knowledge) <ul> <li><a href="https://dl.farsightsecurity.com/easy/README.html">obtaining keys from Farsight Security</a></li> </ul></li> <li>... or any of the other passive DNS server operators.</li> </ul> <h2 id="Status-quo">Status quo</h2> <ul> <li>the silence procedure for the draft ended by May 19th, 2021. We are now ready to submit to the IETF WG.</li> </ul> <h2 id="Next-steps">Next steps</h2> <ul> <li>bringing it into the standards track.</li> <li>specify a query format (client to pDNS server) common format (RESTful API specs)</li> </ul> <h2 id="Authors">Authors</h2> <ul> <li>Alexandre Dulaunoy (<a href="mailto:alexandre.dulaunoy@circl.lu">alexandre.dulaunoy@circl.lu</a>)</li> <li>Aaron Kaplan (<a href="mailto:aaron@lo-res.org">aaron@lo-res.org</a>)</li> <li>Paul Vixie (<a href="mailto:paul@redbarn.org">paul@redbarn.org</a>)</li> </ul> <p class="ui-buttons"><a href="https://portal.first.org/g/Passive%20DNS%20Exchange%20SIG" class="button color-button animated">Request to Join</a></p></div></div><div id="navbar" data-studio="CU52CV1W8g"><div id="c4" data-studio="Yu8FjCC11g"><ul class="navbar"><li><a href="/global">Initiatives</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs">Special Interest Groups (SIGs)</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/framework">SIGs Framework</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/academicsec" class="borderb">Academic Security SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/ai-security">AI Security SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/automation">Automation SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/bigdata">Big Data SIG</a></li><li><a href="/cvss">Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS-SIG)</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/calculator/4.0">Calculator</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/specification-document">Specification Document</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/user-guide">User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/examples">Examples</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4-0">CVSS v4.0 Documentation & Resources</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/calculator/4.0">CVSS v4.0 Calculator</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/specification-document">CVSS v4.0 Specification Document</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/user-guide">CVSS v4.0 User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/examples">CVSS v4.0 Examples</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v4.0/faq">CVSS v4.0 FAQ</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3-1">CVSS v3.1 Archive</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/calculator/3.1">CVSS v3.1 Calculator</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.1/specification-document">CVSS v3.1 Specification Document</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.1/user-guide">CVSS v3.1 User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.1/examples">CVSS v3.1 Examples</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.1/use-design">CVSS v3.1 Calculator Use & Design</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3-0">CVSS v3.0 Archive</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/calculator/3.0">CVSS v3.0 Calculator</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.0/specification-document">CVSS v3.0 Specification Document</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.0/user-guide">CVSS v3.0 User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.0/examples">CVSS v3.0 Examples</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v3.0/use-design">CVSS v3.0 Calculator Use & Design</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2">CVSS v2 Archive</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/v2/guide">CVSS v2 Complete Documentation</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/history">CVSS v2 History</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/team">CVSS-SIG team</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/meetings">SIG Meetings</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/adopters">CVSS Adopters</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v2/links">CVSS Links</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/v1">CVSS v1 Archive</a><ul><li><a href="/cvss/v1/intro">Introduction to CVSS</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v1/faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/v1/guide">Complete CVSS v1 Guide</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/cvss/data-representations">JSON & XML Data Representations</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/training">CVSS On-Line Training Course</a></li><li><a href="/cvss/identity">Identity & logo usage</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/csirt">CSIRT Framework Development SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cyberinsurance">Cyber Insurance SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cyberinsurance/events">Cyber Insurance SIG Webinars</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti">Cyber Threat Intelligence SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/">Curriculum</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/introduction">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/cti-introduction">Introduction to CTI as a General topic</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/methods-methodology">Methods and Methodology</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/pir">Priority Intelligence Requirement (PIR)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/source-evaluation">Source Evaluation and Information Reliability</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/machine-human">Machine and Human Analysis Techniques (and Intelligence Cycle)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/threat-modelling">Threat Modelling</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/training">Training</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/standards">Standards</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/glossary">Glossary</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/curriculum/cti-reporting/">Communicating Uncertainties in CTI Reporting</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/events/">Webinars and Online Training</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program">Building a CTI program and team</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/program-stages">Program maturity stages</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/stage1">CTI Maturity model - Stage 1</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/stage2">CTI Maturity model - Stage 2</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/stage3">CTI Maturity model - Stage 3</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/starter-kit">Program Starter Kit</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cti/cti-program/resources">Resources and supporting materials</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/digital-safety">Digital Safety SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/dns">DNS Abuse SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/dns/policies">Code of Conduct & Other Policies</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/dns/dns-abuse-examples">Examples of DNS Abuse</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/ethics">Ethics SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/ethics/ethics-first">Ethics for Incident Response Teams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/epss/">Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS)</a><ul><li><a href="/epss/model">The EPSS Model</a></li><li><a href="/epss/data_stats">Data and Statistics</a></li><li><a href="/epss/user-guide">User Guide</a></li><li><a href="/epss/research">EPSS Research and Presentations</a></li><li><a href="/epss/faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li><a href="/epss/who_is_using">Who is using EPSS?</a></li><li><a href="/epss/epss_tools">Open-source EPSS Tools</a></li><li><a href="/epss/api">API</a></li><li><a href="/epss/papers">Related Exploit Research</a></li><li><a>Blog</a><ul><li><a href="/epss/articles/prob_percentile_bins">Understanding EPSS Probabilities and Percentiles</a></li><li><a href="/epss/articles/log4shell">Log4Shell Use Case</a></li><li><a href="/epss/articles/estimating_old_cvss">Estimating CVSS v3 Scores for 100,000 Older Vulnerabilities</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/epss/partners">Data Partners</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/msr/">FIRST Multi-Stakeholder Ransomware SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/hfs/">Human Factors in Security SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/ics">Industrial Control Systems SIG (ICS-SIG)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/iep">Information Exchange Policy SIG (IEP-SIG)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/information-sharing">Information Sharing SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/information-sharing/misp">Malware Information Sharing Platform</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/le">Law Enforcement SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/malware">Malware Analysis SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/malware/ma-framework">Malware Analysis Framework</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/malware/ma-framework/malwaretools">Malware Analysis Tools</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/metrics">Metrics SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/metrics/events">Metrics SIG Webinars</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/netsec/">NETSEC SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/passive-dns">Passive DNS Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/policy">Policy SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/psirt">PSIRT SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/red-team">Red Team SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/cpg">Retail and Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/ctf">Security Lounge SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/tic/">Threat Intel Coalition SIG</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/tic/membership-rules">Membership Requirements and Veto Rules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/tlp">Traffic Light Protocol (TLP-SIG)</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/transport">Transportation and Mobility SIG</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/vulnerability-coordination">Vulnerability Coordination</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/vulnerability-coordination/multiparty">Multi-Party Vulnerability Coordination and Disclosure</a></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/vulnerability-coordination/multiparty/guidelines">Guidelines and Practices for Multi-Party Vulnerability Coordination and Disclosure</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/vrdx">Vulnerability Reporting and Data eXchange SIG (VRDX-SIG)</a><ul><li><a href="/global/sigs/vrdx/vdb-catalog">Vulnerability Database Catalog</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/sigs/wof">Women of FIRST</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/governance">Internet Governance</a></li><li><a href="/global/irt-database">IR Database</a></li><li><a href="/global/fellowship">Fellowship Program</a><ul><li><a href="https://portal.first.org/fellowship">Application Form</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/mentorship">Mentorship Program</a></li><li><a href="/hof">IR Hall of Fame</a><ul><li><a href="/hof/inductees">Hall of Fame Inductees</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/global/victim-notification">Victim Notification</a></li><li><a href="/volunteers/">Volunteers at FIRST</a><ul><li><a href="/volunteers/list">FIRST Volunteers</a></li><li><a href="/volunteers/participation">Volunteer Contribution Record</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#new">Previous Activities</a><ul><li><a href="/global/practices">Best Practices Contest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="sidebar" data-studio="CU52CV1W8g"></div><footer><div id="footer" data-studio="CU52CV1W8g"><div id="c2" data-studio="Yu8FjCC11g"><div class="content"> <div class="support"> <div class="kbsearch bottom"> <p><a href="https://support.first.org"><img src="/_/img/icon-portal_support.svg" alt="FIRST Support" title="FIRST Support" /></a> <input class="kb-search" type="search" placeholder="Do you need help?"></p> </div> </div> <div id="socialnetworks"><a href="/about/sdg" title="FIRST Supported Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)" class="icon-sdg"></a><a rel="me" href="https://infosec.exchange/@firstdotorg" target="_blank" title="@FIRSTdotOrg@infosec.exchange" class="icon-mastodon"></a><a href="https://twitter.com/FIRSTdotOrg" target="_blank" title="Twitter @FIRSTdotOrg" class="icon-tw"></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/firstdotorg" target="_blank" title="FIRST.Org at LinkedIn" class="icon-linkedin"></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/FIRSTdotorg" target="_blank" title="FIRST.Org at Facebook" class="icon-fb"></a><a href="https://github.com/FIRSTdotorg" target="_blank" title="FIRST.Org at Github" class="icon-github"></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/FIRSTdotorg" target="_blank" title="FIRST.Org at Youtube" class="icon-youtube"></a><a href="/podcasts" title="FIRST.Org Podcasts" class="icon-podcast"></a></div> <p><a href="/copyright">Copyright</a> © 2015—2024 by Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams, Inc. All Rights Reserved.</p> </div> <p><span class="tlp"></span></p></div></div></footer><script nonce="ptU7B2Ui9fOAJecSKChd-A" async="async" src="/_/web.js?20241125212614"></script><script nonce="ptU7B2Ui9fOAJecSKChd-A" async="async" src="/_/s.js?20241125-212616"></script></body></html>