CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cash - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"09856a4f-4d14-455f-972b-5154f6fc5757","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cash","wgTitle":"Cash","wgCurRevisionId":1282398753,"wgRevisionId":1282398753,"wgArticleId":55336,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from May 2012","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Cash","Money"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cash","wgRelevantArticleId":55336,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q693464","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg/960px-Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="534"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cash - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cash rootpage-Cash skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cash" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cash" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cash" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cash" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives_of_cash_holding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives_of_cash_holding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Motives of cash holding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives_of_cash_holding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cash_in_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cash_in_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cash in circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cash_in_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banknote_tracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banknote_tracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Banknote tracking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banknote_tracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_of_cash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_of_cash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Competition of cash</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competition_of_cash-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Competition of cash subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Competition_of_cash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cashless_payments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cashless_payments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cashless payments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cashless_payments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_and_virtual_currencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_and_virtual_currencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Digital and virtual currencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_and_virtual_currencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_of_payment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_of_payment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Costs of payment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_of_payment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cash_in_constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cash_in_constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cash in constitutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cash_in_constitutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cash in constitutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cash_in_constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cash</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نقود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5)" title="নগদ (অর্থ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নগদ (অর্থ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C4%81n-kim" title="Hiān-kim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiān-kim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Наяўныя грошы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наяўныя грошы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Наяўныя грошы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Наяўныя грошы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diner_en_efectiu" title="Diner en efectiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diner en efectiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BA%C3%A7%D0%B0" title="Алăри укçа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алăри укçа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotov%C3%A9_pen%C3%ADze" title="Hotové peníze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hotové peníze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontanter" title="Kontanter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kontanter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargeld" title="Bargeld – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bargeld" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sularaha" title="Sularaha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sularaha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AC" title="Μετρητά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετρητά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinero_en_efectivo" title="Dinero en efectivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinero en efectivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontanta_mono" title="Kontanta mono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontanta mono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskudiru" title="Eskudiru – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskudiru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF" title="پول نقد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پول نقد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airgead_tirim" title="Airgead tirim – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Airgead tirim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EA%B8%88" title="현금 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Կանխիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանխիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC" title="रोकड़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोकड़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contante" title="Contante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מזומנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזומנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81" title="ನಗದು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಗದು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Қолма-қол ақша айналымы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қолма-қол ақша айналымы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kach" title="Kach – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kach" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash" title="Cash – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cash" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boergeld" title="Boergeld – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Boergeld" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartaol_geld" title="Chartaol geld – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chartaol geld" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartaal_geld" title="Chartaal geld – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chartaal geld" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6" title="नगद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नगद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E9%87%91" title="現金 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="現金" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontanter" title="Kontanter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kontanter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash" title="Cash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Cash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got%C3%B3wka" title="Gotówka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gotówka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixa_(conceito_financeiro)" title="Caixa (conceito financeiro) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caixa (conceito financeiro)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerar" title="Numerar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Numerar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Наличные деньги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наличные деньги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash" title="Cash – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cash" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="پارەی نەخت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارەی نەخت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Готовина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Готовина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4teinen" title="Käteinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käteinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontanter" title="Kontanter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kontanter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81" title="డబ్బు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డబ్బు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94" title="เงินสด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เงินสด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakit" title="Nakit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nakit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Готівка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Готівка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="نقدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_m%E1%BA%B7t" title="Tiền mặt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiền mặt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מזומן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מזומן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E9%87%91" title="現金 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="現金" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neq%C4%B1d" title="Neqıd – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Neqıd" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E9%87%91" title="現金 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="現金" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q693464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cash" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cash" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cash"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cash"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cash" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cash" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&oldid=1282398753" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cash&id=1282398753&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCash"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCash"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cash&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Money" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q693464" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Physical money</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about physical money. For money in general, see <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cash_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cash (disambiguation)">Cash (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg/500px-Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Banknotes and coins of various currencies</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <b>cash</b> is <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> in the physical form of <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">bookkeeping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">financial accounting</a>, cash is <a href="/wiki/Current_asset" title="Current asset">current assets</a> comprising currency or currency equivalents that can be accessed immediately or near-immediately (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Money_market_account" title="Money market account">money market accounts</a>). Cash is seen either as a <a href="/wiki/Reserve_(accounting)" title="Reserve (accounting)">reserve</a> for payments, in case of a structural or incidental negative <a href="/wiki/Cash_flow" title="Cash flow">cash flow</a> or as a way to avoid a downturn on financial markets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>cash</i> originally meant <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">money box</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and later came to have a secondary meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">money</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. This secondary usage became the sole meaning in the 18th century. The word <i>cash</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">caisse</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">money box</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, which comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italian">Old Italian</a> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cassa</i></span>, and ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">capsa</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">box</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam-cash_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-cash-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1099073579">.mw-parser-output .accounting .sidebar-list-title{border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .accounting .noborder .sidebar-list-title{border-top:none}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks accounting"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting" title="Category:Accounting">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledger.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Early 19th-century German ledger"><img alt="Early 19th-century German ledger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ledger.png/200px-Ledger.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ledger.png/300px-Ledger.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ledger.png/400px-Ledger.png 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_purchasing_power_accounting" title="Constant purchasing power accounting">Constant purchasing power</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_cost" title="Historical cost">Historical cost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_accounting_in_the_United_States" title="Tax accounting in the United States">Tax</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noborder"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">Budget</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_accounting" title="Cost accounting">Cost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_accounting" title="Forensic accounting">Forensic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">Financial</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fund_accounting" title="Fund accounting">Fund</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Governmental_accounting" title="Governmental accounting">Governmental</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting" title="Social accounting">Social</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_accounting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax accounting">Tax</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_period" title="Accounting period">Accounting period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Accrual" title="Accrual">Accrual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_purchasing_power_accounting" title="Constant purchasing power accounting">Constant purchasing power</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_entity" title="Economic entity">Economic entity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_value" title="Fair value">Fair value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Going_concern" title="Going concern">Going concern</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_cost" title="Historical cost">Historical cost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Matching_principle" title="Matching principle">Matching principle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Materiality_(auditing)" title="Materiality (auditing)">Materiality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_recognition" title="Revenue recognition">Revenue recognition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Selected accounts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Assets</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_goods_sold" title="Cost of goods sold">Cost of goods sold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">Depreciation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amortization_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amortization (business)">Amortization (business)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Expense" title="Expense">Expenses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Goodwill_(accounting)" title="Goodwill (accounting)">Goodwill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting)" title="Liability (financial accounting)">Liabilities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">Profit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accounting_standard" title="Accounting standard">Accounting standards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generally_accepted_accounting_principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Generally accepted accounting principles">Generally-accepted principles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Generally_accepted_auditing_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Generally accepted auditing standards">Generally-accepted auditing standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_of_accounting_standards" title="Convergence of accounting standards">Convergence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards" title="International Financial Reporting Standards">International Financial Reporting Standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standards_on_Auditing" title="International Standards on Auditing">International Standards on Auditing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Management_Accounting_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Management Accounting Principles">Management Accounting Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">Financial statements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet" title="Balance sheet">Balance sheet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cash_flow_statement" title="Cash flow statement">Cash-flow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statement_of_changes_in_equity" title="Statement of changes in equity">Equity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Income_statement" title="Income statement">Income</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Management_discussion_and_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Management discussion and analysis">Management discussion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">Bookkeeping</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_reconciliation" title="Bank reconciliation">Bank reconciliation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Debits_and_credits" title="Debits and credits">Debits and credits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-entry bookkeeping system">Double-entry system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_and_LIFO_accounting" title="FIFO and LIFO accounting">FIFO and LIFO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/General_journal" title="General journal">Journal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ledger" title="Ledger">Ledger</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_ledger" title="General ledger">General ledger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_balance" title="Trial balance">Trial balance</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Auditing</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_audit" title="Financial audit">Financial</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_audit" title="Internal audit">Internal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_networks_and_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Accounting networks and associations">Firms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Auditor%27s_report" title="Auditor's report">Report</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People and organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountant" title="Accountant">Accountants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_organizations" title="Category:Accounting organizations">Accounting organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_accounting" title="History of accounting">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_research" title="Accounting research">Research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_accounting" title="Positive accounting">Positive accounting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Misconduct</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_accounting" title="Creative accounting">Creative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Earnings_management" title="Earnings management">Earnings management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Error_account" title="Error account">Error account</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_accounting" title="Hollywood accounting">Hollywood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Off-balance-sheet" title="Off-balance-sheet">Off-balance-sheet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two_sets_of_books" title="Two sets of books">Two sets of books</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Accounting" title="Template:Accounting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Accounting" title="Template talk:Accounting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Accounting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Accounting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Western Europe, after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, coins, silver jewelry and <a href="/wiki/Hacksilver" title="Hacksilver">hacksilver</a> (silver objects hacked into pieces) were for centuries the only form of money, until <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> merchants started using silver bars for large transactions in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>. In a separate development, Venetian merchants started using <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">paper bills</a>, instructing their <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banker</a> to make payments. Similar marked silver bars were in use in lands where the Venetian merchants had established representative offices. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and several states in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> area and <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a> also used marked silver bars for large payments. As the world economy developed and silver supplies increased, in particular after the colonization of South America, coins became larger and a standard coin for international payment developed from the 15th century: the Spanish and Spanish colonial coin of <a href="/wiki/Peso" title="Peso">8 reales</a>. Its counterpart in gold was the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducat</a>. </p><p>Coin types would compete for markets. By conquering foreign markets, the issuing rulers would enjoy extra income from <a href="/wiki/Seigniorage" title="Seigniorage">seigniorage</a> (the difference between the value of the coin and the value of the metal the coin was made of). Successful coin types of high nobility would be copied by lower nobility for seigniorage. Imitations were usually of a lower weight, undermining the popularity of the original. As feudal states coalesced into kingdoms, imitation of silver types abated, but gold coins, in particular, the gold ducat and the gold <a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">florin</a> were still issued as trade coins: coins without a fixed value, going by weight. Colonial powers also sought to take away market share from Spain by issuing trade coin equivalents of silver Spanish coins, without much success. </p><p>In the early part of the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> coins were minted in England and shipped to the East. In England, over time the word <i>cash</i> was adopted from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> कर्ष karsa,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2012)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cash#Dubious" title="Talk:Cash">discuss</a></i>]</sup> a weight of gold or silver but akin to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A3%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8F%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎣𐎼𐏁">𐎣𐎼𐏁</a> karsha, unit of weight (83.30 grams). East India Company coinage had both <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and English writing on it, to facilitate its use within the trade. In 1671, the directors of the East India Company ordered a mint to be established at <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, known as Bombaim. In 1677 this was sanctioned by the Crown, the coins, having received royal sanction, were struck as silver rupees; the inscription runs "The rupee of Bombaim", by the authority of Charles II. </p><p>Around that time, coins were also being produced for the East India Company at the <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> mint. The Tamil the word for money is kaasu,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may have been modified into 'cash'. Both words, 'kaasu' and 'cash', have the same meaning, unlike money box. The currency at the company's Bombay and Bengal administrative regions was the rupee. At Madras, however, the company's accounts were reckoned in <i>pagodas</i>, <i>fractions</i>, <i>fanams</i>, <i>faluce</i> and <i>cash</i>. This system was maintained until 1818 when the rupee was adopted as the unit of currency for the company's operations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancientchinesecoins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ancientchinesecoins.jpg/250px-Ancientchinesecoins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ancientchinesecoins.jpg/330px-Ancientchinesecoins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ancientchinesecoins.jpg/500px-Ancientchinesecoins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Traditional holed Chinese coinage is also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">cash</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a> was first used in China during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> 500 years prior to it catching on in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his visit to China in the 13th century, Marco Polo was amazed to find that people traded paper money for goods rather than valuable coins made of silver or gold. He wrote extensively about how the Great Kaan used a part of the Mulberry Tree to create the paper money as well as the process with which a seal was used to impress on the paper to authenticate it. Marco Polo also talks about the chance of forgery and states that someone caught forging money would be punished with death.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century, European countries started to use paper money in part due to a shortage of precious metals, leading to fewer coins being produced and put into circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, it was most popular in the colonies of European powers. In the 18th century, important paper issues were made in colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a> and the bordering colonies of <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">John Law</a> did pioneering work on banknotes with the <i>Banque Royale</i>. The relation between <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> and inflation was still imperfectly understood and the bank went under rendering its notes worthless, because they had been over-issued. The lessons learned were applied to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, which played a crucial role in financing the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> against French troops, hamstrung by a metallic Franc de Germinal. </p><p>The ability to create paper money made nation-states responsible for the management of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, through control of the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a>. It also made a direct relation between the metal of the coin and its denomination superfluous. From 1816, coins generally became <a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">token money</a>, though some large silver and gold coins remained standard coins until 1927.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> saw standard coins disappear to a very large extent. Afterward, standard gold coins, mainly <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)" title="Sovereign (British coin)">British sovereigns</a>, would still be used in colonies and less developed economies and silver <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler" title="Maria Theresa thaler">Maria Theresa thalers</a> dated 1780 would be struck as trade coins for countries in East Asia until 1946 and possibly later locally. </p><p>Cash has now become a very small part of the money supply. Its remaining role is to provide a form of currency storage and payment for those who do not wish to take part in other systems, and make small payments conveniently and promptly, though this latter role is being replaced more and more frequently by electronic <a href="/wiki/Payment_system" title="Payment system">payment systems</a>. Research has found that the demand for cash decreases as debit card usage increases because merchants need to make less change for customer purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cash is increasing in circulation. The amount of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> in circulation increased by 42% from 2007 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> banknotes in circulation increased by 29% from 2008 to 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> in circulation increased by 34% from August 2008 to August 2013 (2% of the increase was due to the adoption of euro in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> 2009 and in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives_of_cash_holding">Motives of cash holding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Motives of cash holding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In economic theory (according <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>), the cash holding of cash (especially <a href="/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking#Types_of_money" title="Fractional-reserve banking">sight deposits</a>) is roughly attributed to three motives:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Transactions motive</li> <li>Precautionary motive</li> <li>Speculative motive.</li></ul> <p>The transactions motive covers the business needs of economic subjects, the precautionary motive serves to hold money for liquidity purposes and to provide for crisis situations,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the speculation motive, according to <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, results from the uncertainty about future interest rate developments and relates to financial investments. </p><p>In addition to this purely economic importance, there are other aspects of cash use:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Anonymous payment without disclosing personal data</li> <li>Trust to the central bank (control and publication of <a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">money creation</a>)</li> <li>Activation of a reward center in the brain (anticipation of reaching a specific goal)</li> <li>Expenditure control (immediate physical payment)</li> <li>Tradition (haptic experience, e.g. monetary donation; long-term reliability of value retention)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a> (equal participation in economic life for all)</li> <li>Identification (symbolic character, solidarity and group membership)</li> <li>Educational tool for children (objective handling of assets and expenses)</li> <li>Paying a tip as immediate recognition of good service.</li></ul> <p>In practice, there may be a combination of such motives, with the precautionary motive of preserving value and anonymous payment being decisive. Due to its unique characteristics, there is no perfect substitute for cash. <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Demonetisation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">capital control</a> can destabilize the economy if electronic means of payment are not readily available (e.g. <a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_banknote_demonetisation" title="2016 Indian banknote demonetisation">2016 Indian banknote demonetisation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cash_in_circulation">Cash in circulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cash in circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cash in circulation is characterized by strong seasonal fluctuations. Wage and salary payment dates, tax payment dates or holidays lead to statistically perceptible increases in cash in circulation, for which the credit institutions are preparing. Since cash holdings at banks do not earn interest and can also lead to security problems (<a href="/wiki/Bank_robbery" title="Bank robbery">bank robbery</a>), banks usually only hold very small amounts of cash. They are therefore forced to involve the central bank in times of higher cash requirements. Therefore, the cash in circulation only remains unchanged if the banks hand over cash from their own cash holdings to their bank customers or take cash deposits from their customers into their own holdings. </p><p>The ratio of the cash in circulation in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (cash to GDP ratio) is a good indicator of cash usage and payment behavior in an economy. In countries like the United States, increased use of debit and credit cards is increasing the amount of cash in circulation at a slower rate than in countries with a high amount of cash payments. In 2018, it ranged from 1.3% (in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>) to more than 21% (in Japan), 10.5% in Switzerland and 10.7% in the eurozone.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since around 2018, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, cash in circulation in the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> has increased significantly while the share of cash payments (i.e. transactions) has decreased, known as the <i>paradox of banknotes</i>. Analyzes show that private households are increasingly keeping cash as a precaution against crises and that <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">negative interest rates</a> also play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect is also observed in many other currency areas, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banknote_tracking">Banknote tracking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Banknote tracking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most jurisdictions, banknotes are not routinely tracked by serial number. There are the following exceptions in cash applications: </p> <ul><li>Registration of <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom money</a> for <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a> (e.g. for the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Oetker#kidnapping" title="Richard Oetker">Oetker kidnapping</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Macroeconomic studies of cash flows through the central bank<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Statistical recording of the lifespan of banknotes by the central bank<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tracking the (location-based) migration of individual banknotes using <a href="/wiki/EuroBillTracker" title="EuroBillTracker">EuroBillTracker</a> for <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">euro banknotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Where%27s_George%3F" title="Where's George?">Where's George?</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Where%27s_Willy%3F" title="Where's Willy?">Where's Willy?</a> for <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollars</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a></li> <li>Use of individual banknotes for sharing messages with recipients using the mobile app <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smill (page does not exist)">smill</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Since 2016, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a> has requested the recording of banknotes issued and deposited at ATMs and bank counters, arguing that counterfeit money will be prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Directive ECB/2010/14, the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB) requires banks to check the <a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">authenticity</a> of deposited and withdrawn banknotes at bank counters and ATMs using tested devices. They are required to trace the origin of suspected counterfeit banknotes to the depositing account holder. They must also physically seize any counterfeit notes and coins.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_of_cash">Competition of cash</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Competition of cash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cashless_payments">Cashless payments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cashless payments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cashless_society" title="Cashless society">Cashless society</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Credit-cards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Credit-cards.jpg/250px-Credit-cards.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Credit-cards.jpg/330px-Credit-cards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Credit-cards.jpg/500px-Credit-cards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit cards</a> are used for cashless payments. With a credit card, the credit card company grants a <a href="/wiki/Line_of_credit" title="Line of credit">line of credit</a> to the card holder. The card holder can make purchases from merchants, and borrow the money for these purchases from the credit card company.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cashless_society" title="Cashless society">Cashless society</a> can be defined as one in which all financial transactions are handled through "digital" forms (debit and credit cards) in preference to cash (physical banknotes and coins). Cashless societies have been a part of history from the very beginning of human existence. Barter and other methods of exchange were used to conduct a wide variety of trade transactions during this time period.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, the use of banknotes has increasingly been displaced by credit and debit cards, electronic money transfers and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">mobile payments</a>, but much slower than expected. The <a href="/wiki/Cashless_society" title="Cashless society">cashless society</a> has been predicted for more than forty years,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but cash remains the most widely used payment instrument in the world and on all continents.<sup id="cite_ref-CashReport_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CashReport-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> In 17 out of 24 studied countries, cash represents more than 50% of all payment transactions, with Austria at 85%, Germany at 80%, France at 68%. The United Kingdom at 42%, Australia at 37%, United States at 32%, Sweden at 20%, and South Korea at 14% are among the countries with lower cash usage.<sup id="cite_ref-CashReport_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CashReport-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> </p><p>By the 2010s, cash was no longer the preferred method of payment in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the United States User Consumer Survey Study reported that three out of four of the participants preferred a debit or credit card payment instead of cash.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some nations have contributed to this trend, by regulating what type of transactions can be conducted with cash and setting limits on the amount of cash that can be used in a single transaction.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cash is still the primary means of payment (and store of value) for unbanked people with a low income and helps avoiding debt traps due to uncontrolled spending of money. It supports <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a> and avoids tracking for economic or political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, cash is the only means for <a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">contingency planning</a> in order to mitigate risks in case of <a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural disasters">natural disasters</a> or failures of the technical infrastructure like a large-scale power blackout or shutdown of the communication network.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, central banks and governments are increasingly driving the sufficient availability of cash. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">US Federal Reserve</a> has provided guidelines for the continuity of cash services,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Swedish government is concerned about the consequences in abandoning cash and is considering to pass a law requiring all banks to handle cash.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_and_virtual_currencies">Digital and virtual currencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Digital and virtual currencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a> is a generic term for various approaches to support secure transactions of the public or using a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_ledger" title="Distributed ledger">distributed ledger</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>, as a new technology for decentralized asset management. The blockchain 1.0 era has enabled the application of virtual digital currencies in the marketplace, such as money transfer and payment systems.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It considers establishing an electronic version of the national currency which is backed by the central bank as the issuer. <a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a> is a digital representation of value that is neither issued by a central bank or a public authority, such as <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facebook's concept for the <a href="/wiki/Diem_(digital_currency)" title="Diem (digital currency)">diem</a> is based on a token to be backed by financial assets such as a basket of national currencies. </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a> was considering introducing digital currency.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, it rates digital currency a fairly complicated decision and is analyzing the pros and cons and working to determine under which conditions it may make sense to, one day, issue a digital currency. As a threat, a central bank digital currency could increase the risk of a run on the banking system.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a>, the central bank of Sweden, was reported to analyze technological advances with regard to electronic money and payment methods for digital currency as an alternative to cash.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, it is investigating whether <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a> need to be made available in electronic form, the so-called e-krona, and if so, how it would affect Swedish legislation and the Riksbank's task. It has started procuring a technical supplier to develop and test solutions for a potential future e-krona. No decisions have yet been taken on issuing an e-krona.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs_of_payment">Costs of payment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Costs of payment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a> in 2017 found that a cash payment in retail costs an average of 24 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> cents, while payments with a <a href="/wiki/Girocard" title="Girocard">girocard</a> cost 30 cents (or often 0.3 to 0.4% of sales plus a transaction fee) and with a <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> charge one euro which is included in the sales price.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is why retailers often refuse to accept card payments below a minimum amount. Depending on the account model, there are also booking costs for the account holder with an average of 35 euro cents charged for each(!) account posting. Because of this convenient source of income, commercial banks and credit card companies favor cashless payments. </p><p>In the case of cashless payment transactions, in addition to the documentation of the payment itself, the personal details of the payer are usually linked to the data of the payee according to the <a href="/wiki/Know_Your_Customer" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Your Customer">Know Your Customer</a> (KYC) principle. This enables the payment process to be precisely traced for the payer and the payee. The constant increase in digitization leads to a more detailed recording of cashless payment transactions and their evaluation for advertising and marketing campaigns. Since this digital documentation is usually more centralized than before, the potential for abuse increases. On the other hand, the cash transactions are anonymous, unless purchasing profiles are recorded with the help of <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_program" title="Loyalty program">loyalty programs</a> based on customer cards, and keep the payment landscape competitive.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cash_in_constitutions">Cash in constitutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cash in constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2023, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor of Austria</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Karl Nehammer</a> came out in support for enshrining cash in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian constitution">Austrian constitution</a>. This came after the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a> campaigned on the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, The Swiss government supported moves to have a constitutional protection for cash. This came after a popular initiative asked for it.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2023, the Slovakian parliament voted with the support of 111 of 150 MPs to put the right to use cash in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Constitution of Slovakia</a>. The amendment was proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Sme_Rodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sme Rodina">Sme Rodina</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a> – Electronic telecommunications device to perform financial transactions<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknote counter">Banknote counter</a> – Machine that counts money<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote_processing" title="Banknote processing">Banknote processing</a> – Automated process to check banknotes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote_seal_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknote seal (China)">Banknote seal (China)</a> – Historical anti-counterfeiting measure<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_and_cash_equivalents" title="Cash and cash equivalents">Cash and cash equivalents</a> – Highly liquid, short-term assets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashback_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cashback (disambiguation)">Cashback (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_management" title="Cash management">Cash management</a> – Measures of managing short-term cash in the company <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cashflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashflow">Cashflow</a> – Movement of money into or out of a business, project, or financial product<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_register" title="Cash register">Cash register</a> – Device to register and calculate retail sales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_transfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash transfers">Cash transfers</a> – Direct transfer payment of money to an eligible person<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbol</a> – Symbol used to represent a monetary currency's name</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> – Devaluation of currency over a period of time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_hedge" title="Inflation hedge">Inflation hedge</a> – Investment intended to protect an investor against inflation or hedge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a> – Process by which the money supply of an economic region is increased</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_cash" title="Petty cash">Petty cash</a> – Funds in the form of cash</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_(marketing)" title="Rebate (marketing)">Rebate (marketing)</a> – Buying discount scheme</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-merriam-cash-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merriam-cash_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cash">"Cash"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cash&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/cash">"Cash"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cash&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fcash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81">"kācu"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=k%C4%81cu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1914560_1914558_1914593,00.html">"Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About Money"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 2009-08-05. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Top+10+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Money&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1914560_1914558_1914593%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecantosproject.ed.ac.uk/index.php/canto-17-27-overview/xviiia/xviii-sources/280-marco-polo-kublai-s-paper-money">"The Cantos Project – Marco Polo: Kublai's paper money"</a>. <i>thecantosproject.ed.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecantosproject.ed.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Cantos+Project+%E2%80%93+Marco+Polo%3A+Kublai%27s+paper+money&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecantosproject.ed.ac.uk%2Findex.php%2Fcanto-17-27-overview%2Fxviiia%2Fxviii-sources%2F280-marco-polo-kublai-s-paper-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/a-history-of-the-franc-the-key-moments/">"A history of the Franc: the key moments"</a>. <i>napoleon.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=napoleon.org&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+Franc%3A+the+key+moments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon.org%2Fen%2Fhistory-of-the-two-empires%2Farticles%2Fa-history-of-the-franc-the-key-moments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/working_papers/2007/wp2007_04.pdf">"Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, <i>Debit Card and Cash Usage: A Cross-Country Analysis</i>, March 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Chicago%2C+Debit+Card+and+Cash+Usage%3A+A+Cross-Country+Analysis%2C+March+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagofed.org%2Fdigital_assets%2Fpublications%2Fworking_papers%2F2007%2Fwp2007_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frbsf.org/our-district/about/annual-report/annual-report-2012/2012-annual-report-essay-cash-is-dead-long-live-cash/">"Cash Is Dead! Long Live Cash!"</a>. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cash+Is+Dead%21+Long+Live+Cash%21&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+San+Francisco&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frbsf.org%2Four-district%2Fabout%2Fannual-report%2Fannual-report-2012%2F2012-annual-report-essay-cash-is-dead-long-live-cash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116141402/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/about/stats.aspx">"Banknote Statistics"</a>. Bank of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/about/stats.aspx">the original</a> on 2017-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banknote+Statistics&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fbanknotes%2FPages%2Fabout%2Fstats.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/banknotes+coins/circulation/html/index.en.html">"Banknotes and coins circulation"</a>. European Central Bank. 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banknotes+and+coins+circulation&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Fstats%2Fpolicy_and_exchange_rates%2Fbanknotes%2Bcoins%2Fcirculation%2Fhtml%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1936" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, John Maynard (1936). <i>The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00476-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00476-4"><bdi>978-0-230-00476-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+Theory+of+Employment%2C+Interest+and+Money&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=978-0-230-00476-4&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRöslSeitz2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rösl, Gerhard; Seitz, Franz (2022-04-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oth-aw.de/files/oth-aw/Professoren/Seitz/Cash_demand_in_times_of_crisis_JPSS.pdf">"Cash demand in times of crisis. In: Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.69554%2FBFOI8360">10.69554/BFOI8360</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Payments+Strategy+%26+Systems&rft.atitle=Cash+demand+in+times+of+crisis.+In%3A+Journal+of+Payments+Strategy+%26+Systems&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.69554%2FBFOI8360&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6sl&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Seitz%2C+Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oth-aw.de%2Ffiles%2Foth-aw%2FProfessoren%2FSeitz%2FCash_demand_in_times_of_crisis_JPSS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPitters2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pitters, Julia (2022). Beermann, Johannes (ed.). <i>In dubio pro Euroschein: Über den psychologischen Wert des Bargelds</i> [<i>In dubio pro euro bill: On the psychological value of cash.</i>]. 20 Jahre Euro. Zur Zukunft unseres Geldes (in German). Munich: Siedler. pp. <span class="nowrap">498–</span>510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8275-0165-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8275-0165-3"><bdi>978-3-8275-0165-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+dubio+pro+Euroschein%3A+%C3%9Cber+den+psychologischen+Wert+des+Bargelds.&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=20+Jahre+Euro.+Zur+Zukunft+unseres+Geldes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E498-%3C%2Fspan%3E510&rft.pub=Siedler&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-8275-0165-3&rft.aulast=Pitters&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeaWebley2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lea, Stephen; Webley, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/abs/money-as-tool-money-as-drug-the-biological-psychology-of-a-strong-incentive/3FD8967256F6059739011F8F7C7EFF5E">"Money as tool, money as drug: The biological psychology of a strong incentive"</a>. <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>29</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">161–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X06009046">10.1017/S0140525X06009046</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10036%2F34794">10036/34794</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16606498">16606498</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2353982">2353982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Money+as+tool%2C+money+as+drug%3A+The+biological+psychology+of+a+strong+incentive&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10036%2F34794&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2353982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16606498&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X06009046&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Webley%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbehavioral-and-brain-sciences%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmoney-as-tool-money-as-drug-the-biological-psychology-of-a-strong-incentive%2F3FD8967256F6059739011F8F7C7EFF5E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRöslSeitz2022" class="citation web cs1">Rösl, Gerhard; Seitz, Franz (2022-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/261291/1/1808743393.pdf">"On the Stabilizing Role of Cash for Societies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>econstor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=econstor&rft.atitle=On+the+Stabilizing+Role+of+Cash+for+Societies&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6sl&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Seitz%2C+Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econstor.eu%2Fbitstream%2F10419%2F261291%2F1%2F1808743393.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/874085/umfrage/anteil-des-bargeldumlaufs-am-bip-nach-weltweiten-waehrungen/">"Anteil des sich im Umlauf befindlichen Bargeldes ausgewählter Währungen am Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) des jeweiligen Währungsgebiets im Jahr 2018"</a> [Cash-to-GDP ratio of selected currencies in 2018] (in German). 2022-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anteil+des+sich+im+Umlauf+befindlichen+Bargeldes+ausgew%C3%A4hlter+W%C3%A4hrungen+am+Bruttoinlandsprodukts+%28BIP%29+des+jeweiligen+W%C3%A4hrungsgebiets+im+Jahr+2018&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F874085%2Fumfrage%2Fanteil-des-bargeldumlaufs-am-bip-nach-weltweiten-waehrungen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZamora-Pérez2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zamora-Pérez, Alejandro (2021-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/articles/2021/html/ecb.ebart202102_03~58cc4e1b97.en.html">"The paradox of banknotes: understanding the demand for cash beyond transactional use"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Central+Bank&rft.atitle=The+paradox+of+banknotes%3A+understanding+the+demand+for+cash+beyond+transactional+use&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft.aulast=Zamora-P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Fpub%2Feconomic-bulletin%2Farticles%2F2021%2Fhtml%2Fecb.ebart202102_03~58cc4e1b97.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoshizawa2021" class="citation web cs1">Yoshizawa, Kento (2021-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boj.or.jp/en/research/wps_rev/rev_2021/data/rev21e06.pdf">"Developments in Banknotes in Circulation since the Start of the Pandemic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-12</span></span>. <q>Reasons for the paradox observed globally before the pandemic were that while transaction demand for banknotes has been negatively affected by the increase in cashless payments, non-transaction demand for banknotes has increased reflecting low interest rates and precautionary demand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bank+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Developments+in+Banknotes+in+Circulation+since+the+Start+of+the+Pandemic&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.aulast=Yoshizawa&rft.aufirst=Kento&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boj.or.jp%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fwps_rev%2Frev_2021%2Fdata%2Frev21e06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGötz2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Götz, Hans-Dieter (2017-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/versteck-gefunden-loesegeld_id_1880257.html">"Lösegeld: Versteck gefunden"</a> [Ransom money: Hiding place identified]. <i>FOCUS</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FOCUS&rft.atitle=L%C3%B6segeld%3A+Versteck+gefunden&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6tz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fversteck-gefunden-loesegeld_id_1880257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeinhammerLadi2017" class="citation web cs1">Deinhammer, Reinhard; Ladi, Anna (2017-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpops/ecb.op204.en.pdf">"Modelling euro banknote quality in circulation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modelling+euro+banknote+quality+in+circulation&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.aulast=Deinhammer&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.au=Ladi%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fscpops%2Fecb.op204.en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeszczyszynGrindley2018" class="citation web cs1">Leszczyszyn, Antin; Grindley, Rebecca (2018-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://7layer.net/what-can-be-gained-with-serial-number-reading/">"White Paper: What can be gained with Serial Number Reading?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Paper%3A+What+can+be+gained+with+Serial+Number+Reading%3F&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.aulast=Leszczyszyn&rft.aufirst=Antin&rft.au=Grindley%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F7layer.net%2Fwhat-can-be-gained-with-serial-number-reading%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://banknote-solutions.koenig-bauer.com/en/digital-solutions/smilltm/">"Share digital messages on your banknote"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Koenig_%26_Bauer" title="Koenig & Bauer">Koenig & Bauer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Koenig+%26+Bauer&rft.atitle=Share+digital+messages+on+your+banknote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbanknote-solutions.koenig-bauer.com%2Fen%2Fdigital-solutions%2Fsmilltm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbc.gov.cn/english/130733/3881678/index.html">"Yinfa No. 29 [2016], Notice of the People's Bank of China on Issuing the Guidelines on the Anti-Counterfeit Currency Work of Banking Financial Institutions"</a>. 2016-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yinfa+No.+29+%5B2016%5D%2C+Notice+of+the+People%27s+Bank+of+China+on+Issuing+the+Guidelines+on+the+Anti-Counterfeit+Currency+Work+of+Banking+Financial+Institutions&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbc.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2F130733%2F3881678%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32010D0014&from=DE">"Decision of The European Central Bank of 16 September 2010 on the authenticity and fitness checking and recirculation of euro banknotes"</a>. <i>European Central Bank</i>. 2010-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Central+Bank&rft.atitle=Decision+of+The+European+Central+Bank+of+16+September+2010+on+the+authenticity+and+fitness+checking+and+recirculation+of+euro+banknotes&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FPDF%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A32010D0014%26from%3DDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806105101/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/2013/10/09/cost-of-cash-in-the-united-states/">"Cost of Cash in the United States"</a>. <i>MasterCard Social Newsroom</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.mastercard.com/2013/10/09/cost-of-cash-in-the-united-states/">the original</a> on 2021-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MasterCard+Social+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Cost+of+Cash+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.mastercard.com%2F2013%2F10%2F09%2Fcost-of-cash-in-the-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711001625/http://www.cashrepository.com/2017/03/myth-the-cashless-society-is-just-around-the-corner/">"Myth: The Cashless Society is Just Around the Corner"</a>. <i>Currency Research</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cashrepository.com/2017/03/myth-the-cashless-society-is-just-around-the-corner/">the original</a> on 2019-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Currency+Research&rft.atitle=Myth%3A+The+Cashless+Society+is+Just+Around+the+Corner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cashrepository.com%2F2017%2F03%2Fmyth-the-cashless-society-is-just-around-the-corner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CashReport-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CashReport_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CashReport_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cashessentials.org/app/uploads/2018/07/2018-world-cash-report.pdf">"World Cash Report 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. G4S Cash Solutions, Payments Advisory Group. 2018-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Cash+Report+2018&rft.pub=G4S+Cash+Solutions%2C+Payments+Advisory+Group&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcashessentials.org%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2F2018-world-cash-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTompor" class="citation web cs1">Tompor, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/nation-now/2016/09/04/cash-cashless-society-credit-cards/89726644/">"A cashless society? Some retailers turn noses up at currency"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=A+cashless+society%3F+Some+retailers+turn+noses+up+at+currency&rft.aulast=Tompor&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2Fnation-now%2F2016%2F09%2F04%2Fcash-cashless-society-credit-cards%2F89726644%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCount-Money2016" class="citation web cs1">Count-Money (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://count-money.com/2016-and-2017-surveys-of-consumer-payment-choice-summary-results/">"2016 U.S. Consumer Payment Study"</a>. <i>count-money.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=count-money.com&rft.atitle=2016+U.S.+Consumer+Payment+Study&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Count-Money&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcount-money.com%2F2016-and-2017-surveys-of-consumer-payment-choice-summary-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027112755/https://cashappguide.com/">"cashappguide"</a>. 2017-12-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cashappguide.com/">the original</a> on 2020-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cashappguide&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcashappguide.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2019" class="citation web cs1">O'Sullivan, Andrea (2019-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2019/07/02/hong-kong-protests-show-dangers-of-a-cashless-society/">"Hong Kong Protests Show Dangers of a Cashless Society"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>. <q>Many digital payments can be tracked, potentially assisting an authoritarian crackdown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Protests+Show+Dangers+of+a+Cashless+Society&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2019%2F07%2F02%2Fhong-kong-protests-show-dangers-of-a-cashless-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cashmatters.org/blog/swish-crashes-during-popular-football-event-in-skovde-sweden/">"Swish crashes during popular football event in Skövde, Sweden"</a>. <i>Cash Matters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cash+Matters&rft.atitle=Swish+crashes+during+popular+football+event+in+Sk%C3%B6vde%2C+Sweden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cashmatters.org%2Fblog%2Fswish-crashes-during-popular-football-event-in-skovde-sweden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frbservices.org/financial-services/cash/business-continuity/index.html">"FedCash Services Business Continuity Guide"</a>. <i>The Federal Reserve</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Federal+Reserve&rft.atitle=FedCash+Services+Business+Continuity+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frbservices.org%2Ffinancial-services%2Fcash%2Fbusiness-continuity%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cashmatters.org/blog/swedish-government-expected-to-pass-law-requiring-all-banks-to-handle-cash/">"Swedish government expected to pass law requiring all banks to handle cash"</a>. <i>Cash Matters</i>. 2019-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>. <q>If the power supply is cut it is no longer possible to make electronic payments. For reasons based purely in preparedness, we need notes and coins that work without electricity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cash+Matters&rft.atitle=Swedish+government+expected+to+pass+law+requiring+all+banks+to+handle+cash&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cashmatters.org%2Fblog%2Fswedish-government-expected-to-pass-law-requiring-all-banks-to-handle-cash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanPanSongAi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pan, Xiongfeng; Pan, Xianyou; Song, Malin; Ai, Bowei; Ming, Yang (2020-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401219301471">"Blockchain technology and enterprise operational capabilities: An empirical test"</a>. <i>International Journal of Information Management</i>. <b>52</b>: 101946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijinfomgt.2019.05.002">10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4012">0268-4012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:182010891">182010891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Information+Management&rft.atitle=Blockchain+technology+and+enterprise+operational+capabilities%3A+An+empirical+test&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=101946&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A182010891%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-4012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijinfomgt.2019.05.002&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Xiongfeng&rft.au=Pan%2C+Xianyou&rft.au=Song%2C+Malin&rft.au=Ai%2C+Bowei&rft.au=Ming%2C+Yang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0268401219301471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eba.europa.eu/documents/10180/657547/EBA-Op-2014-08+Opinion+on+Virtual+Currencies.pdf">"EBA Opinion on 'virtual currencies'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Authority" title="European Banking Authority">European Banking Authority</a></i>. 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Banking+Authority&rft.atitle=EBA+Opinion+on+%27virtual+currencies%27&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feba.europa.eu%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F657547%2FEBA-Op-2014-08%2BOpinion%2Bon%2BVirtual%2BCurrencies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrange2012" class="citation news cs1">Strange, Adario (13 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2402982,00.asp">"Canada Asks Developers to Create Digital Currency"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Canada+Asks+Developers+to+Create+Digital+Currency&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Adario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2402982%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRandy_Boswell2012" class="citation web cs1">Randy Boswell (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410222104/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/Canada%2Bunveils%2Bdigital%2Bcurrency/6419676/story.html">"Canada unveils digital currency"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/business/Canada+unveils+digital+currency/6419676/story.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=Canada+unveils+digital+currency&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft.au=Randy+Boswell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fbusiness%2FCanada%2Bunveils%2Bdigital%2Bcurrency%2F6419676%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2019/04/the-road-to-digital-money/">"The Road to Digital Money. From beaver pelts to paper money to digital currencies"</a>. <i>Bank of Canada</i>. 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bank+of+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Digital+Money.+From+beaver+pelts+to+paper+money+to+digital+currencies&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofcanada.ca%2F2019%2F04%2Fthe-road-to-digital-money%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalin_Rising2012" class="citation web cs1">Malin Rising (17 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/sweden-cash-king-no-more-082544562.html">"In Sweden, cash is king no more – Yahoo! News"</a>. News.yahoo.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Sweden%2C+cash+is+king+no+more+%E2%80%93+Yahoo%21+News&rft.pub=News.yahoo.com&rft.date=2012-03-17&rft.au=Malin+Rising&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fsweden-cash-king-no-more-082544562.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/payments--cash/e-krona/">"E-krona"</a>. <i>Sveriges Riksbank</i>. 19 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sveriges+Riksbank&rft.atitle=E-krona&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksbank.se%2Fen-gb%2Fpayments--cash%2Fe-krona%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeermann2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beermann, Johannes (2022). <i>Der Weg des Geldes: Grundlagen, Entwicklungen und Perspektiven des Bargeldes in Deutschland</i> [<i>The path of money: Basics, developments and perspectives of cash in Germany</i>]. 20 Jahre Euro. Zur Zukunft unseres Geldes (in German). Munich: Siedler. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8275-0165-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8275-0165-3"><bdi>978-3-8275-0165-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Weg+des+Geldes%3A+Grundlagen%2C+Entwicklungen+und+Perspektiven+des+Bargeldes+in+Deutschland.&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=20+Jahre+Euro.+Zur+Zukunft+unseres+Geldes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=Siedler&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-8275-0165-3&rft.aulast=Beermann&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cashmatters.org/why-cash-matters-top-20-reasons-for-the-popularity-and-relevance-of-cash">"Why Cash Matters"</a>. 2022-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Cash+Matters&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cashmatters.org%2Fwhy-cash-matters-top-20-reasons-for-the-popularity-and-relevance-of-cash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/austria-chancellor-karl-nehammer-cash-use-constitution/">"Austrian chancellor: Right to use cash should be in constitution"</a>. 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austrian+chancellor%3A+Right+to+use+cash+should+be+in+constitution&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Faustria-chancellor-karl-nehammer-cash-use-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/swiss-government-proposes-constitutional-protection-for-cash/48772234">"Swiss government proposes constitutional protection for cash"</a>. 30 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swiss+government+proposes+constitutional+protection+for+cash&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fbusiness%2Fswiss-government-proposes-constitutional-protection-for-cash%2F48772234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZmušková2023" class="citation news cs1">Zmušková, Barbara (June 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/slovakia-adds-right-to-cash-payments-in-constitution-over-digital-euro-fears/">"Slovakia adds right to cash payments in constitution over digital euro fears"</a>. <i>EURACTIV.sk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EURACTIV.sk&rft.atitle=Slovakia+adds+right+to+cash+payments+in+constitution+over+digital+euro+fears&rft.date=2023-06-19&rft.aulast=Zmu%C5%A1kov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Fslovakia-adds-right-to-cash-payments-in-constitution-over-digital-euro-fears%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation book cs1">Davies, G. (1994). <i>A History of Money From Ancient Times to the Present Day</i>. Cardiff: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780708313510" title="Special:BookSources/9780708313510"><bdi>9780708313510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Money+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780708313510&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpufford2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Spufford" title="Peter Spufford">Spufford, P.</a> (2008). <i>How Rarely Did Medieval Merchants Use Coin?</i>. Utrecht: Stichting Nederlandse Penningkabinetten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789073882218" title="Special:BookSources/9789073882218"><bdi>9789073882218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rarely+Did+Medieval+Merchants+Use+Coin%3F&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pub=Stichting+Nederlandse+Penningkabinetten&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789073882218&rft.aulast=Spufford&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACash" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/20px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/40px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/21px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/42px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/20px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/40px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata499" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata499" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4235275-7">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nakit">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cash&oldid=1282398753">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cash&oldid=1282398753</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cash" title="Category:Cash">Cash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Money" title="Category:Money">Money</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_French_(ca._1400-1600)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text">Articles containing Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_May_2012" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from May 2012">Articles with disputed statements from May 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 March 2025, at 04:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cash&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cash</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>52 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-l5ssb","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.720","walltime":"1.001","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6097,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":130257,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1876,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":232737,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 901.898 1 -total"," 27.36% 246.728 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.84% 223.989 16 Template:Annotated_link"," 12.15% 109.624 33 Template:Cite_web"," 10.73% 96.754 1 Template:Accounting"," 9.36% 84.446 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.50% 76.649 3 Template:Lang"," 7.22% 65.143 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.13% 64.271 2 Template:Cite_dictionary"," 4.75% 42.840 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.490","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25045431,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-7mxbd","timestamp":"20250409114220","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cash","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cash","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q693464","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q693464","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-07T12:04:54Z","dateModified":"2025-03-26T04:49:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e1\/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_London_-_14-15_Dec_2007_-_034.jpg","headline":"physical money"}</script> </body> </html>