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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_peripherals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Integrated peripherals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_peripherals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripheral_card_slots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripheral_card_slots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Peripheral card slots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripheral_card_slots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_and_reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_and_reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Temperature and reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_and_reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootstrapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootstrapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bootstrapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootstrapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Motherboard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moederbord" title="Moederbord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moederbord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85" title="لوحة أم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوحة أم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_base" title="Placa base – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Placa base" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_l%C3%B6vh%C9%99" title="Ana lövhə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ana lövhə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="মাদারবোর্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাদারবোর্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BA-ki-p%C3%A1n" title="Chú-ki-pán – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chú-ki-pán" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дънна платка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дънна платка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C4%8Dna_plo%C4%8Da" title="Matična ploča – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Matična ploča" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennwal" title="Pennwal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pennwal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_mare" title="Placa mare – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Placa mare" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%AD_deska" title="Základní deska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Základní deska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundkort" title="Bundkort – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bundkort" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptplatine" title="Hauptplatine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hauptplatine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaplaat" title="Emaplaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emaplaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Μητρική κάρτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μητρική κάρτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_base" title="Placa base – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Placa base" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88eftabulo" title="Ĉeftabulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeftabulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txartel_nagusi" title="Txartel nagusi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txartel nagusi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مادربورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مادربورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_m%C3%A8re" title="Carte mère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carte mère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memmeboerd" title="Memmeboerd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Memmeboerd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schede_mari" title="Schede mari – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Schede mari" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1thairchl%C3%A1r" title="Máthairchlár – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máthairchlár" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_base" title="Placa base – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Placa base" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1" title="મધરબોર્ડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મધરબોર્ડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%9C" title="메인보드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메인보드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="मदरबोर्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मदरबोर्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C4%8Dna_plo%C4%8Da" title="Matična ploča – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Matična ploča" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chefplako" title="Chefplako – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chefplako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_induk" title="Papan induk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Papan induk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0urbor%C3%B0" title="Móðurborð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Móðurborð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheda_madre" title="Scheda madre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scheda madre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%9D" title="לוח אם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוח אם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabag_indung" title="Blabag indung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Blabag indung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="დედაპლატა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დედაპლატა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Жүйелік тақта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүйелік тақта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodimama" title="Bodimama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bodimama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makekart" title="Makekart – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Makekart" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Энелик такта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Энелик такта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_mater" title="Tabula mater – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tabula mater" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C4%93mplate" title="Sistēmplate – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sistēmplate" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaptplatinn" title="Haaptplatinn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Haaptplatinn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagrindin%C4%97_plok%C5%A1t%C4%97" title="Pagrindinė plokštė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pagrindinė plokštė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaplap" title="Alaplap – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alaplap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Матична плоча – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Матична плоча" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="മദർബോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദർബോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="დიდაპლატა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიდაპლატა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_induk" title="Papan induk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Papan induk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_induak" title="Papan induak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Papan induak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="မားသားဘုတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မားသားဘုတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moederbord" title="Moederbord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moederbord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="मदरबोर्द – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मदरबोर्द" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="マザーボード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マザーボード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovedkort" title="Hovedkort – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hovedkort" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovudkort" title="Hovudkort – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hovudkort" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_maire" title="Carta maire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carta maire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B1%D2%A5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Тӱҥплате – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӱҥплате" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC" title="ମଦରବୋର୍ଡ଼ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଦରବୋର୍ଡ଼" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona_plata" title="Ona plata – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ona plata" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਮਦਰਬੋਰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਦਰਬੋਰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DA%93%D9%87" title="آر دړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آر دړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82yta_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" title="Płyta główna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płyta główna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa-m%C3%A3e" title="Placa-mãe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Placa-mãe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plac%C4%83_de_baz%C4%83" title="Placă de bază – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Placă de bază" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_maru" title="Mama maru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mama maru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Материнская плата – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Материнская плата" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitherbuird" title="Mitherbuird – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mitherbuird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ABrrasa-n%C3%ABn%C3%AB" title="Dërrasa-nënë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dërrasa-nënë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="මවු පුවරුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මවු පුවරුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Motherboard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%A1_doska_(po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8D)" title="Základná doska (počítač) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Základná doska (počítač)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C4%8Dna_plo%C5%A1%C4%8Da" title="Matična plošča – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Matična plošča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مادەربۆرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مادەربۆرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Матична плоча – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Матична плоча" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C4%8Dna_plo%C4%8Da" title="Matična ploča – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Matična ploča" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_indung" title="Papan indung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Papan indung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emolevy" title="Emolevy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Emolevy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderkort" title="Moderkort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Moderkort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Motherboard" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="தாய்ப்பலகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாய்ப்பலகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="మదర్ బోర్డు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మదర్ బోర్డు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="แผงวงจรหลัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผงวงจรหลัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Модартахта – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Модартахта" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anakart" title="Anakart – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anakart" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Материнська плата – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Материнська плата" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88" title="مدر بورڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مدر بورڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_m%E1%BA%A1ch_ch%E1%BB%A7" title="Bo mạch chủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bo mạch chủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moederbord" title="Moederbord – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Moederbord" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Motherboard" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%BF" title="主板 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="主板" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הויפט טאוול – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הויפט טאוול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%9D%BF" title="底板 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="底板" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Motherboard" title="Special:EditPage/Motherboard">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Motherboard%22">"Motherboard"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Motherboard%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Motherboard%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Motherboard%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Motherboard%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Motherboard%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer-motherboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Computer-motherboard.jpg/220px-Computer-motherboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Computer-motherboard.jpg/330px-Computer-motherboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Computer-motherboard.jpg/440px-Computer-motherboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Dell Precision T3600 System Motherboard, used in professional CAD Workstations. Manufactured in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>motherboard</b> (also called <b>mainboard</b>, <b>main</b> <b>circuit board</b>, <b>MB</b>, <b>base board</b>, <b>system board</b>, or, in <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> computers, <b>logic board</b>) is the main <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> (PCB) in general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU) and <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a>, and provides connectors for other <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>. Unlike a <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a>, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor, the <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> and memory controllers, <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a> connectors, and other components integrated for general use. </p><p><i>Motherboard</i> means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the <i>mother</i> of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card#Daughterboard" title="Expansion card">daughterboards</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">video cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Network card">network cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Host_bus_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Host bus adapter">host bus adapters</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_tuner_card" title="TV tuner card">TV tuner cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE 1394</a> cards, and a variety of other custom components. </p><p>Similarly, the term <i>mainboard</i> describes a device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> with limited expansion abilities. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vlb.jpg/300px-Vlb.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vlb.jpg/450px-Vlb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Vlb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Motherboard for a personal desktop computer from the 1990s; showing the typical components and interfaces which are found on a motherboard. This model follows the Baby <a href="/wiki/AT_(form_factor)" title="AT (form factor)">AT (form factor)</a>, used in many desktop PCs of the time.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg/220px-NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg/330px-NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg/440px-NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption>Mainboard of a <a href="/wiki/NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a> computer (1990) with microprocessor <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">Motorola 68040</a> operated at 25 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorola_56001" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 56001">Motorola 56001</a> at 25 MHz, which was directly accessible via a connector on the back of the casing</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, the CPU of a digital computer consisted of multiple circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a> containing a set of interconnected sockets into which the circuit boards are plugged. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU), memory, and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a> were housed on individually printed circuit boards, which were plugged into the backplane. </p><p>In older microprocessor-based systems, the CPU and some support circuitry would fit on a single CPU board, with memory and peripherals on additional boards, all plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a> of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system. </p><p>The most popular computers of the 1980s such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment. </p><p>During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called <a href="/wiki/Super_I/O" title="Super I/O">Super I/O</a> chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: <a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disk drive">floppy disk drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel ports</a>. By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer-grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion cards</a> at all; higher-end systems for <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> gaming and <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a> typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components. </p><p>Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after the turn of the century (like the <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbook</a>). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg/220px-386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg/330px-386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg/440px-386DX40_MB_Jaguar_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This board has few onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the 6 slots provided for <a href="/wiki/ISA_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="ISA bus">ISA</a> cards and the lack of other built-in external interface connectors. Note the large <a href="/wiki/AT_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="AT keyboard">AT keyboard</a> connector at the back right is its only peripheral interface.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_galaxy_s2_internal2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Samsung_galaxy_s2_internal2.JPG/220px-Samsung_galaxy_s2_internal2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Samsung_galaxy_s2_internal2.JPG/330px-Samsung_galaxy_s2_internal2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Samsung_galaxy_s2_internal2.JPG/440px-Samsung_galaxy_s2_internal2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The motherboard of a <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_SII" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Galaxy SII">Samsung Galaxy SII</a>; almost all functions of the device are integrated into a very small board.</figcaption></figure> <p>A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices. </p><p>A typical <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computer</a> has its <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary storage">main memory</a>, and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as <a href="/wiki/External_storage" title="External storage">external storage</a>, controllers for <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">video</a> display and <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound</a>, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself. </p><p>An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a>, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">buses</a> and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard. </p><p>Modern motherboards include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_socket" title="CPU socket">CPU sockets</a> (or CPU slots) in which one or more <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> may be installed. In the case of CPUs in <a href="/wiki/Ball_grid_array" title="Ball grid array">ball grid array</a> packages, such as the <a href="/wiki/VIA_Nano" title="VIA Nano">VIA Nano</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goldmont_Plus" title="Goldmont Plus">Goldmont Plus</a>, the CPU is directly soldered to the motherboard.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Memory slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed, typically in the form of <a href="/wiki/DIMM" title="DIMM">DIMM</a> modules containing <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a> chips. Can be <a href="/wiki/DDR3" class="mw-redirect" title="DDR3">DDR3</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDR4" class="mw-redirect" title="DDR4">DDR4</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDR5" class="mw-redirect" title="DDR5">DDR5</a>, or onboard <a href="/wiki/LPDDR" title="LPDDR">LPDDRx</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> which forms an interface between the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">main memory</a>, and peripheral buses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Non-volatile memory</a> chips (usually <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> in modern motherboards) containing the system's <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> or <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Clock_generator" title="Clock generator">clock generator</a> which produces the system <a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">clock signal</a> to synchronize the various components</li> <li>Slots for <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion cards</a> (the interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)</li> <li>Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a> and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, some <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics cards</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/GeForce_8_series" title="GeForce 8 series">GeForce 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_2000_series" title="Radeon HD 2000 series">Radeon R600</a>) require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Connectors for hard disk drives, optical disc drives, or solid-state drives, typically <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> and <a href="/wiki/NVMe" class="mw-redirect" title="NVMe">NVMe</a></li></ul> <p>Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> for <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse devices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboards</a>. Early <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> include only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">IBM PCjr</a>. Additional peripherals such as <a href="/wiki/Disk_controller" title="Disk controller">disk controllers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a> were provided as expansion cards. </p><p>Given the high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_design_power" title="Thermal design power">thermal design power</a> of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sinks</a> and mounting points for <a href="/wiki/Computer_fan" title="Computer fan">fans</a> to dissipate excess heat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form_factor">Form factor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Form factor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motherboard_form_factor" title="Motherboard form factor">Motherboard form factor</a></div> <p>Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called <a href="/wiki/Motherboard_form_factor" title="Motherboard form factor">form factors</a>, some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various <a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">case</a> sizes. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, most <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computer</a> motherboards use the <a href="/wiki/ATX" title="ATX">ATX</a> standard form factor — even those found in <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and <a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">power supply unit</a> (PSU) form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of the same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a <a href="/wiki/MicroATX" title="MicroATX">microATX</a> motherboard. Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CPU_sockets">CPU sockets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CPU sockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/CPU_socket" title="CPU socket">CPU socket</a> (central processing unit) or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and <a href="/wiki/Server_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Server computer">server computers</a> (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the <a href="/wiki/Intel_x86" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel x86">Intel x86</a> architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support the CPU series and speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_peripherals">Integrated peripherals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Integrated peripherals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motherboard_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motherboard_diagram.svg/220px-Motherboard_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motherboard_diagram.svg/330px-Motherboard_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motherboard_diagram.svg/440px-Motherboard_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Block diagram of an early 2000s motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots</figcaption></figure> <p>With the steadily declining costs and size of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, it is now possible to include support for many <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a> on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a>, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in <a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_(desktop_and_motherboard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Small form factor (desktop and motherboard)">small form factor</a> and budget computers. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_controller" title="Disk controller">Disk controllers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">SATA</a> drives, and historical <a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">PATA</a> drives</li> <li>Historical <a href="/wiki/Floppy-disk_controller" title="Floppy-disk controller">floppy-disk controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit#Integrated_graphics" title="Graphics processing unit">Integrated graphics controller</a> supporting <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> graphics, with <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TV-out" title="TV-out">TV</a> output</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card#Integrated_sound_hardware_on_PC_motherboards" title="Sound card">integrated sound card</a> supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and <a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a> output</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network controller</a> for connection to a <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a> and to receive <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> controller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controller" title="Wireless network interface controller">Wireless network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> controller</li> <li>Temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> to monitor the health of computer components.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripheral_card_slots">Peripheral card slots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peripheral card slots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical motherboard will have a different number of connections depending on its standard and <a href="/wiki/Computer_form_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer form factor">form factor</a>. </p><p>A standard, modern ATX motherboard will typically have two or three <a href="/wiki/PCI-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI-Express">PCI-Express</a> x16 connection for a graphics card, one or two legacy PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one or two PCI-E x1 (which has superseded <a href="/wiki/Conventional_PCI" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional PCI">PCI</a>). A standard <a href="/wiki/EATX" class="mw-redirect" title="EATX">EATX</a> motherboard will have two to four PCI-E x16 connection for graphics cards, and a varying number of PCI and PCI-E x1 slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E x4 slot (will vary between brands and models). </p><p>Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E x16 slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Link_Interface" title="Scalable Link Interface">SLI</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/ATI_CrossFire" class="mw-redirect" title="ATI CrossFire">Crossfire</a> (for <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc. </p><p>In newer motherboards, the <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> slots are for <a href="/wiki/SSD" class="mw-redirect" title="SSD">SSD</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controller" title="Wireless network interface controller">wireless network interface controller</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_and_reliability">Temperature and reliability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Temperature and reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EBMotherboard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EBMotherboard.JPG/220px-EBMotherboard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EBMotherboard.JPG/330px-EBMotherboard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EBMotherboard.JPG/440px-EBMotherboard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A motherboard of a Vaio E series laptop (right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg/220px-MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg/330px-MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg/440px-MicroATX_Motherboard_with_AMD_Athlon_Processor_2_Digon3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption>A microATX motherboard with some faulty capacitors</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_cooling" title="Computer cooling">Computer cooling</a></div> <p>Motherboards are generally <a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">air cooled</a> with <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sinks</a> often mounted on larger chips in modern motherboards.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to <a href="/wiki/Crash_(computing)" title="Crash (computing)">crash</a>. <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a>, or a single fan mounted on the <a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">power supply</a>, was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until the late 1990s; since then, most have required <a href="/wiki/CPU_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU fan">CPU fans</a> mounted on <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sinks</a>, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional <a href="/wiki/Computer_fan" title="Computer fan">computer fans</a> and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> can use to regulate fan speed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively computers can use a <a href="/wiki/Water-cooling#Computer_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-cooling">water cooling</a> system instead of many fans. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_(desktop_and_motherboard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Small form factor (desktop and motherboard)">small form factor</a> computers and <a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">home theater PCs</a> designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as a careful layout of the motherboard and other <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">components</a> to allow for heat sink placement. </p><p>A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a> read/write errors, can be attributed not to <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> or peripheral <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> but to aging <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> on PC motherboards.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an issue termed <a href="/wiki/Capacitor_plague" title="Capacitor plague">capacitor plague</a>. </p><p>Modern motherboards use <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_capacitor" title="Electrolytic capacitor">electrolytic capacitors</a> to filter the <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C (18 °F) below this. At 65 °C (149 °F) a lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver substandard capacitors,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under 95 °C (203 °F), effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime. </p><p>Mid-range and high-end motherboards, on the other hand, use <a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types#Comparison_of_types" title="Capacitor types">solid capacitors</a> exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at 65 °C (149 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), extending the projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors. </p><p>In desktop PCs and notebook computers, the motherboard cooling and monitoring solutions are usually based on a <a href="/wiki/Super_I/O" title="Super I/O">super I/O</a> chip or an <a href="/wiki/Embedded_controller" title="Embedded controller">embedded controller</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bootstrapping">Bootstrapping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bootstrapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motherboards contain a <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOR_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NOR flash">NOR flash</a>) that stores <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> that initializes hardware devices and <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">boots</a> an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral device">peripheral device</a>. The terms <i>bootstrapping</i> and <i>boot</i> come from the phrase "lifting yourself by your bootstraps".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microcomputers such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> and IBM PC used ROM chips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the <a href="/wiki/Central_processor_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processor unit">central processor unit</a> would load its <a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">program counter</a> with the address of the Boot ROM and start executing instructions from the Boot ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> checks, and then attempts to boot an operating system from a peripheral device. If no peripheral device containing an operating system was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other ROM stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer. For example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC had <a href="/wiki/Cassette_BASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette BASIC">Cassette BASIC</a> (ROM BASIC) and would start that if no operating system could be loaded from the floppy disk or hard disk. </p><p>The boot firmware in modern <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> motherboard designs contains either a <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, as did the boot ROM on the original IBM PC, or <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a>. UEFI is a successor to BIOS that became popular after Microsoft began requiring it for a system to be certified to run <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pcmag-connected_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcmag-connected-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the computer is powered on, the boot firmware tests and configures memory, circuitry, and peripherals. This <a href="/wiki/Power-On_Self_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-On Self Test">Power-On Self Test</a> (POST) may include testing some of the following things: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Video card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion cards</a> inserted into slots, such as <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">conventional PCI</a> and <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a></li> <li>Historical <a href="/wiki/Floppy_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy drive">floppy drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperatures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltages</a>, and fan speeds for <a href="/wiki/Hardware_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware monitoring">hardware monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="CMOS memory">CMOS memory</a> used to store <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> configuration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Network adapter">Network adapter</a></li> <li>Optical drives: <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> or <a href="/wiki/DVD-ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-ROM">DVD-ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drive</a></li> <li>Security devices, such as a <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerprint reader">fingerprint reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> devices, such as a USB mass storage device</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">Accelerated Graphics Port</a> (AGP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Input/Output_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Input/Output System">Basic Input/Output System</a> (BIOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_creep" title="Chip creep">Chip creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="CMOS battery">CMOS battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_case_screws" title="Computer case screws">Computer case screws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">List of computer hardware manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclocking" title="Overclocking">Overclocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">Peripheral Component Interconnect</a> (PCI) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply#Applications" title="Switched-mode power supply">Switched-mode power supply#Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">Symmetric multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherboard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gigabyte.com&rft.atitle=--+GIGABYTE%2C+--Geeks+Column+of+the+Week+-+All+Solid+Capacitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gigabyte.com%2Fwebpage%2F8%2Farticle_02_all_solid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotherboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.adafruit.com/bootloader-basics/a-brief-history-of-bootloading">"Bootloading Basics"</a>. <i>Adafruit Learning System</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adafruit+Learning+System&rft.atitle=Bootloading+Basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.adafruit.com%2Fbootloader-basics%2Fa-brief-history-of-bootloading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotherboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/jj128256.aspx">"Windows Hardware Certification Requirements for Client and Server Systems"</a>. Microsoft. January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105003933/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/hardware/cert-program/windows-hardware-certification-requirements-for-client-and-server-systems?redirectedfrom=MSDN">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2020</span>. <q>System.Fundamentals.Firmware.CS.UEFISecureBoot.ConnectedStandby ... Platforms shall be UEFI Class Three (see UEFI Industry Group, Evaluating UEFI using Commercially Available Platforms and Solutions, version 0.3, for a definition) with no Compatibility Support Module installed or installable. BIOS emulation and legacy PC/AT boot must be disabled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+Hardware+Certification+Requirements+for+Client+and+Server+Systems&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fwindows%2Fhardware%2Fjj128256.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotherboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcmag-connected-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcmag-connected_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2400059,00.asp">"Microsoft: All You Need to Know About Windows 8 on ARM"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227153402/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2400059,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer 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