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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the medical application of anaesthetic agents. For the use of this term in computer science, see <a href="/wiki/Coinduction" title="Coinduction">coinduction</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operating_room_anesthetic_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Operating_room_anesthetic_station.jpg/220px-Operating_room_anesthetic_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Operating_room_anesthetic_station.jpg/330px-Operating_room_anesthetic_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Operating_room_anesthetic_station.jpg/440px-Operating_room_anesthetic_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6807" data-file-height="5400" /></a><figcaption>The anesthetic area of an operating room. Induction of anesthesia, where the patient loses consciousness and passes through the <a href="/wiki/Guedel%27s_classification" title="Guedel's classification">Guedel stages of anesthesia</a>, commonly takes place here.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Coinduction</b> in <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anesthesia</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacological</a> tool whereby a combination of <a href="/wiki/Sedative_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedative drugs">sedative drugs</a> may be used to greater effect than a single agent, achieving a smoother onset of <a href="/wiki/General_anaesthesia" title="General anaesthesia">general anesthesia</a>. The use of coinduction allows lower doses of the same <a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthetic agents">anesthetic agents</a> to be used which provides enhanced safety, faster recovery, fewer side-effects, and more predictable <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">pharmacodynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galvez-Escalera_I,_Thorpe_CM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galvez-Escalera_I,_Thorpe_CM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baykara_N,_Sahin_T,_Toker_K_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baykara_N,_Sahin_T,_Toker_K-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_HA,_Vonderheit_G,_Schmitz_CS,_Hecker_H_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_HA,_Vonderheit_G,_Schmitz_CS,_Hecker_H-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_L,_Robb_H_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_L,_Robb_H-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coinduction is used in human medicine and <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-dogs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dogs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as standard practice to provide optimum anesthetic induction. The onset or <a href="/wiki/General_anaesthesia#Induction" title="General anaesthesia">induction</a> phase of anesthesia is a critical period involving the <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of consciousness">loss of consciousness</a> and reactivity in the patient, and is arguably the most dangerous period of a general anesthetic. A great variety of coinduction combinations are in use and selection is dependent on the patient's age and health, the specific situation, and the indication for anesthesia. As with all forms of anesthesia the resources available in the environment are a key factor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commonly_used_coinduction_regimens">Commonly used coinduction regimens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinduction_(anesthetics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Commonly used coinduction regimens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A standard coinduction regimen for an adult might consist of a <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> sedative <a href="/wiki/Amnesic" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnesic">amnesic</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">midazolam</a>, followed by an <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a> <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> with further sedating properties such as <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a> which has a fast onset, then an <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> induction agent: <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxant</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Atracurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Atracurium">atracurium</a> would be administered after this, though this would not strictly be a part of coinduction. For a child on the other hand, a commonly used regimen would be <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketamin">ketamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocuronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocuronium">rocuronium</a>. In all cases the choice of agents would be tailored to the situation; for a <a href="/wiki/Neonatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal">neonatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a> the aforementioned regimes would be inappropriate as sedation and especially <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesia</a> are less important. <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a> alone would be used, followed by the short-action muscle relaxant <a href="/wiki/Suxamethonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Suxamethonium">suxamethonium</a>: coinduction is typically not used in neonatal anesthesia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coinduction_(anesthetics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Galvez-Escalera_I,_Thorpe_CM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galvez-Escalera_I,_Thorpe_CM_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galvez-Escalera I, Thorpe CM. The effect of coinduction with midazolam on propofol injection pain. <i>Eur J Anaesthesiol</i>. 2004 Jul;21(7):579-81. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15318476">15318476</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15318476/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baykara_N,_Sahin_T,_Toker_K-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baykara_N,_Sahin_T,_Toker_K_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baykara N, Sahin T, Toker K. The effect of midazolam-thiopental coinduction on recovery in minor surgery. <i>J Anesth</i>. 2001;15(1):6-10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14566540">14566540</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14566540/">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_HA,_Vonderheit_G,_Schmitz_CS,_Hecker_H-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_HA,_Vonderheit_G,_Schmitz_CS,_Hecker_H_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams HA, Vonderheit G, Schmitz CS, Hecker H. [Sympathoadrenergic, hemodynamic and stress response during coinduction with propofol and midazolam]. <i>Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther</i>. 2000 May;35(5):293-9. German. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10858838">10858838</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858838/">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_L,_Robb_H-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_L,_Robb_H_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson L, Robb H. Propofol/midazolam coinduction. <i>Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther</i>. <i>Anaesthesia</i>. 1999 Jun;54(6):609. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10403887">10403887</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10403887/">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dogs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dogs_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liao P, Sinclair M, Valverde A, Mosley C, Chalmers H, Mackenzie S, Hanna B. Induction dose and recovery quality of propofol and alfaxalone with or without midazolam coinduction followed by total intravenous anesthesia in dogs. <i>Vet Anaesth Analg</i>. 2017 Sep;44(5):1016-1026. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28967477">28967477</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28967477/">[5]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Anesthesia" title="Template:Anesthesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anesthesia" title="Template talk:Anesthesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anesthesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anesthesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anesthesia_and_anesthesiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthesia" title="General anaesthesia">General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">Sedation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_sedation_and_analgesia" title="Procedural sedation and analgesia">Procedural sedation and analgesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twilight_anesthesia" title="Twilight anesthesia">Twilight anesthesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthesia" title="Local anesthesia">Local</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wound_infiltration" title="Continuous wound infiltration">Continuous wound infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_anesthetic" title="Topical anesthetic">Topical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuraxial_blockade" title="Neuraxial blockade">Neuraxial blockade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_spinal_and_epidural_anaesthesia" title="Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia">Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_anaesthesia" title="Spinal anaesthesia">Spinal anaesthesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_block" title="Nerve block">Nerve block</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus_block" title="Brachial plexus block">Brachial plexus block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia_iliaca_block" title="Fascia iliaca block">Fascia iliaca block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve_block" title="Femoral nerve block">Femoral nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_alveolar_nerve_anaesthesia" title="Inferior alveolar nerve anaesthesia">Inferior alveolar nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerve_block" title="Intercostal nerve block">Intercostal nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpleural_block" title="Interpleural block">Interpleural block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_regional_anesthesia" title="Intravenous regional anesthesia">Intravenous regional anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_nerve_block" title="Occipital nerve block">Occipital nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracervical_block" title="Paracervical block">Paracervical block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudendal_anesthesia" title="Pudendal anesthesia">Pudendal nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrobulbar_block" title="Retrobulbar block">Retrobulbar block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve_block" title="Sciatic nerve block">Sciatic nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_abdominis_plane_block" title="Transverse abdominis plane block">Transverse abdominis plane block</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_intravenous_anaesthesia" title="Total intravenous anaesthesia">Total intravenous anaesthesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pharmacologic agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Anticholinergics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_benzodiazepines" title="List of benzodiazepines">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_anesthetics" title="Category:General anesthetics">General anesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anesthetic" title="Inhalational anesthetic">Inhalational anesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_anesthetics" title="List of local anesthetics">Local anesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug" title="Neuromuscular-blocking drug">Neuromuscular-blocking drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opioids" title="List of opioids">Opioids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sedatives" title="Category:Sedatives">Sedatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airway_management" title="Airway management">Airway management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_provision_in_the_United_States" title="Anesthesia provision in the United States">Anesthesia provision in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">Bronchoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogliotti%27s_principle" title="Dogliotti's principle">Dogliotti's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngoscopy" title="Laryngoscopy">Laryngoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Tracheal intubation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_sequence_induction" title="Rapid sequence induction">Rapid sequence induction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93gas_partition_coefficient" title="Blood–gas partition coefficient">Blood–gas partition coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_effect" title="Concentration effect">Concentration effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fink_effect" title="Fink effect">Fink effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_alveolar_concentration" title="Minimum alveolar concentration">Minimum alveolar concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_gas_effect" title="Second gas effect">Second gas effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASA_physical_status_classification_system" title="ASA physical status classification system">ASA physical status classification system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricity" title="Baricity">Baricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispectral_index" title="Bispectral index">Bispectral index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">Body mass index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnography" title="Capnography">Capnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_monitoring" title="Entropy monitoring">Entropy monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fick_principle" title="Fick principle">Fick principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldman_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldman index">Goldman index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guedel%27s_classification" title="Guedel's classification">Guedel's classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" title="Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallampati_score" title="Mallampati score">Mallampati score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_monitoring" title="Neuromuscular monitoring">Neuromuscular monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_scale" title="Pain scale">Pain scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyromental_distance" title="Thyromental distance">Thyromental distance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruments_used_in_anesthesiology" title="Instruments used in anesthesiology">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial catheter">Arterial catheter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_blocker" title="Bronchial blocker">Bronchial blocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-lumen_endobronchial_tube" title="Double-lumen endobronchial tube">Double-lumen endobronchial tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_mask_airway" title="Laryngeal mask airway">Laryngeal mask airway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_tube" title="Laryngeal tube">Laryngeal tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magill_forceps" title="Magill forceps">Magill forceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_tube" title="Tracheal tube">Tracheal tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions_to_anesthesia" title="Allergic reactions to anesthesia">Allergic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_awareness" title="Anesthesia awareness">Anesthesia awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_amnesia" title="Drug-induced amnesia">Drug-induced amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_early-life_exposures_to_anesthesia_on_the_brain" title="Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain">Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence_delirium" title="Emergence delirium">Emergence delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anesthetic toxicity">Local anesthetic toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant_hyperthermia" title="Malignant hyperthermia">Malignant hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perioperative_mortality" title="Perioperative mortality">Perioperative mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanesthetic_shivering" title="Postanesthetic shivering">Postanesthetic shivering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postoperative_nausea_and_vomiting" title="Postoperative nausea and vomiting">Postoperative nausea and vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postoperative_residual_curarization" title="Postoperative residual curarization">Postoperative residual curarization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subspecialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_anesthesiology" title="Cardiothoracic anesthesiology">Cardiothoracic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_emergency_medicine" title="Critical emergency medicine">Critical emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_anesthesia" title="Geriatric anesthesia">Geriatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sedation_dentistry" title="Oral sedation dentistry">Oral sedation dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain medicine">Pain medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesiologist">Anesthesiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiologist_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesiologist assistant">Anesthesiologist assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_anesthetist" title="Nurse anesthetist">Nurse anesthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_department_practitioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating department practitioners">Operating department practitioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_anesthesia_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified anesthesia technician">Certified anesthesia technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_anesthesia_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified anesthesia technologist">Certified anesthesia technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthetic technician">Anaesthetic technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians%27_assistant_(anaesthesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)">Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_mixture" title="ACE mixture">ACE mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helsinki_Declaration_for_Patient_Safety_in_Anaesthesiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology (page does not exist)">Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia" title="History of general anesthesia">History of general anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuraxial_anesthesia" title="History of neuraxial anesthesia">History of neuraxial anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tracheal_intubation" title="History of tracheal intubation">History of tracheal intubation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Nurse_Anesthetists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Nurse Anesthetists">American Association of Nurse Anesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Anesthesia_Technologists_%26_Technicians" title="American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians">American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Anesthesiologists" title="American Society of Anesthesiologists">American Society of Anesthesiologists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaesthesia_Trauma_and_Critical_Care&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care (page does not exist)">Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Anaesthetists_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland">Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Anaesthetists" title="Royal College of Anaesthetists">Royal College of Anaesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Veterinary_Anaesthetists" title="Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists">Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_College_of_Anaesthetists" title="Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists">Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Anaesthetists" title="Australian Society of Anaesthetists">Australian Society of Anaesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anesthesia_Research_Society" title="International Anesthesia Research Society">International Anesthesia Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_of_Anaesthesiology_and_Intensive_Care" title="European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care">European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anesthesiology" title="Category:Anesthesiology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anesthesia" title="Outline of anesthesia">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" 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href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_pain" title="Neck pain">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">Odynophagia <span style="font-size:85%;">(swallowing)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">Toothache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">Sore throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_disease" title="Bornholm disease">Pleurodynia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">Arthralgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(joint)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_pain" title="Bone pain">Bone pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">Myalgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(muscle)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_muscle_soreness" title="Acute muscle soreness">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_onset_muscle_soreness" title="Delayed onset muscle soreness">Delayed-onset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurologic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">Neuralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_asymbolia" title="Pain asymbolia">Pain asymbolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_disorder" title="Pain disorder">Pain disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_extreme_pain_disorder" title="Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder">Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allodynia" title="Allodynia">Allodynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpathia" title="Hyperpathia">Hyperpathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_pain" title="Phantom pain">Phantom pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referred_pain" title="Referred pain">Referred pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain">Congenital insensitivity to pain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain_with_anhidrosis" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis">congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain_with_partial_anhidrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis">congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_pain" title="Pelvic pain">Pelvic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">Low back pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement and testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pain_scale" title="Pain scale">Pain scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_pressor_test" title="Cold pressor test">Cold pressor test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolorimeter" title="Dolorimeter">Dolorimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_scale" title="Grimace scale">Grimace scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_plate_test" title="Hot plate test">Hot plate test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_flick_test" title="Tail flick test">Tail flick test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analogue_scale" title="Visual analogue scale">Visual analogue scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">Nociception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterolateral system">Anterolateral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_nucleus_of_spinal_cord" title="Marginal nucleus of spinal cord">Posteromarginal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">Analgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordotomy" title="Cordotomy">Cordotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_suffering" title="Eradication of suffering">Pain eradication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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