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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_metalurgii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_metalurgii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia metalurgii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia_metalurgii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metalurgia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 117 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaalkunde" title="Metaalkunde – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metaalkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="धातुविज्ञान – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="धातुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم الفلزات – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الفلزات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurchia" title="Metalurchia – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metalurchia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մետաղագործութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մետաղագործութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurxa" title="Metalurxa – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metalurxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="धातुविज्ञान – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="धातुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotikuaa" title="Kuarepotikuaa – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotikuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgiya" title="Metallurgiya – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metallurgiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="متالوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="متالوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ধাতুবিদ্যা – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতুবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A1-kim" title="Iá-kim – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iá-kim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – baszkirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baszkirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металургія – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Металургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мэталюргія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэталюргія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металургия – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Металургия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoikunde" title="Metoikunde – bawarski" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Metoikunde" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bawarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalouriezh" title="Metalouriezh – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metalouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Металлурги – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Металлурги" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%C2%B7l%C3%BArgia" title="Metal·lúrgia – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metal·lúrgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukowasimbi" title="Mukowasimbi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukowasimbi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteleg" title="Meteleg – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meteleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεταλλουργία – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταλλουργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgio" title="Metalurgio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metalurgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="متالورژی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متالورژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaatu_vigyan" title="Dhaatu vigyan – hindi fidżyjskie" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dhaatu vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidżyjskie" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Métallurgie – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métallurgie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotal%C3%B3ireacht" title="Miotalóireacht – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotalóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurxia" title="Metalurxia – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metalurxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" title="冶金學 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="冶金學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ધાતુશાસ્ત્ર – gudżarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધાતુશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudżarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="금속공학 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금속공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մետալուրգիա – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետալուրգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धातुकर्म – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धातुकर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgio" title="Metalurgio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metalurgio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhia" title="Metalurhia – ilokano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Metalurhia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metalurgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82" title="Згъæркуыст – osetyjski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Згъæркуыст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lmfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Málmfræði – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málmfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="מטלורגיה – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטלורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%84%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_t%CA%8Bm%C9%A9y%C9%9B_la%C9%A3s%C9%A9_(M%C3%A9tallurgie)" title="N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (Métallurgie) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (Métallurgie)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಲೋಹಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೋಹಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მეტალურგია – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტალურგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanieth" title="Alkanieth – kornijski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alkanieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufuaji_metali" title="Ufuaji metali – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufuaji metali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9talirji" title="Métalirji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Métalirji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalur%C4%A3ija" title="Metalurģija – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metalurģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makambo_mwa_bibend%C3%A9" title="Makambo mwa bibendé – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Makambo mwa bibendé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh%C3%A1szat" title="Kohászat – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kohászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Металургија – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Металургија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഹസംസ്കരണശാസ്ത്രം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോഹസംസ്കരണശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धातुशास्त्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धातुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metalurgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – mirandyjski" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Металлург – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Металлург" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धातुशास्त्र – newarski" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धातुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="金属工学 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金属工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgiya" title="Metallurgiya – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metallurgiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਧਾਤ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਾਤ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="میٹلرجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میٹلرجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%8A" title="متالورژي – paszto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="متالورژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paszto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloerji" title="Metaloerji – jamajski" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Metaloerji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27illay_llamk%27ay" title="Q'illay llamk'ay – keczua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'illay llamk'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keczua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металурґія – rusiński" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Металурґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Тимири уһаарыы – jakucki" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимири уһаарыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – samoański" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgjia" title="Metalurgjia – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metalurgjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitallurgia" title="Mitallurgia – sycylijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitallurgia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sycylijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کانزاناسی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزاناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Металургија – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Металургија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhiya" title="Metalurhiya – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metalurhiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உலோகவியல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலோகவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วิศวกรรมโลหการ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกรรมโลหการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurji" title="Metalurji – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metalurji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металургія – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Металургія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دھات کاری – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھات کاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgii" title="Metallurgii – wepski" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Metallurgii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="wepski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luy%E1%BB%87n_kim" title="Luyện kim – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luyện kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurdjeye" title="Metalurdjeye – waloński" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Metalurdjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="waloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhiya" title="Metalurhiya – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metalurhiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冶金学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מעטאלורגיע – jidysz" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטאלורגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidysz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" title="冶金學 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冶金學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurciye" title="Metallurciye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Metallurciye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorg%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Metalorgėjė – żmudzki" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Metalorgėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="żmudzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冶金学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11467#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Metalurgia" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o 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class="noprint noexcerpt disambig navigation-not-searchable" style="line-height:1.5em; padding: 3px 6px; background-color: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1); font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 1em; display: flex; gap: 4px; align-items: center;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_ujednoznaczniaj%C4%85ca" title="Inne znaczenia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/25px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/38px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/50px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><span>Ten artykuł dotyczy nauki o metalach. Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/Metalurgia_(przedsi%C4%99biorstwo)" title="Metalurgia (przedsiębiorstwo)">artykuł o przedsiębiorstwie „Metalurgia”</a>.</span></div> <div class="metadata plainlinks mbox mbox-content" tabindex="0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75298054">.mw-parser-output .mbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);border-left:10px solid var(--color-progressive,#36c);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 10%0.5em 10%;display:grid;padding:.3em;gap:.3em;grid-template-columns:60px 1fr;align-items:center;word-break:break-word}.mw-parser-output .mbox.with-iconright{grid-template-columns:60px 1fr min-content}.mw-parser-output .mbox.without-icon{grid-template-columns:1fr}.mw-parser-output .mbox-iconright,.mw-parser-output .mbox-icon{justify-self:center}.mw-parser-output .mbox-icon img{max-width:100%;object-fit:contain}.mw-parser-output .mbox p{font-size:inherit}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mbox{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}@media(max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .mbox{width:100%}}@media(max-width:450px){.mw-parser-output .mbox-iconright{grid-row:2;grid-column:1/span 2;justify-self:end}.mw-parser-output .mbox.with-iconright{grid-template-columns:40px 1fr}.mw-parser-output .mbox{grid-template-columns:40px 1fr;font-size:0.85rem}}.mw-parser-output .mbox+.mbox{margin-top:calc(-0.5em - 1px)}.mw-parser-output .mbox.mbox-serious{border-left-color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .mbox.mbox-content{border-left-color:#f28500}.mw-parser-output .mbox.mbox-notice{border-left-color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}.mw-parser-output .mbox.mbox-merge{border-left-color:#9932cc}body.ns-6 .mw-parser-output .mbox{width:unset;max-width:unset}</style> <div class="mbox-icon"> <div><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Weryfikowalno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wikipedia:Weryfikowalność"><img alt="Wikipedia:Weryfikowalność" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/50px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/75px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/100px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></div> <div class="mbox-text"><b>Ten artykuł od 2018-10 wymaga <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Weryfikowalno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wikipedia:Weryfikowalność">zweryfikowania</a> podanych informacji.</b><div class="hide-when-compact">Należy podać wiarygodne źródła w formie <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Przypisy" title="Pomoc:Przypisy">przypisów bibliograficznych</a>.<br /><small>Część lub nawet wszystkie informacje w artykule mogą być nieprawdziwe. Jako pozbawione źródeł mogą zostać zakwestionowane i usunięte.</small><br /><small><i>Sprawdź w źródłach:</i> <span class="plainlinks"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/szukaj/Metalurgia.html">Encyklopedia PWN</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22Metalurgia%22">Google Books</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Metalurgia%22">Google Scholar</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/search#fq={!tag=dcterms_accessRights}dcterms_accessRights%3A%22Dost%C4%99p%20otwarty%22&q=%22Metalurgia%22">Federacja Bibliotek Cyfrowych</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/artykul/lista/?generalQuery=%22Metalurgia%22">BazHum</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/search/page.action?qt=SEARCH&q=c_0language_0eq.all*sc.article*c_0keywords_0eq.Metalurgia*l_0*c_0fulltext_0eq.all">BazTech</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/results?q=%22Metalurgia%22&action=SimpleSearchAction&type=-6&p=0">RCIN</a> • Internet Archive (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/texts?query=%22Metalurgia%22">texts</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inlibrary?query=%22Metalurgia%22">inlibrary</a>)</span></small><br /><span style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size:80%">Dokładniejsze informacje o tym, co należy poprawić, być może znajdują się w <a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Metalurgia" title="Dyskusja:Metalurgia">dyskusji tego artykułu</a>.</span><br /><span style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size:80%"> Po wyeliminowaniu niedoskonałości należy usunąć szablon <a href="/wiki/Szablon:Dopracowa%C4%87" title="Szablon:Dopracować">{{Dopracować}}</a> z tego artykułu.</span></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Casting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Casting.jpg/220px-Casting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Casting.jpg/330px-Casting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Casting.jpg/440px-Casting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Odlewnictwo" title="Odlewnictwo">Odlewanie</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Velden_Christkindlmarkt_Schmied_Demo_16122007_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Velden_Christkindlmarkt_Schmied_Demo_16122007_21.jpg/220px-Velden_Christkindlmarkt_Schmied_Demo_16122007_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Velden_Christkindlmarkt_Schmied_Demo_16122007_21.jpg/330px-Velden_Christkindlmarkt_Schmied_Demo_16122007_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Velden_Christkindlmarkt_Schmied_Demo_16122007_21.jpg/440px-Velden_Christkindlmarkt_Schmied_Demo_16122007_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Kowal przy pracy</figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/metalurgia" class="extiw" title="wikt:metalurgia"><strong>Zobacz hasło</strong> <em>metalurgia</em> w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Metalurgia</b> (z <a href="/wiki/Gr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gr.">gr.</a> <i>μέταλλον</i> 'kopalnia, szyb, kamieniołom, metal' i <i>ἔργον</i> 'praca, dzieło') – nauka o <a href="/wiki/Metal_(materia%C5%82oznawstwo)" title="Metal (materiałoznawstwo)">metalach</a> obejmująca, między innymi, obróbkę plastyczną, <a href="/wiki/Odlewnictwo" title="Odlewnictwo">odlewnictwo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaloznawstwo" title="Metaloznawstwo">metaloznawstwo</a> i metalurgię ekstrakcyjną. Przedmiotem badań metalurgii jest obróbka <a href="/wiki/Ruda" title="Ruda">rud metali</a> aż do produktu końcowego<sup id="cite_ref-epwn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epwn-1">[1]</a></sup> (kabel miedziany, drzwi samochodowe, kształtownik aluminiowy). </p><p>W języku potocznym utożsamiana jest często z <a href="/wiki/Hutnictwo" title="Hutnictwo">hutnictwem</a>, przy czym to ostatnie zajmuje się wyłącznie metalurgią ekstrakcyjną. Obecnie procesy ekstrakcji metali stanowią niewielki odsetek przedmiotów badań metalurgii, która skupia się głównie na przetwórstwie metali, czyli wytwarzaniu przedmiotów użytkowych<sup class="noprint" title="Te informacje wymagają podania przypisów bibliograficznych od 2023-01">[<a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Przypisy" title="Pomoc:Przypisy">potrzebny przypis</a>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia_metalurgii">Historia metalurgii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Historia metalurgii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Historia metalurgii"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metalurgia jako nauka zaistniała w XV wieku. Za pierwszy opis metalurgii uznaje się niemieckie dzieło <i>De re metallica libri XII</i>, omawiające problematykę przerobu rud srebra, cyny i ołowiu. </p><p>Pierwszym centrum metalurgicznym były <a href="/wiki/Rudawy" title="Rudawy">Rudawy</a> (Góry Kruszcowe) na pograniczu Czech i Niemiec. Pierwsza na świecie akademia górnicza (Bergakademie) powstała we <a href="/wiki/Freiberg" title="Freiberg">Freibergu</a> w <a href="/wiki/Saksonia" title="Saksonia">Saksonii</a> w 1765, a jej absolwenci rozpowszechniali tę naukę w innych regionach (m.in. byli założycielami <a href="/wiki/Akademia_G%C3%B3rniczo-Hutnicza_im._Stanis%C5%82awa_Staszica_w_Krakowie" title="Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie">Akademii Górniczo-Hutniczej w Krakowie</a>). </p><p>W wyniku odkrywania coraz to nowych pierwiastków metalurgia przestała się ograniczać do produkcji surowych metali. Coraz bardziej istotna zaczęła być czystość metalu oraz jego ewentualne połączenia z innymi (czyli <a href="/wiki/Stop_metali" title="Stop metali">stopy</a>). Jednym z najważniejszych historycznych osiągnięć metalurgii jest produkcja czystej miedzi, co umożliwiło rozwój elektroniki. </p><p>Dostęp do energii elektrycznej otworzył także nowe możliwości w uzyskiwaniu metali, co doprowadziło do powstania <a href="/wiki/Elektrometalurgia" title="Elektrometalurgia">elektrometalurgii</a>, wspomaganej przez <a href="/wiki/Hydrometalurgia" title="Hydrometalurgia">hydrometalurgię</a>. Równolegle do rozwoju metalurgii ekstrakcyjnej rozwijała się obróbka metali. Oprócz tradycyjnego <a href="/wiki/Kucie" title="Kucie">kucia</a> powstawały nowe technologie, w tym <a href="/wiki/Walcowanie" title="Walcowanie">walcowanie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyciskanie" title="Wyciskanie">wyciskanie</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ci%C4%85gnienie" title="Ciągnienie">ciągnienie</a>. Dla metali i stopów o niewystarczających własnościach mechanicznych stosuje się <a href="/wiki/Odlewnictwo" title="Odlewnictwo">technologie odlewu</a>. Odlewami są zazwyczaj również produkty o skomplikowanych formach. Badaniem własności stopów i metali zajmuje się <a href="/wiki/Metaloznawstwo" title="Metaloznawstwo">metaloznawstwo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-epwn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-epwn_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3940023"><i>metalurgia</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">Encyklopedia PWN</a></i> [online], <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2023-01-10]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=unknown&rft.atitle=metalurgia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2F%3B3940023" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid 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Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Nauki_in%C5%BCynieryjne_i_techniczne&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Nauki inżynieryjne i techniczne</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauki_in%C5%BCynieryjne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauki inżynieryjne (strona nie istnieje)">nauki inżynieryjne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocybernetyka" title="Biocybernetyka">biocybernetyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologia_in%C5%BCynierska" title="Geologia inżynierska">geologia inżynierska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_biomedyczna" title="Inżynieria biomedyczna">inżynieria biomedyczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_materia%C5%82owa" title="Inżynieria materiałowa">inżynieria materiałowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_mechaniczna" title="Inżynieria mechaniczna">inżynieria mechaniczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technologia_chemiczna_i_in%C5%BCynieria_procesowa" title="Technologia chemiczna i inżynieria procesowa">inżynieria procesowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_przemys%C5%82owa" title="Inżynieria przemysłowa">inżynieria przemysłowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_produkcji" title="Inżynieria produkcji">inżynieria produkcji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_%C5%9Brodowiska" title="Inżynieria środowiska">inżynieria środowiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" title="Inżynieria bezpieczeństwa">inżynieria bezpieczeństwa</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nauki_techniczne" title="Nauki techniczne">nauki techniczne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architektura" title="Architektura">architektura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatyka" title="Automatyka">automatyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budownictwo" title="Budownictwo">budownictwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrotechnika" title="Elektrotechnika">elektrotechnika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energetyka" title="Energetyka">energetyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodezja" title="Geodezja">geodezja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia">kartografia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika">mechanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronika" title="Mechatronika">mechatronika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">metalurgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnologia" title="Nanotechnologia">nanotechnologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotyka" title="Robotyka">robotyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekomunikacja" title="Telekomunikacja">telekomunikacja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanistyka" title="Urbanistyka">urbanistyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_w%C5%82%C3%B3kienniczy" title="Przemysł włókienniczy">włókiennictwo</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Interdyscyplinarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Interdyscyplinarność">nauki interdyscyplinarne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnologia" title="Biotechnologia">biotechnologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatyka" title="Bioinformatyka">bioinformatyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatyka" title="Geoinformatyka">geoinformatyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatyka" title="Informatyka">informatyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technologia_chemiczna" title="Technologia chemiczna">technologia chemiczna</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74983602"><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Dzia%C5%82y_chemii" title="Szablon:Działy chemii"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Dzia%C5%82y_chemii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Działy chemii (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Dzia%C5%82y_chemii&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Nauki_chemiczne" title="Nauki chemiczne">Nauki chemiczne</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">działy czyste</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_nieorganiczna" title="Chemia nieorganiczna">chemia nieorganiczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_organiczna" title="Chemia organiczna">chemia organiczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_analityczna" title="Chemia analityczna">chemia analityczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_koordynacyjna" title="Chemia koordynacyjna">chemia koordynacyjna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemia_polimer%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemia polimerów (strona nie istnieje)">chemia polimerów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemia" title="Stereochemia">stereochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotochemia" title="Fotochemia">fotochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krystalochemia" title="Krystalochemia">krystalochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stechiometria" title="Stechiometria">stechiometria</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chemia_fizyczna" title="Chemia fizyczna">chemia fizyczna</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_teoretyczna" title="Chemia teoretyczna">chemia teoretyczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_obliczeniowa" title="Chemia obliczeniowa">chemia obliczeniowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatyka_chemiczna" title="Informatyka chemiczna">informatyka chemiczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_kwantowa" title="Chemia kwantowa">chemia kwantowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_j%C4%85drowa" title="Chemia jądrowa">chemia jądrowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemia" title="Radiochemia">radiochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemia" title="Magnetochemia">magnetochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrochemia" title="Elektrochemia">elektrochemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioelektrochemia" title="Bioelektrochemia">bioelektrochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrodyka" title="Elektrodyka">elektrodyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonika" title="Jonika">jonika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodynamika_chemiczna" title="Termodynamika chemiczna">termodynamika chemiczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termochemia" title="Termochemia">termochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fizykochemia_powierzchni" title="Fizykochemia powierzchni">fizykochemia powierzchni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonochemia" title="Fonochemia">fonochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemia" title="Femtochemia">femtochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalorymetria" title="Kalorymetria">kalorymetria</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">inne działy<br /><a href="/wiki/Interdyscyplinarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Interdyscyplinarność">interdyscyplinarne</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemia" title="Astrochemia">astrochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemometria" title="Chemometria">chemometria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmochemia" title="Kosmochemia">kosmochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemia" title="Geochemia">geochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_petrochemiczny" title="Przemysł petrochemiczny">petrochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbochemia" title="Karbochemia">karbochemia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">metalurgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochemia" title="Hydrochemia">hydrochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemia" title="Biochemia">biochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemia" title="Biogeochemia">biogeochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrochemia" title="Agrochemia">agrochemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_%C5%9Brodowiska" title="Chemia środowiska">chemia środowiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technologia_chemiczna" title="Technologia chemiczna">technologia chemiczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirotechnika" title="Pirotechnika">pirotechnika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemia_lek%C3%B3w" title="Chemia leków">chemia leków</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a4"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">inne</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historia_chemii" title="Historia chemii">historia chemii</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Bran%C5%BCa" title="Branża">branża</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85084158">sh85084158</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4074756-6">4074756-6</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565912">00565912</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932350b">11932350b</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=27324">27324</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph115267">ph115267</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529329705171">987007529329705171</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_%C5%81otwy" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Łotwy">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000060186&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000060186</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/metallurgy">science/metallurgy</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metallurgy/">metallurgy</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/metallurgia">metallurgia</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/metallurgie/">metallurgie</a></span>, <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/metallurgie-scientifique/">metallurgie-scientifique</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielka_Encyklopedia_Rosyjska" title="Wielka Encyklopedia Rosyjska">БРЭ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2207837">2207837</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=metallurgi">metallurgi</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=metallurgi">metallurgi</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metalurgia&oldid=75240505">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metalurgia&oldid=75240505</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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