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<ul id="toc-Modern_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainstream_view:_a_historical_Jesus_existed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_view:_a_historical_Jesus_existed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mainstream view: a historical Jesus existed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_view:_a_historical_Jesus_existed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Historical Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Only_two_accepted_facts_of_a_historical_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Only_two_accepted_facts_of_a_historical_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Only two accepted facts of a historical Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Only_two_accepted_facts_of_a_historical_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fringe_view:_there_was_no_historical_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fringe_view:_there_was_no_historical_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fringe view: there was no historical Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fringe_view:_there_was_no_historical_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sources for the historicity of Jesus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources for the historicity of Jesus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methodological_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodological_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Methodological considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodological_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_attestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_attestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Multiple attestation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_attestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_dates_of_the_Christian_oral_traditions_and_Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_dates_of_the_Christian_oral_traditions_and_Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Early dates of the Christian oral traditions and Paul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_dates_of_the_Christian_oral_traditions_and_Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability_of_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability_of_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Reliability of sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability_of_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_historical_persons_in_first_century_CE_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_historical_persons_in_first_century_CE_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Other historical persons in first century CE sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_historical_persons_in_first_century_CE_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>New Testament sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Pauline epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synoptic_Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synoptic_Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Synoptic Gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synoptic_Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Christian_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Christian_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Non-Christian sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Christian_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Josephus_and_Tacitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josephus_and_Tacitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Josephus and Tacitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josephus_and_Tacitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mishnah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mishnah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Mishnah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mishnah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Historicity of Jesus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9" title="تاريخية يسوع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخية يسوع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sa_M%C9%99sihin_tarixiliyi" title="İsa Məsihin tarixiliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsa Məsihin tarixiliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="যিশুর ঐতিহাসিক সত্যতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যিশুর ঐতিহাসিক সত্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Историчност на Исус Христос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Историчност на Исус Христос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu_historicitet" title="Jesu historicitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jesu historicitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Ιστορικότητα του Ιησού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορικότητα του Ιησού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicidad_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Historicidad de Jesús – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historicidad de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esploro_pri_la_historieco_de_Jesuo" title="Esploro pri la historieco de Jesuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Esploro pri la historieco de Jesuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_selon_l%27ex%C3%A9g%C3%A8se_contemporaine" title="Jésus selon l'exégèse contemporaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jésus selon l'exégèse contemporaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%81_%EC%8B%A4%EC%A1%B4" title="예수의 역사적 실존 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예수의 역사적 실존" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesejarahan_Yesus" title="Kesejarahan Yesus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesejarahan Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storicit%C3%A0_di_Ges%C3%B9" title="Storicità di Gesù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storicità di Gesù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95" title="ההיסטוריות של ישו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההיסטוריות של ישו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu_kadiri_ya_historia" title="Yesu kadiri ya historia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yesu kadiri ya historia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyczno%C5%9B%C4%87_Jezusa" title="Historyczność Jezusa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historyczność Jezusa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Историчность Иисуса Христа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Историчность Иисуса Христа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovinskost_Jezusa_Kristusa" title="Zgodovinskost Jezusa Kristusa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovinskost Jezusa Kristusa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potraga_za_istorijskim_Isusom" title="Potraga za istorijskim Isusom – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Potraga za istorijskim Isusom" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potraga_za_istorijskim_Isusom" title="Potraga za istorijskim Isusom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Potraga za istorijskim Isusom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesuksen_historiallisuus" title="Jeesuksen historiallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jeesuksen historiallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu_historicitet" title="Jesu historicitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jesu historicitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="இயேசுவின் வரலாற்றுத்தன்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயேசுவின் வரலாற்றுத்தன்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sa%27n%C4%B1n_tarihselli%C4%9Fi" title="İsa'nın tarihselliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsa'nın tarihselliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="یسوع کی تاریخیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یسوع کی تاریخیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADnh_l%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_c%E1%BB%A7a_Gi%C3%AAsu" title="Tính lịch sử của Giêsu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tính lịch sử của Giêsu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%80%A7" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus"><img alt="Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/200px-JesusYeshua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/300px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/400px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation_of_Christ" title="Humiliation of Christ">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion" title="Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion">Instrument used</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Heavenly Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Apparitions and visions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_Quran" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran">Names and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Isa" title="Islamic eschatology">End times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background to the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language spoken by Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Jesus's race</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health of Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesus in history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Reliability of the Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Jesus myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Perspectives on Jesus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Bar-Serapion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus in culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus" title="Template:Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus" title="Template talk:Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> The <b>historicity of Jesus</b> is the question of whether <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus historically</a> existed (as opposed to being a purely <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythological</a> figure). The question of historicity was generally settled in scholarship in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201033_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201033-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jesus_existed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_existed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today scholars agree that a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> man named Jesus of Nazareth did exist in the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Kingdom of Judea">Herodian Kingdom of Judea</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Herodian tetrarchy</a> in the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">AD</a>, upon whose life and teachings <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was later constructed,<sup id="cite_ref-Jesus_existed_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_existed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a distinction is made by scholars between 'the Jesus of history' and 'the Christ of faith'.<sup id="cite_ref-Christ_of_faith_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christ_of_faith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no scholarly consensus concerning most elements of Jesus's life as described in the Bible stories, and only two key events of the biblical story of Jesus's life are widely accepted as historical, based on the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">his baptism</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">his crucifixion</a> by the order of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman Prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> (commonly dated to 30 or 33 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-JFJPOV_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFJPOV-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmyJill4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmyJill4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog20051–6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog20051–6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168–173_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168–173-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan1994145_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan1994145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historicity of supernatural elements like his purported <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> are deemed to be solely a matter of 'faith' or of 'theology', or lack thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-Miracles_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miracles-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Jesus was a purely mythical figure</a> has been, and is still, considered an untenable <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">fringe theory</a> in academic scholarship for more than two centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-CMT_rejected_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMT_rejected-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but according to one source it has gained popular attention in recent decades due to the growth of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017313–314,_346_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017313–314,_346-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic efforts in biblical studies to determine facts of Jesus's life are part of the "<a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">quest for the historical Jesus</a>", and several <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus#Criteria_of_authenticity" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">criteria of authenticity</a> are used in evaluating the authenticity of elements of the Gospel-story. The criterion of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_attestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple attestation">multiple attestation</a> is used to argue that attestation by multiple independent sources confirms his existence. There are at least 14 independent sources from multiple authors within a century of the crucifixion of Jesus that survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters of Paul are the earliest surviving sources referencing Jesus, and Paul documents personally knowing and interacting with eyewitnesses such as Jesus' brother <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a> and some of Jesus' closest disciples around 36 AD, within a few years of the crucifixion (30 or 33 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrmann_2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrmann_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul was a contemporary of Jesus and throughout his letters, a fairly full outline of the life of Jesus can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,208-228_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,208-228-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tuck_125_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuck_125-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">letters of Paul</a>, non-biblical works that are considered <a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">sources for the historicity of Jesus</a> include two mentions in <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a> (<i>Testimonium Flavianum</i>, Jesus' own brother James) by Jewish historian and Galilean military leader <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (dated circa 93–94 AD) and a mention in <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus"><i>Annals</i></a> by Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (circa 116 AD). From just Paul, Josephus, and Tacitus alone, the existence of Jesus along with the general time and place of his activity can be adduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Univiversity_Press_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Univiversity_Press-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001124-125_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001124-125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, multiple independent sources affirm that Jesus actually had siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012151_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012151-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_scholarship">Modern scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_view:_a_historical_Jesus_existed">Mainstream view: a historical Jesus existed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mainstream view: a historical Jesus existed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_Jesus">Historical Jesus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars regard the question of historicity as generally settled in scholarship in the early 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201033_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201033-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scholars agree that a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> man named Jesus of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> did exist in the Herodian Kingdom of Judea in the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jesus_existed_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_existed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 18th century, three separate scholarly <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">quests for the historical Jesus</a> have taken place, each with distinct characteristics and based on different research criteria, which were often developed during that phase.<sup id="cite_ref-BenQ9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenQ9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AlanP19_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlanP19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently modern scholarly research on the historical Jesus focuses on what is historically probable, or plausible about Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006124_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006124-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historical_probable_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historical_probable-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Only_two_accepted_facts_of_a_historical_Jesus">Only two accepted facts of a historical Jesus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Only two accepted facts of a historical Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg/240px-Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg/360px-Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg/480px-Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Part of the 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a> asserting two possible baptism locations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg/220px-Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg/330px-Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg/440px-Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a> as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Bronzino" title="Bronzino">Bronzino</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1545</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no scholarly consensus concerning most elements of Jesus's life as described in the Christian and non-Christian sources, and reconstructions of the "historical Jesus" are broadly debated for their reliability,<sup id="cite_ref-criteria_of_authenticity_bankrupt_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criteria_of_authenticity_bankrupt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historical_probable_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historical_probable-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but two events of this <a href="/wiki/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical">historical</a> Jesus are subject to "almost universal assent," namely that <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Jesus was baptized</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and was crucified by order of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Prefect">Roman Prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> (who officiated 26–36 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-AmyJill4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmyJill4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JFJPOV_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFJPOV-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog20051–6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog20051–6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168–173_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168–173-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan1994145_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan1994145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bautismo_de_Cristo_por_Navarrete_el_Mudo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bautismo_de_Cristo_por_Navarrete_el_Mudo.jpg/220px-Bautismo_de_Cristo_por_Navarrete_el_Mudo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bautismo_de_Cristo_por_Navarrete_el_Mudo.jpg/330px-Bautismo_de_Cristo_por_Navarrete_el_Mudo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bautismo_de_Cristo_por_Navarrete_el_Mudo.jpg/440px-Bautismo_de_Cristo_por_Navarrete_el_Mudo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Navarrete" title="Juan Fernández Navarrete">Juan Fernández Navarrete</a> (16th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>, scholars argue that the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian Church">early Christian Church</a> would not have invented the painful death of their leader.<sup id="cite_ref-JMeier126_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMeier126-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criterion of embarrassment is also used to argue in favor of the historicity of the baptism of Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-Powell47_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell47-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whois31_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whois31-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201035_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201035-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given that John baptised for the remission of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a>, although Jesus was viewed as without sin and this positioned John above Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell47_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell47-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201035_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201035-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998207_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998207-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lightfoot_Professor_of_Divinity" title="Lightfoot Professor of Divinity">Lightfoot Professor of Divinity</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> stated that these two facts "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical 'facts' they are obvious starting points for an attempt to clarify the what and why of Jesus' mission."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his popular book <i><a href="/wiki/Did_Jesus_Exist%3F_(Ehrman_book)" title="Did Jesus Exist? (Ehrman book)">Did Jesus Exist?</a></i> (2012), American <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">New Testament scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> explained: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nearly all <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">critical scholars</a> agree at least on those points about the historical Jesus. But there is obviously a lot more to say, and that is where scholarly disagreements loom large – disagreements not over whether Jesus existed but over what kind of Jewish teacher and preacher he was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012269–270_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012269–270-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A distinction is made between 'the Jesus of history and the Christ of faith',<sup id="cite_ref-Christ_of_faith_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christ_of_faith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the historicity of the supernatural elements of the latter narrative, including his purported <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, are outside the reach of the historical methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Miracles_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miracles-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fringe_view:_there_was_no_historical_Jesus">Fringe view: there was no historical Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fringe view: there was no historical Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></div> <p>The Christ myth theory, which developed within the scholarly research on the historical Jesus in the 19th century, is, in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Geoffrey W. Bromiley</a>'s words, the view that "the story of Jesus is a piece of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>" possessing no "substantial claims to historical fact".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley19821034_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley19821034-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> (who himself rejects the Christ myth theory) summarises <a href="/wiki/Earl_Doherty" title="Earl Doherty">Earl Doherty</a>'s view as being "that no historical Jesus worthy of the name existed, that Christianity began with a belief in a spiritual, mythical figure, that the Gospels are essentially allegory and fiction, and that no single identifiable person lay at the root of the Galilean preaching tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201212,_347,_n.1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201212,_347,_n.1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Gullotta states that modern-day interest in mythicism has been "amplified by internet conspiracy culture, pseudoscience, and media sensationalism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017313–314,_346_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017313–314,_346-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casey and Ehrman note that many of the proponents of mythicism are either atheists or agnostics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201441,_243–245_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201441,_243–245-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012336–338_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012336–338-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justin Meggitt partially attributed the recent cultural prominence of mythicism to the popularisation of a new wave of scholarship promoting the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2019458–459_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2019458–459-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, mythicism has not gained traction among experts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarina2022_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarina2022-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many proponents use a <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory#Overview_of_main_mythicist_arguments" title="Christ myth theory">three-fold argument</a> first developed in the 19th century: that the New Testament has no historical value with respect to Jesus's existence, that there are no non-Christian references to Jesus from the first century, and that Christianity had pagan and/or mythical roots.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virtually all scholars dismiss theories of Jesus's non-existence or regard them as refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-Jesus_existed_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_existed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern scholarship, the Christ myth theory has been an untenable <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">fringe theory</a> for over two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_"debate_on_the_existence_of_Jesus_has_been_in_the_fringes_of_scholarship...for_more_than_two_centuries."_"Among_New_Testament_scholars_and_historians,_the_theory_of_Jesus'_nonexistence_remains_effectively_dead_as_a_scholarly_question."_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_"debate_on_the_existence_of_Jesus_has_been_in_the_fringes_of_scholarship...for_more_than_two_centuries."_"Among_New_Testament_scholars_and_historians,_the_theory_of_Jesus'_nonexistence_remains_effectively_dead_as_a_scholarly_question."-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2017"The_"mythical_Jesus"_view_doesn't_have_any_traction_among_the_overwhelming_number_of_scholars_working_in_these_fields,_whether_they_be_declared_Christians,_Jewish,_atheists,_or_undeclared_as_to_their_personal_stance._Advocates_of_the_"mythical_Jesus"_may_dismiss_this_statement,_but_it_ought_to_count_for_something_if,_after_some_250_years_of_critical_investigation_of_the_historical_figure_of_Jesus_and_of_Christian_Origins,_and_the_due_consideration_of_"mythical_Jesus"_claims_over_the_last_century_or_more,_this_spectrum_of_scholars_have_judged_them_unpersuasive_(to_put_it_mildly)."_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2017"The_"mythical_Jesus"_view_doesn't_have_any_traction_among_the_overwhelming_number_of_scholars_working_in_these_fields,_whether_they_be_declared_Christians,_Jewish,_atheists,_or_undeclared_as_to_their_personal_stance._Advocates_of_the_"mythical_Jesus"_may_dismiss_this_statement,_but_it_ought_to_count_for_something_if,_after_some_250_years_of_critical_investigation_of_the_historical_figure_of_Jesus_and_of_Christian_Origins,_and_the_due_consideration_of_"mythical_Jesus"_claims_over_the_last_century_or_more,_this_spectrum_of_scholars_have_judged_them_unpersuasive_(to_put_it_mildly)."-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver199971_"The_denial_of_Jesus'_historicity_has_never_convinced_any_large_number_of_people,_in_or_out_of_technical_circles,_nor_did_it_in_the_first_part_of_the_century."_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver199971_"The_denial_of_Jesus'_historicity_has_never_convinced_any_large_number_of_people,_in_or_out_of_technical_circles,_nor_did_it_in_the_first_part_of_the_century."-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It finds virtually no support from scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox200548_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox200548-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurridgeGould200434_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurridgeGould200434-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_Blog_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_Blog-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMT_rejected_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMT_rejected-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mythicism is criticized on numerous grounds such as commonly being advocated by non-experts or poor scholarship, being ideologically driven, its reliance on <a href="/wiki/Arguments_from_silence" class="mw-redirect" title="Arguments from silence">arguments from silence</a>, lacking positive evidence, the dismissal or distortion of sources, questionable or outdated methodologies, either no explanation or wild explanations of origins of Christian belief and early churches, and outdated comparisons with mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-criticism_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criticism-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="George Albert Wells">George Albert Wells</a>, one of the most influential mythicists for modern mythicism, eventually came to accept that Jesus did exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003659,_660_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003659,_660-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources for the historicity of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/220px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/330px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/440px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea Province</a> during the 1st century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodological_considerations">Methodological considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methodological considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_attestation">Multiple attestation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Multiple attestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The criterion of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_attestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple attestation">multiple attestation</a> looks at the number of early sources that mention, and evaluates the reliability of those sources. To establish the existence of a person without any assumptions, one source from one author (either a supporter or opponent) is needed; for Jesus there are at least twelve independent sources from five authors in the first century from supporters and two independent sources from two authors from non-supporters,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which represents sources that have become <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">canonical</a> for Christianity. Other independent sources did not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2012_78_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2012_78-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2012_pre_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2012_pre-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are Christian sources on the person of Jesus (the letters of Paul and the Gospels) and there are also <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Roman</a> sources (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>) that mention Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001122-125,_127_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001122-125,_127-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200019,_75_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200019,_75-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAS_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are also many <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic Gospels">apocryphal texts</a> that are examples of the wide variety of writings from <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>. </p><p>These additional sources are independent sources on Jesus's existence, and corroborate details found in other surviving sources as a "bedrock of historical tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-BAS_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001124_"All_this_does_at_least_render_highly_implausible_any_far-fetched_theories_that_even_Jesus'_very_existence_was_a_Christian_invention._The_fact_that_Jesus_existed,_that_he_was_crucified_under_Pontius_Pilate_(for_whatever_reason)_and_that_he_had_a_band_of_followers_who_continued_to_support_his_cause,_seems_to_be_part_of_the_bedrock_of_historical_tradition._If_nothing_else,_the_non-Christian_evidence_can_provide_us_with_certainty_on_that_score._64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001124_"All_this_does_at_least_render_highly_implausible_any_far-fetched_theories_that_even_Jesus'_very_existence_was_a_Christian_invention._The_fact_that_Jesus_existed,_that_he_was_crucified_under_Pontius_Pilate_(for_whatever_reason)_and_that_he_had_a_band_of_followers_who_continued_to_support_his_cause,_seems_to_be_part_of_the_bedrock_of_historical_tradition._If_nothing_else,_the_non-Christian_evidence_can_provide_us_with_certainty_on_that_score.-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary non-Christian sources in the first and second century never deny the existence of Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199863_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199863-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is also no indication that Pagan or Jewish writers in antiquity who opposed Christianity questioned the existence of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahner730_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahner730-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voorst15_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorst15-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BAS_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking into consideration that sources on other first century individuals from Galilee were also written by either supporters or enemies as well, the sources on Jesus cannot be dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199859_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199859-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From just Paul, Josephus, and Tacitus alone, the existence of Jesus along with the general time and place of his activity can be confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Univiversity_Press_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Univiversity_Press-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_dates_of_the_Christian_oral_traditions_and_Paul">Early dates of the Christian oral traditions and Paul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early dates of the Christian oral traditions and Paul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biblical scholarship assumes that the gospel-stories are based on oral traditions and memories of Jesus. These traditions precede the surviving gospels by decades, going back to the time of Jesus and the time of Paul's persecution of the early Christian Jews, prior to his conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201283–85_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201283–85-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to British biblical scholar and Anglican priest <a href="/wiki/Christopher_M._Tuckett" title="Christopher M. Tuckett">Christopher M. Tuckett</a>, most available sources are collections of early oral traditions about Jesus. He states that the historical value of traditions are not necessarily correlated with the later dates of composition of writings since even later sources can contain early tradition material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001122_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001122-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theissen and Merz state that these traditions can be dated back well before the composition of the synoptic gospels, that such traditions show local familiarity of the region, and that such traditions were explicitly called "memory", indicating biographical elements that included historical references such as notable people from his era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998100-104_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998100-104-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Maurice Casey</a>, some of the sources, such as parts of the Gospel of Mark, are translations of early <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> sources which indicate proximity with eyewitness testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201063-64_"It_also_provides_evidence_that_Mark_is_an_unrevised_literal_translation_of_an_Aramaic_source,_and_this_at_a_point_where_there_is_every_reason_to_believe_that_the_story_is_literally_true._This_means_that_our_oldest_source_is_sometimes_perfectly_accurate,_because_parts_of_it_were_originally_written_by_people_who_were_in_close_touch_with_the_events_of_the_historic_ministry._This_is_only_one_short_step_away_from_eyewitness_testimony"._75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201063-64_"It_also_provides_evidence_that_Mark_is_an_unrevised_literal_translation_of_an_Aramaic_source,_and_this_at_a_point_where_there_is_every_reason_to_believe_that_the_story_is_literally_true._This_means_that_our_oldest_source_is_sometimes_perfectly_accurate,_because_parts_of_it_were_originally_written_by_people_who_were_in_close_touch_with_the_events_of_the_historic_ministry._This_is_only_one_short_step_away_from_eyewitness_testimony".-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Paul's letters</a> (generally dated to circa 48–62 CE) are the earliest surviving sources on Jesus, and Paul adds autobiographical details such as that he personally knew and interacted with eyewitnesses of Jesus such as his most intimate disciples (Peter and John) and family members (his brother James) starting around 36 CE, within a few years of the crucifixion (30 or 33 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144–146_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144–146-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2016_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2016-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrmann_2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrmann_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul was a contemporary of Jesus and throughout his letters, a fairly full outline of the life of Jesus on earth can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,208-228_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,208-228-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reliability_of_sources">Reliability of sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reliability of sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></div> <p>Since the third quest for the historical Jesus, the four gospels and noncanonical texts have been viewed as more useful sources to reconstruct the life of Jesus compared to the previous quests.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the quality of available sources, German historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Schoeps" title="Hans-Joachim Schoeps">Hans-Joachim Schoeps</a> argued that the Gospels are unsatisfactory as they were not written as detailed historical biographies, that the non-Christian sources provide no new information, and that the sources hopelessly intertwine history and legend, but present the views and beliefs of the early disciples and the Christian community.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoeps_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoeps-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> New Testament scholars like <a href="/wiki/Craig_Blomberg" title="Craig Blomberg">Craig Blomberg</a> argue that the source material on Jesus does correlate significantly with historical data.<sup id="cite_ref-Blomberg_2011_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blomberg_2011-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian origins scholar <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig A. Evans</a> argued that there are also archeological finds that corroborate aspects of the time of Jesus mentioned in the surviving sources, such as context from Nazareth, the <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas_ossuary" title="Caiaphas ossuary">Caiaphas ossuary</a>, numerous synagogue buildings, and <a href="/wiki/Jehohanan" title="Jehohanan">Jehohanan</a>, a crucified victim who had a Jewish burial after execution.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written sources and archeologist Ken Dark's excavations on Nazareth correlate with Jesus' existence, Joseph and Jesus' occupation as craftworkers, presence of literacy, existence of synagogues, Gospel accounts relating to Nazareth, and other Roman period sources on Nazareth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023160,162_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDark2023160,162-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_historical_persons_in_first_century_CE_sources">Other historical persons in first century CE sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other historical persons in first century CE sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Historiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographical">Historiographical</a> approaches associated with the study of the poor in the past, such as <a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">microhistory</a>, can help assess what type of sources can be reasonably expected in the historical record for individuals like Jesus. For instance, Justin Meggitt argues that since most people in antiquity left no sign of their existence, especially the poor, it is unreasonable to expect non-Christian sources to corroborate the specific existence of someone with Jesus's socio-economic status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2019458-459_"the_lack_of_conventional_historical_training_on_the_part_of_biblical_scholars_may_well_be_evident_in_the_failure_of_any_scholar_involved_in_discussing_the_Christ-myth_debate_to_mention_any_long-established_historiographical_approaches_associated_with_the_study_of_the_poor_in_the_past,_such_as_History_from_Below,_Microhistory_or_Subaltern_Studies,_approaches_that_might_help_us_determine_what_kind_of_questions_can_be_asked_and_what_kind_of_answers_can_reasonably_be_expected_to_given,_when_we_scrutinise_someone_who_is_depicted_as_coming_from_such_a_non-elite_context._For_example,_given_that_most_human_beings_in_antiquity_left_no_sign_of_their_existence,_and_the_poor_as_individuals_are_virtually_invisible,_all_we_can_hope_to_do_is_try_to_establish,_in_a_general_sense,_the_lives_that_they_lived._Why_would_we_expect_any_non-Christian_evidence_for_the_specific_existence_of_someone_of_the_socio-economic_status_of_a_figure_such_as_Jesus_at_all?_To_deny_his_existence_based_on_the_ab" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2019458-459_"the_lack_of_conventional_historical_training_on_the_part_of_biblical_scholars_may_well_be_evident_in_the_failure_of_any_scholar_involved_in_discussing_the_Christ-myth_debate_to_mention_any_long-established_historiographical_approaches_associated_with_the_study_of_the_poor_in_the_past,_such_as_History_from_Below,_Microhistory_or_Subaltern_Studies,_approaches_that_might_help_us_determine_what_kind_of_questions_can_be_asked_and_what_kind_of_answers_can_reasonably_be_expected_to_given,_when_we_scrutinise_someone_who_is_depicted_as_coming_from_such_a_non-elite_context._For_example,_given_that_most_human_beings_in_antiquity_left_no_sign_of_their_existence,_and_the_poor_as_individuals_are_virtually_invisible,_all_we_can_hope_to_do_is_try_to_establish,_in_a_general_sense,_the_lives_that_they_lived._Why_would_we_expect_any_non-Christian_evidence_for_the_specific_existence_of_someone_of_the_socio-economic_status_of_a_figure_such_as_Jesus_at_all?_To_deny_his_existence_based_on_the_a"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ehrman argues that the historical record for the first century was so lacking that no contemporary eyewitness reports for prominent individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> or Josephus survive.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theissen and Merz observe that even if ancient sources were to be silent on any individual, they would not impact their historicity since there are numerous instances of people whose existence is never doubted and yet were not mentioned by contemporary authors. For instance, Paul is not mentioned by Josephus or non-Christian sources; John the Baptist is not mentioned by Paul, Philo, or rabbinic writings; <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Rabbi Hillel</a> is not mentioned by Josephus - despite him being a Pharisee; <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Bar Kochba</a>, a leader of the Jewish revolt against the Romans, is not mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Dio Cassius</a> in his account of the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199893_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199893-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With at least 14 sources by believers and nonbelievers within a century of the crucifixion, there is much more evidence available for Jesus than for other notable people from 1st century Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023151-152_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDark2023151-152-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Christian sources do exist and they corroborate some details of the life of Jesus that are also found in New Testament sources.<sup id="cite_ref-BAS_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">Classicist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Numismatist" title="Numismatist">numismatist</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Michael Grant</a> argued that when the New Testament is analyzed with the same criteria used by historians on ancient writings that contain historical material, Jesus's existence cannot be denied any more than secular figures whose existence is never questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1977199-200_"But_above_all,_if_we_apply_to_the_New_Testament,_as_we_should,_the_same_sort_of_criteria_as_we_should_apply_to_other_ancient_writings_containing_historical_material,_we_can_no_more_reject_Jesus'_existence_than_we_can_reject_the_existence_of_a_mass_of_pagan_personages_whose_reality_as_historical_figures_is_never_questioned"_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1977199-200_"But_above_all,_if_we_apply_to_the_New_Testament,_as_we_should,_the_same_sort_of_criteria_as_we_should_apply_to_other_ancient_writings_containing_historical_material,_we_can_no_more_reject_Jesus'_existence_than_we_can_reject_the_existence_of_a_mass_of_pagan_personages_whose_reality_as_historical_figures_is_never_questioned"-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_sources">New Testament sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Testament sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seven <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> considered by scholarly consensus to be <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">genuine</a> were written in a span of a decade starting in the late 40s (i.e., approximately 20 to 30 years after the generally accepted time period of Jesus's death) and are the earliest surviving texts that include any information about Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Paul started interacting with eyewitnesses of Jesus in the mid-30s AD, within a few years of the crucifixion, since he wrote about meeting and knowing <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a>, the brother of Jesus<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrmann_2012_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrmann_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jesus's intimate disciples <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Paul's writings alone, a fairly full outline of the life of Jesus can be found: his descent from Abraham and David, his upbringing in the Jewish Law, gathering together disciples (including Cephas (Peter) and John), having a brother named James, living an exemplary life, the Last Supper and the betrayal, numerous details surrounding his death and resurrection (e.g. crucifixion, Jewish involvement in putting him to death, burial, resurrection; seen by Peter, James, the twelve and others) along with numerous quotations referring to notable teachings and events found in the Gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007209-228_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007209-228-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001125_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001125-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tuck_125_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuck_125-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> provides relatively little biographical information about Jesus compared to the Gospels, he was a contemporary of Jesus and does provide numerous substantial biographical elements<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,_208-228_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,_208-228-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he does make it clear that he considers Jesus to have been a real person who was "born of a woman"<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuck_125_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuck_125-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JRDunn143_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRDunn143-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McK38_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McK38-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Furnish19_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furnish19-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there are independent sources (Mark, John, Paul, Josephus) affirming that Jesus actually had brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012151_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012151-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The particular term used by Paul to refer to Jesus being 'born of a woman' also relates to human births in other ancient literature such as Plato’s <i>Republic</i> and Josephus’ <i>Antiquities</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig A. Evans</a> and Ehrman argue that Paul's letters are among the earliest sources that provide a direct link to people who lived with and knew Jesus since Paul was personally acquainted with Peter and John, two of Jesus's original disciples, and James, the brother of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2016_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2016-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul's first meeting with Peter and James was around 36 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul is the earliest surviving source to document Jesus' death by crucifixion and his conversion occurred two years after this event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul mentioned details in his letters such as that Jesus was a Jew, born of the line of David, and had biological brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Simon Gathercole, Paul's description of Jesus's life on Earth, his personality, and family tend to establish that Paul regarded Jesus as a natural person, rather than an allegorical figure.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synoptic_Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Synoptic Gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/220px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/330px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/440px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>An 11th-century Byzantine manuscript containing the opening of the Gospel of Luke</figcaption></figure> <p>The synoptic gospels are the primary sources of historical information about Jesus and of the religious movement he founded.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vermes_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermes-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospels of Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> recount the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a> named Jesus who spoke Aramaic. There are different hypotheses regarding the origin of the texts because the gospels of the New Testament were <a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_New_Testament" title="Language of the New Testament">written in Greek</a> for <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Greek-speaking communities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were later translated into Syriac, Latin, and Coptic.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars argue that the surviving gospels show usage of earlier independent written and oral sources that extended back to the time of Jesus's death, but did not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2012_78_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2012_78-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2012_pre_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2012_pre-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aramaic sources have been detected in Mark's Gospel, which could indicate use of early or even eyewitness testimony when it was being written.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201063-64_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201063-64-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201288–91_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201288–91-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians often study the <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a> when studying the reliability of the gospels, as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> was seemingly written by the same author as the Gospel of Luke.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among contemporary scholars, there is consensus that the gospels are a type of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_biography" title="Ancient biography">ancient biography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Christian_sources">Non-Christian sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Non-Christian sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Josephus_and_Tacitus">Josephus and Tacitus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Josephus and Tacitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus on Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus on Jesus</a></div> <p>Non-Christian sources used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus include the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> first century Jewish historian Josephus and Roman historian Tacitus. These sources are compared to Christian sources, such as the Pauline letters and synoptic gospels, and are usually independent of each other; that is, the Jewish sources do not draw upon the Roman sources. Similarities and differences between these sources are used in the authentication process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001121–125_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001121–125-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChiltonEvans1998_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChiltonEvans1998-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blomberg431_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blomberg431-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039–53_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039–53-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these two independent sources alone, certain facts about Jesus can be adduced: that he existed, his personal name was Jesus, he was called a messiah, he had a brother named James, he won over Jews and gentiles, Jewish leaders had unfavorable opinions of him, Pontius Pilate decided his execution, he was executed by crucifixion, and he was executed during Pilate's governorship.<sup id="cite_ref-BAS_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAS-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus and Tacitus agree on four sequential points: a movement was started by Jesus, he was executed by Pontius Pilate, his movement continued after his death, and that a group of "Christians" still existed; analogous to common knowledge of founders and their followers like Plato and Platonists.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus was personally involved in Galilee when he was the commander of Jewish forces during the revolt against Roman occupation and trained 65,000 fighters in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jesus is referenced by Josephus twice, once in Book <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_3" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">18</a> and once in Book <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">20</a><i> of <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, written around AD 93 to 94. On the first reference, the general scholarly view holds that the longer passage, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Testimonium_Flavianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimonium Flavianum">Testimonium Flavianum</a></i>, in Book 18 most likely consists of an authentic nucleus that was subjected to later Christian <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">interpolation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">forgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the second reference, Josephus scholar <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Feldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis H. Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a> states that "few have doubted the genuineness" of the reference found in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Antiquities 20, 9, 1</a> to "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James".<sup id="cite_ref-JosephusM662_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JosephusM662-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tacitus, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> (written <span title="circa">c.</span> AD 115), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">book 15, chapter 44</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoating</a> of the Christians following the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire of Rome">Fire of Rome</a>. He writes that the founder of the sect was named Christus (the Christian title for Jesus); that he was executed under Pontius Pilate; and that the movement, initially checked, broke out again in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and even in Rome itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007179–180_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007179–180-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholarly consensus is that Tacitus' reference to the execution of Jesus by Pilate is both authentic and of historical value as an independent Roman source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200142_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200142-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bible'_page_343_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bible'_page_343-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mishnah">Mishnah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mishnah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span> 200) <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">may refer to Jesus</a> as it reflects the early Jewish traditions of portraying Jesus as a sorcerer or magician.<sup id="cite_ref-Bammel393_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bammel393-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leslie693_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie693-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PeterS141_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterS141-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blom280_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom280-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other references to Jesus and his execution exist in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, but they aim to discredit his actions, not deny his existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Bammel393_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bammel393-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kellum107_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellum107-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_history_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jesus and history (disambiguation)">Jesus and history (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Jesus in the Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion on Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus#Archaeology" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus § Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius_on_Christians" title="Suetonius on Christians">Suetonius on Christians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jesus_existed-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_existed_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_existed_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_existed_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_existed_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Jesus existed:</b> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFStanton2002">Stanton (2002</a>, p. 145): Today nearly all historians, whether Christians or not, accept that Jesus existed and that the gospels contain plenty of valuable evidence which has to be weighed and assessed critically. There is general agreement that, with the possible exception of Paul, we know far more about Jesus of Nazareth than about any first or second century Jewish or pagan religious teacher.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBurridgeGould2004">Burridge & Gould (2004</a>, p. 34): "There's a lot of evidence for his existence."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2011">Ehrman (2011</a>, pp. 256–257): "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on certain and clear evidence."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman (2012</a>, pp. 4–5): "Serious historians of the early Christian movement—all of them—have spent many years preparing to be experts in their field. Just to read the ancient sources requires expertise in a range of ancient languages: Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and often Aramaic, Syriac, and Coptic, not to mention the modern languages of scholarship (for example, German and French). And that is just for starters. Expertise requires years of patiently examining ancient texts and a thorough grounding in the history and culture of Greek and Roman antiquity, the religions of the ancient Mediterranean world, both pagan and Jewish, knowledge of the history of the Christian church and the development of its social life and theology, and, well, lots of other things. It is striking that virtually everyone who has spent all the years needed to attain these qualifications is convinced that Jesus of Nazareth was a real historical figure."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman (2012</a>, pp. 13): In agreement with the view of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>: "The Jesus proclaimed by preachers and theologians today had no existence. That particular Jesus is (or those particular Jesuses are) a myth. But there was a historical Jesus, who was very much a man of his time"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2017">Hurtado (2017)</a>: "The overwhelming body of scholars, in New Testament, Christian Origins, Ancient History, Ancient Judaism, Roman-era Religion, Archaeology/History of Roman Judea, and a good many related fields as well, hold that there was a first-century Jewish man known as Jesus of Nazareth, that he engaged in an itinerant preaching/prophetic activity in Galilee, that he drew to himself a band of close followers, and that he was executed by the Roman governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDark2023">Dark (2023</a>, pp. 149): "We can begin by asking the simple question—do we know that Jesus existed as a historical figure, rather than an invented person like James Bond or Superman? Like almost all professional archaeologists and historians who have worked on the first-century Holy Land—whatever their beliefs—I think that the answer is certainly ‘yes’."</li></ul> This broad consensus is acknowledged by mythicists: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFWells2007">Wells (2007</a>, p. 446):"Today, most secular scholars accept Jesus as a historical, although unimpressive, figure."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCarrier2014">Carrier (2014</a>, pp. 2–3, 21): "The historicity of Jesus Christ is currently the default consensus."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Christ_of_faith-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_of_faith_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_of_faith_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesus of history, Christ of faith: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2008">Charlesworth (2008</a>, pp. xix): "The term the <i>historical Jesus</i> denotes the life and teachings of Jesus that are reconstructed by specialists in Jesus Research. The <i>Jesus of history</i> is the real person of history who will always remain elusive and cannot be presented again on a reconstructed stage of history. The term the <i>Christ of faith</i> signifies the present and living Lord known by Christians in various church liturgies and in daily life."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman (2012</a>, pp. 13): In agreement with the view of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>: "The Jesus proclaimed by preachers and theologians today had no existence. That particular Jesus is (or those particular Jesuses are) a myth. But there was a historical Jesus, who was very much a man of his time."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Miracles-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miracles_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miracles_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Miracles:</b> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy (2009</a>, pp. 38–39): "Contrary to previous times, virtually everyone in the field today acknowledges that Jesus was considered by his contemporaries to be an exorcist and a worker of miracles. However, when it comes to historical assessment of the miracles tradition itself, the consensus quickly shatters. Some, following in the footsteps of Bultmann, embrace an explicit methodological naturalism such that the very idea of a miracle is ruled out a priori. Others defend the logical possibility of miracle at the theoretical level, but, in practice, retain a functional methodological naturalism, maintaining that we could never be in possession of the type and/or amount of evidence that would justify a historical judgment in favor of the occurrence of a miracle. Still others, suspicious that an uncompromising methodological naturalism most likely reflects an unwarranted metaphysical naturalism, find such a priori skepticism unwarranted and either remain open to, or even explicitly defend, the historicity of miracles within the Jesus tradition."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2001">Ehrman (2001</a>, pp. 196–197): "I should emphasize that historians do not have to deny the possibility of miracles or deny that miracles have actually happened in the past. Many historians, for example, committed Christians and observant Jews and practicing Muslims, believe that they have in fact happened. When they think or say this, however, they do so not in the capacity of the historian, but in the capacity of the believer. In the present discussion, I am not taking the position of the believer, nor am I saying that one should or should not take such a position. I am taking the position of the historian, who on the basis of a limited number of problematic sources has to determine to the best of his or her ability what the historical Jesus actually did. As a result, when reconstructing Jesus' activities, I will not be able to affirm or deny the miracles that he is reported to have done [...] This is not a problem for only one kind of historian—for atheists or agnostics or Buddhists or Roman Catholics or Baptists or Jews or Muslims; it is a problem for all historians of every stripe."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBockmuehl2001">Bockmuehl (2001</a>, p. 103): "Nevertheless, what is perhaps most surprising is the extent to which contemporary scholarly literature on the 'historical Jesus' has studiously ignored and downplayed the question of the resurrection [...] But even the more mainstream participants in the late twentieth-century 'historical Jesus' bonanza have tended to avoid the subject of the resurrection—usually on the pretext that this is solely a matter of 'faith' or of 'theology', about which no self-respecting historian could possibly have anything to say. Precisely that scholarly silence, however, renders a good many recent 'historical Jesus' studies methodologically hamstrung, and unable to deliver what they promise [...] In this respect, benign neglect ranks alongside dogmatic denial and naive credulity in guaranteeing the avoidance of historical truth."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-CMT_rejected-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMT_rejected_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMT_rejected_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>The Christ myth theory is rejected by mainstream scholarship as fringe:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">James D. G. Dunn</a> (1974) <i>Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus</i> in <i>Reconciliation and Hope. New Testament Essays on Atonement and Eschatology Presented to L.L. Morris on his 60th Birthday.</i> Robert Banks, ed., Carlisle: The Paternoster Press, pp. 125–141, citing G. A. Wells (<i>The Jesus of the Early Christians</i> (1971)): "Perhaps we should also mention that at the other end of the spectrum Paul's apparent lack of knowledge of the historical Jesus has been made the major plank in an attempt to revive the nevertheless thoroughly dead thesis that the Jesus of the Gospels was a mythical figure." An almost identical quotation is included in Dunn, James DG (1998) <i>The Christ and the Spirit: Collected Essays of James D.G. Dunn, Volume 1</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., p. 191, and Sykes, S. (1991) <i>Sacrifice and redemption: Durham essays in theology.</i> Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGrant1977">Grant (1977</a>, p. 200) <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">Classicist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Numismatist" title="Numismatist">numismatist</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Michael Grant</a> stated in 1977: "To sum up, modern critical methods fail to support the Christ-myth theory. It has 'again and again been answered and annihilated by first-rank scholars'. In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non-historicity of Jesus', or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWeaver1999">Weaver (1999</a>, pp. 71): Walter Weaver, scholar of philosophy and religion: "The denial of Jesus' historicity has never convinced any large number of people, in or out of technical circles, nor did it in the first part of the century."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Robert E. Van Voorst</a>, New testament scholar:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000">Van Voorst (2000</a>, p. 16), referring to G. A. Wells: "The nonhistoricity thesis has always been controversial, and it has consistently failed to convince scholars of many disciplines and religious creeds. Moreover, it has also consistently failed to convince many who for reasons of religious skepticism might have been expected to entertain it, from Voltaire to Bertrand Russell. Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003">Van Voorst (2003</a>, p. 658): "debate on the existence of Jesus has been in the fringes of scholarship...for more than two centuries."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003">Van Voorst (2003</a>, p. 660): "Among New Testament scholars and historians, the theory of Jesus' nonexistence remains effectively dead as a scholarly question."</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett (2001</a>, pp. 123–124): "[F]arfetched theories that Jesus' existence was a Christian invention are highly implausible."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBurridgeGould2004">Burridge & Gould (2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34">34</a>): "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church's imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWells2007">Wells (2007</a>, p. 446) G. A. Wells, mythicist admitted "by around 1920 nearly all scholars had come to regard the case against Jesus's historicity as totally discredited"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPrice2010">Price (2010</a>, p. 200) <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a>, former apologist and prominent mythicist, agrees that his perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars to the point that they "dismiss Christ Myth theory as a discredited piece of lunatic fringe thought alongside Holocaust Denial and skepticism about the Apollo moon landings."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2011">Johnson (2011</a>, p. 4) <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">popular historian</a>: "His life has been written more often than that of any other human being, with infinite variations of detail, employing vast resources of scholarship, and often controversially, not to say acrimoniously. Scholarship, like everything else, is subject to fashion, and it was the fashion, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, for some to deny that Jesus existed. No serious scholar holds that view now, and it is hard to see how it ever took hold, for the evidence of Jesus's existence is abundant."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMartin2014">Martin (2014</a>, p. 285) <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lou_Martin" title="Michael Lou Martin">Michael Martin</a>, skeptic philosopher of religion: "Some skeptics have maintained that the best account of biblical and historical evidence is the theory that Jesus never existed; that is, that Jesus' existence is a myth (Wells 1999). Such a view is controversial and not widely held even by anti-Christian thinkers."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCasey2014">Casey (2014</a>, p. 243) <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Maurice Casey</a>, an irreligious Emeritus Professor of New Testament Languages and Literature at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>, concludes in his book <i>Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths?</i> that "the whole idea that Jesus of Nazareth did not exist as a historical figure is verifiably false. Moreover, it has not been produced by anyone or anything with any reasonable relationship to critical scholarship. It belongs to the fantasy lives of people who used to be fundamentalist Christians. They did not believe in critical scholarship then, and they do not do so now. I cannot find any evidence that any of them have adequate professional qualifications."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGray2016">Gray (2016</a>, pp. 113–114) Patrick Gray, religious studies scholar, "Christian and non-Christian scholars alike now almost universally reject the "Christ myth" hypothesis. That Jesus did in fact walk the face of the earth in the first century is no longer seriously doubted even by those who believe that very little about his life or death can be known with any certainty. [Note 4:] Although it remains a fringe phenomenon, familiarity with the Christ myth theory has become much more widespread among the general public with the advent of the Internet."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGullotta2017">Gullotta (2017</a>, pp. 312, 314), historian of religion: "Given the fringe status of these theories, the vast majority have remained unnoticed and unaddressed within scholarly circles." "In short, the majority of mythicist literature is composed of wild theories, which are poorly researched, historically inaccurate, and written with a sensationalist bent for popular audiences."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2017">Hurtado (2017)</a> Larry Hurtado, Christian origins scholar: "The "mythical Jesus" view doesn't have any traction among the overwhelming number of scholars working in these fields, whether they be declared Christians, Jewish, atheists, or undeclared as to their personal stance. Advocates of the "mythical Jesus" may dismiss this statement, but it ought to count for something if, after some 250 years of critical investigation of the historical figure of Jesus and of Christian Origins, and the due consideration of "mythical Jesus" claims over the last century or more, this spectrum of scholars have judged them unpersuasive (to put it mildly)."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarina2022">Marina (2022)</a> Marko Marina, ancient historian: states that Richard Carrier's mythicist views have not won any supporters from critical scholars or the academic community and that mythicist theory remains as fringe</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrmann_2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrmann_2012_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrmann_2012_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrmann_2012_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman (2012</a>, pp. 144–146): "In one of his rare autobiographical passages, Paul indicates that just a few years after his conversion he went to Jerusalem and met face-to-face with two significant figures in the early Christian movement: "Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to consult with Cephas. And I remained with him for fifteen days. I did not see any of the other apostles except James, the brother of the Lord. What I am writing to you, I tell you before God, I am not lying!" (Galatians 1:18–20) [...] He was a member of an even closer inner circle made up of Peter, James, and John. In the Gospels these three spend more time with Jesus than anyone else does during his entire ministry. And of these three, it is Peter, again according to all our traditions, who was the closest [...] In about the year 36, Paul went to Jerusalem to confer with Peter (Galatians 1:18–20). Paul spent fifteen days there. He may not have gone only or even principally to get a rundown on what Jesus said and did during his public ministry. It is plausible, in fact, that Paul wanted to strategize with Peter, as the leader (or one of the leaders) among the Jerusalem Christians, about Paul's own missionary activities, not among the Jews (Peter's concern) but among the Gentiles (Paul's). This was the reason stated for Paul's second visit to see Peter and the others fourteen years later, according to Galatians 2:1–10. But it defies belief that Paul would have spent over two weeks with Jesus's closest companion and not learned something about him—for example, that he lived. Even more telling is the much-noted fact that Paul claims that he met with, and therefore personally knew, Jesus's own brother James. It is true that Paul calls him the "brother of the Lord," not "the brother of Jesus." But that means very little since Paul typically calls Jesus the Lord and rarely uses the name Jesus (without adding "Christ" or other titles). And so in the letter to the Galatians Paul states as clearly as possible that he knew Jesus's brother. Can we get any closer to an eyewitness report than this? The fact that Paul knew Jesus's closest disciple and his own brother throws a real monkey wrench into the mythicist view that Jesus never lived."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historical_probable-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historical_probable_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historical_probable_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical probable: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMeier2006">Meier (2006</a>, p. 124): "Since in the quest for the historical Jesus almost anything is possible, the function of the criteria is to pass from the merely possible to the really probable, to inspect various probabilities, and to decide which candidate is most probable. Ordinarily the criteria can not hope to do more."</li> <li>Miles Pattenden, historian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/religion/miles-pattenden-historians-and-the-historicity-of-jesus/13720952"><i>On historians and the historicity of Jesus — a response to John Dickson</i></a>, ABC Religion: "...few scholars would deny that there must be some kernel of historicity in Jesus’s figure. It is just that they might well also say that it is a stretch to claim this historical person as unequivocally equivalent to the biblical Jesus.<br /><br />Ultimately, the question here is ontological: what makes “Jesus” Jesus? Is it enough that a man called Jesus (or Joshua), who became a charismatic teacher, was born around the turn of the millennium in Palestine? What additional characteristics do we need to ascribe to the historical figure to make him on balance identifiable with the scriptural one? A baptism in the river Jordan? A sermon on the Mount? Death at the hands of Pontius Pilate? What else?<br /><br />Partly because there is no way to satisfy these queries, professional historians of Christianity — including most of us working within the secular academy — tend to treat the question of whether Jesus existed or not as neither knowable nor particularly interesting. Rather, we focus without prejudice on other lines of investigation, such as how and when the range of characteristics and ideas attributed to him arose.<br /><br />In this sense Jesus is not an outlier among similar historical figures. Other groups of historians engage in inquiries similar to those that New Testament scholars pursue, but concerning other key figures in the development of ancient religion and philosophy in Antiquity: Moses, Socrates, Zoroaster, and so on.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-criteria_of_authenticity_bankrupt-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-criteria_of_authenticity_bankrupt_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Criticism of historical reconstructions: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFAllison2009">Allison (2009</a>, p. 59): "We wield our criteria to get what we want."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrook2013">Crook (2013</a>, p. 53): "The traditional criteria, relied upon for so long, are now bankrupt."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBernier2016">Bernier (2016)</a>: "Criteria of authenticity, which were considered then to be the state of the art (but whose collective utility was already being called into question by Meyer, among others), are now widely recognized as bankrupt historiographical instruments in need of serious revision or if not outright repudation."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two facts: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn (2003</a>, p. 339) states of "baptism and crucifixion", these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCrossan1994">Crossan (1994</a>, p. 45) "That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">scare quotes</a> for 'facts' are copied verbatim from the cited source</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman (2012</a>, pp. 336–338): "It is no accident that virtually all mythicists (in fact, all of them, to my knowledge) are either atheists or agnostics. The ones I know anything about are quite virulently, even militantly, atheist."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-criticism-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-criticism_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Criticisms of mythicism: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGullotta2017">Gullotta 2017</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMarina2022">Marina 2022</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCasey2014">Casey 2014</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003">Van Voorst 2003</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMeggitt2019">Meggitt (2019)</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a blog post, Bart D. Ehrman argued that there are about 25 to 30 "independent sources that know there was a man Jesus", including 16 in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman_2012_78-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2012_78_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2012_78_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman (2012</a>, pp. 78–79): "What is sometimes underappreciated by mythicists who want to discount the value of the Gospels for establishing the historical existence of Jesus is that our surviving accounts, which began to be written some forty years after the traditional date of Jesus’s death, were based on earlier written sources that no longer survive. But they obviously did exist at one time, and they just as obviously had to predate the Gospels that we now have. The opening words of the Gospel of Luke bear repeating: “Whereas many have attempted to compile a narrative of the things that have been fulfilled among us, just as the eyewitnesses and ministers of the word delivered them over to us, it seemed good to me also, having followed all these things closely from the beginning, to write for you an orderly account” (1:1–3). As we will see more fully in a later context, one needs to approach everything that the Gospel writers say gingerly, with a critical eye. But there is no reason to suspect that Luke is lying here. He knew of “many” earlier authors who had compiled narratives about the subject matter that he himself is about to narrate, the life of Jesus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman_2012_pre-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2012_pre_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2012_pre_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman (2012</a>, pp. 83–85): "All of these written sources I have mentioned are earlier than the surviving Gospels; they all corroborate many of the key things said of Jesus in the Gospels; and most important they are all independent of one another. Let me stress the latter point. We cannot think of the early Christian Gospels as going back to a solitary source that “invented” the idea that there was a man Jesus. The view that Jesus existed is found in multiple independent sources that must have been circulating throughout various regions of the Roman Empire in the decades before the Gospels that survive were produced. Where would the solitary source that “invented” Jesus be? Within a couple of decades of the traditional date of his death, we have numerous accounts of his life found in a broad geographical span. In addition to Mark, we have Q, M (which is possibly made of multiple sources), L (also possibly multiple sources), two or more passion narratives, a signs source, two discourse sources, the kernel (or original) Gospel behind the Gospel of Thomas, and possibly others. And these are just the ones we know about, that we can reasonably infer from the scant literary remains that survive from the early years of the Christian church. No one knows how many there actually were. Luke says there were “many” of them, and he may well have been right. And once again, this is not the end of the story." (page 83) and "The reality appears to be that there were stories being told about Jesus for a very long time not just before our surviving Gospels but even before their sources had been produced. If scholars are right that Q and the core of the Gospel of Thomas, to pick just two examples, do date from the 50s, and that they were based on oral traditions that had already been in circulation for a long time, how far back do these traditions go? Anyone who thinks that Jesus existed has no problem answering the question: they ultimately go back to things Jesus said and did while he was engaged in his public ministry, say, around the year 29 or 30. But even anyone who just wonders if Jesus existed has to assume that there were stories being told about him in the 30s and 40s. For one thing, as we will see in the next chapter, how else would someone like Paul have known to persecute the Christians, if Christians didn’t exist? And how could they exist if they didn’t know anything about Jesus?" (page 85)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul's conversion occurred two years after the crucifixion of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blomberg_2011-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg_2011_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2011">Blomberg (2011</a>, p. 282): "The fruit of a decade of work by the IBR Historical Jesus Study Group, <i>Key Events in the Life of the Historical Jesus: A Collaborative Exploration of Context and Coherence</i> [Ed. Darrell L. Bock and Robert L. Webb (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, forthcoming).] takes a dozen core themes or events from Jesus' life and ministry and details the case for their authenticity via all the standard historical criteria, as well as assessing their significance. The results show significant correlation between what historians can demonstrate and what evangelical theology has classically asserted about the life of Christ.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That Jesus had a brother named James is corroborated by Josephus.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Gullotta, James in particular is distinctive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017334-336_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017334-336-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Galatians#4:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians">Galatians 4:4</a>, Paul states that Jesus was "<a href="/wiki/Incarnation_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarnation of Jesus">born of a woman</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Romans#1:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Romans">Romans 1:3</a>, Paul states that Jesus was "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">born under the law</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gospel of Luke states that "many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things which have been accomplished among us."<sup id="cite_ref-Schoeps_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoeps-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201033-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201033_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201033_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson20114_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2011">Johnson 2011</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003">Van Voorst 2003</a>, pp. 658, 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFJPOV-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JFJPOV_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFJPOV_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDaviesSanders2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W. D.; Sanders, E.P. (2008). "20. Jesus: From the Jewish Point of View". In Horbury, William; Davies, W.D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism. Volume 3: The Early Roman period</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">623–</span>625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243773" title="Special:BookSources/9780521243773"><bdi>9780521243773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20.+Jesus%3A+From+the+Jewish+Point+of+View&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism.+Volume+3%3A+The+Early+Roman+period&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E625&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521243773&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmyJill4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmyJill4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmyJill4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy-Jill_LevineDale_C._Allison_Jr.John_Dominic_Crossan2006" class="citation book cs1">Amy-Jill Levine; Dale C. Allison Jr.; John Dominic Crossan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC"><i>The Historical Jesus in Context</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00992-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00992-6&rft.au=Amy-Jill+Levine&rft.au=Dale+C.+Allison+Jr.&rft.au=John+Dominic+Crossan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMbEyeDSQQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog20051–6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog20051–6_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog20051–6_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzog2005">Herzog 2005</a>, pp. 1–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168–173-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168–173_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168–173_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell1998">Powell 1998</a>, pp. 168–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan1994145-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan1994145_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan1994145_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossan1994">Crossan 1994</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017313–314,_346-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017313–314,_346_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017313–314,_346_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGullotta2017">Gullotta 2017</a>, pp. 313–314, 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023150-151_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDark2023">Dark 2023</a>, p. 150-151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey</i> by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 Baker Academic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805444823" title="Special:BookSources/0805444823">0805444823</a> pp. 441-442</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,208-228-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,208-228_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,208-228_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, p. 202,208-228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuck_125-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuck_125_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuck_125_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuck_125_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett (2001</a>, p. 125)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_Univiversity_Press-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Univiversity_Press_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Univiversity_Press_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesSanders2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W. D.; Sanders, E.P. (2008). "20. Jesus: From the Jewish Point of View". In Horbury, William; Davies, W.D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism. Volume 3: The Early Roman period</i>. Cambridge Univiversity Press. p. 621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243773" title="Special:BookSources/9780521243773"><bdi>9780521243773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20.+Jesus%3A+From+the+Jewish+Point+of+View&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism.+Volume+3%3A+The+Early+Roman+period&rft.pages=621&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univiversity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521243773&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001124-125-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001124-125_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett 2001</a>, p. 124-125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012151-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012151_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012151_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a> (a Christian atheist) who denies the existence of Jesus agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars: Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" in <i>The Historical Jesus: Five Views</i> edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0830838686" title="Special:BookSources/0830838686">0830838686</a> p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenQ9-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BenQ9_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Witherington, <i>The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth</i> (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0830815449" title="Special:BookSources/0830815449">0830815449</a> pp. 9–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlanP19-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlanP19_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee</i> by Mark Allan Powell (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664257038" title="Special:BookSources/0664257038">0664257038</a> pp. 19–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John, Jesus, and History</i> Volume 1 by Paul N. Anderson, Felix Just and Tom Thatcher (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1589832930" title="Special:BookSources/1589832930">1589832930</a> p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006124-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006124_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeier2006">Meier 2006</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMeier126-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JMeier126_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in <i>The Historical Jesus in Recent Research</i> by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-100-7">1-57506-100-7</a> pp. 126–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell47-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell47_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell47_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee</i> by Mark Allan Powell 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8">0-664-25703-8</a> p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whois31-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whois31_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Who Is Jesus?</i> by John Dominic Crossan, Richard G. Watts 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664258425" title="Special:BookSources/0664258425">0664258425</a> pp. 31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201035-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201035_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201035_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998207-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998207_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012269–270-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012269–270_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 269–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley19821034-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley19821034_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromiley1982">Bromiley 1982</a>, p. 1034.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201212,_347,_n.1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201212,_347,_n.1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 12, 347, n.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201441,_243–245-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201441,_243–245_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasey2014">Casey 2014</a>, pp. 41, 243–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012336–338-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012336–338_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 336–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2019458–459-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2019458–459_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeggitt2019">Meggitt 2019</a>, pp. 458–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarina2022-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarina2022_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarina2022">Marina 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2017-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2017_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2017">Hurtado 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGullotta2017">Gullotta 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jesus Outside the New Testament" Robert E. Van Voorst, 2000, pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, Robert M. (2009). "Jesus at the Vanishing Point". In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (eds.). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. InterVarsity Press. pp. 55–83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3868-4">978-0-8308-3868-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_"debate_on_the_existence_of_Jesus_has_been_in_the_fringes_of_scholarship...for_more_than_two_centuries."_"Among_New_Testament_scholars_and_historians,_the_theory_of_Jesus'_nonexistence_remains_effectively_dead_as_a_scholarly_question."-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003658,_660_"debate_on_the_existence_of_Jesus_has_been_in_the_fringes_of_scholarship...for_more_than_two_centuries."_"Among_New_Testament_scholars_and_historians,_the_theory_of_Jesus'_nonexistence_remains_effectively_dead_as_a_scholarly_question."_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003">Van Voorst 2003</a>, p. 658, 660 "debate on the existence of Jesus has been in the fringes of scholarship...for more than two centuries." "Among New Testament scholars and historians, the theory of Jesus' nonexistence remains effectively dead as a scholarly question.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2017"The_"mythical_Jesus"_view_doesn't_have_any_traction_among_the_overwhelming_number_of_scholars_working_in_these_fields,_whether_they_be_declared_Christians,_Jewish,_atheists,_or_undeclared_as_to_their_personal_stance._Advocates_of_the_"mythical_Jesus"_may_dismiss_this_statement,_but_it_ought_to_count_for_something_if,_after_some_250_years_of_critical_investigation_of_the_historical_figure_of_Jesus_and_of_Christian_Origins,_and_the_due_consideration_of_"mythical_Jesus"_claims_over_the_last_century_or_more,_this_spectrum_of_scholars_have_judged_them_unpersuasive_(to_put_it_mildly)."-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2017"The_"mythical_Jesus"_view_doesn't_have_any_traction_among_the_overwhelming_number_of_scholars_working_in_these_fields,_whether_they_be_declared_Christians,_Jewish,_atheists,_or_undeclared_as_to_their_personal_stance._Advocates_of_the_"mythical_Jesus"_may_dismiss_this_statement,_but_it_ought_to_count_for_something_if,_after_some_250_years_of_critical_investigation_of_the_historical_figure_of_Jesus_and_of_Christian_Origins,_and_the_due_consideration_of_"mythical_Jesus"_claims_over_the_last_century_or_more,_this_spectrum_of_scholars_have_judged_them_unpersuasive_(to_put_it_mildly)."_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2017">Hurtado 2017</a>, p. "The "mythical Jesus" view doesn't have any traction among the overwhelming number of scholars working in these fields, whether they be declared Christians, Jewish, atheists, or undeclared as to their personal stance. Advocates of the "mythical Jesus" may dismiss this statement, but it ought to count for something if, after some 250 years of critical investigation of the historical figure of Jesus and of Christian Origins, and the due consideration of "mythical Jesus" claims over the last century or more, this spectrum of scholars have judged them unpersuasive (to put it mildly).".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver199971_"The_denial_of_Jesus'_historicity_has_never_convinced_any_large_number_of_people,_in_or_out_of_technical_circles,_nor_did_it_in_the_first_part_of_the_century."-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver199971_"The_denial_of_Jesus'_historicity_has_never_convinced_any_large_number_of_people,_in_or_out_of_technical_circles,_nor_did_it_in_the_first_part_of_the_century."_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeaver1999">Weaver 1999</a>, pp. 71 "The denial of Jesus' historicity has never convinced any large number of people, in or out of technical circles, nor did it in the first part of the century.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox200548-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox200548_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2005">Fox 2005</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurridgeGould200434-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurridgeGould200434_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurridgeGould2004">Burridge & Gould 2004</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003659,_660-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003659,_660_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003">Van Voorst 2003</a>, pp. 659, 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2016" class="citation web cs1">Ehrman, Bart (28 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/gospel-evidence-that-jesus-existed/">"Gospel Evidence that Jesus Existed"</a>. <i>Ehrman Blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Gospel+Evidence+that+Jesus+Existed&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fgospel-evidence-that-jesus-existed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001122-125,_127-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001122-125,_127_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett 2001</a>, p. 122-125, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200019,_75-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200019,_75_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000">Van Voorst 2000</a>, pp. 19, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAS-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAS_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAS_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAS_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAS_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAS_63-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMykytiuk2015" class="citation web cs1">Mykytiuk, Lawrence (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/did-jesus-exist/">"Did Jesus Exist? Searching for Evidence Beyond the Bible"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.atitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F+Searching+for+Evidence+Beyond+the+Bible&rft.date=2015-01&rft.aulast=Mykytiuk&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fpeople-cultures-in-the-bible%2Fjesus-historical-jesus%2Fdid-jesus-exist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001124_"All_this_does_at_least_render_highly_implausible_any_far-fetched_theories_that_even_Jesus'_very_existence_was_a_Christian_invention._The_fact_that_Jesus_existed,_that_he_was_crucified_under_Pontius_Pilate_(for_whatever_reason)_and_that_he_had_a_band_of_followers_who_continued_to_support_his_cause,_seems_to_be_part_of_the_bedrock_of_historical_tradition._If_nothing_else,_the_non-Christian_evidence_can_provide_us_with_certainty_on_that_score.-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001124_"All_this_does_at_least_render_highly_implausible_any_far-fetched_theories_that_even_Jesus'_very_existence_was_a_Christian_invention._The_fact_that_Jesus_existed,_that_he_was_crucified_under_Pontius_Pilate_(for_whatever_reason)_and_that_he_had_a_band_of_followers_who_continued_to_support_his_cause,_seems_to_be_part_of_the_bedrock_of_historical_tradition._If_nothing_else,_the_non-Christian_evidence_can_provide_us_with_certainty_on_that_score._64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett 2001</a>, p. 124 "All this does at least render highly implausible any far-fetched theories that even Jesus' very existence was a Christian invention. The fact that Jesus existed, that he was crucified under Pontius Pilate (for whatever reason) and that he had a band of followers who continued to support his cause, seems to be part of the bedrock of historical tradition. If nothing else, the non-Christian evidence can provide us with certainty on that score..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199863-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199863_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahner730-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rahner730_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi</i> by Karl Rahner 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860120066" title="Special:BookSources/0860120066">0860120066</a> pp. 730–731</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voorst15-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voorst15_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). <i>Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</i>. Eerdmans Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802843689" title="Special:BookSources/0802843689">0802843689</a> p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199859-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199859_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201283–85-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201283–85_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 83–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrskog20112189_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrskog2011">Byrskog 2011</a>, p. 2189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001122-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001122_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett 2001</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998100-104-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998100-104_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 100-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201063-64_"It_also_provides_evidence_that_Mark_is_an_unrevised_literal_translation_of_an_Aramaic_source,_and_this_at_a_point_where_there_is_every_reason_to_believe_that_the_story_is_literally_true._This_means_that_our_oldest_source_is_sometimes_perfectly_accurate,_because_parts_of_it_were_originally_written_by_people_who_were_in_close_touch_with_the_events_of_the_historic_ministry._This_is_only_one_short_step_away_from_eyewitness_testimony".-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201063-64_"It_also_provides_evidence_that_Mark_is_an_unrevised_literal_translation_of_an_Aramaic_source,_and_this_at_a_point_where_there_is_every_reason_to_believe_that_the_story_is_literally_true._This_means_that_our_oldest_source_is_sometimes_perfectly_accurate,_because_parts_of_it_were_originally_written_by_people_who_were_in_close_touch_with_the_events_of_the_historic_ministry._This_is_only_one_short_step_away_from_eyewitness_testimony"._75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 63-64 "It also provides evidence that Mark is an unrevised literal translation of an Aramaic source, and this at a point where there is every reason to believe that the story is literally true. This means that our oldest source is sometimes perfectly accurate, because parts of it were originally written by people who were in close touch with the events of the historic ministry. This is only one short step away from eyewitness testimony"..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144–146-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012144–146_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 144–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2016-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2016_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2016_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2016">Evans 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Historical Criticism". <i>The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus</i>. Routledge. 2008. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415880886" title="Special:BookSources/9780415880886"><bdi>9780415880886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Criticism&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415880886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 13-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schoeps-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schoeps_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schoeps_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoeps1968" class="citation book cs1">Schoeps, Hans-Joachim (1968) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsofmanki00scho/page/261/"><i>The Religions of Mankind</i></a>. Translated by Winston, Richard; Winston, Clara. Garden City, NY: <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">261–</span>262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04080-8"><bdi>978-0-385-04080-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Gospels cannot be equated with ... biographies. ... [Their] primary purpose was not to present a detailed historical picture of the life of Jesus. And the non-Christian materials ... provide us with no essential new knowledge beyond the accounts of the Gospels. ... [Thus] the situation in regard to sources is highly unsatisfactory; legendary and historical accounts are hopelessly intertwined. The historian must recognize that the materials available to us do not enable us to reconstruct Jesus as he really was. [They have] only the Jesus the early disciples saw, the Christ who has survived in the beliefs of the Christian community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+Mankind&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E262&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-385-04080-8&rft.aulast=Schoeps&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionsofmanki00scho%2Fpage%2F261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2013" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (2013). <i>Jesus and his World: The Archaeological Evidence</i> (Paperback ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664239329" title="Special:BookSources/9780664239329"><bdi>9780664239329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+his+World%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780664239329&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Craig (26 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/archaeological-evidence-for-jesus_b_1370995">"The Archaeological Evidence for Jesus"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=The+Archaeological+Evidence+for+Jesus&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Farchaeological-evidence-for-jesus_b_1370995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDark2023160,162-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023160,162_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDark2023">Dark 2023</a>, p. 160,162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2019458-459_"the_lack_of_conventional_historical_training_on_the_part_of_biblical_scholars_may_well_be_evident_in_the_failure_of_any_scholar_involved_in_discussing_the_Christ-myth_debate_to_mention_any_long-established_historiographical_approaches_associated_with_the_study_of_the_poor_in_the_past,_such_as_History_from_Below,_Microhistory_or_Subaltern_Studies,_approaches_that_might_help_us_determine_what_kind_of_questions_can_be_asked_and_what_kind_of_answers_can_reasonably_be_expected_to_given,_when_we_scrutinise_someone_who_is_depicted_as_coming_from_such_a_non-elite_context._For_example,_given_that_most_human_beings_in_antiquity_left_no_sign_of_their_existence,_and_the_poor_as_individuals_are_virtually_invisible,_all_we_can_hope_to_do_is_try_to_establish,_in_a_general_sense,_the_lives_that_they_lived._Why_would_we_expect_any_non-Christian_evidence_for_the_specific_existence_of_someone_of_the_socio-economic_status_of_a_figure_such_as_Jesus_at_all?_To_deny_his_existence_based_on_the_a"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2019458-459_"the_lack_of_conventional_historical_training_on_the_part_of_biblical_scholars_may_well_be_evident_in_the_failure_of_any_scholar_involved_in_discussing_the_Christ-myth_debate_to_mention_any_long-established_historiographical_approaches_associated_with_the_study_of_the_poor_in_the_past,_such_as_History_from_Below,_Microhistory_or_Subaltern_Studies,_approaches_that_might_help_us_determine_what_kind_of_questions_can_be_asked_and_what_kind_of_answers_can_reasonably_be_expected_to_given,_when_we_scrutinise_someone_who_is_depicted_as_coming_from_such_a_non-elite_context._For_example,_given_that_most_human_beings_in_antiquity_left_no_sign_of_their_existence,_and_the_poor_as_individuals_are_virtually_invisible,_all_we_can_hope_to_do_is_try_to_establish,_in_a_general_sense,_the_lives_that_they_lived._Why_would_we_expect_any_non-Christian_evidence_for_the_specific_existence_of_someone_of_the_socio-economic_status_of_a_figure_such_as_Jesus_at_all?_To_deny_his_existence_based_on_the_ab">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeggitt2019">Meggitt 2019</a>, pp. 458-459 "the lack of conventional historical training on the part of biblical scholars may well be evident in the failure of any scholar involved in discussing the Christ-myth debate to mention any long-established historiographical approaches associated with the study of the poor in the past, such as History from Below, Microhistory or Subaltern Studies, approaches that might help us determine what kind of questions can be asked and what kind of answers can reasonably be expected to given, when we scrutinise someone who is depicted as coming from such a non-elite context. For example, given that most human beings in antiquity left no sign of their existence, and the poor as individuals are virtually invisible, all we can hope to do is try to establish, in a general sense, the lives that they lived. Why would we expect any non-Christian evidence for the specific existence of someone of the socio-economic status of a figure such as Jesus at all? To deny his existence based on the absence of such evidence, even if that were the case, has problematic implications, you may as well deny the existence of pretty much everyone in the ancient world. Indeed, the attempt by mythicists to dismiss the Christian sources could be construed, however unintentionally, as exemplifying what E. P. Thompson called ‘the enormous condescension of posterity’ in action, functionally seeking to erase a collection of data, extremely rare in the Roman Empire, that depicts the lives and interactions of non-elite actors and seems to have originated from them too..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 49–50: "Think again of our earlier point of comparison, Pontius Pilate. Here is a figure who was immensely significant in every way to the life and history of Palestine during the adult life of Jesus (assuming Jesus lived), politically, economically, culturally, socially. As I have indicated, there was arguably no one more important. And how many eyewitness reports of Pilate do we have from his day? None. Not a single one. The same is true of Josephus. And these are figures who were of the highest prominence in their own day."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199893-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199893_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDark2023151-152-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDark2023151-152_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDark2023">Dark 2023</a>, p. 151-152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1977199-200_"But_above_all,_if_we_apply_to_the_New_Testament,_as_we_should,_the_same_sort_of_criteria_as_we_should_apply_to_other_ancient_writings_containing_historical_material,_we_can_no_more_reject_Jesus'_existence_than_we_can_reject_the_existence_of_a_mass_of_pagan_personages_whose_reality_as_historical_figures_is_never_questioned"-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1977199-200_"But_above_all,_if_we_apply_to_the_New_Testament,_as_we_should,_the_same_sort_of_criteria_as_we_should_apply_to_other_ancient_writings_containing_historical_material,_we_can_no_more_reject_Jesus'_existence_than_we_can_reject_the_existence_of_a_mass_of_pagan_personages_whose_reality_as_historical_figures_is_never_questioned"_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant1977">Grant 1977</a>, p. 199-200 "But above all, if we apply to the New Testament, as we should, the same sort of criteria as we should apply to other ancient writings containing historical material, we can no more reject Jesus' existence than we can reject the existence of a mass of pagan personages whose reality as historical figures is never questioned".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Galatians#1:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians">Galatians 1:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2007" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Caherine M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusf00cath/page/140"><i>The Historical Jesus For Dummies</i></a>. For Dummies. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusf00cath/page/140">140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470167854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470167854"><bdi>978-0470167854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+For+Dummies&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=For+Dummies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0470167854&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Caherine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaljesusf00cath%2Fpage%2F140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017334-336-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullotta2017334-336_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGullotta2017">Gullotta 2017</a>, p. 334-336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012145–146_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Galatians#2:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians">Galatians 2:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey</i> by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805444823" title="Special:BookSources/0805444823">0805444823</a> pp. 441-442</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007209-228-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007209-228_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, p. 209-228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001125-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001125_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett 2001</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,_208-228-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007202,_208-228_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, p. 202, 208-228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRDunn143-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JRDunn143_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making</i> by James D. G. Dunn (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802839312" title="Special:BookSources/0802839312">0802839312</a> p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McK38-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McK38_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus Christ in History and Scripture</i> by Edgar V. McKnight (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865546770" title="Special:BookSources/0865546770">0865546770</a> p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furnish19-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furnish19_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus according to Paul</i> by Victor Paul Furnish (1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521458242" title="Special:BookSources/0521458242">0521458242</a> pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gathercole, Simon. "The Historical and Human Existence of Jesus in Paul’s Letters." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 16.2–3 (2018): 191, n. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jesus">"Jesus Christ"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2010</span>. <q>The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica.+2010.+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermes-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vermes_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermes, Geza. The authentic gospel of Jesus. London, Penguin Books. 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Allan Powell (editor), <i>The New Testament Today</i>, p. 50 (Westminster John Knox Press, 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25824-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25824-7">0-664-25824-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley E. Porter (editor), <i>Handbook to Exegesis of the New Testament</i>, p. 68 (Leiden, 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09921-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09921-2">90-04-09921-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201063-64-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey201063-64_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 63-64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201288–91-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201288–91_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 88–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2013" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel B. (2013). <i>Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels</i> (2nd ed.). IVP Academic. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830824564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830824564"><bdi>978-0830824564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Jesus+and+the+Gospels&rft.pages=541&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0830824564&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, G. H. (2004). <i>Jesus and Gospel</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burridge, R. A. (2006). Gospels. In J. W. Rogerson & Judith M. Lieu (Eds) <i>The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talbert, C. H. (1977). <i>What is a Gospel? The Genre of the Canonical Gospels</i>. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wills, L. M. (1997). <i>The Quest of the Historical Gospel: Mark, John and the Origins of the Gospel Genre</i>. London: Routledge. p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burridge, R. A. (2004). <i>What are the Gospels? A Comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography</i>. rev. updated edn. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001121–125-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001121–125_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett 2001</a>, pp. 121–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChiltonEvans1998-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChiltonEvans1998_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_David_ChiltonCraig_Alan_Evans1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruce David Chilton; Craig Alan Evans (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC"><i>Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research</i></a>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">460–</span>470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11142-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11142-4"><bdi>978-90-04-11142-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004084608/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Evaluations+of+the+State+of+Current+Research&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E470&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11142-4&rft.au=Bruce+David+Chilton&rft.au=Craig+Alan+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJM9grxOjjMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blomberg431-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg431_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey</i> by Craig L. Blomberg (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3">0-8054-4482-3</a> pp. 431–436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039–53-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039–53_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000">Van Voorst 2000</a>, pp. 39–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crossan, John (2009). "Response to Robert M. Price". In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (eds.). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. InterVarsity Press. pp. 86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3868-4">978-0-8308-3868-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephusWhistonMaier1999" class="citation book cs1">Josephus, Flavius; Whiston, William; Maier, Paul L. (1999). <i>The New Complete Works of Josephus</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825429484" title="Special:BookSources/9780825429484"><bdi>9780825429484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Complete+Works+of+Josephus&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780825429484&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft.au=Whiston%2C+William&rft.au=Maier%2C+Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreckenbergKurt_Schubert1992" class="citation book cs1">Schreckenberg, Heinz; Kurt Schubert (1992). <i>Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2653-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2653-6"><bdi>978-90-232-2653-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Traditions+in+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-232-2653-6&rft.aulast=Schreckenberg&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft.au=Kurt+Schubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostenbergerL._Scott_KellumCharles_L._Quarles2009" class="citation book cs1">Kostenberger, Andreas J.; L. Scott Kellum; Charles L. Quarles (2009). <i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i>. B&H Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle%2C+the+Cross%2C+and+the+Crown%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3&rft.aulast=Kostenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=L.+Scott+Kellum&rft.au=Charles+L.+Quarles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JosephusM662-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JosephusM662_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The new complete works of Josephus</i> by Flavius Josephus, William Whiston, Paul L. Maier <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-2924-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-2924-2">0-8254-2924-2</a> pp. 662–663</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Josephus XX</i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Feldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis H. Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a> (1965), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674995023" title="Special:BookSources/0674995023">0674995023</a> p. 496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus; Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). <i>Josephus, the Essential Works: A Condensation of Jewish Antiquities and The Jewish war</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6">978-0-8254-3260-6</a> pp. 284–285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/P._E._Easterling" title="P. E. Easterling">P. E. Easterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._J._Kenney" title="E. J. Kenney">E. J. Kenney</a> (general editors), <i>The Cambridge History of Latin Literature</i>, p. 892 (Cambridge University Press, 1982, reprinted 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21043-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21043-7">0-521-21043-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007179–180-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007179–180_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, pp. 179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200142-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200142_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2001">Evans 2001</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bible'_page_343-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bible'_page_343_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mercer dictionary of the Bible</i> by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9">0-86554-373-9</a> page 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation</i> by Helen K. Bond (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-61620-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-61620-4">0-521-61620-4</a> page xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bammel393-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bammel393_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bammel393_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and the Politics of his Day</i> by E. Bammel and C. F. D. Moule (1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521313449" title="Special:BookSources/0521313449">0521313449</a> p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie693-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leslie693_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Jesus: The Complete Guide</i> edited by J. L. Houlden (8 Feb 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082648011X" title="Special:BookSources/082648011X">082648011X</a> pp. 693–694</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeterS141-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PeterS141_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus in the Talmud</i> by Peter Schäfer (24 Aug 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691143188" title="Special:BookSources/0691143188">0691143188</a> pp. 9, 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blom280-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blom280_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey</i> by Craig L. Blomberg (1 Aug 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805444823" title="Special:BookSources/0805444823">0805444823</a> p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellum107-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kellum107_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kostenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles L. (2009). <i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4365-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4365-7">0-8054-4365-7</a>. pp. 107–109</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Printed sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2009" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Dale (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzOfssjUsIIC&pg=PA59"><i>The Historical Christ and the Theological Jesus</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6262-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6262-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-6262-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Christ+and+the+Theological+Jesus&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6262-4&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzOfssjUsIIC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009" class="citation book cs1">Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul Rhodes, eds. (2009). "Introduction". <i>The Historical Jesus: Five Views</i>. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830838684" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830838684"><bdi>978-0830838684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+Five+Views&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0830838684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernier2016" class="citation book cs1">Bernier, Jonathan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eb5-DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>The Quest for the Historical Jesus after the Demise of Authenticity: Toward a Critical Realist Philosophy of History in Jesus Studies</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66287-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66287-3"><bdi>978-0-567-66287-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Jesus+after+the+Demise+of+Authenticity%3A+Toward+a+Critical+Realist+Philosophy+of+History+in+Jesus+Studies&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66287-3&rft.aulast=Bernier&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deb5-DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2007" class="citation cs2">Blomberg, Craig L. (2007), <i>The Historical Reliability of the Gospels</i>, InterVarsity Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830828074" title="Special:BookSources/9780830828074"><bdi>9780830828074</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780830828074&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig (2011). "New Testament Studies in North America". In Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Yarbrough, Robert W. (eds.). <i>Understanding The Times: New Testament Studies in the 21st Century</i>. Crossway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0719-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0719-9"><bdi>978-1-4335-0719-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Testament+Studies+in+North+America&rft.btitle=Understanding+The+Times%3A+New+Testament+Studies+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-0719-9&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Boyarin, Daniel (2004). <i>Border Lines. The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1997). <i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i>. Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a>, ed. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C">"Jesus Christ"</a>. <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE): fully revised, illustrated, in four volumes. Vol. 2, E–J</i>. Associate editors: Everett F. Harrison, Roland K. Harrison, William Sanford LaSor. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1034–</span>1049. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3785-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3785-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-3785-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500471471">500471471</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia+%28ISBE%29%3A+fully+revised%2C+illustrated%2C+in+four+volumes.+Vol.+2%2C+E%E2%80%93J&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1034-%3C%2Fspan%3E1049&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500471471&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3785-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyklDk6Vv0l4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurridgeGould2004" class="citation book cs1">Burridge, Richard A.; Gould, Graham (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr"><i>Jesus Now and Then</i></a></span>. William B. Eerdmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-0977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Now+and+Then&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3&rft.aulast=Burridge&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Gould%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusnowthen0000burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrskog2011" class="citation book cs1">Byrskog, Samuel (2011). "The Historicity of Jesus: How do we know that Jesus existed?". <i>Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (Volume 3)</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">2183–</span>2212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004163720" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004163720"><bdi>978-9004163720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historicity+of+Jesus%3A+How+do+we+know+that+Jesus+existed%3F&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus+%28Volume+3%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2183-%3C%2Fspan%3E2212&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004163720&rft.aulast=Byrskog&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl2001" class="citation book cs1">Bockmuehl, Markus (2001). "7. Resurrection". In Bockmuehl, Markus (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Jesus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521796781" title="Special:BookSources/9780521796781"><bdi>9780521796781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Resurrection&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521796781&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrier2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carrier" title="Richard Carrier">Carrier, Richard</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5b1ocsVi2cC"><i>Proving History: Bayes's Theorem and the Quest for the Historical Jesus</i></a>. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-560-6"><bdi>978-1-61614-560-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025311/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5b1ocsVi2cC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proving+History%3A+Bayes%27s+Theorem+and+the+Quest+for+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-560-6&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5b1ocsVi2cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrier2014" class="citation book cs1">Carrier, Richard (2014). <i>On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt</i>. Sheffield Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909697355" title="Special:BookSources/9781909697355"><bdi>9781909697355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Historicity+of+Jesus%3A+Why+We+Might+Have+Reason+for+Doubt&rft.pub=Sheffield+Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781909697355&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2014" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Maurice (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTFiAgAAQBAJ"><i>Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths?</i></a>. New York and London: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-56744-762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-56744-762-3"><bdi>978-0-56744-762-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Evidence+and+Argument+or+Mythicist+Myths%3F&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-56744-762-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTFiAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2014b" class="citation cs2">Casey, Maurice (2014b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTFiAgAAQBAJ"><i>Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths?</i></a>, New York and London: Bloomsbury Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-56744-762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-56744-762-3"><bdi>978-0-56744-762-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Evidence+and+Argument+or+Mythicist+Myths%3F&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-56744-762-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTFiAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Maurice (2010). <i>Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</i>. New York and London: T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H. (2008). <i>The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide</i>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780687021673" title="Special:BookSources/9780687021673"><bdi>9780687021673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+An+Essential+Guide&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780687021673&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrook2013" class="citation journal cs1">Crook, Zeba A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10169321">"Collective Memory Distortion and the Quest for the Historical Jesus"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-8690">1476-8690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Collective+Memory+Distortion+and+the+Quest+for+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1476-8690&rft.aulast=Crook&rft.aufirst=Zeba+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10169321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan1994" class="citation cs2">Crossan, John Dominic (1994), <i>Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography</i>, HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5"><bdi>978-0-06-061662-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-061662-5&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDark2023" class="citation book cs1">Dark, Ken (2023). <i>Archaeology of Jesus' Nazareth</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192865397" title="Special:BookSources/9780192865397"><bdi>9780192865397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Jesus%27+Nazareth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780192865397&rft.aulast=Dark&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Doherty, Earl (1999). <i>The Jesus Puzzle. Did Christianity Begin with a Mythical Christ? : Challenging the Existence of an Historical Jesus</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0968601405" title="Special:BookSources/0968601405">0968601405</a></li> <li>Drews, Arthur & Burns, C. Deslisle (1998). <i>The Christ Myth</i> (Westminster College–Oxford Classics in the Study of Religion). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573921904" title="Special:BookSources/1573921904">1573921904</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation cs2">Dunn, James D. G. (2003), <i>Jesus Remembered</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4666">"Skeptoid #666: The Historicity of Jesus Christ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23666%3A+The+Historicity+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgROZMp4zDMC"><i>The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</i></a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+Rhodes&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgROZMp4zDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2012). <i>Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth</i>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062206442" title="Special:BookSources/9780062206442"><bdi>9780062206442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780062206442&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2001" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2001). <i>Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195124743" title="Special:BookSources/9780195124743"><bdi>9780195124743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780195124743&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, B. (2011). <i>Forged: Writing in the Name of God</i>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6"><bdi>978-0-06-207863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+Writing+in+the+Name+of+God&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-207863-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2001" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (2001). <i>Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies</i>. Leiden: Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391041189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391041189"><bdi>978-0391041189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+Contemporaries%3A+Comparative+Studies&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0391041189&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2016" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Craig (2016). "Mythicism and the Public Jesus of History". <i>Christian Research Journal</i>. <b>39</b> (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Mythicism+and+the+Public+Jesus+of+History.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2005" class="citation cs2">Fox, Robin Lane (2005), <i>The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian</i>, Basic Books, p. 48, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465024971" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465024971"><bdi>978-0465024971</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+World%3A+An+Epic+History+from+Homer+to+Hadrian&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0465024971&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>France, R.T. (2001). <i>The Evidence for Jesus</i>. Hodder & Stoughton.</li> <li>George, Augustin & Grelot, Pierre (Eds.) (1992). <i>Introducción Crítica al Nuevo Testamento</i>. Herder. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8425412773" title="Special:BookSources/8425412773">8425412773</a></li> <li>Gowler, David B. (2007). <i>What Are They Saying About the Historical Jesus?</i>. Paulist Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1977" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesushistoriansr0000gran/page/200/mode/2up?q=postulate"><i>Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels</i></a>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684148892" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684148892"><bdi>978-0684148892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+An+Historian%27s+Review+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0684148892&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesushistoriansr0000gran%2Fpage%2F200%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dpostulate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2016" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Patrick (2016). <i>Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and their Functions in History</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">113–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199359714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199359714"><bdi>978-0199359714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Religious+Invention%3A+Founders+and+their+Functions+in+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0199359714&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullotta2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gullotta, Daniel N. (2017). "On Richard Carrier's Doubts: A Response to Richard Carrier's On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt". <i>Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">310–</span>346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01502009">10.1163/17455197-01502009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=On+Richard+Carrier%27s+Doubts%3A+A+Response+to+Richard+Carrier%27s+On+the+Historicity+of+Jesus%3A+Why+We+Might+Have+Reason+for+Doubt&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E310-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01502009&rft.aulast=Gullotta&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoester1992" class="citation book cs1">Koester, Helmut (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientchristian00koes"><i>Ancient Christian Gospels</i></a>. Harrisburg, PA: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0334024507" title="Special:BookSources/978-0334024507"><bdi>978-0334024507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Christian+Gospels&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0334024507&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientchristian00koes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog2005" class="citation cs2">Herzog, William A (2005), <i>Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus</i>, Westminster John Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664225285" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664225285"><bdi>978-0664225285</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+and+Teacher%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0664225285&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=William+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2017" class="citation web cs1">Hurtado, Larry (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2017/12/02/why-the-mythical-jesus-claim-has-no-traction-with-scholars/">"Why the "Mythical Jesus" Claim Has No Traction with Scholars"</a>. <i>Larry Hurtado blog (scholar)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larry+Hurtado+blog+%28scholar%29&rft.atitle=Why+the+%22Mythical+Jesus%22+Claim+Has+No+Traction+with+Scholars&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarryhurtado.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F12%2F02%2Fwhy-the-mythical-jesus-claim-has-no-traction-with-scholars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Paul (2011). <i>Jesus: A Biography from a Believer</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143118770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143118770"><bdi>978-0143118770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Biography+from+a+Believer.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0143118770&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineAllisonCrossan2006" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Amy-Jill; Allison, Dale C. Jr.; Crossan, John Dominic (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC"><i>The Historical Jesus in Context</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00992-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00992-6&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft.au=Allison%2C+Dale+C.+Jr.&rft.au=Crossan%2C+John+Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMbEyeDSQQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarina2022" class="citation journal cs1">Marina, Marko (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31823%2Fd.30.2.3">"Povijesni Isus i miticizam: kritička analiza teorije Richarda Carriera"</a>. <i>Diacovensia</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">215–</span>235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31823%2Fd.30.2.3">10.31823/d.30.2.3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diacovensia&rft.atitle=Povijesni+Isus+i+miticizam%3A+kriti%C4%8Dka+analiza+teorije+Richarda+Carriera&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31823%2Fd.30.2.3&rft.aulast=Marina&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31823%252Fd.30.2.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2014" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Michael (2014). Burkett, Delbert (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Jesus</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118724101" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118724101"><bdi>978-1118724101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1118724101&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Meier, John P., <i><a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier#A_Marginal_Jew:_Rethinking_the_Historical_Jesus" title="John P. Meier">A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Reference Library</a>, Doubleday</li></ul> <dl><dd>(1991), v. 1, <i>The Roots of the Problem and the Person</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385264259" title="Special:BookSources/0385264259">0385264259</a></dd> <dd>(1994), v. 2, <i>Mentor, Message, and Miracles</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385469926" title="Special:BookSources/0385469926">0385469926</a></dd> <dd>(2001), v. 3, <i>Companions and Competitors</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385469934" title="Special:BookSources/0385469934">0385469934</a></dd> <dd>(2009), v. 4, <i>Law and Love</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300140965" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300140965">978-0300140965</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2006" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (2006). "Criteria: How do we decide what comes from Jesus?". In Dunn, James D. G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). <i>The Historical Jesus in Recent Research</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1575061007" title="Special:BookSources/1575061007"><bdi>1575061007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criteria%3A+How+do+we+decide+what+comes+from+Jesus%3F&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1575061007&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeggitt2019" class="citation journal cs1">Meggitt, Justin J. 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Examining the Quest for the Non-Historical Jesus"</a>. <i>New Testament Studies</i>. <b>65</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">458–</span>459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688519000213">10.1017/S0028688519000213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203247861">203247861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=%27More+Ingenious+than+Learned%27%3F+Examining+the+Quest+for+the+Non-Historical+Jesus&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E458-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688519000213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203247861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meggitt&rft.aufirst=Justin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fbitstreams%2Fbd7922ed-9bbb-42f8-817c-12bb9e321dcf%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mendenhall, George E. (2001). <i>Ancient Israel's Faith and History: An Introduction to the Bible in Context</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664223133" title="Special:BookSources/0664223133">0664223133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Messori" title="Vittorio Messori">Messori, Vittorio</a> (1977). <i>Jesus hypotheses</i>. St Paul Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0854391541" title="Special:BookSources/0854391541">0854391541</a></li> <li>New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, New Revised Standard Version. (1991) New York, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195283562" title="Special:BookSources/0195283562">0195283562</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1998" class="citation cs2">Powell, Mark Allan (1998), <i>Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee</i>, Westminster John Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Price, Robert M.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deconstructingje00pric"><i>Deconstructing Jesus</i></a>. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573927581" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573927581"><bdi>978-1573927581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deconstructing+Jesus&rft.place=Amherst%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1573927581&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeconstructingje00pric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2003" class="citation book cs1">Price, Robert M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incredibleshrink00pric"><i>The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable is the Gospel Tradition?</i></a>. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591021216" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591021216"><bdi>978-1591021216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+Shrinking+Son+of+Man%3A+How+Reliable+is+the+Gospel+Tradition%3F&rft.place=Amherst%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1591021216&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincredibleshrink00pric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2010" class="citation book cs1">Price, Robert M. (2010). <i>Secret Scrolls: Revelations from the Lost Gospel Novels</i>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610970754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610970754"><bdi>978-1610970754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Scrolls%3A+Revelations+from+the+Lost+Gospel+Novels&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1610970754&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2002" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Graham (2002). <i>The Gospels and Jesus (Oxford Bible Series)</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199246168" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199246168"><bdi>978-0199246168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospels+and+Jesus+%28Oxford+Bible+Series%29&rft.pages=145&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0199246168&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckett2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_M._Tuckett" title="Christopher M. Tuckett">Tuckett, Christopher</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_j7a6/page/121/">"8. Sources and Methods"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Markus_Bockmuehl" title="Markus Bockmuehl">Bockmuehl, Markus</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Jesus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Sources+and+Methods&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79678-1&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_j7a6%2Fpage%2F121%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). <i>The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusoutsidenewt0000vanv"><i>Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</i></a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802843689" title="Special:BookSources/0802843689"><bdi>0802843689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0802843689&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusoutsidenewt0000vanv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Van Voorst, Robert E.</a> (2003). "Nonexistence Hypothesis". In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Houlden" title="Leslie Houlden">Houlden, James Leslie</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17kzgBusXZIC"><i>Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 2: K–Z. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">658–</span>660. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-856-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-856-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-856-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nonexistence+Hypothesis&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E658-%3C%2Fspan%3E660&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-856-3&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17kzgBusXZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1999" class="citation cs2">Weaver, Walter P. (1999), <i>The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century: 1900–1950</i>, A&C Black</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Walter+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wells, George A. (1988). <i>The Historical Evidence for Jesus</i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087975429X" title="Special:BookSources/087975429X">087975429X</a></li> <li>Wells, George A. (1998). <i>The Jesus Myth</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812693922" title="Special:BookSources/0812693922">0812693922</a></li> <li>Wells, George A. (2004). <i>Can We Trust the New Testament?: Thoughts on the Reliability of Early Christian Testimony</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812695674" title="Special:BookSources/0812695674">0812695674</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2007" class="citation book cs1">Wells, George (2007). Flynn, Tom (ed.). <i>The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief</i>. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591023913" title="Special:BookSources/9781591023913"><bdi>9781591023913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Unbelief&rft.place=Amherst%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781591023913&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wilson, Ian (2000). <i>Jesus: The Evidence</i> (1st ed.). Regnery Publishing.</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Web-sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman_Blog-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_Blog_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart</a> (25 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/fuller-reply-to-richard-carrier/">"Fuller Reply to Richard Carrier"</a>. <i>The Bart Ehrman Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217065712/https://ehrmanblog.org/fuller-reply-to-richard-carrier/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bart+Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Fuller+Reply+to+Richard+Carrier&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Ffuller-reply-to-richard-carrier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoricity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historicity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Historicity_of_Jesus" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion" title="Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion">Instrument used</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div 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href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/80px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/160px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historicity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_in_biblical_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts in biblical archaeology">List of artifacts in biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of burial places of biblical figures">List of burial places of biblical figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts" title="List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts">List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">List of New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">List of New Testament uncials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible Portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historicity153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historicity" title="Template:Historicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historicity" title="Template talk:Historicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historicity153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">'<i>Ilm al-rijāl</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demythologization" title="Demythologization">Demythologization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_philology" title="Cognitive philology">Cognitive philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decipherment" title="Decipherment">Decipherment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">Comparative linguistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Criteria8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_contextual_credibility" title="Criterion of contextual credibility">Contextual credibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_dissimilarity" title="Criterion of dissimilarity">Dissimilarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectio_difficilior_potior" title="Lectio difficilior potior">Lectio difficilior potior</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">Multiple attestation</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Mutawatir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawatir">Mutawatir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Historicity" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua#Historicity" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">The <i>Iliad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Quran" title="Historical reliability of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham#Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya / Smerdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha#Historical_person" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitatus" title="Incitatus">Caligula's horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David#Historicity" title="David">King David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Feng" title="Lei Feng">Lei Feng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Historicity" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood#Historicity" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu#Historicity" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tell#Historicity_debate" title="William Tell">William Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br />places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus#Origins_and_historicity" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus" title="Sources and parallels of the Exodus">Sources and parallels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents#History_and_theology" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey" title="Geography of the Odyssey">Geography of the <i>Odyssey</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">Hadith terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth#Mythology" title="Myth">Myth § Mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historiography934" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historiography" title="Template:Historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historiography" title="Template talk:Historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historiography934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_historians" title="List of historians">list</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study" title="List of historians by area of study">by area of study</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians" title="Category:Historians">historians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Historicity" title="Category:Historicity">historicity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">history</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history" title="Category:Theories of history">theories of history</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_sources934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">Historical sources</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">Primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">Secondary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">Tertiary sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_document" title="Historical document">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">Logbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_diary" title="War diary">War diaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_record" title="Service record">Service records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fields_of_study934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Fields of study</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">Local history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">Microhistory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">dating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedistics" title="Encyclopaedistics">Encyclopaedistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics (Money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">preservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Ecology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geistesgeschichte" title="Geistesgeschichte">Geistesgeschichte</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Military historiography">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Methodology934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Methodology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Approaches,_schools25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches,<br /> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mentalities" title="History of mentalities">History of mentalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire" title="Nouvelle histoire">Nouvelle histoire</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">Historiometry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">Decoloniality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_anthropology" title="Historical anthropology">Historical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_historiography" title="Humanistic historiography">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiscipline of history (page does not exist)">Indiscipline of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Indisciplina da história">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist historiography">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation" title="Ancestral civilisation">Ancestral civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">Pop history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_history" title="Transnational history">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Concepts934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_and_continuity" title="Change and continuity">Change and continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_significance" title="Historical significance">Historical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiology">Historiology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Historiología">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of history (page does not exist)">Theory of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Theorie der Geschichte">de</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge" title="Coloniality of knowledge">Coloniality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy" title="Historian's fallacy">Historian's fallacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">Pax</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Paxes" title="Template:Paxes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">Thirty-year rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhistoricity" title="Transhistoricity">Transhistoricity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">Translatio studii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Periodization_ofmodern_history50" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodization of<br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long 18th</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country or region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Egypt Thesis (page does not exist)">Black Egypt Thesis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:Hipótesis del Egipto Negro">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rwanda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis" title="Metropolitan-hinterland thesis">Metropolitan-hinterland thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">Staples thesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population history</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina" title="Historiography of Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Historiography of the May Revolution">May Revolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Causes of the May Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical revisionism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Revisionist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Revisionismo histórico en Argentina">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America" title="Historiography of Colonial Spanish America">Colonial Spanish America</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">Neoabolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Eras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_historians" title="Progressive historians">Progressive-era historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealbanisation" title="Dealbanisation">Dealbanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_myth" title="Habsburg myth">Habsburg myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae_controversies" title="Balhae controversies">Balhae</a></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography" title="Bulgarian historiography">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Byzantine Empire</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Early</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Ранневизантийская историография">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_historiography" title="Croatian historiography">Croatia</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of ancient Europe (page does not exist)">Ancient</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Античная историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historiography">Medieval</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Средневековая историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age historiography (page does not exist)">New Age</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Нового времени">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Early settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiograpy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal" class="extiw" title="pt:Historiografia de Portugal">pt</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory" title="Götaland theory">Götaland theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation" title="Historiography of Romanisation">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Western Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Prosopography of ancient Rome">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_thousand_years_of_Chinese_civilization" title="Five thousand years of Chinese civilization">5000-year civilization assertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunu School (page does not exist)">Wunu School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:无奴派">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Debate on the Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties">"Chineseness" debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">Golden ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">Cordon sanitaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankish Interregnum (page does not exist)">Frankish Interregnum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc" class="extiw" title="fr:Interrègne franc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Saracen in France (page does not exist)">Legendary Saracen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Légendaire sarrasin en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiographical debate on the location of Alésia (page does not exist)">Location of Alésia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du débat sur la localisation d'Alésia">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie de Lyon">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturgeschichte (page does not exist)">Strukturgeschichte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Strukturgeschichte">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy" title="Sybel-Ficker controversy">Sybel-Ficker controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_India" title="Historiography of India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves" title="More Irish than the Irish themselves">More Irish than the Irish themselves</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Revolutionary period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy#Historiography" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historiae_Patriae_Monumenta" title="Historiae Patriae Monumenta">Historiae Patriae Monumenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Series_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Historical Series of the Bank of Italy">Historical Series of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italians, the good people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_italicarum_scriptores" title="Rerum italicarum scriptores">Rerum italicarum scriptores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography about Polish People's Republic (page does not exist)">Polish People's Republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL" class="extiw" title="pl:Historiografia PRL">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Revolution Russian historiography (page does not exist)">Pre-Revolutionary Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская дореволюционная историография">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptic School (page does not exist)">Skeptic School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Скептическая школа">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black legend</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">White legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era" title="Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era">Carlism in the Francoist era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpieza de sangre controversy (page does not exist)">Limpieza de sangre controversy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_¿el_origen_del_racismo_europeo?" class="extiw" title="es:Estatutos de limpieza de sangre">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic revolution of Spain (page does not exist)">Islamic revolution of Spain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente" class="extiw" title="es:La revolución islámica en Occidente">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces" title="Viceroyalty">Colonies or Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish decline (page does not exist)">Spanish decline</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Decadencia española">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ser de España (page does not exist)">Ser de España</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ser de España">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland" title="Historiography of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory" title="Westminster Stone theory">Westminster Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry" title="Storm over the gentry">Storm over the gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Suffragette Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_myth" title="Tudor myth">Tudor myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BritishEmpire59" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)" title="Cambridge School (imperial history)">Cambridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation" title="Second colonial occupation">Second colonial occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonial Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_war,_conflict934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By war, conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography605" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)77" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles73" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_person934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By person</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Historiography of Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger" title="Legacy of Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Ching-kuo (page does not exist)">Chiang Ching-kuo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣經國的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Kai Shek (page does not exist)">Chiang Kai Shek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣中正的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions" title="Palamism">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)">Jiang Zemin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對江澤民的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Joseph Stalin (page does not exist)">Joseph Stalin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#Мнения_и_оценки_личности_Сталина" class="extiw" title="ru:Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography" title="Legacy of José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel" title="Historiography of Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">Mao Zedong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:对中国共产党的评论">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of personality of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cult of personality</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Culto a la personalidad de Simón Bolívar">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sun Yat Tse (page does not exist)">Sun Yat Tse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對孫中山的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Yuan Shikai (page does not exist)">Yuan Shikai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對袁世凱的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhou Enlai (page does not exist)">Zhou Enlai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對周恩來的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhuge Liang (page does not exist)">Zhuge Liang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對諸葛亮的評價">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historicalrankings71" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government" title="Historical rankings of heads of government">Historical<br />rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany">Modern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen" title="Reception history of Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Muhammad">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna" title="Cultural impact of Madonna">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity" title="Bears in antiquity">Bears in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis of historiography (page does not exist)">Crisis of historiography</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise da historiografia">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history" title="Professionalization and institutionalization of history">Professionalization and institutionalization of history</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon" title="Historiography of the salon">Salons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li>School of Thoughts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_religion" title="Historiography of religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition" title="Papal supremacy">Opposition to Papal supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II (page does not exist)">Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II" class="extiw" title="it:Ermeneutica del Concilio Vaticano II">it</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies" title="Jesuits">Jesuit historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern Jewish history</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Schools of thought <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions_school" title="History of religions school">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Science</a> /<br />Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">Protestant Ethic and Capitalism</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations,_publications934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations, publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers" title="List of heritage registers">Heritage registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_society" title="Historical society">Historical society</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_societies" title="List of historical societies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_institutes" class="extiw" title="c:History institutes">History institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_journals" title="List of history journals">History journals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_journals" title="Template:History journals">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related934" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>26 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-c75hn","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.696","walltime":"1.883","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26975,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":566846,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":50392,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":56,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":444455,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1564.161 1 -total"," 25.39% 397.124 3 Template:Reflist"," 18.20% 284.738 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[\"CITEREFByrskog2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrier2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesworth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrook2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDark2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesSanders2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddyBoyd2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullotta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzog2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephusWhistonMaier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoester1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostenbergerL._Scott_KellumCharles_L._Quarles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevineAllisonCrossan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarina2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeggitt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMykytiuk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoeps1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreckenbergKurt_Schubert1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheissenMerz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Voorst2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Voorst2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Historicity of Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 44,\n [\"Historicity\"] = 1,\n [\"Historiography\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 43,\n [\"Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Main article\"] = 5,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 40,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 83,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Skeptoid\"] = 1,\n [\"The Bible and history\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-g7l55","timestamp":"20250216165740","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Historicity of Jesus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historicity_of_Jesus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13588125","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13588125","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-12T06:52:57Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T16:57:32Z","headline":"debate whether Jesus was a historical figure"}</script> </body> </html>