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id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ishtar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 61 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isjtar" title="Isjtar – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Isjtar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عشتار – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عشتار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܣܬܪܐ – arameisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܣܬܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Ftar" title="İştar – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İştar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ইশতার – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইশতার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Іштар – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іштар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ищар – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ищар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtar" title="Ixtar – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ixtar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Иштар – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иштар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9Dtar" title="Iŝtar – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iŝtar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtar" title="Ixtar – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ixtar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ایشتار – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایشتار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Իշտար – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իշտար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="इश्तर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इश्तर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="אשתר – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשתר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იშთარი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იშთარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8E%C5%9Ftar" title="Îştar – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îştar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar%C4%97" title="Ištarė – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ištarė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%A1r" title="Istár – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Istár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="ഇഷ്ടാർ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇഷ്ടാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იშთარი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იშთარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عشتار – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عشتار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94" title="ꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯔ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar_(godin)" title="Ishtar (godin) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ishtar (godin)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB" title="イシュタル – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イシュタル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਇਸ਼ਤਾਰ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸ਼ਤਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عشتار – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عشتار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isztar" title="Isztar – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Isztar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istar_(mitologia)" title="Istar (mitologia) – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Istar (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C8%99tar" title="Iștar – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iștar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Иштар – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иштар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – sardisk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Inanna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عشتار – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عشتار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Иштар – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иштар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" title="Ištar – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ištar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ishtar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Ftar" title="İştar – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İştar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Іштар – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іштар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عشتار – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عشتار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%9D%E5%A1%94" title="伊丝塔 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊丝塔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B5%B2%E5%A1%94" title="伊絲塔 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊絲塔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nanna" title="İnanna – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İnanna" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B5%B2%E5%A1%94" title="伊絲塔 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊絲塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47553#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Ishtar" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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<div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ishtar"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Ishtar" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Ishtar" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&oldid=22119507" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Ishtar&id=22119507&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIshtar"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIshtar"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ishtar&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ishtar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47553" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Se også <a href="/wiki/Istar_(Tolkien)" title="Istar (Tolkien)">Istar (Tolkien)</a>.</i></dd> <dd><i>For den amerikanske 1987-filmen, se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishtar (film) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ishtar (film)</a></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg/250px-Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg/375px-Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg/500px-Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="2065" /></a><figcaption>Ishtar holder sitt våpen, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ishtar</b> eller <b>Istar</b> (<i>Isjtar, Ištar, Ischtar, Ishhara, Irnini</i>) var den <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">assyriske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">babylonske</a> gudinnen for fruktbarhet, krig, kjærlighet og sex.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hun tilsvarte <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">sumeriske</a> <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> og beslektet med den <a href="/wiki/Semittisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Semittisk">nordvestsemittiske</a> gudinnen <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>. Ishtar var også <a href="/wiki/Det_akkadiske_rike" title="Det akkadiske rike">akkadernes</a> viktigste gudinne. </p><p>Istar, eller også Ashtart, er det vanligste navnet på den store <a href="/wiki/Modergudinne" title="Modergudinne">modergudinnen</a> hos <a href="/wiki/De_semittiske_folkeslagene" class="mw-redirect" title="De semittiske folkeslagene">de semittiske folkeslagene</a>, som av og til også kaltes Asherah. <a href="/wiki/Antikkens_Hellas" title="Antikkens Hellas">Grekerne</a> assimilerte henne – under navnet <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a> – til <a href="/wiki/Afrodite" title="Afrodite">Afrodite</a>. I det vestsemittiske <a href="/wiki/Panteon" class="mw-redirect" title="Panteon">panteon</a> er hun himmelguden <a href="/wiki/El_(guddom)" title="El (guddom)">Els</a> make, der Ashtart er kultens hovedguddom. Det er for hennes skyld at den sakrale <a href="/wiki/Tempelprostitusjon" title="Tempelprostitusjon">tempelprostitusjonen</a> ble drevet på høydene der man, i tråd med den <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magiske</a> tankegang, ved analogi, ønsket å bidra til å øke jordens grøde og buskapens fruktbarhet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egenskaper">Egenskaper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Egenskaper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Egenskaper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ishtar var datter av <a href="/wiki/Nanna-Suen" title="Nanna-Suen">Sin</a> eller <a href="/wiki/An_(gud)" title="An (gud)">Anu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guirand-p58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hun var særlig dyrket i de assyriske byene <a href="/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive">Ninive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur">Ashur</a> og kanskje også Arbela (dagens <a href="/wiki/Erbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guirand-p58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foruten <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8ve" title="Løve">løvene</a> ved hennes port, var hennes symbol den åttekantede stjerne.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I den babylonske gudeverden var hun den guddommelige personliggjøringen av planeten <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guirand-p58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ishtar var guddom for kjærlighet og krig, framfor alt assosiert med seksualitet. Hennes kult innebar <a href="/wiki/Tempelprostitusjon" title="Tempelprostitusjon">hellig prostitusjon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hennes hellig by <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> ble kalt for «byen med de hellige kurtisaner»; selv ble hun kalt for «gudenes kurtisane».<sup id="cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guirand-p58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ishtar hadde mange elskere; imidlertid har forskeren Felix Guirand merket seg: </p> <dl><dd>«Forbannet være ham som Ishtar har æret! Den lunefulle gudinnen behandlet hennes forbigående elskere ondt og de ulykkelige betalte vanligvis dyrt for de gunst som ble lagt på dem. Dyr, gjort til slave av kjærlighet, mistet deres medfødte kraft: de falt i de feller som var lagt av menn eller ble temmet av dem. «Du som har elsket løven, mektig i styrke,» sier helten <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesj_(konge)" title="Gilgamesj (konge)">Gilgamesj</a> til Ishtar, «og du har gravd for ham syv og syv fallgruver! Du har elsket hingsten, stolt i krig, og bestemt <a href="/wiki/Grime" title="Grime">grime</a> for ham, spore og pisk.» Selv for gudene var Ishtars kjærlighet skjebnesvanger. I hennes ungdom hadde gudinnen elsket <a href="/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi">Tammuz</a>, grødegud for innhøsting, og — om Gilgamesj er til tro på — førte denne kjærligheten til Tammuzs død.» <sup id="cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guirand-p58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nedstigningen_til_underverden">Nedstigningen til underverden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Nedstigningen til underverden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Nedstigningen til underverden"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg/250px-Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg/375px-Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg/500px-Pergamon_Museum_Berlin_2007112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Løven var hennes symbol, detalj fra <a href="/wiki/Istarporten" title="Istarporten">Istarporten</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_Ishtar-star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_Ishtar-star.jpg/250px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_Ishtar-star.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_Ishtar-star.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Ishtarstjerne, Louvre</figcaption></figure> <p>En av de mest kjente mytene knyttet til Ishtar beskriver hennes nedgang til underverden. I denne myten kommer Ishtar fram til underverdens porter og krever at portvokteren åpner dem: </p> <dl><dd>Om du ikke åpner porten for å slippe meg inn,</dd> <dd>Jeg vil bryte ned døren, jeg vil knekke låsen,</dd> <dd>Jeg vil knuse dørstolpen, jeg vil tvinge dørene.</dd> <dd>Jeg vil føre de døde opp for å spise de levende.</dd> <dd>Og de døde vil telle mer enn de levende.</dd></dl> <p>Portvakten skynder seg å fortelle <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>, underverdens dronning. Ereshkigal ba dørvokteren slippe Ishtar inn, men «i henhold til de gamle påbud». </p><p>Portvakten lar Ishtar inn i underverden, åpner en dør om gangen, og for hver dør må Ishtar ta av seg en del av sine klær, og da hun hadde passerte den syvende døren, er hun naken. Rasende kaster hun seg mot Ereshkigal, men underverdens dronning beordrer sin tjener Namtar om å fengsle Ishtar og løsne seksti sykdommer på henne. </p><p>Etter at Ishtar har forlatt jordens overflate og gått ned i underverden, opphører all kjønnslig omgang på jorden. Budbringerguden Papsukkal forteller om situasjonen til <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, gudenes konge. Enki skaper da et flerseksuelt vesen kalt Asu-shu-namir som han sender til Ereshkigal og ber vesenet påkalle «navnet til de store guder» mot henne og for å be om posen som inneholder livets vann. Ereshkigal blir rasende da hun hørte Asu-shu-namirs krav, men hun var nødt til å gi ham livets vann. Asu-shu-namir dynket dette vannet på Ishtar og således gjenopplivet henne. Da Ishtar igjen gikk gjennom de syv dørene fikk en del av sine klær tilbake og var helt kledd da hun passerte den siste døren. </p><p>Her er det et brudd i teksten til myten, og det som gjenstår er gåtefullt: </p> <dl><dd>Om hun (IShtar) ikke vil innrømme henne løslatelse,</dd> <dd>Til Tammuz, hennes ungdoms elskede,</dd> <dd>Hell ut rent vann, hell ut fineste olje;</dd> <dd>Med et festantrekk som dekker ham slik at han kan spille fløyte av <a href="/wiki/Lasurstein" title="Lasurstein">lasurstein</a>,</dd> <dd>Som tilbederne kan bifalle hans lever [hans ånd].</dd> <dd>Belili [søster av Tammuz] hadde samlet rikdommen,</dd> <dd>Med kostbare steiner som fylte hennes barm.</dd> <dd>Da Belili hørte sørgesangen til hennes bror, slapp hun sin rikdom,</dd> <dd>Hun spredte de kostbare steiner foran seg,</dd> <dd>«Å, min eneste bror, la meg ikke forgå!</dd> <dd>På den dagen da Tammuz spilte for meg på lasurfløyten, spilte den for meg med porfyrringen.</dd> <dd>Sammen med ham, spill dere for meg, dere gråtende og klagende kvinner!</dd> <dd>At den døde må stige opp og puste inn røykelse.»</dd></dl> <p>En tolkning av denne myten <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er at Ishtars nedgang skjedde etter at hennes elsker Tammuz var død og at hennes nedstigning var for å redde Tammuz fra de dødes verden. Imidlertid, etter å ha oppdaget en korresponderende myte om Inanna,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> den sumerske motparten til Ishtar, har en del aspekter ved myten blitt belyst, inkludert de gåtefulle avslutningslinjene. I henhold til Inanna-myten, kunne Inanna kunne komme tilbake fra underverden om hun sender noen ned dit i sitt sted. Demoner går sammen med henne for å sikre at hun kan sende noen tilbake. Imidlertid hver gang Inanna kommer over noen, oppdager hun at det er en venn og lar ham gå fri. Da hun til sist når fram til sitt hjem, oppdager hun at hennes mann <a href="/wiki/Dumuzi" title="Dumuzi">Dumuzi</a> (babylonske Tammuz) sitter på sin trone, og sørger ikke over henne i det hele tatt. I raseri lar Inanna demonene ta med seg Dumuzi tilbake til underverden som hennes erstatning. Dumuzis søster Geshtinanna er rammet av sorg og tilbringer frivillig halve året i underverden for at Dumuzi kan komme tilbake til de levendes verden. Ishtar-myten har antagelig en sammenlignbar avslutning og hvor Belili er den babylonske tilsvarighet til Geshtinanna.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den greske myten om <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> og hennes datter <a href="/wiki/Persefone" title="Persefone">Persefone</a>, som måtte tilbringe halv året i underverden med Hades, hadde tilsvarende effekt på jordens fruktbarhet. I den tiden Persefone var i underverden dør veksten på jorden (høsten), og når hun kommer tilbake, blomstrer de igjen (våren). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sammenligning_med_andre_guddommer">Sammenligning med andre guddommer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sammenligning med andre guddommer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sammenligning med andre guddommer"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Som Ishtar var gresk <a href="/wiki/Afrodite" title="Afrodite">Afrodite</a> og semittiske <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a> kjærlighetsgudinner som var like «onde som de var lunefulle».<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie-103_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie-103-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Mackenzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald A. Mackenzie (ikke skrevet ennå)">Donald A. Mackenzie</a>, en som tidlig populariserte <a href="/wiki/Mytologi" title="Mytologi">mytologi</a>, trakk en parallell mellom kjærlighetsgudinnen <a href="/wiki/Afrodite" title="Afrodite">Afrodite</a> og hennes «<a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8ende_gud" title="Døende gud">døende gud</a>» elsker <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a> på den ene siden,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og kjærlighetsgudinnen Ishtar og hennes dødende gud elsker Tammuz på den andre siden.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie-103_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie-103-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En del forskere har hevdet at «myten om Adonis ble formidlet i tiden etter Homer av grekere indirekte fra Mesopotamia (Assyria og Babylonia) via vestlige semitter, den semittiske tittelen <i>Adon</i>, som betyr «Herre», har blitt misforstått som et egennavn. Denne teorien kan imidlertid ikke bli akseptert uten forbehold.» <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a>, en senere forsker i <a href="/wiki/Komparativ_mytologi" title="Komparativ mytologi">komparativ mytologi</a>, likestiller Ishtar, Inanna, og Afrodite, og trekker en parallell mellom de egyptiske gudinnen <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> som pleide <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, og den babylonske gudinnen Ishtar som pleide guden Tammuz.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Philip (1998), s. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guirand-p58-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guirand-p58_2-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Guirand (1968), s. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Black, Jeremy & Green, Anthony (1992): <i>Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0292707940" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-292-70794-0</a>. ss. 156, 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Day, John (2004): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1LsFeLWi06gC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">«Does the Old Testiment Refer to Sacred Prostitution and Did It Actual Exist in Ancient Israel?»</a> i: McCarthy, Carmel; Healey, John F.: <i>Biblical and Near Eastern Essays: Studies in Honour of Kevin J. Cathcart</i>. Cromwell Press. s. 2–21. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0826466907" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8264-6690-7</a>. s. 15-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997): <i>Divine Prostitution</i>. New Delhi: APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8170248213" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 81-7024-821-3</a>. s. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mackenzie, Donald A. (1915), s. 95–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Wolkstein & Kramer (1983), s. 52–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kirk (1973), s. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackenzie-103-9"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie-103_9-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie-103_9-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Mackenzie (1915), s. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mackenzie (1915), s. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mackenzie (1915), s. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Campbell (1976), s. 70</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Internasjonal</dt></dl> <ul><li>Campbell, Joseph (1976): <i>The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology</i>. New York: Penguin.</li> <li>Guirand, Felix (1968): "Assyro-Babylonian Mythology". New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology, overs. Aldington & Ames, London: Hamlyn, s. 49–72.</li> <li>Jastrow, Morris (1915): "Descent of the Goddess Ishtar into the Lower World" i: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EikbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria</i></a>, i <i>Sacred-Texts</i>. 2. juni 2002.</li> <li>Kirk, G. S. (1973): <i>Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures</i>. Berkeley: Cambridge UP.</li> <li>Mackenzie, Donald A. (1915): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyebooks.org/babylonia/myths_of_babylonia_and_assyria/index.html"><i>Myths of Babylonia and Assyria</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806095852/http://www.holyebooks.org/babylonia/myths_of_babylonia_and_assyria/index.html">Arkivert</a> 6. august 2017 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. London: Gresham.</li> <li>Wilkinson, Philip (1998): <i>Illustrated Dictionary of Mythology</i>. NY: DK.</li> <li>Wolkstein & Kramer (1983): <i>Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth</i>. New York: Harper & Row.</li></ul> <dl><dt>På norsk</dt></dl> <ul><li>I <a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a> ble verket utgitt første gang <a href="/wiki/Cappelen_forlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappelen forlag">Cappelen forlag</a> i 1967, i <a href="/wiki/Per_Seyersted" title="Per Seyersted">Per Seyersteds</a> oversettelse og med forord av <a href="/wiki/Arvid_S._Kapelrud" title="Arvid S. Kapelrud">Arvid S. Kapelrud</a>. Denne utgaven er gjenutgitt flere ganger, sist i 2008, med tittelen <i>Gilgamesj, han som så alt</i>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9788202281885" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-82-02-28188-5</a></li> <li>En utgave i serien <a href="/wiki/Verdens_hellige_skrifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdens hellige skrifter">Verdens hellige skrifter</a> i 2001, med <i>Gilgamesh og Atrahasis</i>, inneholdt en ny oversettelse av <a href="/wiki/Jens_Braarvig" title="Jens Braarvig">Jens Braarvig</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tor_%C3%85ge_Bringsv%C3%A6rd" title="Tor Åge Bringsværd">Tor Åge Bringsværd</a>. Denne utgaven er oversatt etter sumeriske og <a href="/wiki/Akkadisk" title="Akkadisk">akkadiske</a> skrifter. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8252541062" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-525-4106-2</a> – en utvidet og revidert oversettelse av denne utgaven ble utgitt i 2004, og har kommet i flere opplag, også i serien <a href="/wiki/Verdensbiblioteket" title="Verdensbiblioteket">Verdensbiblioteket</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9788252570571" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-82-525-7057-1</a></li> <li><i>Til Inanna : prinsesse <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduannas</a> dikt til gudinnen Inanna fra 2200-tallet før Kristus</i>. Gjendiktet fra sumerisk av Jens Braarvig og Erling Kittelsen. Aschehoug, 2004. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8203188931" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 82-03-18893-1</a></li> <li>Flere av de samme tekstene finnes i antologien <i><a href="/wiki/Sumeriske_skrifter" title="Sumeriske skrifter">Sumeriske skrifter</a></i>, 2006.</li> <li><i>Bibelen</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518225004/http://www.bibel.no/Hovedmeny/Nettbibelen.aspx">Nettbibelen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istarporten" title="Istarporten">Istarporten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_store_morsgudinnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Den store morsgudinnen">Den store morsgudinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempelprostitusjon" title="Tempelprostitusjon">Tempelprostitusjon</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24994932">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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