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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandatory_referendums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandatory_referendums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mandatory referendums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandatory_referendums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optional_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optional_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Optional referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optional_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rationale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>By issue</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_issue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By issue subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Civil rights referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Financial referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Mining referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Independence referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Referendums related to the European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Design and procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple-choice_referendums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple-choice_referendums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Multiple-choice referendums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple-choice_referendums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Electronic referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quorum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quorum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Quorum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quorum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Quorum subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Quorum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Participation_quorum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_quorum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Participation quorum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_quorum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_populist_aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_populist_aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Criticism of populist aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_populist_aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed_questions_and_the_separability_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_questions_and_the_separability_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Closed questions and the separability problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_questions_and_the_separability_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undue_limitations_on_regular_government_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undue_limitations_on_regular_government_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Undue limitations on regular government power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undue_limitations_on_regular_government_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disproportionate_disruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disproportionate_disruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Disproportionate disruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disproportionate_disruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Referendum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="استفتاء عام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استفتاء عام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A7" title="Հանրաքուէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հանրաքուէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendu" title="Referendu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Referendu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86-%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D8%A6%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="هن-یوخ سئچیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هن-یوخ سئچیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F" title="গণভোট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণভোট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-b%C3%AEn_t%C3%A2u-phi%C3%B2" title="Kong-bîn tâu-phiò – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-bîn tâu-phiò" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рэферэндум – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэферэндум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рэфэрэндум – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэфэрэндум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Референдум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Референдум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A8ndum" title="Referèndum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Referèndum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refferendwm" title="Refferendwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Refferendwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeafstemning" title="Folkeafstemning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkeafstemning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%88%CE%AE%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Δημοψήφισμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοψήφισμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendo" title="Referendo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Referendo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumo" title="Referendumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Referendumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreferendum" title="Erreferendum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreferendum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="همه‌پرسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همه‌پرسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum" title="Référendum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Référendum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referindum" title="Referindum – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Referindum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reifreann" title="Reifreann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Reifreann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reifreann" title="Reifreann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reifreann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendo" title="Referendo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Referendo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%ED%88%AC%ED%91%9C" title="국민투표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민투표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BE%D5%A5" title="Հանրաքվե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրաքվե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="जनमत-संग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जनमत-संग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebicito" title="Plebicito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plebicito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0aratkv%C3%A6%C3%B0agrei%C3%B0sla" title="Þjóðaratkvæðagreiðsla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðaratkvæðagreiðsla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="משאל עם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משאל עם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಜನಮತಗಣನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜನಮತಗಣನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Референдум – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Референдум" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რეფერენდუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეფერენდუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Плебисцит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плебисцит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_ya_maoni" title="Kura ya maoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kura ya maoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referand%C3%B2m" title="Referandòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Referandòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Референдум – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Референдум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums" title="Referendums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Referendums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumas" title="Referendumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Referendumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9pszavaz%C3%A1s" title="Népszavazás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Népszavazás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Референдум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Референдум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka" title="Fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitsapan-kevi-bahoaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8" title="ഹിതപരിശോധന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിതപരിശോധന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="استفتا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استفتا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungutan_suara" title="Pungutan suara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pungutan suara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Бүх нийтийн санал асуулга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүх нийтийн санал асуулга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဆန္ဒခံယူခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆန္ဒခံယူခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksraadpleging" title="Volksraadpleging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volksraadpleging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="जनमत सङ्ग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनमत सङ्ग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="国民投票 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民投票" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeavstemning" title="Folkeavstemning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkeavstemning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folker%C3%B8ysting" title="Folkerøysting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkerøysting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%88%D9%85" title="ریفرنڈم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریفرنڈم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A8ndum" title="Referèndum – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Referèndum" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87" title="ټولپوښتنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولپوښتنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendo" title="Referendo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Referendo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Референдум – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Референдум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Референдум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Референдум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumi" title="Referendumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Referendumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB" title="ජනමත විචාරණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජනමත විචාරණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebiscite" title="Plebiscite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plebiscite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absztim%C5%AFng" title="Absztimůng – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Absztimůng" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%85" title="ڕێفراندۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێفراندۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Референдум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Референдум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansan%C3%A4%C3%A4nestys" title="Kansanäänestys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansanäänestys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkomr%C3%B6stning" title="Folkomröstning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkomröstning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reperendo" title="Reperendo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Reperendo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasefrant" title="Tasefrant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasefrant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రజాభీష్టం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రజాభీష్టం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="การออกเสียงประชามติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การออกเสียงประชามติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҳамапурсӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳамапурсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referandum" title="Referandum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Referandum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Референдум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Референдум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%88%D9%85" title="ریفرنڈم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریفرنڈم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Referendum" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_c%E1%BA%A7u_d%C3%A2n_%C3%BD" title="Trưng cầu dân ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trưng cầu dân ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="公民投票 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公民投票" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רעפערענדום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעפערענדום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="公投 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公投" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referandum" title="Referandum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Referandum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="公民投票 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公民投票" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballot_measure&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot measure">Ballot measure</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Direct vote on a specific proposal</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pike_Place_Market_Initiative_flyer%2C_1971_%2848880312513%29.jpg/494px-Pike_Place_Market_Initiative_flyer%2C_1971_%2848880312513%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:249px;max-width:249px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg/247px-Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg/371px-Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg 1.5x, 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/100px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/150px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/200px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums">Referendum types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_referral" title="Legislative referral">Legislative referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Recall referendum">Recall referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">Referendums by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Referendums in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Italy" title="Referendums in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Iran" title="Referendums in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Israel" title="Referendums in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Kenya" title="Referendums in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Lithuania" title="Referendums in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands" title="Referendums in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Poland" title="Referendums in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Sweden" title="Referendums in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Slovakia" title="Referendums in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular initiative (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Taiwan" title="Referendums in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Referendums in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Ukraine" title="Referendums in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Referendums by issue</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_referendum" title="Civil rights referendum">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_referendum" title="Financial referendum">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_referendum" title="Mining referendum">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" title="Referendums related to the European Union">EU</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Referendums by method</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_referendum" title="Electronic referendum">E-referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">History of direct democracy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">in USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">Popular assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's jury">Citizen's jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_budgeting" title="Participatory budgeting">Participatory budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_direct_democracy_parties" title="List of direct democracy parties">List of direct democracy parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_title" title="Ballot title">Ballot title</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box_(no_bg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ballot box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/80px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/120px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/160px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Basic types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">By-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors#Election_and_removal" title="Board of directors">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">Fixed-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midterm_election" title="Midterm election">Mid-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality</a></li> <li>Primary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisan primary">Nonpartisan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_elector" title="Anonymous elector">Anonymous elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_audit" title="Election audit">Audits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">Boundary delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_voting" title="Crossover voting">Crossover voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">Election silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to stand for election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Subseries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_administration" title="Election administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_by_country" title="Elections by country">Elections by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_close_election_results" title="List of close election results">Close elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_recent_elections_by_country" title="List of the most recent elections by country">Most recent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_next_general_elections" title="List of next general elections">Next general elections</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_national_electoral_calendar" title="2024 national electoral calendar">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_local_electoral_calendar" title="2024 local electoral calendar">local</a> elections in 2024</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Referendum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">by country</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_candidate" title="Paper candidate">Paper candidate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>referendum</b>, <b>plebiscite</b>, or <b>ballot measure</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct</a> <a href="/wiki/Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote">vote</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">electorate</a> (rather than their <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representatives</a>) on a proposal, law, or political issue.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A referendum may be either binding (resulting in the adoption of a new <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a>) or advisory (functioning like a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">opinion poll</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'Referendum' is the <a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">gerundive</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> verb <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/referre#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:referre">referre</a></i>, literally "to carry back" (from the verb <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferre#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ferre">ferre</a></i>, "to bear, bring, carry" plus the inseparable <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">re-</i></span>, here meaning "back"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). As a gerundive is an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it cannot be used alone in Latin, and must be contained within a context attached to a noun such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Propositum quod referendum est populo</i></span>, "A proposal which must be carried back to the people". The addition of the verb <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:sum">sum</a></i> (3rd person singular, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">est</i></span>) to a gerundive, denotes the idea of necessity or compulsion, that which "must" be done, rather than that which is "fit for" doing. Its use as a noun in English is not considered a strictly grammatical usage of a foreign word but is rather a newly coined English noun, which follows English grammatical usage, not Latin grammatical usage. This determines the form of the plural in English, which according to English grammar should be "referendums". The use of "referenda" as a plural form in English (treating it as a Latin word and attempting to apply to it the rules of Latin grammar) is unsupportable according to the rules of both Latin and English grammar. The use of "referenda" as a plural form is posited hypothetically as either a gerund or a gerundive by the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, which rules out such usage in both cases as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p><i>Referendums</i> is logically preferable as a plural form meaning 'ballots on one issue' (as a Latin gerund,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referendum has no plural). The Latin plural gerundive 'referenda', meaning 'things to be referred', necessarily connotes a plurality of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Political_agenda" title="Political agenda">agenda</a>, "those matters which must be driven forward", from <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ago#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ago">ago</a></i>, to impel or drive forwards; and <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a>, "that matter which must be remembered", from <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/memoro#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:memoro">memoro</a></i>, to call to mind, <a href="/wiki/Corrigenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrigenda">corrigenda</a>, from <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rego#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:rego">rego</a></i>, to rule, make straight, those things which must be made straight (corrected), etc. </p><p>The term 'plebiscite' has a generally similar meaning in modern usage and comes from the Latin <i>plebiscita</i>, which originally meant a decree of the <i><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Concilium Plebis</a></i> (Plebeian Council), the popular assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. Today, a referendum can also often be referred to as a plebiscite, but in some countries the two terms are used differently to refer to votes with differing types of legal consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, a 'referendum' is often said to be a vote to change the federal constitution and 'plebiscite' a vote which does not affect the federal constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is erroneous as not all federal referendums have been on constitutional matters (such as the <a href="/wiki/1916_Australian_conscription_referendum" title="1916 Australian conscription referendum">1916 Australian conscription referendum</a>), and state votes that likewise do not affect either the federal or state constitution are frequently said to be referendums (such as the <a href="/wiki/2009_Western_Australian_daylight_saving_referendum" title="2009 Western Australian daylight saving referendum">2009 Western Australian daylight saving referendum</a>). Historically, they are used by Australians interchangeably and a plebiscite was considered another name for a referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland, 'plebiscite' referred to the vote to adopt its constitution, but a subsequent vote to amend the constitution is called a 'referendum', as is a poll of the electorate on a non-constitutional bill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name and use of the 'referendum' is thought to have originated in the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> canton of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> as early as the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a reduction in the number of referendums in the Mid-twentieth century, the referendum as a political tool has been increasing in popularity since the 1970s. This increase has been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Dealignment" title="Dealignment">dealignment</a> of the public with political parties, as specific policy issues became more important to the public than party identifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "referendum" covers a variety of different meanings, and the terminology is different depending on the us that holds them. A referendum can be binding or advisory.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, different names are used for these two types of referendum. Referendums can be further classified by who initiates them.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Altman proposes four dimensions that referendums can be classified by:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory</a> (legally required) vs <a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional</a> (ad hoc)</li> <li>Binding vs consultative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Citizen initiated</a> (bottom-up) vs <a href="/wiki/Authorities_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorities referendum">Authorities initiated</a> (top-down)</li> <li>Proactive (proposing a change) vs reactive (preventing a change)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandatory_referendums">Mandatory referendums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mandatory referendums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory referendum</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">mandatory referendum</a> is a class of referendum required to be voted on if certain conditions are met or for certain government actions to be taken. They do not require any signatures from the public. In areas that use referendums a mandatory referendum is commonly used as a legally required step for ratification for constitutional changes, ratifying international treaties and joining international organizations, and certain types of public spending.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical types of mandatory referendums include: </p> <ul><li>Constitutional changes: Some countries or local governments choose to enact any constitutional amendments with a mandatory referendum. These include <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_referendum" title="Ordinary referendum">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, Denmark, and 49 of the 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> (the only exception is <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_referendum" title="Financial referendum">Financial referendum</a>: Many localities require a referendum in order for the government to issue certain bonds, raise taxes above a specified amount, or take on certain amounts of debt. In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> for example, the state government may not borrow more than $300,000 without a public vote in a statewide bond <a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">proposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International relations: Switzerland has mandatory referendums on enacting <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international treaties</a> that have to do with <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">collective security</a> and joining a supranational community. This type of referendum has only occurred once in the country's history: a failed attempt in 1986 for Switzerland to join the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">War referendum</a>: A hypothetical type of referendum, first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, is a referendum to approve a declaration of war in a <a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">war referendum</a>. It has never been enacted by any country, but was debated in the United States in the 1930s as the <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow Amendment</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optional_referendum">Optional referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Optional referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional referendum</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">optional referendum</a> is a class of referendums that is put to the vote as a result of a demand. This may come from the executive branch, legislative branch, or a request from the people (often after meeting a signature requirement). </p><p>Types of optional referendums include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_referral" title="Legislative referral">Authorities plebiscite</a>: Also known as a legislative referral, are initiated by the legislature or government. These may be advisory questions to gauge public opinion or binding questions of law.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Popular initiative</a> or Initiative referendum: A citizen-led process to propose and vote on new laws.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a>: A citizen-led process to oppose and strike down existing laws.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall referendum</a>: A procedure to remove elected officials before the end of their <a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">term of office</a>. Depending on the area and position, a recall may be for a specific individual, such as an individual legislator, or more general such as an entire legislature.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a political-philosophical perspective, referendums are an expression of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, but today, most referendums need to be understood within the context of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. They tend to be used quite selectively, covering issues such as changes in voting systems, where currently elected officials may not have the legitimacy or inclination to implement such changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">Referendums by country</a></div> <p>Since the end of the 18th century, hundreds of national referendums have been organised in the world;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost 600 national votes have been held in <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> since its inauguration as a <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">modern state in 1848</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> ranks second with 78 <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Italy" title="Referendums in Italy">national referendums</a>: 72 popular referendums (51 of which were proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Radical Party</a>), 4 constitutional referendums, <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">one institutional referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/1989_Italian_advisory_referendum" title="1989 Italian advisory referendum">one advisory referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_issue">By issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: By issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Referendums_by_issue" title="Category:Referendums by issue">Category:Referendums by issue</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_referendum">Civil rights referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civil rights referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_referendum" title="Civil rights referendum">Civil rights referendum</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_rights_referendum&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_referendum" title="Civil rights referendum">civil rights referendum</a> or human rights referendum is any act of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> which allows for a vote on the granting or amendment of current civil rights, liberties or associations as recognized by a government. Such referendums have frequently been proposed as a means by which the majority of the voting public in a polity, rather than the judicial or legislative chambers of government, could determine what the state should recognize or carry out, while such referendums have been strongly criticized by civil rights organizations and professional bodies as means by which the majority of the public could vote on the rights of a vulnerable minority according to contemporary prejudices.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_referendum">Financial referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Financial referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Financial_referendum" title="Financial referendum">Financial referendum</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_referendum&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_referendum" title="Financial referendum">financial referendum</a> (also known as a budget referendum) is a form of the referendum and an instrument of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>. It always relates to parts of the <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">public budget</a> of a government and allows citizens to vote directly on individual budget items.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_referendum">Mining referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mining referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Mining_referendum" title="Mining referendum">Mining referendum</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_referendum&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Mining_referendum" title="Mining referendum">mining referendum</a> is a direct and universal vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> proposal. Mining referendums have been held in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambo_Grande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambo Grande (page does not exist)">Tambo Grande</a>, Peru in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-Mining_referendum_Wagner2019_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mining_referendum_Wagner2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Esquel" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquel">Esquel</a>, Argentina in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-Mining_referendum_Wagner2019_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mining_referendum_Wagner2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a>, Ecuador in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Mining_referendum_Reutercuenca_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mining_referendum_Reutercuenca-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mining_referendum_QOqIx_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mining_referendum_QOqIx-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each of the three cases the local community rejected the establishment of new mines in their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Mining_referendum_Wagner2019_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mining_referendum_Wagner2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mining_referendum_Reutercuenca_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mining_referendum_Reutercuenca-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_referendum">Independence referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Independence referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Independence referendum</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_referendum&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> An <a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">independence referendum</a> is a type of referendum in which the residents of a <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a> decide whether the territory should become an <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>. An independence referendum that results in a vote for independence does not always ultimately result in independence.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union">Referendums related to the European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Referendums related to the European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" title="Referendums related to the European Union">Referendums related to the European Union</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" title="Referendums related to the European Union">referendums related to the European Union</a>, or referendums related to the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, which were predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Since 1972, a total of 48 referendums have been held by <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">EU member states</a>, candidate states, and their territories, with several additional referendums held in countries outside the EU. The referendums have been held most commonly on the subject of whether to become a member of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> as part of the accession process, although the EU does not require any candidate country to hold a referendum to approve membership or as part of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_ratification" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty ratification">treaty ratification</a>. Other EU-related referendums have been held on the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> and on participation in other EU-related policies.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_procedure">Design and procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Design and procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple-choice_referendums"><span class="anchor" id="Mutiplechoice"></span>Multiple-choice referendums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Multiple-choice referendums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Multiple-choice_referendums" title="Category:Multiple-choice referendums">Category:Multiple-choice referendums</a></div> <p>A referendum usually offers the electorate a straight choice between accepting or rejecting a proposal. However some referendums give voters multiple choices, and some use transferable voting. This has also been called a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Preferendum" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Preferendum"><b>preferendum</b></a> when the choices given allow the voters to weight their support for a policy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, for example, multiple choice referendums are common. Two multiple choice referendums were held in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, in 1957 and in 1980, in which voters were offered three options. In 1977, a referendum held in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to determine a new <a href="/wiki/Advance_Australia_Fair" title="Advance Australia Fair">national anthem</a> was held, in which voters had four choices. In 1992, New Zealand held a five-option referendum on their electoral system. In 1982, Guam had a referendum that used six options, with an additional blank option for those wishing to (campaign and) vote for their own seventh option. </p><p>A multiple choice referendum poses the question of how the result is to be determined. They may be set up so that if no single option receives the support of an absolute <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a> (more than half) of the votes, resort can be made to the two-round system or <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>, which is also called IRV and PV. </p><p>In 2018 the Irish <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Assembly_(Ireland)" title="Citizens' Assembly (Ireland)">Citizens' Assembly</a> considered the conduct of future <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums in Ireland">referendums in Ireland</a>, with 76 of the members in favour of allowing more than two options, and 52% favouring preferential voting in such cases.<sup id="cite_ref-citizensassembly_referenda_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citizensassembly_referenda-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other people regard a non-majoritarian methodology like the <a href="/wiki/Modified_Borda_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified Borda Count">Modified Borda Count</a> (MBC) as more inclusive and more accurate. </p><p>Swiss referendums offer a separate vote on each of the multiple options as well as an additional decision about which of the multiple options should be preferred. In the Swedish case, in both referendums the 'winning' option was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/First_Past_the_Post_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="First Past the Post electoral system">Single Member Plurality</a> ("first past the post") system. In other words, the winning option was deemed to be that supported by a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a>, rather than an absolute majority, of voters. In the 1977 Australian referendum, the winner was chosen by the system of preferential <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> (IRV). Polls in Newfoundland (1949) and Guam (1982), for example, were counted under a form of the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>, and an unusual form of TRS was used in the 1992 New Zealand poll. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> has not held multiple-choice referendums in the Swiss or Swedish sense (in which only one of several counter-propositions can be victorious, and the losing proposals are wholly null and void), it does have so many yes-or-no referendums at each election day that conflicts arise. The State's constitution provides a method for resolving conflicts when two or more inconsistent propositions are passed on the same day. This is a de facto form of <a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">approval voting</a>—i.e. the proposition with the most "yes" votes prevails over the others to the extent of any conflict. </p><p>Other voting systems that could be used in multiple-choice referendum are <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet method</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_voting" title="Quadratic voting">quadratic voting</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_voting#Quadratic_funding" title="Quadratic voting">quadratic funding</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_referendum">Electronic referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Electronic referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Electronic_referendum" title="Electronic referendum">Electronic referendum</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_referendum&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> An <a href="/wiki/Electronic_referendum" title="Electronic referendum">electronic referendum</a> (or e-referendum) is a referendum in which <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a> is aided by <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> means. E-referendum employs <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technology">information and communication technology</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (e-voting) or <a href="/wiki/Digital_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital telephone">digital telephones</a> rather than a classical <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">ballot box</a> or traditional methods system.<sup id="cite_ref-Electronic_referendum_:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electronic_referendum_:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, e-referendums are organised by governmental bodies, but nowadays, there exist private companies that can facilitate online referendums or other types of <a href="/wiki/E_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="E voting">e-voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quorum">Quorum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Quorum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nedko.Selakov-Utopics-photo-G.Perrenoud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nedko.Selakov-Utopics-photo-G.Perrenoud.jpg/220px-Nedko.Selakov-Utopics-photo-G.Perrenoud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nedko.Selakov-Utopics-photo-G.Perrenoud.jpg/330px-Nedko.Selakov-Utopics-photo-G.Perrenoud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nedko.Selakov-Utopics-photo-G.Perrenoud.jpg/440px-Nedko.Selakov-Utopics-photo-G.Perrenoud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Nedko Solakov's artistic and humouristic project "Référendum against référendums", for the Swiss Sculpture Exhibition Utopics in 2009</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">Quorum</a></div> <p>Quorums are typically introduced to prevent referendum results from being skewed by low turnout or decided by a motivated minority of voters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_quorum">Participation quorum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Participation quorum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Referendums may require a <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">turnout threshold</a> (also called a participation quorum) in order for the referendum to be considered legally valid. In a participation quorum a majority of those voting must approve of the referendum, and a certain percentage of population must have voted in order for the results to be approved. </p><p>The usage of participation quorums in referendums is controversial, as higher requirements have been shown to reduced turnout and voter participation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With high participation quorums, the opposition of a referendum has an interest in <a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstaining</a> from the vote instead of participating, in order to invalidate the referendum results through low turnout. This is a form of the <a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">no-show paradox</a>. All others who are not voting for other reasons, including those with no opinion, are effectively also voting against the referendum. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2005_Italian_fertility_laws_referendum" title="2005 Italian fertility laws referendum">2005 Italian fertility laws referendum</a>, opposition to the proposed loosening of laws on research on <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a> and on allowing <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in-vitro fertilization</a>, campaigned for people to abstain from voting to drive down turnout. Although a majority of people voted yes for the changes in the law, the results were invalid because participation was low.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes">Disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important referendums are frequently challenged in courts. In pre-referendum disputes, plaintiffs have often tried to prevent the referendum to take place. In one such challenge, in 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Spanish Constitutional Court</a> suspended the <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">independence referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In post-referendum disputes, they challenge the result. British courts dismissed post-referendum challenges of the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Brexit</a> referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">International tribunals</a> have traditionally not interfered with referendum disputes. In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> extended its jurisdiction to referendums in its judgment <i><a href="/wiki/Toplak_and_Mrak_v._Slovenia" title="Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia">Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia</a></i>, initiated by two <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> voters over <a href="/wiki/Polling_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling place">polling place</a> <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">access</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_populist_aspect">Criticism of populist aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism of populist aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_Russian_Sring_20140330_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Odessa_Russian_Sring_20140330_07.JPG/220px-Odessa_Russian_Sring_20140330_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Odessa_Russian_Sring_20140330_07.JPG/330px-Odessa_Russian_Sring_20140330_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Odessa_Russian_Sring_20140330_07.JPG/440px-Odessa_Russian_Sring_20140330_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Russian protesters in <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine, demanding a referendum, March 30, 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20150703_Greek_Referendum_Demonstration_for_NO_syntagma_square_Athens_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/20150703_Greek_Referendum_Demonstration_for_NO_syntagma_square_Athens_Greece.jpg/220px-20150703_Greek_Referendum_Demonstration_for_NO_syntagma_square_Athens_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/20150703_Greek_Referendum_Demonstration_for_NO_syntagma_square_Athens_Greece.jpg/330px-20150703_Greek_Referendum_Demonstration_for_NO_syntagma_square_Athens_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/20150703_Greek_Referendum_Demonstration_for_NO_syntagma_square_Athens_Greece.jpg/440px-20150703_Greek_Referendum_Demonstration_for_NO_syntagma_square_Athens_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/2015_Greek_bailout_referendum" title="2015 Greek bailout referendum">2015 Greek bailout referendum</a> Demonstration for "NO" vote, <a href="/wiki/Syntagma_Square" title="Syntagma Square">Syntagma Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece </figcaption></figure> <p>In Political Governance states that voters in a referendum are more likely to be driven by transient whims than by careful deliberation, or that they are not sufficiently informed to make decisions on complicated or technical issues.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, voters might be swayed by <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, strong personalities, intimidation, and expensive advertising campaigns. <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> argued that direct democracy is the "<a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>". </p><p>Some opposition to the referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> who, it is argued,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the plebiscite to disguise oppressive policies as <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>. Dictators may also make use of referendums as well as <a href="/wiki/Show_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Show elections">show elections</a> to further legitimize their authority such as <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> in <a href="/wiki/1933_Portuguese_constitutional_referendum" title="1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum">1933</a>; Benito Mussolini in <a href="/wiki/1934_Italian_general_election" title="1934 Italian general election">1934</a>; Adolf Hitler in <a href="/wiki/1934_German_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1934 German referendum">1934</a>, <a href="/wiki/1936_German_election_and_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 German election and referendum">1936</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> in <a href="/wiki/1947_Spanish_law_of_succession_referendum" title="1947 Spanish law of succession referendum">1947</a>; <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> in <a href="/wiki/1972_South_Korean_constitutional_referendum" title="1972 South Korean constitutional referendum">1972</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> in <a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1973</a>. Hitler's use of plebiscites is argued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2016)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the reason why, since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, there has been no provision in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> for the holding of referendums at the federal level. </p><p>In recent years, referendums have been used strategically by several European governments trying to pursue political and electoral goals.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">John Bruton</a> considered that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All governments are unpopular. Given the chance, people would vote against them in a referendum. Therefore avoid referendums. Therefore don't raise questions which require them, such as the big versus the little states.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_questions_and_the_separability_problem">Closed questions and the separability problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Closed questions and the separability problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some critics of the referendum attack the use of closed questions. A difficulty called the <a href="/wiki/Separability_problem" title="Separability problem">separability problem</a> can plague a referendum on two or more issues. If one issue is in fact, or in perception, related to another on the ballot, the imposed simultaneous voting of first preference on each issue can result in an outcome which is displeasing to most. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undue_limitations_on_regular_government_power">Undue limitations on regular government power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Undue limitations on regular government power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several commentators have noted that the use of <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">citizens' initiatives</a> to amend constitutions has so tied the government to a jumble of popular demands as to render the government unworkable. A 2009 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> argued that this had restricted the ability of the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> state government to tax the people and pass the budget, and called for an entirely new Californian constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar problem also arises when elected governments accumulate excessive debts. That can severely reduce the effective margin for later governments. </p><p>Both these problems can be moderated by a combination of other measures as </p> <ul><li>strict rules for correct accounting on budget plans and effective public expenditure;</li> <li>mandatory assessment by an independent public institution of all budgetary implications of all legislative proposals, before they can be approved;</li> <li>mandatory prior assessment of the constitutional coherence of any proposal;</li> <li>interdiction of extra-budget expenditure (tax payers anyway have to fund them, sooner or later).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disproportionate_disruption">Disproportionate disruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Disproportionate disruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Referendums occur occasionally rather than periodically as elections are and they don’t offer the same kind of formal opposition. Because referendums affect for a longer term than legislative deliberation, a turnout and supermajority requirement is necessary to maintain principles of majoritarianism. In republic polities, referendums could be used to bypass legislatures and representatives by the executive body. Zurcher argues that the use of the Nazi referendums was ending turnout requirements to advance intrinsic advantages in an otherwise slower and more demanding manner to constitutional and policy changes. <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation, statistics (German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210071708/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/03/blank/key/stimmbeteiligung.html">Statistik Schweiz – Stimmbeteiligung</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurcoane2015" class="citation journal cs1">Turcoane, Ovidiu (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaqm.ro/issues/volume-10,issue-2/pdfs/8_OV_.pdf">"A proposed contextual evaluation of referendum quorum using fuzzy logics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 83–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Quantitative+Methods&rft.atitle=A+proposed+contextual+evaluation+of+referendum+quorum+using+fuzzy+logics&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-93&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Turcoane&rft.aufirst=Ovidiu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaqm.ro%2Fissues%2Fvolume-10%2Cissue-2%2Fpdfs%2F8_OV_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_referendum" title="Deliberative referendum">Deliberative referendum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_ballot_measures_by_year">https://ballotpedia.org/List_of_ballot_measures_by_year</a> From 1777 inclusively </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712195247/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/plebiscite">"Definition of Plebiscite"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/plebiscite">the original</a> on 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Plebiscite&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fplebiscite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marchant & Charles, Cassell's Latin Dictionary, 1928, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A gerundive is a verbal adjective (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a> is a verbal noun (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) but has no nominative case, for which an infinitive (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">referre</i></span>) serves the purpose</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary: 'Referendum'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">a <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a> is a verbal noun (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) but has no nominative case, for which an infinitive (<i>referre</i>) serves the purpose. It has only accusative, genitive, dative and ablative cases (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, pp. 91–92.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">i.e. <i>Proposita quae referenda sunt popolo</i>, "Proposals which must be carried back to the people"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen,_Antony2015" class="citation web cs1">Green, Antony (12 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2015/08/plebiscite-or-referendum-whats-the-difference.html">"Plebiscite or Referendum – What's the Difference"</a>. ABC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813234421/http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2015/08/plebiscite-or-referendum-whats-the-difference.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plebiscite+or+Referendum+%E2%80%93+What%27s+the+Difference&rft.pub=ABC&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft.au=Green%2C+Antony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abc.net.au%2Fantonygreen%2F2015%2F08%2Fplebiscite-or-referendum-whats-the-difference.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article108757304">"The Referendum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Evening_News_(Sydney)" title="The Evening News (Sydney)">Evening News</a></i>. No. 9452. New South Wales, Australia. 21 September 1897. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Victoria, Australia. 3 December 1910. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bendigo+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Plebiscite+or+Referendum.&rft.issue=12%2C+464&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1910-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article227144727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber, Benjamin R.. <i>The Death of Communal Liberty: A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton</i>. Princeton University Press, 1974, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent, J.M.. <i>State and Federal Government in Switzerland</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilagadzeGherghina2020" class="citation journal cs1">Silagadze, Nanuli; Gherghina, Sergiu (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923x.12790">"Referendum Policies across Political Systems"</a>. <i>The Political Quarterly</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 182–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923x.12790">10.1111/1467-923x.12790</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3179">0032-3179</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213618720">213618720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Referendum+Policies+across+Political+Systems&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=182-191&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213618720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0032-3179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-923x.12790&rft.aulast=Silagadze&rft.aufirst=Nanuli&rft.au=Gherghina%2C+Sergiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1467-923x.12790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vreese2007" class="citation book cs1">de Vreese, Claes H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Direct+Democracy+Upside+Down&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-92&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5167%2Fuzh-98412&rft.aulast=Serd%C3%BClt&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft.au=Welp%2C+Yanina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfd.org.tw%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Ftfd%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2Fjournal%2Fdj0801%2F004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288427223">"Direct Democracy Worldwide"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aceproject.org&rft.atitle=Design+and+Political+issues+of+Referendums+%E2%80%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Face-en%2Ftopics%2Fes%2Fese%2Fese08%2Fese08a%2Fese08a02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Statewide_bond_propositions_(California)">"Statewide bond propositions (California)"</a>. <i>Ballotpedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222220011/https://ballotpedia.org/Statewide_bond_propositions_(California)">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=Statewide+bond+propositions+%28California%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FStatewide_bond_propositions_%28California%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetschelBernathSchwarz2004" class="citation book cs1">Goetschel, Laurent; Bernath, Magdalena; Schwarz, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ok3SLA1ndEC&q=mandatory+referendum+switzerland+treaty+security&pg=PA40"><i>Swiss Foreign Policy: Foundations and Possibilities</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34812-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34812-6"><bdi>978-0-415-34812-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swiss+Foreign+Policy%3A+Foundations+and+Possibilities&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34812-6&rft.aulast=Goetschel&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Bernath%2C+Magdalena&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Ok3SLA1ndEC%26q%3Dmandatory%2Breferendum%2Bswitzerland%2Btreaty%2Bsecurity%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Bruno S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongabay&rft.atitle=Court+allows+referendum+on+mining+in+the+Ecuadoran+Andes+to+go+forward&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Mayuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2020%2F10%2Fcourt-allows-referendum-on-mining-in-the-ecuadoran-andes-to-go-forward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mining_referendum_QOqIx-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mining_referendum_QOqIx_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/lo-ultimo/consulta-mineria-cuenca-ecuador-elecciones/">"En Cuenca, el 80,9% apoya cese de actividad minera, según el CNE"</a>. <i>Primicias</i> (in Spanish). 8 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002122/https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/lo-ultimo/consulta-mineria-cuenca-ecuador-elecciones/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primicias&rft.atitle=En+Cuenca%2C+el+80%2C9%25+apoya+cese+de+actividad+minera%2C+seg%C3%BAn+el+CNE&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.primicias.ec%2Fnoticias%2Flo-ultimo%2Fconsulta-mineria-cuenca-ecuador-elecciones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReybrouck2023" class="citation journal cs1">Reybrouck, David Van (16 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noemamag.com/democracys-missing-link">"Democracy's Missing Link: The "preferendum" – a method for citizens to rate and rank policy ideas – would turn citizen concerns into government action"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">Noema</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106011414/https://www.noemamag.com/democracys-missing-link/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+European+Research&rft.atitle=The+Strategic+Use+of+Government-Sponsored+Referendums+in+Contemporary+Europe%3A+Issues+and+Implications&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1361-1376&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30950%2Fjcer.v13i4.836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158825358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sottilotta&rft.aufirst=Cecilia+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcer.net%2Findex.php%2Fjcer%2Farticle%2Fview%2F836%2F781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowcottDavies2019" class="citation news cs1">Bowcott, Owen; Davies, Caroline (31 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/31/referendums-are-a-bad-idea-irish-leader-told-eu-in-1995">"Referendums are a bad idea, Irish leader told EU in 1995"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231110719/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/31/referendums-are-a-bad-idea-irish-leader-told-eu-in-1995">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Referendums+are+a+bad+idea%2C+Irish+leader+told+EU+in+1995&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft.aulast=Bowcott&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Davies%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2019%2Fdec%2F31%2Freferendums-are-a-bad-idea-irish-leader-told-eu-in-1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displayStory.cfm?STORY_ID=13649050">"California: The ungovernable state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. 16–22 May 2009. pp. 33–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904195421/http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13649050">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=California%3A+The+ungovernable+state&rft.pages=33-36&rft.date=2009-05-16%2F2009-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Funitedstates%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3FSTORY_ID%3D13649050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/21/1/187/7079631">https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/21/1/187/7079631</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Referendums" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Referendums">Referendums</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Smith, Julie (ed.). 2021. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-55803-1">The Palgrave Handbook of European Referendums</a></i>. Palgrave.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQvortrupO'LearyWintrobe2018" class="citation journal cs1">Qvortrup, Matt; O'Leary, Brendan; Wintrobe, Ronald (2018). "Explaining the Paradox of Plebiscites". <i>Government and Opposition</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2018.16">10.1017/gov.2018.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149756080">149756080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+Paradox+of+Plebiscites&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fgov.2018.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149756080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Qvortrup&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Brendan&rft.au=Wintrobe%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopaloff2017" class="citation journal cs1">Topaloff, Liubomir (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/rise-referendums-elite-strategy-or-populist-weapon">"Elite Strategy or Populist Weapon?"</a>. <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 127–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2017.0051">10.1353/jod.2017.0051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157760485">157760485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Elite+Strategy+or+Populist+Weapon%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=127-140&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2017.0051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157760485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Topaloff&rft.aufirst=Liubomir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdemocracy.org%2Farticle%2Frise-referendums-elite-strategy-or-populist-weapon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQvortrup2017" class="citation journal cs1">Qvortrup, Matt (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/rise-referendums-demystifying-direct-democracy">"Demystifying Direct Democracy"</a>. <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 141–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2017.0052">10.1353/jod.2017.0052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157819009">157819009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Demystifying+Direct+Democracy&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=141-152&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2017.0052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157819009%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Qvortrup&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdemocracy.org%2Farticle%2Frise-referendums-demystifying-direct-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferendum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morel, L. (2011). 'Referenda'. In: B. Badie, D. Berg-Schlosser, & L. Morlino (eds), <i>International Encyclopedia of Political Science</i>. 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