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<span>Ice fumaroles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_fumaroles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Discovery and naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Historic sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robotic_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotic_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Robotic exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotic_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Air New Zealand Flight 901</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Craters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Craters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Craters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Craters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_Crater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_Crater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Main Crater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_Crater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_Crater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_Crater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Inner Crater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_Crater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_Crater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_Crater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Side Crater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_Crater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Crater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Crater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Western Crater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Crater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summit_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summit_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Summit features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Summit_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Summit features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Summit_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Helo_Cliffs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helo_Cliffs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Helo Cliffs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helo_Cliffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismic_Bluff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_Bluff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Seismic Bluff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_Bluff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tower_Ridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tower_Ridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tower Ridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tower_Ridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp_Slope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_Slope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Camp Slope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camp_Slope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robot_Gully" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robot_Gully"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Robot Gully</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robot_Gully-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_Slope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_Slope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Crystal Slope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_Slope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nausea_Knob" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nausea_Knob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Nausea Knob</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nausea_Knob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Northern features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northern_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Northern features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Northern_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abbott_Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbott_Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Abbott Peak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbott_Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krall_Crags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krall_Crags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Krall Crags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krall_Crags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarr_Nunatak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarr_Nunatak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tarr Nunatak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarr_Nunatak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fang_Ridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fang_Ridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fang Ridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fang_Ridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>The Fang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millennium_Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millennium_Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Millennium Peak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millennium_Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coleman_Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coleman_Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Coleman Peak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coleman_Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Te_Puna_Roimata_Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Te_Puna_Roimata_Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Te Puna Roimata Peak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Te_Puna_Roimata_Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Southern features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Southern_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Southern features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Southern_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hoopers_Shoulder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoopers_Shoulder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hoopers Shoulder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoopers_Shoulder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cashman_Crags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cashman_Crags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cashman Crags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cashman_Crags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Williams_Cliff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Williams_Cliff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Williams Cliff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Williams_Cliff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tech_Crags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tech_Crags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Tech Crags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tech_Crags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Sisters_Cones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Sisters_Cones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Three Sisters Cones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Sisters_Cones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turks_Head_Ridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turks_Head_Ridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Turks Head Ridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turks_Head_Ridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esser_Bluff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esser_Bluff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Esser Bluff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esser_Bluff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grazyna_Bluff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grazyna_Bluff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Grazyna Bluff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grazyna_Bluff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glacier_Ridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glacier_Ridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Glacier Ridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glacier_Ridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Glaciers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Glaciers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fang_Glacier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fang_Glacier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Fang Glacier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fang_Glacier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erebus_Glacier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erebus_Glacier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Erebus Glacier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erebus_Glacier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erebus_Glacier_Tongue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erebus_Glacier_Tongue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Erebus Glacier Tongue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erebus_Glacier_Tongue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barne_Glacier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barne_Glacier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Barne Glacier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barne_Glacier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Erebus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus_(berg)" title="Erebus (berg) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Erebus (berg)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus_Beorg" title="Erebus Beorg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Erebus Beorg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="جبل إريباص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل إريباص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Erebus" title="Monte Erebus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monte Erebus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus_vulkan%C4%B1" title="Erebus vulkanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erebus vulkanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Эрэбус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрэбус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Эрэбус – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрэбус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Еребус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еребус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menez_Erebus" title="Menez Erebus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menez Erebus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Erebus" title="Mont Erebus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mont Erebus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus_(Antartika)" title="Mount Erebus (Antartika) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mount Erebus (Antartika)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erebus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Όρος Έρεβος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όρος Έρεβος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Erebus" title="Monte Erebus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monte Erebus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monto_Erebus" title="Monto Erebus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monto Erebus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus_mendia" title="Erebus mendia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erebus mendia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کوه اربوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه اربوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Erebus" title="Mont Erebus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mont Erebus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%9F%AC%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%82%B0" title="에러버스산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에러버스산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Էրեբուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրեբուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="माउण्ट एरेबुस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माउण्ट एरेबुस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantay_Erebus" title="Bantay Erebus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bantay Erebus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Erebus" title="Gunung Erebus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung Erebus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus_(Antartide)" title="Erebus (Antartide) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erebus (Antartide)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הר ארבוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הר ארבוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ერებუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერებუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Эребус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эребус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menydh_Erebus" title="Menydh Erebus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Menydh Erebus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlima_Erebus" title="Mlima Erebus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlima Erebus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Erebus" title="Mons Erebus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons Erebus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebuss" title="Erebuss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Erebuss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebusas" title="Erebusas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erebusas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Еребус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еребус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Erebus" title="Gunung Erebus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunung Erebus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus_(vulkaan)" title="Erebus (vulkaan) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erebus (vulkaan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AC%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E5%B1%B1" title="エレバス山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エレバス山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Erebus" title="Mont Erebus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mont Erebus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erebus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erebus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_%C3%89rebo" title="Monte Érebo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monte Érebo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntele_Erebus" title="Muntele Erebus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muntele Erebus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Эребус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эребус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Erebus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Еребус (планина) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еребус (планина)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mount Erebus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ภูเขาไฟเอเรบัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูเขาไฟเอเรบัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Erebus Dağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erebus Dağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Еребус (вулкан) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еребус (вулкан)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_Erebus" title="Núi Erebus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi Erebus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Erebus" title="Bukid Erebus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukid Erebus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="埃里伯斯火山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃里伯斯火山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="埃里伯斯火山 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_31_47_S_167_09_12_E_type:mountain_region:AQ_scale:100000_source:GNIS&title=Mount+Erebus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′47″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°09′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.52972°S 167.15333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.52972; 167.15333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mount Erebus</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helo_Cliffs&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Helo Cliffs">Helo Cliffs</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Volcano on Ross Island, Antarctica</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus_(Canada)" title="Mount Erebus (Canada)">Mount Erebus (Canada)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Mount Erebus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_erebus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mt_erebus.jpg/272px-Mt_erebus.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mt_erebus.jpg/408px-Mt_erebus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mt_erebus.jpg/544px-Mt_erebus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Mount Erebus</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,792 m (12,441 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMount_Erebus_GVP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMount_Erebus_GVP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,794 m (12,448 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMount_Erebus_GVP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMount_Erebus_GVP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">Ranked 34th</a></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra prominent peaks">Ultra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_31_47_S_167_09_12_E_type:mountain_region:AQ_scale:100000_source:GNIS&title=Mount+Erebus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′47″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°09′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.52972°S 167.15333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.52972; 167.15333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mount Erebus</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995223_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Antarctica showing location of Mount Erebus"><img alt="Map of Antarctica showing location of Mount Erebus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg/272px-Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg/408px-Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg/544px-Antarctica_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1493" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.264%;left:54.621%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Erebus"><img alt="Map of Antarctica showing location of Mount Erebus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Mount Erebus</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Mount Erebus in Antarctica</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a><br />(claimed by New Zealand as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topo map</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ross Island</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.3 million years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a> (composite cone)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">Volcanic belt</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Volcanic_Group" title="McMurdo Volcanic Group">McMurdo Volcanic Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2020</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Climbing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">March 10, 1908 by <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a> and party. <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aurora_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aurora-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mount Erebus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is the southernmost <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active volcano</a> on Earth, located on <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. With a summit elevation of 3,792 metres (12,441 ft), it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ultras_of_Antarctica" title="List of ultras of Antarctica">second most prominent mountain in Antarctica</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Vinson">Mount Vinson</a>) and the second-highest <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> in Antarctica (after the <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sidley" title="Mount Sidley">Mount Sidley</a>). It is the highest point on Ross Island, which is also home to three inactive volcanoes: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Terror (Antarctica)">Mount Terror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bird" title="Mount Bird">Mount Bird</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Terra_Nova" title="Mount Terra Nova">Mount Terra Nova</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It makes Ross Island the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_highest_point" title="List of islands by highest point">sixth-highest island</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mountain was named by <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">Captain James Clark Ross</a> in 1841 for his ship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995223_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volcano has been active for around 1.3 million years and has a long-lived <a href="/wiki/Lava_lake" title="Lava lake">lava lake</a> in its inner summit crater that has been present since at least the early 1970s. On 28 November, 1979, <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901" class="mw-redirect" title="Air New Zealand Flight 901">Air New Zealand Flight 901</a> crashed on Mount Erebus, killing all 257 people on board. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_volcanology">Geology and volcanology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology and volcanology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anorthoclase-219058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Anorthoclase-219058.jpg/170px-Anorthoclase-219058.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Anorthoclase-219058.jpg/255px-Anorthoclase-219058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Anorthoclase-219058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Anorthoclase" title="Anorthoclase">Anorthoclase</a> crystal (45 mm long) from Mount Erebus</figcaption></figure> <p>Mount Erebus is the world's southernmost active volcano. It is the current eruptive centre of the <a href="/wiki/Erebus_hotspot" title="Erebus hotspot">Erebus hotspot</a>. The summit contains a persistent convecting <a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">phonolitic</a> lava lake, one of five long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Lava_lake" title="Lava lake">lava lakes</a> on Earth. Characteristic eruptive activity consists of <a href="/wiki/Strombolian_eruption" title="Strombolian eruption">Strombolian eruptions</a> from the lava lake or from one of several subsidiary vents, all within the volcano's inner crater.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volcano is scientifically remarkable in that its relatively low-level and unusually persistent eruptive activity enables long-term volcanological study of a Strombolian eruptive system very close (hundreds of metres) to the active vents, a characteristic shared with only a few volcanoes on Earth, such as <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a> in Italy. Scientific study of the volcano is also facilitated by its proximity to <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a> (U.S.) and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a> (New Zealand), both sited on <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">the same island</a> around 35 km away. </p><p>Mount Erebus is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field" title="Polygenetic volcanic field">polygenetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a>. The bottom half of the volcano is a shield and the top half is a stratocone. The composition of the current eruptive products of Erebus are <a href="/wiki/Anorthoclase" title="Anorthoclase">anorthoclase</a>-<a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tephritic_phonolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tephritic phonolite">tephritic phonolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">phonolite</a>, which are the bulk of exposed lava flow on the volcano. The oldest eruptive products consist of relatively <a href="/wiki/Igneous_differentiation" title="Igneous differentiation">undifferentiated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">nonviscous</a> <a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">basanite</a> lavas that form the low broad platform shield of Erebus. Slightly younger basanite and <a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">phonotephrite</a> lavas crop out on Fang Ridge – an eroded remnant of an early Erebus volcano – and at other isolated locations on the flanks of Erebus. Erebus is the world's only presently erupting phonolite volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-Burg2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burg2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lava flows of more viscous phonotephrite and <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachyte</a> erupted after the basanite. The upper slopes of Mount Erebus are dominated by steeply <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">dipping</a> (about 30°) tephritic phonolite lava flows with large-scale flow levees. A conspicuous break in slope around 3,200 m ASL calls attention to a summit plateau representing a <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a>. The summit caldera was created by an explosive <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a>-6 eruption that occurred 18,000 ± 7,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is filled with small volume tephritic phonolite and phonolite lava flows. In the center of the summit caldera is a small, steep-sided cone composed primarily of decomposed <a href="/wiki/Lava_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava bomb">lava bombs</a> and a large deposit of <a href="/wiki/Anorthoclase" title="Anorthoclase">anorthoclase</a> crystals known as <a href="/wiki/Erebus_crystal" title="Erebus crystal">Erebus crystals</a>. The active lava lake in this summit cone undergoes continuous degassing. </p><p>Microscopic gold particles have been found up to 1000 kilometers from Mount Erebus, ranging in size up to 60 micrometres. A 1991 paper shows that these particles condense from the volcano's emissions that include 80 grams of gold vapor daily. This amount of gold vapor is low compared to other volcanoes, but the condensation from vapor into gold particles is the first ever documented.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers spent more than three months during the 2007–08 field season installing an atypically dense array of <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a> around Mount Erebus to listen to waves of energy generated by small, controlled blasts from explosives they buried along its flanks and perimeter, and to record scattered seismic signals generated by lava lake eruptions and local ice quakes. By studying the refracted and scattered seismic waves, the scientists produced an image of the uppermost (top few km) of the volcano to understand the geometry of its "plumbing" and how the <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> rises to the lava lake. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results demonstrated a complex upper-volcano conduit system with appreciable upper-volcano magma storage to the northwest of the lava lake at depths hundreds of meters below the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ice_fumaroles">Ice fumaroles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ice fumaroles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mount Erebus is notable for its numerous ice <a href="/wiki/Fumaroles" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumaroles">fumaroles</a> – ice towers that form around gases that escape from vents in the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ice caves associated with the fumaroles are dark, in polar alpine environments starved in organics and with oxygenated hydrothermal circulation in highly reducing host rock. The life is sparse, mainly bacteria and fungi. This makes it of special interest for studying <a href="/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">oligotrophs</a> – organisms that can survive on minimal amounts of resources. </p><p>The caves on Erebus are of special interest for astrobiology,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as most surface caves are influenced by human activities, or by organics from the surface brought in by animals (e.g. bats and birds) or ground water.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caves at Erebus are at high altitude, yet accessible for study. Some of the caves can reach temperatures of 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit), and with light near the cave mouths, in some caves covered by thin overlying ice the light reach even deeper, is sufficient to sustain an ecosystem of flora and fauna consisting of moss, algae, arthropods and nematodes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are dynamic systems that collapse and rebuild, but persist over decades. The air inside the caves has 80 to 100% humidity, and up to 3% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>), and some <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO) and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (H<sub>2</sub>), but almost no <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>) or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H<sub>2</sub>S). Many of them are completely dark, so cannot support photosynthesis. Organics can only come from the atmosphere, or from ice algae that grow on the surface in summer, which may eventually find their way into the caves through burial and melting. As a result, most micro-organisms there are <a href="/wiki/Chemolithoautotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemolithoautotrophic">chemolithoautotrophic</a> i.e. microbes that get all of their energy from chemical reactions with the rocks, and that do not depend on any other lifeforms to survive. The organisms survive using CO<sub>2</sub> fixation and some may use CO oxidization for the metabolism. The main types of microbe found there are <a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TeboDavis2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeboDavis2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Marsden_grant" title="Marsden grant">Marsden Fund</a> granted nearly NZ$1 million to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waikato" title="University of Waikato">University of Waikato</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a> to study the micro-organisms in the geothermal fumaroles.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_naming">Discovery and naming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discovery and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mount Erebus was discovered on 27 January 1841 (and observed to be in eruption),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by polar explorer Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">his Antarctic expedition</a>, who named it and its companion, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Terror (Antarctica)">Mount Terror</a>, after his ships, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (which were later used and lost by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a> on his disastrous <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">expedition</a>). Present with Ross on HMS <i>Erebus</i> was the young <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>, future president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> and close friend of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a> is a dark region in <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, personified as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Ancient Greek primordial deity</a> of darkness, the son of <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_sites">Historic sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historic sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Erebus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mount_Erebus.png/220px-Mount_Erebus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mount_Erebus.png/330px-Mount_Erebus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mount_Erebus.png/440px-Mount_Erebus.png 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Mount Erebus (and <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie penguins</a>) taken by the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition"><i>Terra Nova</i> expedition</a> in 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>The mountain was surveyed in December 1912 by a science party from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition"><i>Terra Nova</i> expedition</a>, who also collected geological samples. Two of the camp sites they used have been recognised for their historic significance: </p> <ul><li>Upper “Summit Camp” site (HSM 89) consists of part of a circle of rocks, which were probably used to weight the tent valances.</li> <li>Lower “Camp E” site (HSM 90) consists of a slightly elevated area of gravel, as well as some aligned rocks, which may have been used to weight the tent valances.</li></ul> <p>They have been designated <a href="/wiki/Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_in_Antarctica" title="Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica">historic sites or monuments</a> following a proposal by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and the United States to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-atcm_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atcm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climbing">Climbing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></div> <p>Mount Erebus' summit crater rim was first achieved by members of Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>'s party; <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Professor Edgeworth David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Sir Douglas Mawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Dr Alister Mackay</a>, Alex Lagasse, <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Jameson Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Dr Eric Marshall</a> and Phillip Brocklehurst (who did not reach the summit), on March 10, 1908. The ascent was documented in the first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Australis_(book)" title="Aurora Australis (book)">Aurora Australis</a>, the first book to be written and published in Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-Aurora_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aurora-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first known solo ascent and the first winter ascent was accomplished by British mountaineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Mear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Mear (page does not exist)">Roger Mear</a> on 7 June 1985, a member of the "In the Footsteps of Scott" expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19–20 January 1991, Charles J. Blackmer, an iron-worker for many years at <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, accomplished a solo ascent in about 17 hours completely unsupported, by snow mobile and on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_Terra_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler_Terra-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_Place_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_Place-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Erebus_craters,_Ross_Island,_Antarctica_(aerial_view,_18_December_2000).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mount_Erebus_craters%2C_Ross_Island%2C_Antarctica_%28aerial_view%2C_18_December_2000%29.jpg/220px-Mount_Erebus_craters%2C_Ross_Island%2C_Antarctica_%28aerial_view%2C_18_December_2000%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mount_Erebus_craters%2C_Ross_Island%2C_Antarctica_%28aerial_view%2C_18_December_2000%29.jpg/330px-Mount_Erebus_craters%2C_Ross_Island%2C_Antarctica_%28aerial_view%2C_18_December_2000%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mount_Erebus_craters%2C_Ross_Island%2C_Antarctica_%28aerial_view%2C_18_December_2000%29.jpg/440px-Mount_Erebus_craters%2C_Ross_Island%2C_Antarctica_%28aerial_view%2C_18_December_2000%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Mount Erebus craters</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robotic_exploration">Robotic exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Robotic exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, the inside of the volcano was explored by <i>Dante I</i>, an eight legged tethered robotic explorer.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dante</i> was designed to acquire gas samples from the magma lake inside the inner crater of Mount Erebus to understand the chemistry better through the use of the on-board gas <a href="/wiki/Chromatograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatograph">chromatograph</a>, as well as measuring the temperature inside the volcano and the radioactivity of the materials present in such volcanoes. <i>Dante</i> successfully scaled a significant portion of the crater before technical difficulties emerged with the fibre-optic cable used for communications between the walker and base station. Since <i>Dante</i> had not yet reached the bottom of the crater, no data of volcanic significance was recorded. The expedition proved to be highly successful in terms of robotic and computer science, and was possibly the first expedition by a robotic platform to Antarctica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901">Air New Zealand Flight 901</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Air New Zealand Flight 901"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Air_New_Zealand_Flight_901.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Wreckage of Flight 901</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus_disaster" title="Mount Erebus disaster">Mount Erebus disaster</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus_disaster" title="Mount Erebus disaster">Air New Zealand Flight 901</a> was a scheduled sightseeing service from <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Airport" title="Auckland Airport">Auckland Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and return with a scheduled stop at <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Airport" title="Christchurch Airport">Christchurch Airport</a> to refuel before returning to Auckland.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a> flyover service, for the purposes of Antarctic sightseeing, was operated with <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30</a> aircraft and began in February 1977. The flight crashed into Mount Erebus on November 28, 1979, killing all 257 people on board. Passenger photographs taken seconds before the collision ruled out the "flying in a cloud" theory, showing perfectly clear visibility well beneath the cloud base, with landmarks visible 13 miles (21 km) to the left and 10 miles (16 km) to the right of the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountain directly ahead was lit by sunlight shining from directly behind the aircraft through the cloud deck above, resulting in a lack of shadows that made Mount Erebus effectively invisible against the overcast sky beyond in a classic <a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">whiteout</a> (more accurately, "flat-light") phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further investigation of the crash showed a navigational error in flight documentation by Air New Zealand and a cover-up that resulted in about $100 million in lawsuits. Air New Zealand discontinued its flyovers of Antarctica. Its final flight was on February 17, 1980. During the Antarctic summer, snow melt on the flanks of Mount Erebus continually reveals debris from the crash that is visible from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craters">Craters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Craters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MountErebusNASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MountErebusNASA.jpg/100px-MountErebusNASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MountErebusNASA.jpg/150px-MountErebusNASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MountErebusNASA.jpg/200px-MountErebusNASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Satellite picture of Mount Erebus showing glow from its persistent lava lake</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_Crater">Main Crater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Main Crater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.528689_S_167.159805_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′43″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°09′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.528689°S 167.159805°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.528689; 167.159805</span></span></span></a></span></span>. The topographic feature that rises to about 3,750 metres (12,300 ft) high and forms the primary summit crater of Mount Erebus. Inner Crater, which lies within Main Crater, contains an anorthoclase-phonolite lava lake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMain_Crater_USGS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMain_Crater_USGS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_Crater">Inner Crater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inner Crater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.527048_S_167.16524_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′37″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°09′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.527048°S 167.16524°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.527048; 167.16524</span></span></span></a></span></span>. The topographic feature that embraces the crater within the floor of Main Crater, at the summit of Mount Erebus. Inner Crater contains an active anorthoclase-phonolite lava lake. The name derives from the fact that the crater is within the Main Crater of Mount Erebus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInner_Crater_USGS_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInner_Crater_USGS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_Crater">Side Crater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Side Crater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.529609_S_167.14334_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′47″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°08′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.529609°S 167.14334°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.529609; 167.14334</span></span></span></a></span></span> A nearly circular crater, about 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) high, situated at the summit of Mount Erebus on the southwest crater rim. Named for its location on the side of the main summit cone of Mount Erebus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESide_Crater_USGS_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESide_Crater_USGS-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Crater">Western Crater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Western Crater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.532253_S_167.119251_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′56″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°07′09″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.532253°S 167.119251°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.532253; 167.119251</span></span></span></a></span></span> A small circular crater at 3,561 metres (11,683 ft) high on the western slope of the summit of Mount Erebus. So named for its location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestern_Crater_USGS_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern_Crater_USGS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summit_features">Summit features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Summit features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map all coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Mount_Erebus">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Mount_Erebus">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Mount_Erebus">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Mount_Erebus">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Mount_Erebus">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png/220px-Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png/330px-Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png/440px-Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png 2x" data-file-width="2106" data-file-height="1686" /></a><figcaption> Mount Erebus is in the west center</figcaption></figure> <p>Mount Erebus has several named features on its slopes, including a number of rock formations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss_Island_USGS_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss_Island_USGS-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Features around the summit of the mountain include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helo_Cliffs">Helo Cliffs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Helo Cliffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.503455_S_167.116913_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°30′12″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°07′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.503455°S 167.116913°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.503455; 167.116913</span></span></span></a></span></span>. Prominent cliffs at about 3,525 metres (11,565 ft) high on the north rim of the summit caldera of Mount Erebus. The name derives from a nearby United States Coast Guard (USCG) HH-52A helicopter (CG 1404) which lost power and crashed while enroute from McMurdo Station to Cape Bird, Jan. 9, 1971. The four crew and passengers were not injured, but the helicopter was abandoned because of its location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelo_Cliffs_USGS_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelo_Cliffs_USGS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismic_Bluff">Seismic Bluff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Seismic Bluff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.531538_S_167.079644_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′54″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°04′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.531538°S 167.079644°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.531538; 167.079644</span></span></span></a></span></span> Steep bluff at about 3,470 metres (11,380 ft) high on the southwest rim of the summit caldera of Mount Erebus. So named after a seismic station nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeismic_Bluff_USGS_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeismic_Bluff_USGS-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tower_Ridge">Tower Ridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tower Ridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.532647_S_167.112645_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′58″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°06′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.532647°S 167.112645°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.532647; 167.112645</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A ridge at about 3,540 metres (11,610 ft) high that descends the southwest slope of the summit crater of Mount Erebus. So named because the ridge is defined by a series of fumarolic ice towers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETower_Ridge_USGS_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETower_Ridge_USGS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camp_Slope">Camp Slope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Camp Slope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.528236_S_167.146427_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′42″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°08′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.528236°S 167.146427°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.528236; 167.146427</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A concave slope, about 3,650 metres (11,980 ft) high, just south of Crystal Slope on the west side of the summit cone of Mount Erebus. The feature is the site of a slump which has occurred off the crater rim. It is also a former camp site used by summit parties. A small hut is located on the upper part of the slope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamp_Slope_USGS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamp_Slope_USGS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robot_Gully">Robot Gully</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Robot Gully"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.52682_S_167.145742_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′37″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°08′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.52682°S 167.145742°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.52682; 167.145742</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A gully at about 3,675 metres (12,057 ft) high on the northwest side of the summit crater of Mount Erebus. The feature was used as the access route from a NASA robot called Dante that was carried to the crater rim, Jan. 1, 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobot_Gully_USGS_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobot_Gully_USGS-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_Slope">Crystal Slope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Crystal Slope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.52563_S_167.150153_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′32″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°09′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.52563°S 167.150153°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.52563; 167.150153</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A western slope, 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) high, between Camp Slope and Robot Gully, leading down from the summit crater rim of Mount Erebus. So named because the slope includes a talus of large anorthoclase feldspar crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal_Slope_USGS_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal_Slope_USGS-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nausea_Knob">Nausea Knob</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nausea Knob"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.521068_S_167.146857_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°31′16″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°08′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.521068°S 167.146857°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.521068; 167.146857</span></span></span></a></span></span> A prominent outcropping of jumbled rocks, 3,633 metres (11,919 ft) high, formed as a lava flow on the northwest upper slope of the active cone of Mount Erebus. The feature is near a camp site used mainly in the 1970s by teams working at the summit of the volcano. So named because many working at the camp suffered from nausea due to high elevation mountain sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENausea_Knob_USGS_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENausea_Knob_USGS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_features">Northern features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Northern features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Features on the northern slopes include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbott_Peak">Abbott Peak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Abbott Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_26_S_167_00_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°26′S</span> <span class="longitude">167°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.433°S 167.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.433; 167.000</span></span></span></a></span></span>. Pyramidal peak on the north side of Mount Erebus, between it and Mount Bird. Charted by the British Antarctic Expedition under Scott, 1910-13, and named for Petty Officer George P. Abbott, Royal Navy, a member of the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts19951_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts19951-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krall_Crags">Krall Crags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Krall Crags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.454003_S_166.815833_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°27′14″S</span> <span class="longitude">166°48′57″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.454003°S 166.815833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.454003; 166.815833</span></span></span></a></span></span>. Two rock summits rising to over 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high on the northwest slope of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Erebus</a>. The feature is 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) west-northwest of Abbott Peak. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Sarah Krall who worked over 10 years in providing support to science in Antarctica. She was cook and camp manager at the lower Erebus Hut during the 1992-93 NSF-NASA Dante robot experiment on Mount Erebus. She also managed the food room at McMurdo Station, was the hovercraft pilot, and has also been a helicopter technician.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrall_Crags_USGS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrall_Crags_USGS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarr_Nunatak">Tarr Nunatak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tarr Nunatak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.478006_S_166.888183_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°28′41″S</span> <span class="longitude">166°53′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.478006°S 166.888183°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.478006; 166.888183</span></span></span></a></span></span> A nunatak rising to about 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) high on the northwest slope of Mount Erebus. The feature is 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) south-southwest of Abbott Peak. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Sergeant L.W. (Wally) Tarr, Royal New Zealand Air Force, aircraft mechanic with the New Zealand contingent of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> (CTAE), 1956-58.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarr_Nunatak_USGS_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarr_Nunatak_USGS-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fang_Ridge">Fang Ridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fang Ridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_29_S_167_12_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°29′S</span> <span class="longitude">167°12′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.483°S 167.200°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.483; 167.200</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A conspicuous ridge on the northeast slope of Mount Erebus. It is a much denuded portion of the original caldera rim left by a catastrophic eruption. So named, probably for its curved shape, by Frank Debenham of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, who made a plane table survey in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995232_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995232-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fang">The Fang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Fang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.485943_S_167.203614_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°29′09″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°12′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.485943°S 167.203614°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.485943; 167.203614</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A distinctive toothlike peak, 3,159 metres (10,364 ft) high, which forms the highest point of Fang Ridge. Descriptively named by Frank Debenham of British Antarctic Expedition (British Antarctic Expedition), 1910-13, who made a plane table survey of the vicinity in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Fang_USGS_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Fang_USGS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millennium_Peak">Millennium Peak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Millennium Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.506569_S_167.381754_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°30′24″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°22′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.506569°S 167.381754°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.506569; 167.381754</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A peak rising to about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high on the northeast slope of Mount Erebus, 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) east-northeast of the Erebus summit. So named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in the millennium year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillennium_Peak_USGS_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillennium_Peak_USGS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coleman_Peak">Coleman Peak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Coleman Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.488132_S_167.477419_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°29′17″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°28′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.488132°S 167.477419°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.488132; 167.477419</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A peak rising to about 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) high on the northeast slope of Mount Erebus, 3.6 nautical miles (6.7 km; 4.1 mi) east of the summit of Fang Ridge. Named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Father Coleman, a New Zealand chaplain, who traveled to Antarctica many times with the United States Antarctic Program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman_Peak_USGS_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman_Peak_USGS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Te_Puna_Roimata_Peak">Te Puna Roimata Peak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Te Puna Roimata Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.447407_S_167.561469_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°26′51″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°33′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.447407°S 167.561469°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.447407; 167.561469</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A peak about 890 metres (2,920 ft) high, located 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Nova Glacier">Terra Nova Glacier</a> and 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bay" title="Lewis Bay">Lewis Bay</a> on the lower northeast slope of Mount Erebus. On November 28, 1979, an Air New Zealand McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft on a scenic flight from Auckland crashed near this peak claiming the lives of 237 passengers from eight countries and a crew of 20. In 1987, a stainless steel memorial cross was erected west of the peak. Te Puna Roimata Peak (meaning spring of tears) was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Puna_Roimata_Peak_USGS_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Puna_Roimata_Peak_USGS-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_features">Southern features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Southern features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Features of the southern slopes of the mountain include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoopers_Shoulder">Hoopers Shoulder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hoopers Shoulder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_32_S_166_53_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°32′S</span> <span class="longitude">166°53′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.533°S 166.883°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.533; 166.883</span></span></span></a></span></span>. An independent cone at an elevation of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high on the west slopes of Mount Erebus. From McMurdo Sound it appears as a perfect pyramid of black rock, standing out as a splendid mark against the background of the ice and almost on a line from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Royds" title="Cape Royds">Cape Royds</a> to the crater of Mount Erebus. The cone itself is about 100 metres (330 ft) high high and is surrounded by a deep moat or ditch, caused by the sweeping action of strong winds. It was named by F. Debenham on the second ascent of Mount Erebus for F.J. Hooper, a steward of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Hooper was one of the party making the second ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995344_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995344-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cashman_Crags">Cashman Crags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cashman Crags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.540504_S_166.850438_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°32′26″S</span> <span class="longitude">166°51′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.540504°S 166.850438°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.540504; 166.850438</span></span></span></a></span></span> Two rock summits at about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) high on the west slope of Mount Erebus. The feature is 0.6 nautical miles (1.1 km; 0.69 mi) southwest of Hoopers Shoulder. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by United States <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Antarctic_Names" title="Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names">Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names</a> (US-ACAN) (2000) after Katherine V. Cashman, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Research_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Antarctic Research Program">United States Antarctic Research Program</a> (USARP) team member on Mount Erebus in 1978-79 while a Fulbright scholar at Victoria University of Wellington; worked again on Mount Erebus, 1988-89; later Professor of Geology, University of Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman_Crags_USGS_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman_Crags_USGS-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Williams_Cliff">Williams Cliff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Williams Cliff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_35_S_166_47_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°35′S</span> <span class="longitude">166°47′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.583°S 166.783°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.583; 166.783</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A prominent rock cliff that stands out from the ice-covered southwest slopes of Mount Erebus, situated 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Barne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Barne">Cape Barne</a>. This rock cliff was mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition under Scott, 1910-13, and identified simply as "Bold Cliff on maps resulting from that expedition. It was named Williams Cliff by the US-ACAN in 1964 to commemorate Richard T. Williams, who losi: his life when his tractor broke through the ice at McMurdo Sound in January 1956. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995815_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995815-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tech_Crags">Tech Crags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tech Crags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.613497_S_166.767316_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°36′49″S</span> <span class="longitude">166°46′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.613497°S 166.767316°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.613497; 166.767316</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A narrow broken ridge 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) south of Williams Cliff on Ross Island. The feature rises to about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) high and marks a declivity along the north flank of broad Turks Head Ridge, from which ice moves to Pukaru Icefalls. Named by US-ACAN (2000) after the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, known as New Mexico Tech. From 1981, many Tech students under the direction of Philip R. Kyle, have undertaken graduate research projects (thesis and dissertation) on Mount Erebus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETech_Crags_USGS_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETech_Crags_USGS-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Sisters_Cones">Three Sisters Cones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Three Sisters Cones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_34_S_166_58_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°34′S</span> <span class="longitude">166°58′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.567°S 166.967°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.567; 166.967</span></span></span></a></span></span>. Three aligned cones at an elevation of about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high on the southwest slopes of Mount Erebu. Named by members of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, under Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995745_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995745-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation-Deep-Freeze-Mt-Erebus-6851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Operation-Deep-Freeze-Mt-Erebus-6851.jpg/220px-Operation-Deep-Freeze-Mt-Erebus-6851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Operation-Deep-Freeze-Mt-Erebus-6851.jpg/330px-Operation-Deep-Freeze-Mt-Erebus-6851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Operation-Deep-Freeze-Mt-Erebus-6851.jpg/440px-Operation-Deep-Freeze-Mt-Erebus-6851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>Mount Erebus in December 1955</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turks_Head_Ridge">Turks Head Ridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Turks Head Ridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_38_S_166_49_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°38′S</span> <span class="longitude">166°49′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.633°S 166.817°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.633; 166.817</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A mostly ice-covered ridge extending from <a href="/wiki/Turks_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks Head">Turks Head</a> for a few miles up the slopes of Mount Erebus. Mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, under Scott and so named because of its association with Turks Head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995764_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995764-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esser_Bluff">Esser Bluff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Esser Bluff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.638772_S_166.90775_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°38′20″S</span> <span class="longitude">166°54′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.638772°S 166.90775°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.638772; 166.90775</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A rock bluff rising to about 600 metres (2,000 ft) high on the southeast margin of Turks Head Ridge. The bluff is 1.1 nautical miles (2.0 km; 1.3 mi) east-northeast of Grazyna Bluff. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by US-ACAN (2000) after Richard Esser, a member of New Mexico Tech field parties on Mount Erebus in the 1993-94 and 1994-95 seasons; later a technician in the New Mexico Geochronology Lab at NM Tech, where he has dated many rocks from Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsser_Bluff_USGS_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsser_Bluff_USGS-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grazyna_Bluff">Grazyna Bluff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Grazyna Bluff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.642825_S_166.823222_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°38′34″S</span> <span class="longitude">166°49′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.642825°S 166.823222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.642825; 166.823222</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A rock bluff rising to about 600 metres (2,000 ft) high in the south part of Turks Head Ridge. The bluff is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) north-northeast of Turks Head. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by US-ACAN (2000) after Grazyna Zreda-Gostynska, who worked on Mount Erebus in 1989-90 as a member of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology team. A Ph.D. student at NMIMT, she completed her doctoral dissertation on the gas emissions from Mount Erebus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrazyna_Bluff_USGS_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrazyna_Bluff_USGS-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glacier_Ridge">Glacier Ridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Glacier Ridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77.593989_S_167.276256_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°35′38″S</span> <span class="longitude">167°16′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.593989°S 167.276256°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.593989; 167.276256</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A broad north–south ridge, 4.5 nautical miles (8.3 km; 5.2 mi) long and 0.8 nautical miles (1.5 km; 0.92 mi) wide, on the south slopes of Mount Erebus. Completely ice covered, the ridge descends from about 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) high to 600 metres (2,000 ft) high, terminating 2.1 nautical miles (3.9 km; 2.4 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Tyree_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyree Head">Tyree Head</a>. In association with the names of expedition ships grouped on this island, named after United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) <i>Glacier</i>, an icebreaker which for three decades, 1955-56 to 1986-87, supported scientific activity in Antarctica and Ross Sea on virtually an annual basis. From 1955-56, <i>Glacier</i> operated as a US Navy ship. Along with other Navy icebreakers, Glacier was transferred to the US Coast Guard fleet, June 1966, from which she operated until decommissioned, June 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlacier_Ridge_USGS_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlacier_Ridge_USGS-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Glaciers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erebus_Ice_Tongue_(ASTER).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Erebus_Ice_Tongue_%28ASTER%29.jpg/220px-Erebus_Ice_Tongue_%28ASTER%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Erebus_Ice_Tongue_%28ASTER%29.jpg/330px-Erebus_Ice_Tongue_%28ASTER%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Erebus_Ice_Tongue_%28ASTER%29.jpg/440px-Erebus_Ice_Tongue_%28ASTER%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Erebus Glacier Tongue</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fang_Glacier">Fang Glacier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Fang Glacier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_29_S_167_06_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°29′S</span> <span class="longitude">167°06′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.483°S 167.100°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.483; 167.100</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A glacier on the west side of Fang Ridge, separating the old and new craters of Mount Erebus. Charted by Frank Debenham of the BrAE, 1910–13, and named by him in association with Fang Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995232_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995232-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erebus_Glacier">Erebus Glacier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Erebus Glacier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Erebus_Glacier" title="Erebus Glacier">Erebus Glacier</a></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_41_S_167_00_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°41′S</span> <span class="longitude">167°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.683°S 167.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.683; 167.000</span></span></span></a></span></span>. A glacier draining the lower south slopes of Mount Erebus, Ross Island, and flowing west to <a href="/wiki/Erebus_Bay" title="Erebus Bay">Erebus Bay</a> where it forms the floating Erebus Glacier Tongue. Named in association with Mount Erebus by the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Antarctic_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Antarctic Expedition">British National Antarctic Expedition</a> (BrNAE), 1901–04, under Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995224_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995224-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erebus_Glacier_Tongue">Erebus Glacier Tongue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Erebus Glacier Tongue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Erebus_Glacier_Tongue" title="Erebus Glacier Tongue">Erebus Glacier Tongue</a></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_42_S_166_40_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°42′S</span> <span class="longitude">166°40′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.700°S 166.667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.700; 166.667</span></span></span></a></span></span>. The seaward extension of Erebus Glacier from Ross Island, projecting into Erebus Bay where part of it is floating. Charted and named by the BrNAE under Scott, 1901-04.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995224_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995224-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponting_Barne_Glacier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ponting_Barne_Glacier.jpg/220px-Ponting_Barne_Glacier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ponting_Barne_Glacier.jpg/330px-Ponting_Barne_Glacier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ponting_Barne_Glacier.jpg/440px-Ponting_Barne_Glacier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Barne Glacier around 1910</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barne_Glacier">Barne Glacier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Barne Glacier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Erebus&params=77_36_S_166_26_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">77°36′S</span> <span class="longitude">166°26′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">77.600°S 166.433°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-77.600; 166.433</span></span></span></a></span></span>. Steep glacier which descends from the west slopes of Mount Erebus and terminates on the west side of Ross Island between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Barne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Barne">Cape Barne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Evans" title="Cape Evans">Cape Evans</a> where it forms a steep ice cliff. Discovered by the BrNAE, 1901–04, under Scott. Named by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09, under Shackleton after nearby Cape Barne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts199546_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts199546-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">List of volcanoes in Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Erebus_Hut" title="Lower Erebus Hut">Lower Erebus Hut</a> – home of MEVO</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMount_Erebus_GVP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMount_Erebus_GVP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMount_Erebus_GVP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMount_Erebus_GVP">Mount Erebus GVP</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995223-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995223_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995223_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberts1995">Alberts 1995</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522055348/http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=6740">"Antarctic explorers"</a>. Australian Antarctic Division. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=6740">the original</a> on 22 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antarctic+explorers&rft.pub=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aad.gov.au%2Fdefault.asp%3Fcasid%3D6740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aurora-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aurora_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aurora_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton1908" class="citation book cs1">Shackleton, Ernest, ed. (1908). <i>Aurora Australis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Royds" title="Cape Royds">Cape Royds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Joyce" title="Ernest Joyce">Joyce</a> & <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurora+Australis&rft.place=Cape+Royds%2C+Antarctica&rft.pub=Joyce+%26+Wild&rft.date=1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/antarctica.html">"Antarctica Ultra-Prominences"</a>, <i>peaklist.org</i>, Aaron Maizlish</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=peaklist.org&rft.atitle=Antarctica+Ultra-Prominences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeaklist.org%2FWWlists%2Fultras%2Fantarctica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle1994" class="citation book cs1">Kyle, P. R., ed. (1994). <i>Volcanological and Environmental Studies of Mount Erebus, Antarctica</i>. Antarctic Research Series. Washington DC: American Geophysical Union. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87590-875-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87590-875-6"><bdi>0-87590-875-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1132108108">1132108108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanological+and+Environmental+Studies+of+Mount+Erebus%2C+Antarctica&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.series=Antarctic+Research+Series&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1132108108&rft.isbn=0-87590-875-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsterMahKyleMcIntosh2003" class="citation journal cs1">Aster, R.; Mah, S.; Kyle, P.; McIntosh, W.; Dunbar, N.; Johnson, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JB002101">"Very long period oscillations of Mount Erebus volcano"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">J. Geophys. Res.</a></i> <b>108</b> (B11): 2522. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRB..108.2522A">2003JGRB..108.2522A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JB002101">10.1029/2002JB002101</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Very+long+period+oscillations+of+Mount+Erebus+volcano&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=B11&rft.pages=2522&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JB002101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JGRB..108.2522A&rft.aulast=Aster&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Mah%2C+S.&rft.au=Kyle%2C+P.&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+W.&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+N.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2002JB002101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burg2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burg2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgisserOppenheimerAllettiKyle2012" class="citation journal cs1">Burgisser, Alain; Oppenheimer, Clive; Alletti, Marina; Kyle, Philip R.; Scaillet, Bruno; Carroll, Michael R. (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00771966/file/ggge2328.pdf">"Backward Tracking of Gas Chemistry Measurements at Erebus Volcano"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</i>. <b>13</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GGG....1311010B">2012GGG....1311010B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012GC004243">10.1029/2012GC004243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14494732">14494732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.atitle=Backward+Tracking+of+Gas+Chemistry+Measurements+at+Erebus+Volcano&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14494732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2012GC004243&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012GGG....1311010B&rft.aulast=Burgisser&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Clive&rft.au=Alletti%2C+Marina&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Philip+R.&rft.au=Scaillet%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Finsu-00771966%2Ffile%2Fggge2328.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/vogripa/searchVOGRIPA.cfc?method=detail&id=2421">"VOGRIPA"</a>. <i>www.bgs.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bgs.ac.uk&rft.atitle=VOGRIPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2Fvogripa%2FsearchVOGRIPA.cfc%3Fmethod%3Ddetail%26id%3D2421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeekerChuanKylePalais1991" class="citation journal cs1">Meeker, Kimberly A.; Chuan, Ray L.; Kyle, Philip R.; <a href="/wiki/Julie_Palais" title="Julie Palais">Palais, Julie M.</a> (August 1991). "Emission of elemental gold particles from Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica". <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>18</b> (8): 1405–1408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F91GL01928">10.1029/91GL01928</a>. <q>Although the flux of emitted Au is low compared to other volcanoes, crystalline particulate Au has been found in the plume near the crater, in ambient air up to 1000km from the volcano and in near surface samples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Emission+of+elemental+gold+particles+from+Mount+Erebus%2C+Ross+Island%2C+Antarctica&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1405-1408&rft.date=1991-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F91GL01928&rft.aulast=Meeker&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+A.&rft.au=Chuan%2C+Ray+L.&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Philip+R.&rft.au=Palais%2C+Julie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecht1991" class="citation web cs1">Hecht, Jeff (7 September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117853-300-science-antarctic-gold-dust/">"Science: Antarctic gold dust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Science%3A+Antarctic+gold+dust&rft.date=1991-09-07&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg13117853-300-science-antarctic-gold-dust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contenthandler.cfm?id=1355">"Plumbing Erebus: Scientists use seismic technique to map interior of Antarctic volcano"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plumbing+Erebus%3A+Scientists+use+seismic+technique+to+map+interior+of+Antarctic+volcano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantarcticsun.usap.gov%2Fscience%2Fcontenthandler.cfm%3Fid%3D1355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZandomeneghiAsterKyleBarclay2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zandomeneghi, D.; Aster, R.; Kyle, P.; Barclay, A.; Chaput, J.; Knox, H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgrb.50073">"Internal structure of Erebus volcano, Antarctica imaged by high-resolution active-source seismic tomography and coda interferometry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i>. <b>118</b> (3): 1067–1078. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRB..118.1067Z">2013JGRB..118.1067Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgrb.50073">10.1002/jgrb.50073</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129121276">129121276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Internal+structure+of+Erebus+volcano%2C+Antarctica+imaged+by+high-resolution+active-source+seismic+tomography+and+coda+interferometry&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1067-1078&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129121276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjgrb.50073&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JGRB..118.1067Z&rft.aulast=Zandomeneghi&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Aster%2C+R.&rft.au=Kyle%2C+P.&rft.au=Barclay%2C+A.&rft.au=Chaput%2C+J.&rft.au=Knox%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjgrb.50073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For photographs of ice fumaroles, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erebus.nmt.edu/index.php/icetowers">Ice Towers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101101454/http://erebus.nmt.edu/index.php/icetowers">Archived</a> 2015-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mount Everest Volcano Observatory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506181815/https://www.astrobio.net/alien-life/descent-frozen-underworld/">"Descent into a Frozen Underworld"</a>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i>. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Descent+into+a+Frozen+Underworld&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Falien-life%2Fdescent-frozen-underworld%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnOther2015" class="citation web cs1">AnOther (18 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/7522/mount-erebus-a-tale-of-ice-and-fire">"Mount Erebus: A Tale of Ice and Fire"</a>. <i>AnOther</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AnOther&rft.atitle=Mount+Erebus%3A+A+Tale+of+Ice+and+Fire&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.au=AnOther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anothermag.com%2Fdesign-living%2F7522%2Fmount-erebus-a-tale-of-ice-and-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geologyin.com/2017/09/secret-life-may-thrive-under-warm.html">"Secret Life May Thrive Under Warm Antarctic Caves"</a>. <i>Geology In</i>. 9 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geology+In&rft.atitle=Secret+Life+May+Thrive+Under+Warm+Antarctic+Caves&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geologyin.com%2F2017%2F09%2Fsecret-life-may-thrive-under-warm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeboDavis2015-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TeboDavis2015_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeboDavisAnitoriConnell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tebo, Bradley M.; Davis, Richard E.; Anitori, Roberto P.; Connell, Laurie B.; Schiffman, Peter; Staudigel, Hubert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356161">"Microbial communities in dark oligotrophic volcanic ice cave ecosystems of Mt. Erebus, Antarctica"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Microbiology</i>. <b>6</b>: 179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2015.00179">10.3389/fmicb.2015.00179</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356161">4356161</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25814983">25814983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Microbial+communities+in+dark+oligotrophic+volcanic+ice+cave+ecosystems+of+Mt.+Erebus%2C+Antarctica&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4356161%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-302X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25814983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2015.00179&rft.aulast=Tebo&rft.aufirst=Bradley+M.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Richard+E.&rft.au=Anitori%2C+Roberto+P.&rft.au=Connell%2C+Laurie+B.&rft.au=Schiffman%2C+Peter&rft.au=Staudigel%2C+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4356161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2011" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/17402-antarctica-mount-erebus-ice-cave-diversity.html">"Antarctic Cave Microbes Shed Light on Life's Diversity"</a>. <i>Livescience</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livescience&rft.atitle=Antarctic+Cave+Microbes+Shed+Light+on+Life%27s+Diversity&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F17402-antarctica-mount-erebus-ice-cave-diversity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2019" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Rosie (2019). "Micro-organisms in the volcanic vents of Erebus - a key to life on other planets?". <i>Antarctic</i>. <b>38</b> (3 & 4): 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5327">0003-5327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antarctic&rft.atitle=Micro-organisms+in+the+volcanic+vents+of+Erebus+-+a+key+to+life+on+other+planets%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3+%26+4&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0003-5327&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1847" class="citation book cs1">Ross, J.C. (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjoNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA216"><i>A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, During the Years 1839-43</i></a>. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 216-218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+of+Discovery+and+Research+in+the+Southern+and+Antarctic+Regions%2C+During+the+Years+1839-43&rft.pages=216-218&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjoNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesiod, <i>Theogony</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+116">116–124</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atcm-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atcm_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM36/WW/atcm36_ww004_e.pdf">"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2013)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Historic+Sites+and+Monuments+approved+by+the+ATCM+%282013%29&rft.pub=Antarctic+Treaty+Secretariat&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ats.aq%2Fdocuments%2FATCM36%2FWW%2Fatcm36_ww004_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMearSwanFulcher1987" class="citation book cs1">Mear, Roger; Swan, Robert; Fulcher, Lindsay (1987). <i>A Walk to the Pole: To the Heart of Antarctica in the Footsteps of Scott</i>. Crown. pp. 95–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-56611-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-56611-4"><bdi>978-0-517-56611-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16092953">16092953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Walk+to+the+Pole%3A+To+the+Heart+of+Antarctica+in+the+Footsteps+of+Scott&rft.pages=95-104&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16092953&rft.isbn=978-0-517-56611-4&rft.aulast=Mear&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Swan%2C+Robert&rft.au=Fulcher%2C+Lindsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler_Terra-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_Terra_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1998" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Sara (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terraincognita00sara"><i>Terra Incognita</i></a></span>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679440789" title="Special:BookSources/9780679440789"><bdi>9780679440789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terra+Incognita&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780679440789&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterraincognita00sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_Place-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_Place_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Nicholas (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigdeadplaceinsi00nich"><i>Big Dead Place</i></a></span>. Feral House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780922915996" title="Special:BookSources/9780922915996"><bdi>9780922915996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Dead+Place&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780922915996&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigdeadplaceinsi00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettergreenThorpeWhittaker1993" class="citation journal cs1">Wettergreen, David; Thorpe, Chuck; Whittaker, Red (December 1993). "Exploring Mount Erebus by Walking Robot". <i>Robotics and Autonomous Systems</i>. <b>11</b> (3–4): 171–185. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.46.6546">10.1.1.46.6546</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0921-8890%2893%2990022-5">10.1016/0921-8890(93)90022-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1190583">1190583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Robotics+and+Autonomous+Systems&rft.atitle=Exploring+Mount+Erebus+by+Walking+Robot&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=171-185&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.46.6546%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1190583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0921-8890%2893%2990022-5&rft.aulast=Wettergreen&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+Chuck&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+Red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2011" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Paul (2011). <i>Daughters of Erebus</i>. Hodder Moa. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86971-250-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86971-250-1"><bdi>978-1-86971-250-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/740446014">740446014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+Erebus&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Hodder+Moa&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F740446014&rft.isbn=978-1-86971-250-1&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royal Commission Report, para 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royal Commission Report, para 40(a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMain_Crater_USGS-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMain_Crater_USGS_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMain_Crater_USGS">Main Crater USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInner_Crater_USGS-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInner_Crater_USGS_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInner_Crater_USGS">Inner Crater USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESide_Crater_USGS-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESide_Crater_USGS_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSide_Crater_USGS">Side Crater USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern_Crater_USGS-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestern_Crater_USGS_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestern_Crater_USGS">Western Crater USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss_Island_USGS-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss_Island_USGS_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss_Island_USGS">Ross Island USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelo_Cliffs_USGS-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelo_Cliffs_USGS_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelo_Cliffs_USGS">Helo Cliffs USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeismic_Bluff_USGS-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeismic_Bluff_USGS_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeismic_Bluff_USGS">Seismic Bluff USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETower_Ridge_USGS-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETower_Ridge_USGS_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTower_Ridge_USGS">Tower Ridge USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamp_Slope_USGS-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamp_Slope_USGS_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamp_Slope_USGS">Camp Slope USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobot_Gully_USGS-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobot_Gully_USGS_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobot_Gully_USGS">Robot Gully USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal_Slope_USGS-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal_Slope_USGS_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrystal_Slope_USGS">Crystal Slope USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENausea_Knob_USGS-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENausea_Knob_USGS_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNausea_Knob_USGS">Nausea Knob USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts19951-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts19951_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberts1995">Alberts 1995</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrall_Crags_USGS-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrall_Crags_USGS_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrall_Crags_USGS">Krall Crags USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarr_Nunatak_USGS-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarr_Nunatak_USGS_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarr_Nunatak_USGS">Tarr Nunatak USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995232-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995232_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995232_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberts1995">Alberts 1995</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Fang_USGS-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Fang_USGS_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Fang_USGS">The Fang USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillennium_Peak_USGS-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillennium_Peak_USGS_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillennium_Peak_USGS">Millennium Peak USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman_Peak_USGS-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman_Peak_USGS_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman_Peak_USGS">Coleman Peak USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Puna_Roimata_Peak_USGS-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Puna_Roimata_Peak_USGS_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Puna_Roimata_Peak_USGS">Te Puna Roimata Peak USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995344-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995344_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberts1995">Alberts 1995</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman_Crags_USGS-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman_Crags_USGS_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCashman_Crags_USGS">Cashman Crags USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995815-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995815_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberts1995">Alberts 1995</a>, p. 815.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETech_Crags_USGS-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETech_Crags_USGS_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTech_Crags_USGS">Tech Crags USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995745-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995745_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberts1995">Alberts 1995</a>, p. 745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995764-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995764_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberts1995">Alberts 1995</a>, p. 764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsser_Bluff_USGS-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsser_Bluff_USGS_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsser_Bluff_USGS">Esser Bluff USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrazyna_Bluff_USGS-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrazyna_Bluff_USGS_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrazyna_Bluff_USGS">Grazyna Bluff USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlacier_Ridge_USGS-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlacier_Ridge_USGS_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlacier_Ridge_USGS">Glacier Ridge USGS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995224-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995224_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995224_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberts1995">Alberts 1995</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts199546-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberts199546_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberts1995">Alberts 1995</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts1995" class="citation cs2">Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf"><i>Geographic Names of the Antarctic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2 ed.), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+of+the+Antarctic&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=United+States+Board+on+Geographic+Names&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffedgov%2F70039167%2Freport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamp_Slope_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17920">"Camp Slope"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camp+Slope&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashman_Crags_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17828">"Cashman Crags"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cashman+Crags&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman_Peak_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7838">"Coleman Peak"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coleman+Peak&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A7838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal_Slope_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17912">"Crystal Slope"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crystal+Slope&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsser_Bluff_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17831">"Esser Bluff"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esser+Bluff&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlacier_Ridge_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17731">"Glacier Ridge"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glacier+Ridge&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrazyna_Bluff_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17830">"Grazyna Bluff"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grazyna+Bluff&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelo_Cliffs_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17909">"Helo Cliffs"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helo+Cliffs&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInner_Crater_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17914">"Inner Crater"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inner+Crater&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrall_Crags_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17825">"Krall Crags"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krall+Crags&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMain_Crater_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17913">"Main Crater"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Main+Crater&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillennium_Peak_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7839">"Millennium Peak"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Millennium+Peak&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A7839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount_Erebus_GVP" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=390020">"Mount Erebus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Mount+Erebus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D390020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNausea_Knob_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17910">"Nausea Knob"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nausea+Knob&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobot_Gully_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17917">"Robot Gully"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robot+Gully&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Island_USGS" class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RossIslandMap.jpg"><i>Ross Island</i></a>, USGS: United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ross+Island&rft.pub=USGS%3A+United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ARossIslandMap.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeismic_Bluff_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17911">"Seismic Bluff"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seismic+Bluff&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSide_Crater_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17915">"Side Crater"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Side+Crater&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarr_Nunatak_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17826">"Tarr Nunatak"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tarr+Nunatak&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTe_Puna_Roimata_Peak_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7836">"Te Puna Roimata Peak"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Te+Puna+Roimata+Peak&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A7836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTech_Crags_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17829">"Tech Crags"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tech+Crags&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Fang_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7963">"The Fang"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fang&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A7963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTower_Ridge_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17919">"Tower Ridge"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tower+Ridge&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestern_Crater_USGS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17916">"Western Crater"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+Crater&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F2020%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A17916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link 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E.; Thomson, J. W., eds. (1990). <i>Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87590-172-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87590-172-7"><bdi>0-87590-172-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+the+Antarctic+Plate+and+Southern+Oceans&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87590-172-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims,_Kenneth_W._W.Aster,_Richard_C.Gaetani,_Glenn_\Blichert-Toft,_Janne2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sims, Kenneth W. W.; Aster, Richard C.; Gaetani, Glenn \; <a href="/wiki/Janne_Blichert-Toft" title="Janne Blichert-Toft">Blichert-Toft, Janne</a>; Phillips, Erin H.; Wallace, Paul J.; Mattioli, Glen S.; Rasmussen, Dan; Boyd, Eric S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03328237/file/GSLBooks19-008_Final_Version_modified.pdf">"Mount Erebus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geological Society of London, Memoirs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fm55-2019-8">10.1144/m55-2019-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-4722">2041-4722</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0435-4052">0435-4052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233522516">233522516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+London%2C+Memoirs&rft.atitle=Mount+Erebus&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0435-4052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233522516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=2041-4722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Fm55-2019-8&rft.au=Sims%2C+Kenneth+W.+W.&rft.au=Aster%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Gaetani%2C+Glenn+%5C&rft.au=Blichert-Toft%2C+Janne&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Erin+H.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Mattioli%2C+Glen+S.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Dan&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-03328237%2Ffile%2FGSLBooks19-008_Final_Version_modified.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Erebus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/mevo/home?authuser=0">The Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041117073222/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/earth/volcano/erebus-browse.jpg">A picture from space of the lava lake at the summit of Mount Erebus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthfromspace.photoglobe.info/spc_erebus_glacier.html">Erebus glacier tongue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthref.org/cgi-bin/erda.cgi?n=335">A panoramic view from the summit of Mount Erebus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Jm5lZb0DOI">Video of Mount Erebus erupting in 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6JmsuTQAAAAJ&hl">List of published research about Mount Erebus, maintained by Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Gangotri" title="Dakshin Gangotri">Dakshin Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Mountains_India_Point_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt Mountains India Point Monument">Humboldt Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schirmacher_Oasis" title="Schirmacher Oasis">Schirmacher Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)" title="Showa Station (Antarctica)">Showa Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Enderby_Land" title="Enderby Land">Enderby Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_Island" title="Proclamation Island">Proclamation Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Kemp_Land" title="Kemp Land">Kemp Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Mac._Robertson_Land" title="Mac. Robertson Land">Mac. 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B. Dobrowolski Polar Station">A.B. Dobrowolski Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9barquement_Rock" title="Débarquement Rock">Débarquement Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_Island_(Antarctica)" title="Petrel Island (Antarctica)">Petrel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Martin" title="Port Martin">Port Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/George_V_Land" title="George V Land">George V Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Denison" title="Cape Denison">Cape Denison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Adare" title="Cape Adare">Cape Adare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Geology" title="Cape Geology">Cape Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Wadworth" title="Cape Wadworth">Cape Wadworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foyn_Island" title="Foyn Island">Foyn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hells_Gate_Moraine" title="Hells Gate Moraine">Hells Gate Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inexpressible_Island" title="Inexpressible Island">Inexpressible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillie_Marleen_Hut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillie Marleen Hut">Mount Dockery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Crozier" title="Cape Crozier">Cape Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Evans" title="Cape Evans">Cape Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%27s_Hut" title="Shackleton's Hut">Shackleton's Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut_Point_Peninsula" title="Hut Point Peninsula">Hut Point Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bay" title="Lewis Bay">Lewis Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Betty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Betty">Mount Betty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation_Hill_(McMurdo_Station)" title="Observation Hill (McMurdo Station)">Observation Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott%27s_Hut" title="Scott's Hut">Scott's Hut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Land" title="King Edward VII Land">Edward VII Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nunataks" title="Scott Nunataks">Scott Nunataks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_General_Bernardo_O%27Higgins_Riquelme" title="Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme">Bernardo O'Higgins Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damoy_Point" title="Damoy Point">Damoy Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detaille_Island" title="Detaille Island">Detaille Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay" title="Hope Bay">Hope Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Island_(Antarctica)" title="Horseshoe Island (Antarctica)">Horseshoe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Island" title="Lambda Island">Lambda Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalestris_Hill_Cairn" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalestris Hill Cairn">Megalestris Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metchnikoff_Point" title="Metchnikoff Point">Metchnikoff Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradise Harbor">Paradise Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_Island" title="Paulet Island">Paulet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Charcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Charcot">Port Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lockroy" title="Port Lockroy">Port Lockroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martin_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="San Martin Base">San Martin Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Island" title="Seymour Island">Seymour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Hill_Island" title="Snow Hill Island">Snow Hill Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonington_Island" title="Stonington Island">Stonington Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterboat_Point" title="Waterboat Point">Waterboat Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Island_(Antarctica)" title="Winter Island (Antarctica)">Winter Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" title="Monument to the Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Arturo Prat Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Great_Wall_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Great Wall Station">Great Wall Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Moon_Beach" title="Half Moon Beach">Half Moon Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski_Polish_Antarctic_Station" title="Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station">Henryk Arctowski Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_Dog_Hut" title="Lame Dog Hut">Lame Dog Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Bay_(Antarctica)" title="Maxwell Bay (Antarctica)">Maxwell Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_Cove" title="Pendulum Cove">Pendulum Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Wild" title="Point Wild">Point Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Cove" title="Potter Cove">Potter Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whalers_Bay_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="Whalers Bay (South Shetland Islands)">Whalers Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Harbour" title="Yankee Harbour">Yankee Harbour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkneys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Bay" title="Scotia Bay">Scotia Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Stonington_Island" title="Stonington Island">Stonington Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Base" title="East Base">East Base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus#Q188982" class="extiw" title="voy:Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188982#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188982#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188982#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/247811450">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4379976-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94008167">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558853705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=390020">Global Volcanism Program</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038385">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ross_Island" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ross_Island" title="Template:Ross Island"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ross_Island" title="Template talk:Ross Island"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ross_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ross Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ross_Island" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Erebus_Hut" title="Lower Erebus Hut">Lower Erebus Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott%27s_Hut" title="Scott's Hut">Scott's Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%27s_Hut" title="Shackleton's Hut">Shackleton's Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Park_Base" title="World Park Base">World Park Base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated <br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Peak_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Peak (Antarctica)">Abbott Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainley_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainley Peak">Ainley Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Barker Peak">Barker Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeby_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeby Peak">Beeby Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldwell Peak">Caldwell Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuan_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuan Peak">Chuan Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Cis">Mount Cis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleman Peak">Coleman Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coughran_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughran Peak">Coughran Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detrick_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Detrick Peak">Detrick Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibble_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibble Peak">Dibble Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fang" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fang">The Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Joyce Peak">Joyce Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristin Peak">Kristin Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_McIntosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount McIntosh">Mount McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahan_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Manahan Peak">Manahan Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Melton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Melton">Mount Melton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Peak">Millennium Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore Peak">Moore Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nash Peak">Nash Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oamaru_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Oamaru Peak">Oamaru Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohau_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohau Peak">Ohau Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parawera_Cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Parawera Cone">Parawera Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanniello_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanniello Peak">Scanniello Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherve_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherve Peak">Sherve Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slattery_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Slattery Peak">Slattery Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sutherland">Mount Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak%C3%A4k%C3%A4_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarakäkä Peak">Tarakäkä Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puna_Roimata_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Puna Roimata Peak">Te Puna Roimata Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tent Peak">Tent Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_Cones" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Sisters Cones">Three Sisters Cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_Cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Turret Cone">Turret Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Wong Peak">Wong Peak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Volcanoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bird" title="Mount Bird">Mount Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knob" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Knob">Black Knob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Cones" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulder Cones">Boulder Cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinder_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinder Hill">Cinder Hill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="First Crater">First Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamble_Cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamble Cone">Gamble Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Moon_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Half Moon Crater">Half Moon Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopers_Shoulder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoopers Shoulder">Hoopers Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Crater">Inner Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyle Cone">Kyle Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Hills" title="Kyle Hills">Kyle Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Crater">Main Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation_Hill_(McMurdo_Station)" title="Observation Hill (McMurdo Station)">Observation Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Crater">Second Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheppard Crater">Sheppard Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Terra_Nova" title="Mount Terra Nova">Mount Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Terror (Antarctica)">Mount Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topping_Cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Topping Cone">Topping Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Crater">Twin Crater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Hills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hill_(Ross_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Hill (Ross Island)">Alexander Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knob" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Knob">Black Knob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone Hill">Cone Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_Hill,_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Conical Hill, Antarctica">Conical Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzgerald Hill">Fitzgerald Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Rock">Ford Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusion Hill">Inclusion Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Keys Hill">Keys Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Knoll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Knoll">The Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutz Hill">Lutz Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation_Hill_(McMurdo_Station)" title="Observation Hill (McMurdo Station)">Observation Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Office Hill">Post Office Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachyte Hill">Trachyte Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Nunataks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Rocks">Allen Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_(Antarctica)" title="Castle Rock (Antarctica)">Castle Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centipede_Nunatak" class="mw-redirect" title="Centipede Nunatak">Centipede Nunatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Nunatak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaka Nunatak">Kaka Nunatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakapo_Nunatak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakapo Nunatak">Kakapo Nunatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kea_Nunataks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kea Nunataks">Kea Nunataks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienle_Nunataks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kienle Nunataks">Kienle Nunataks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCm%C3%BC_Nunatak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mümü Nunatak">Mümü Nunatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Crag" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Crag">Norman Crag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%8Dnui_Nunatak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pōnui Nunatak">Pōnui Nunatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takahe_Nunatak" class="mw-redirect" title="Takahe Nunatak">Takahe Nunatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazieff_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazieff Rocks">Tazieff Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tooth_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tooth (Antarctica)">The Tooth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inland <br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cliffs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_Heights" title="Arrival Heights">Arrival Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esser_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Esser Bluff">Esser Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazyna_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Grazyna Bluff">Grazyna Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helo_Cliffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Helo Cliffs">Helo Cliffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminuma_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminuma Bluff">Kaminuma Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krall_Crags" class="mw-redirect" title="Krall Crags">Krall Crags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais Bluff">Palais Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrie_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrie Bluff">Terrie Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vee_Cliffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vee Cliffs">Vee Cliffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams Cliff">Williams Cliff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Glaciers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Glacier_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora Glacier (Antarctica)">Aurora Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barne_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Barne Glacier">Barne Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwind_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastwind Glacier">Eastwind Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Piedmont_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Endeavour Piedmont Glacier">Endeavour Piedmont Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_Glacier" title="Erebus Glacier">Erebus Glacier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_Glacier_Tongue" title="Erebus Glacier Tongue">Erebus Glacier Tongue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Fang Glacier">Fang Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Glacier">Shell Glacier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal Lake">Algal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Lake_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Lake (Antarctica)">Blue Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_(Ross_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear Lake (Ross Island)">Clear Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Lake">Coast Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Lake_(Ross_Island)" title="Deep Lake (Ross Island)">Deep Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Lake_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Lake (Antarctica)">Island Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Pony Lake">Pony Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skua_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Skua Lake">Skua Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Lake_(McMurdo_Station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Starr Lake (McMurdo Station)">Starr Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunk_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunk Lake">Sunk Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace Lake">Terrace Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Fang Ridge">Fang Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giggenbach_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Giggenbach Ridge">Giggenbach Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier Ridge">Glacier Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardrail_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardrail Ridge">Guardrail Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Tower_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Tower Ridge">Ice Tower Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panter_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Panter Ridge">Panter Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohnke_Crests" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohnke Crests">Rohnke Crests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruru_Crests" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruru Crests">Ruru Crests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Crags" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech Crags">Tech Crags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekapo_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekapo Ridge">Tekapo Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramway_Ridge" title="Tramway Ridge">Tramway Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_Head_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks Head Ridge">Turks Head Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Ridge">Warren Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other inland<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Saddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird Saddle">Bird Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Slope">Camp Slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal Slope">Crystal Slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_Stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzgerald Stream">Fitzgerald Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Rocks">Fortress Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Stream">Harrison Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofty_Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Lofty Promenade">Lofty Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="New College Valley">New College Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakaru_Icefalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakaru Icefalls">Pakaru Icefalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ramp_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ramp (Antarctica)">The Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Gully" class="mw-redirect" title="Robot Gully">Robot Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson Stream">Wilson Stream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coastal<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Bays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_Bay" title="Backdoor Bay">Backdoor Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_Bay" title="Erebus Bay">Erebus Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_Bay,_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fog Bay, Antarctica">Fog Bay, Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bay" title="Lewis Bay">Lewis Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_Head_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks Head Bay">Turks Head Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windless_Bight" title="Windless Bight">Windless Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Quarters_Bay" title="Winter Quarters Bay">Winter Quarters Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohlschlag_Bay" title="Wohlschlag Bay">Wohlschlag Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Headlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Barne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Barne">Cape Barne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Bird" title="Cape Bird">Cape Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Crozier" title="Cape Crozier">Cape Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufek_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Dufek Head">Dufek Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Evans" title="Cape Evans">Cape Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagstaff Point">Flagstaff Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Bluff">Harrison Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut_Point_Peninsula" title="Hut Point Peninsula">Hut Point Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Keys Point">Keys Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_MacKay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape MacKay">Cape MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micou_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Micou Point">Micou Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport Point">Newport Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Royds" title="Cape Royds">Cape Royds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Tennyson">Cape Tennyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror Point">Terror Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towle_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Towle Point">Towle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryggve_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Tryggve Point">Tryggve Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks Head">Turks Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varcoe_Headland" class="mw-redirect" title="Varcoe Headland">Varcoe Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot Point">Wyandot Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other coastal <br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caughley_Beach" title="Caughley Beach">Caughley Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_Beach" title="McDonald Beach">McDonald Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Ice_Shelf" title="McMurdo Ice Shelf">McMurdo Ice Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waipuke_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Waipuke Beach">Waipuke Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamson Rock">Williamson Rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&oldid=1257044987#Helo_Cliffs">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Erebus&oldid=1257044987#Helo_Cliffs</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Active_volcanoes" title="Category:Active volcanoes">Active volcanoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extreme_points_of_Earth" title="Category:Extreme points of Earth">Extreme points of Earth</a></li><li><a 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