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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployments_by_continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployments_by_continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deployments by continent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deployments_by_continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cable-based_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cable-based_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other cable-based services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cable-based_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cable television</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تلفزيون كبلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلفزيون كبلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_per_cable" title="Televisión per cable – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Televisión per cable" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel_televiziyas%C4%B1" title="Kabel televiziyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kabel televiziyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Кабель телевидениеһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кабель телевидениеһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кабелна телевизия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кабелна телевизия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3_per_cable" title="Televisió per cable – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Televisió per cable" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabelov%C3%A1_televize" title="Kabelová televize – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kabelová televize" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel-tv" title="Kabel-tv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kabel-tv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabelfernsehen" title="Kabelfernsehen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kabelfernsehen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaabeltelevisioon" title="Kaabeltelevisioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaabeltelevisioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_por_cable" title="Televisión por cable – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Televisión por cable" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabla_televido" title="Kabla televido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kabla televido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kable_bidezko_telebista" title="Kable bidezko telebista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kable bidezko telebista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تلویزیون کابلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلویزیون کابلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_par_c%C3%A2ble" title="Télévision par câble – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télévision par câble" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilif%C3%ADs_ch%C3%A1bla" title="Teilifís chábla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilifís chábla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_por_cable" title="Televisión por cable – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Televisión por cable" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%94_%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84" title="케이블 텔레비전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케이블 텔레비전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="केबल टीवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केबल टीवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabelska_televizija" title="Kabelska televizija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kabelska televizija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi_kabel" title="Televisi kabel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Televisi kabel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapalsj%C3%B3nvarp" title="Kapalsjónvarp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kapalsjónvarp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisione_via_cavo" title="Televisione via cavo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Televisione via cavo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טלוויזיה בכבלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלוויזיה בכבלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visi_kabel" title="Télévisi kabel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Télévisi kabel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кабельді теледидар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кабельді теледидар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%81%D3%A9%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Кабелдик телекөрсөтүү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кабелдик телекөрсөтүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinschaftsantenn" title="Gemeinschaftsantenn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gemeinschaftsantenn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1beltelev%C3%ADzi%C3%B3" title="Kábeltelevízió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kábeltelevízió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кабелска телевизија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кабелска телевизија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisyen_kabel" title="Televisyen kabel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Televisyen kabel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Кабелийн телевиз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кабелийн телевиз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabeltelevisie" title="Kabeltelevisie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kabeltelevisie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93" title="ケーブルテレビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケーブルテレビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel-TV" title="Kabel-TV – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kabel-TV" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabelfjernsyn" title="Kabelfjernsyn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kabelfjernsyn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabelli_televideniya" title="Kabelli televideniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kabelli televideniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telewizja_kablowa" title="Telewizja kablowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telewizja kablowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_a_cabo" title="Televisão a cabo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Televisão a cabo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiziune_prin_cablu" title="Televiziune prin cablu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Televiziune prin cablu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Кабельное телевидение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кабельное телевидение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_telly" title="Cable telly – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cable telly" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizioni_kabllor" title="Televizioni kabllor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Televizioni kabllor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cable television" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1blov%C3%A1_telev%C3%ADzia" title="Káblová televízia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Káblová televízia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabelska_televizija" title="Kabelska televizija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kabelska televizija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%A8%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86" title="کێبڵی تەلەڤیزیۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێبڵی تەلەڤیزیۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кабловска телевизија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кабловска телевизија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kablovski_distributivni_sistem" title="Kablovski distributivni sistem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kablovski distributivni sistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_kabel" title="TV kabel – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="TV kabel" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaapelitelevisio" title="Kaapelitelevisio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaapelitelevisio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel-TV" title="Kabel-TV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kabel-TV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="கம்பி வடத் தொலைக்காட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கம்பி வடத் தொலைக்காட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80" title="కేబుల్ టీవీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కేబుల్ టీవీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="โทรทัศน์ผ่านสายเคเบิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรทัศน์ผ่านสายเคเบิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Телевизиони ноқилӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Телевизиони ноқилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kablolu_televizyon" title="Kablolu televizyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kablolu televizyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Кабельне телебачення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кабельне телебачення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh_c%C3%A1p" title="Truyền hình cáp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền hình cáp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="有线电视 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="有线电视" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קאבל-טעלעוויזיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאבל-טעלעוויזיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="有線電視 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="有線電視" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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For the song by Fol Chen, see <a href="/wiki/Cable_TV_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV (song)">Cable TV (song)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cable_television" title="Special:EditPage/Cable television">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cable+television%22">"Cable television"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cable+television%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cable+television%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cable+television%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cable+television%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cable+television%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg/220px-F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg/330px-F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg/440px-F-Stecker_und_Kabel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> used to carry cable television onto subscribers' premises</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisco_Set_Top_box_from_the_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cisco_Set_Top_box_from_the_front.jpg/200px-Cisco_Set_Top_box_from_the_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cisco_Set_Top_box_from_the_front.jpg/300px-Cisco_Set_Top_box_from_the_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cisco_Set_Top_box_from_the_front.jpg/400px-Cisco_Set_Top_box_from_the_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>, an electronic device which cable subscribers use to connect the cable signal to their <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> sets. Presented unit is a <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a> RNG200N for <a href="/wiki/QAM_(television)" title="QAM (television)">QAM</a> digital cable television system used in North America.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cable television</b> is a system of delivering <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">programming</a> to consumers via <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> (RF) signals transmitted through <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cables</a>, or in more recent systems, light pulses through <a href="/wiki/Fibre-optic_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre-optic cable">fibre-optic cables</a>. This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">broadcast television</a>, in which the television signal is transmitted over-the-air by <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> and received by a <a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">television antenna</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>, in which the television signal is transmitted over-the-air by <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a> and received by a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a> on the roof. <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> programming, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed Internet">high-speed Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephone services</a>, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables. <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have been upgraded to <a href="/wiki/Digital_cable" title="Digital cable">digital cable</a> operation. </p><p>A <b>cable channel</b> (sometimes known as a <b>cable network</b>) is a television network available via cable television. Many of the same channels are distributed through <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>. Alternative terms include <i>non-broadcast channel</i> or <i>programming service</i>, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. The abbreviation <b>CATV</b> is used in the US for cable television and originally stood for <b>community antenna television</b>, from cable television's origins in 1948; in areas where over-the-air TV reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large <i>community antennas</i> were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. </p><p>In 1968, 6.4% of Americans had cable television. The number increased to 7.5% in 1978. By 1988, 52.8% of all households were using cable. The number further increased to 62.4% in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%9CP_von_KBW.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/H%C3%9CP_von_KBW.JPG/220px-H%C3%9CP_von_KBW.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/H%C3%9CP_von_KBW.JPG/330px-H%C3%9CP_von_KBW.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/H%C3%9CP_von_KBW.JPG/440px-H%C3%9CP_von_KBW.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A cable television distribution box (<i>left</i>) in the basement of a building in Germany (Kabel BW network, now <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Germany" title="Vodafone Germany">Vodafone</a>), with a <a href="/wiki/Power_dividers_and_directional_couplers" title="Power dividers and directional couplers">splitter</a> (<i>right</i>) which supplies the signal to separate cables which go to different rooms</figcaption></figure> <p>To receive cable television at a given location, cable distribution lines must be available on the local utility poles or underground utility lines. <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a> brings the signal to the customer's building through a <a href="/wiki/Service_drop" title="Service drop">service drop</a>, an overhead or underground cable. If the subscriber's building does not have a cable service drop, the cable company will install one. The standard cable used in the U.S. is <a href="/wiki/RG-6" title="RG-6">RG-6</a>, which has a 75 ohm <a href="/wiki/Characteristic_impedance" title="Characteristic impedance">impedance</a>, and connects with a type <a href="/wiki/F_connector" title="F connector">F connector</a>. The cable company's portion of the wiring usually ends at a distribution box on the building exterior, and built-in cable wiring in the walls usually distributes the signal to jacks in different rooms to which televisions are connected. Multiple cables to different rooms are split off the incoming cable with a small device called a <a href="/wiki/Power_dividers_and_directional_couplers" title="Power dividers and directional couplers">splitter</a>. There are two standards for cable television; older analog cable, and newer <a href="/wiki/Digital_cable" title="Digital cable">digital cable</a> which can carry data signals used by <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> receivers such as <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV) equipment. All cable companies in the United States have switched to or are in the course of switching to digital cable television since it was first introduced in the late 1990s. </p><p>Most cable companies require a <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cable_converter_box" title="Cable converter box">cable converter box</a>) or a slot on one's TV set for conditional access module cards<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to view their cable channels, even on newer televisions with digital cable <a href="/wiki/QAM_(television)" title="QAM (television)">QAM</a> tuners, because most digital cable channels are now encrypted, or <i>scrambled</i>, to reduce <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_piracy" title="Cable television piracy">cable service theft</a>. A cable from the jack in the wall is attached to the input of the box, and an output cable from the box is attached to the television, usually the RF-IN or composite input on older TVs. Since the set-top box only decodes the single channel that is being watched, each television in the house requires a separate box. Some unencrypted channels, usually traditional over-the-air broadcast networks, can be displayed without a receiver box.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cable company will provide set-top boxes based on the level of service a customer purchases, from basic set-top boxes with a <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-definition">standard-definition</a> picture connected through the standard coaxial connection on the TV, to high-definition wireless <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorder</a> (DVR) receivers connected via <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> or <a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">component</a>. Older <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a> sets are <i>cable ready</i> and can receive the old analog cable without a set-top box. To receive digital cable channels on an analog television set, even unencrypted ones, requires a different type of box, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_adapter" title="Digital television adapter">digital television adapter</a> supplied by the cable company or purchased by the subscriber. Another new distribution method that takes advantage of the low cost high quality DVB distribution to residential areas, uses <a href="/wiki/TV_gateway" title="TV gateway">TV gateways</a> to convert the <a href="/wiki/DVB-C" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-C2" class="mw-redirect" title="DVB-C2">DVB-C2</a> stream to IP for distribution of TV over IP network in the home. Many cable companies offer internet access through <a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle_of_operation">Principle of operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principle of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HFC_Network_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HFC_Network_Diagram.svg/400px-HFC_Network_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HFC_Network_Diagram.svg/600px-HFC_Network_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HFC_Network_Diagram.svg/800px-HFC_Network_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a modern <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">hybrid fiber-coaxial</a> cable television system. At the regional <i><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_headend" title="Cable television headend">headend</a></i>, the TV channels are sent multiplexed on a light beam which travels through <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> trunklines, which fan out from <i>distribution hubs</i> to <i>optical nodes</i> in local communities. Here the light signal from the fiber is translated to a <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> electrical signal, which is distributed through <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> to individual subscriber homes.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the most common system, multiple television channels (as many as 500, although this varies depending on the provider's available channel capacity) are distributed to subscriber residences through a <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>, which comes from a trunkline supported on <a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">utility poles</a> originating at the cable company's local distribution facility, called the <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_headend" title="Cable television headend">headend</a>. Many channels can be transmitted through one coaxial cable by a technique called <a href="/wiki/Frequency_division_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency division multiplexing">frequency division multiplexing</a>. At the headend, each television channel is translated to a different <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>. By giving each channel a different frequency <i>slot</i> on the cable, the separate television signals do not interfere with each other. At an <a href="/wiki/Cable_box_(outside)" title="Cable box (outside)">outdoor cable box</a> on the subscriber's residence, the company's service drop cable is connected to cables distributing the signal to different rooms in the building. At each television, the subscriber's television or a set-top box provided by the cable company translates the desired channel back to its original frequency (<a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a>), and it is displayed onscreen. Due to widespread <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_piracy" title="Cable television piracy">cable theft</a> in earlier analog systems, the signals are typically <a href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a> on modern digital cable systems, and the set-top box must be activated by an <a href="/wiki/Activation_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Activation code">activation code</a> sent by the cable company before it will function, which is only sent after the subscriber signs up. If the subscriber fails to pay their bill, the cable company can send a signal to deactivate the subscriber's box, preventing reception. </p><p>There are also usually <a href="/wiki/Upstream_(networking)" title="Upstream (networking)">upstream</a> channels on the cable to send data from the customer box to the cable headend, for advanced features such as requesting <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> shows or movies, <a href="/wiki/Cable_internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable internet access">cable internet access</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cable_telephone_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable telephone service">cable telephone service</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(networking)" title="Downstream (networking)">downstream</a> channels occupy a band of <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a> from approximately 50 MHz to 1 GHz, while the upstream channels occupy frequencies of 5 to 42 MHz. Subscribers pay with a monthly fee. Subscribers can choose from several levels of service, with premium packages including more channels but costing a higher rate. At the local headend, the feed signals from the individual television channels are received by <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabolic dish">dish antennas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellites</a>. Additional local channels, such as local <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">broadcast television</a> stations, <a href="/wiki/Educational_television" title="Educational television">educational channels</a> from local colleges, and <a href="/wiki/Community_access_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Community access channel">community access channels</a> devoted to local governments (<a href="/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Public, educational, and government access">PEG</a> channels) are usually included on the cable service. <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">Commercial</a> advertisements for local business are also <a href="/wiki/Local_insertion#Cable_television" title="Local insertion">inserted in the programming</a> at the headend (the individual channels, which are distributed nationally, also have their own nationally oriented commercials). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_fiber-coaxial">Hybrid fiber-coaxial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hybrid fiber-coaxial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fibre-coaxial" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid fibre-coaxial">Hybrid fibre-coaxial</a></div> <p>Modern cable systems are large, with a single network and headend often serving an entire <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. Most systems use <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">hybrid fiber-coaxial</a> (HFC) distribution; this means the trunklines that carry the signal from the headend to local neighborhoods are <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> to provide greater bandwidth and also extra capacity for future expansion. At the headend, the electrical signal is translated into an optical signal and sent through the fiber. The fiber trunkline goes to several <i>distribution hubs</i>, from which multiple fibers fan out to carry the signal to boxes called <i>optical nodes</i> in local communities. At the optical node, the optical signal is translated back into an electrical signal and carried by <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> distribution lines on utility poles, from which cables branch out to a series of signal amplifiers and line extenders. These devices carry the signal to customers via passive RF devices called taps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cable_television" title="Talk:Cable television">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiemensCableTelevision1981,_Bestanddeelnr_931-3837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SiemensCableTelevision1981%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-3837.jpg/300px-SiemensCableTelevision1981%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-3837.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SiemensCableTelevision1981%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-3837.jpg/450px-SiemensCableTelevision1981%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-3837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SiemensCableTelevision1981%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-3837.jpg/600px-SiemensCableTelevision1981%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-3837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration of a 30-channel cable TV system in the Netherlands in March 1981.</figcaption></figure> <p>The very first cable networks were operated locally, notably in 1936 by <a href="/wiki/Rediffusion" title="Rediffusion">Rediffusion</a> in London in the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the same year in Berlin in Germany, notably for the <a href="/wiki/1936_Olympics" title="1936 Olympics">Olympic Games</a>, and from 1948 onwards in the United States and Switzerland. This type of local cable network was mainly used to relay terrestrial channels in geographical areas poorly served by terrestrial television signals.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">Cable television in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Summary_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may benefit from being shortened by the use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Summary style may involve the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> of sections of text to one or more sub-topic articles which are then summarized in the main article.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cable television<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began in the United States as a commercial business in 1950s. </p><p>The early systems simply received weak (<a href="/wiki/Broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast">broadcast</a>) channels, amplified them, and sent them over unshielded wires to the subscribers, limited to a community or to adjacent communities. The receiving antenna would be taller than any individual subscriber could afford, thus bringing in stronger signals; in hilly or mountainous terrain it would be placed at a high elevation. </p><p>At the outset, cable systems only served smaller communities without television stations of their own, and which could not easily receive signals from stations in cities because of distance or hilly terrain. In Canada, however, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Rarely, as in the college town of <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_New_York" title="Alfred, New York">Alfred, New York</a>, U.S. cable systems retransmitted Canadian channels. </p><p>Although early (<a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a>) television receivers could receive 12 channels (2–13), the maximum number of channels that could be broadcast in one city was 7: channels 2, 4, either 5 or 6, 7, 9, 11 and 13, as receivers at the time were unable to receive strong (local) signals on adjacent channels without distortion. (There were frequency gaps between 4 and 5, and between 6 and 7, which allowed both to be used in the same city). </p><p>As equipment improved, all twelve channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be a priority, but technology allowed low-priority signals to be placed on such channels by synchronizing their <a href="/wiki/Blanking_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanking interval">blanking intervals</a>. TVs were unable to reconcile these blanking intervals and the slight changes due to travel through a medium, causing <a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">ghosting</a>. The bandwidth of the amplifiers also was limited, meaning frequencies over 250 MHz were difficult to transmit to distant portions of the coaxial network, and UHF channels could not be used at all. To expand beyond 12 channels, non-standard <i>midband</i> channels had to be used, located between the FM band and Channel 7, or <i>superband</i> beyond Channel 13 up to about 300 MHz; these channels initially were only accessible using separate tuner boxes that sent the chosen channel into the TV set on Channel 2, 3 or 4.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Initially, UHF broadcast stations were at a disadvantage because the standard TV sets in use at the time were unable to receive their channels. With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a> in 1964, all new television sets were required to include a UHF tuner, nonetheless, it would still take a few years for UHF stations to become competitive. </p><p>Before being added to the cable box itself, these midband channels were used for early incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Pay_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay TV">pay TV</a>, e.g. The <a href="/wiki/Z_Channel" title="Z Channel">Z Channel</a> (Los Angeles) and <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> but transmitted in the clear i.e. not scrambled as standard TV sets of the period could not pick up the signal nor could the average consumer <i>de-tune</i> the normal stations to be able to receive it. </p><p>Once tuners that could receive select mid-band and super-band channels began to be incorporated into standard television sets, broadcasters were forced to either install scrambling circuitry or move these signals further out of the range of reception for early cable-ready TVs and VCRs. However, once consumer sets had the ability to receive all 181 FCC allocated channels, premium broadcasters were left with no choice but to scramble. </p><p>The descrambling circuitry was often published in electronics hobby magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Electronics" title="Popular Electronics">Popular Electronics</a></i> allowing anybody with anything more than a rudimentary knowledge of broadcast electronics to be able to build their own and receive the programming without cost. </p><p>Later, the cable operators began to carry <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">stereo and bilingual TV sound</a> became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups. About this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the <i>midband</i> and <i>superband</i> VHF channels adjacent to the <i>high band</i> 7–13 of <a href="/wiki/North_American_television_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="North American television frequencies">North American television frequencies</a>. Some operators as in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall, Ontario</a>, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2–13 on each of the two cables. </p><p>During the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike <a href="/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Public, educational, and government access">public, educational, and government access</a> (PEG) created the beginning of cable-originated <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> programming. As cable penetration increased, numerous cable-only TV stations were launched, many with their own news bureaus that could provide more immediate and more localized content than that provided by the nearest network newscast. </p><p>Such stations may use similar on-air branding as that used by the nearby broadcast network affiliate, but the fact that these stations do not broadcast over the air and are not regulated by the FCC, their call signs are meaningless. These stations evolved partially into today's over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e.g. NBC 37* would – in the case of no local CBS or ABC station being available – rebroadcast the programming from a nearby affiliate but fill in with its own news and other community programming to suit its own locale. Many live <a href="/wiki/Local_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Local program">local programs</a> with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major <a href="/wiki/Television_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Television market">television markets</a> in the early 1980s. </p><p>This evolved into today's many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced <a href="/wiki/Television_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Television movie">television movies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a>. Cable <a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">specialty channels</a>, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and <a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">narrowcasting</a> became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, some of which by this time had expanded beyond 35 channels. By the mid-1980s in Canada, cable operators were allowed by the regulators to enter into distribution contracts with cable networks on their own. </p><p>By the 1990s, tiers became common, with customers able to subscribe to different tiers to obtain different selections of additional channels above the basic selection. By subscribing to additional tiers, customers could get specialty channels, movie channels, and foreign channels. Large cable companies used addressable descramblers to limit access to <a href="/wiki/Premium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Premium channel">premium channels</a> for customers not subscribing to higher tiers, however the above magazines often published workarounds for that technology as well. </p><p>During the 1990s, the pressure to accommodate the growing array of offerings resulted in digital transmission that made more efficient use of the VHF signal capacity; fibre optics was common to carry signals into areas near the home, where coax could carry higher frequencies over the short remaining distance. Although for a time in the 1980s and 1990s, television receivers and VCRs were equipped to receive the mid-band and super-band channels. Because the descrambling circuitry was for a time present in these tuners, depriving the cable operator of much of their revenue, such <a href="/wiki/Cable-ready" title="Cable-ready">cable-ready</a> tuners are rarely used now – requiring a return to the <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a> used from the 1970s onward. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">digital television transition in the United States</a> has put all signals, broadcast and cable, into digital form, rendering analog cable television service a rarity, found in an ever-dwindling number of markets. Analog television sets are accommodated, their tuners mostly obsolete and dependent entirely on the set-top box. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployments_by_continent">Deployments by continent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deployments by continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_by_region" title="Cable television by region">Cable television by region</a></div> <p>Cable television is mostly available in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Cable television has had little success in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, as it is not cost-effective to lay cables in sparsely populated areas. <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_multipoint_distribution_service" title="Multichannel multipoint distribution service">Multichannel multipoint distribution service</a>, a microwave-based system, may be used instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_cable-based_services">Other cable-based services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other cable-based services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coaxial cables are capable of bi-directional carriage of signals as well as the transmission of large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>. Cable television signals use only a portion of the bandwidth available over coaxial lines. This leaves plenty of space available for other digital services such as <a href="/wiki/Cable_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable internet">cable internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cable_telephony" title="Cable telephony">cable telephony</a> and wireless services, using both unlicensed and licensed spectra. <a href="/wiki/Broadband_internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband internet access">Broadband internet access</a> is achieved over coaxial cable by using <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modems</a> to convert the <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">network</a> data into a type of digital signal that can be transferred over coaxial cable. One problem with some cable systems is the older amplifiers placed along the cable routes are unidirectional thus in order to allow for uploading of data the customer would need to use an analog telephone modem to provide for the upstream connection. This limited the upstream speed to 31.2 Kbp/s and prevented the always-on convenience broadband internet typically provides. Many large cable systems have upgraded or are upgrading their equipment to allow for bi-directional signals, thus allowing for greater upload speed and always-on convenience, though these upgrades are expensive. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, many cable operators have already introduced <a href="/wiki/Cable_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable telephone">cable telephone</a> service, which operates just like existing fixed line operators. This service involves installing a special telephone interface at the customer's premises that converts the analog signals from the customer's in-home wiring into a digital signal, which is then sent on the <a href="/wiki/Local_loop" title="Local loop">local loop</a> (replacing the analog <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">plain old telephone service</a> (POTS) to the company's switching center, where it is connected to the public switched telephone network (<a href="/wiki/PSTN" class="mw-redirect" title="PSTN">PSTN</a>). The biggest obstacle to cable telephone service is the need for nearly 100% reliable service for emergency calls. One of the standards available for digital cable telephony, <a href="/wiki/PacketCable" title="PacketCable">PacketCable</a>, seems to be the most promising and able to work with the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> (QOS) demands of traditional analog <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">plain old telephone service</a> (POTS) service. The biggest advantage to digital cable telephone service is similar to the advantage of digital cable, namely that data can be compressed, resulting in much less bandwidth used than a dedicated analog circuit-switched service. Other advantages include better voice quality and integration to a <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">Voice over Internet Protocol</a> (VoIP) network providing cheap or unlimited nationwide and international calling. In many cases, digital cable telephone service is separate from <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modem</a> service being offered by many cable companies and does not rely on <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) traffic or the Internet. </p><p>Traditional cable television providers and traditional telecommunication companies increasingly compete in providing voice, video and data services to residences. The combination of television, telephone and Internet access is commonly called <i><a href="/wiki/Triple_play_(telecommunications)" title="Triple play (telecommunications)">triple play</a></i>, regardless of whether CATV or <a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">telcos</a> offer it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllVid" title="AllVid">AllVid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CableCARD" title="CableCARD">CableCARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable news">Cable news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">Closed-circuit television</a> (CCTV), not to be confused with CATV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-C" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cable_television_frequencies" title="European cable television frequencies">European cable television frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cable_television_companies" title="List of cable television companies">List of cable television companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_television_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="North American television frequencies">North American television frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_cable_operator" title="Private cable operator">Private cable operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAM_(television)" title="QAM (television)">QAM (television)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Cable_Telecommunications_Engineers" title="Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers">Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_video" title="Switched video">Switched video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tru2way" title="Tru2way">Tru2way</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Graham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rediffusion.london/a-short-history">A brief history of Rediffusion and BET</a>, <i>Rediffusion.london</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMousseau1985" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mousseau, Jacques (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/colan_0336-1500_1985_num_63_1_1667">"La télévision aux USA"</a> [Television in the USA]. <i>Communication & Langages</i> (in French). <b>63</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcolan.1985.1667">10.3406/colan.1985.1667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+%26+Langages&rft.atitle=La+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision+aux+USA&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcolan.1985.1667&rft.aulast=Mousseau&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcolan_0336-1500_1985_num_63_1_1667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACable+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919050329/https://calcable.org/learn/history-of-cable/">"History of Cable – CCTA"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cable+%E2%80%93+CCTA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalcable.org%2Flearn%2Fhistory-of-cable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACable+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediffusion.info">The history of Rediffusion by Gerald K Clode</a></li> <li>Eisenmann, Thomas R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/1591.html">"Cable TV: From Community Antennas to Wired Cities"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> Weekly Newsletter</i>, July 10, 2000</li> <li>Moss, Mitchell L.; Payne, Frances, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410044646/http://www.mitchellmoss.com/articles/promise.html">"Can Cable Keep Its Promise?"</a>, <i>New York Affairs</i>, Volume 6, Number 4. New York University. 1981</li> <li>Smith, Ralph Lee, "The Wired Nation", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> magazine, May 18, 1970</li> <li>Smith, Ralph Lee, <i>The Wired Nation; Cable TV: the electronic communications highway</i>. New York, Harper & Row, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090243-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-090243-4">0-06-090243-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick2012" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, Dennis F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ddWvXulV5WYC&pg=PA340"><i>Media Management in the Age of Giants: Business Dynamics of Journalism</i></a>. UNM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5163-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5163-0"><bdi>978-0-8263-5163-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Management+in+the+Age+of+Giants%3A+Business+Dynamics+of+Journalism&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-5163-0&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=Dennis+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DddWvXulV5WYC%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACable+television" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_television&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Broadcasting" title="Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Broadcasting" title="Template talk:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcasting111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cable_television_providers30" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV" title="Template:CATV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV" title="Template talk:CATV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Africa,_Asia_and_Oceania532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Africa, Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_TV" title="Alma TV">Alma TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asianet_Satellite_Communications" title="Asianet Satellite Communications">Asianet Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Networks_Akita" title="Cable Networks Akita">Cable Networks Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablelink" title="Cablelink">Cablelink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEN_Networks" title="DEN Networks">DEN Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docomo_Pacific" title="Docomo Pacific">Docomo Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethio_telecom" title="Ethio telecom">Ethio telecom</a> <ul><li>Cine Cebu</li> <li>Fil-Products TV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Media_(Indonesian_media_company)" title="First Media (Indonesian media company)">First Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMM_Z" title="GMM Z">GMM Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathway" title="Hathway">Hathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_(Israel)" title="Hot (Israel)">Hot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwi" title="Inwi">Inwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malitel" title="Malitel">Malitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasat_Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasat Cable TV">Parasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh_Cable_Television" title="Phnom Penh Cable Television">PPCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaricom" title="Safaricom">Safaricom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siti_Networks" title="Siti Networks">Siti Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cable" title="Sky Cable">Sky Cable</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatel" title="Sonatel">Sonatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamtech" title="Streamtech">Streamtech</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Arasu_Cable_TV_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited">TACTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokai_Communications" title="Tokai Communications">Tokai Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransACT" title="TransACT">TransACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Namibia" title="Telecom Namibia">tn TV (Namibia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueVisions" title="TrueVisions">TrueVisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitel_(Angola)" title="Unitel (Angola)">Unitel (Angola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodacom" title="Vodacom">Vodacom</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">VTVCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldCall" title="WorldCall">WorldCall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_digital_TV" title="Airtel digital TV">Airtel digital TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_(company)" title="Astro (company)">Astro (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Afrique" title="Canal+ Afrique">Canal+ Afrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Cal%C3%A9donie" title="Canal+ Calédonie">Canal+ Calédonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Myanmar)" title="Canal+ (Myanmar)">Canal+ (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">Cignal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2h" class="mw-redirect" title="D2h">D2h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DD_Free_Dish" title="DD Free Dish">DD Free Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDishTV" title="DDishTV">DDishTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialog_TV" title="Dialog TV">Dialog TV</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_TV" title="Dish TV">Dish TV</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_TV_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Dish TV (Sri Lanka)">Dish TV (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DishHome" title="DishHome">DishHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DStv" title="DStv">DStv</a> (Sub-Saharan Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMM_Z" title="GMM Z">GMM Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_Sat" title="G Sat">G Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosat" title="Indosat">Indosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B#International_versions" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe Canal+">K+ (Vietnam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeIN_Channels_Network" title="BeIN Channels Network">beIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KT_SkyLife" title="KT SkyLife">KT SkyLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediacorp" title="Mediacorp">ME Digital TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaNet" title="MediaNet">MediaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBC_Group" title="MBC Group">MBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNC_Vision" title="MNC Vision">MNC Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_NJOI" title="Astro NJOI">NJOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_Plus" title="NTV Plus">NTV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSN" title="OSN">OSN</a> (Middle East and North Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Broadcasting_Services_Fiji" title="Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji">Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVU" class="mw-redirect" title="RealVU">RealVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">SatLite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Pacific" title="Sky Pacific">Sky Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_PerfecTV!" title="SKY PerfecTV!">SKY PerfecTV!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_(New_Zealand)" title="Sky (New Zealand)">Sky (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Net" title="Sky Net">Sky Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Vision" title="Sky Vision">Sky Vision</a> (Ivory Coast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarSat" title="StarSat">StarSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTimes" title="StarTimes">StarTimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Direct" title="Sun Direct">Sun Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Play" title="Tata Play">Tata Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelOne_Zimbabwe" title="TelOne Zimbabwe">TelOne Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvision_(Indonesia)" title="Transvision (Indonesia)">Transvision</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueVisions" title="TrueVisions">TrueVisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wowow" title="Wowow">Wowow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_(company)" title="Yes (company)">Yes</a> (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAP_(satellite_television)" title="ZAP (satellite television)">ZAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_TV" title="B TV">B TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">Cignal</a></li> <li>Cellcom TV (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_(company)" title="Du (company)">DU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetch_TV" title="Fetch TV">Fetch TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genie_TV" title="Genie TV">Genie TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Uplus" title="LG Uplus">LG Uplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroc_Telecom" title="Maroc Telecom">Maroc Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Telecom#My.T" title="Mauritius Telecom">My.T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_TV_(Hong_Kong)" title="Now TV (Hong Kong)">Now TV</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omantel" title="Omantel">Omantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Orange S.A.">La TV d'Orange</a> (Réunion, Mayotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Telecom_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Telecom Company">Saudi Telecom Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singtel_TV" title="Singtel TV">Singtel TV (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skytel_(Mongolia)" title="Skytel (Mongolia)">SKY Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_On_Demand" title="Sky On Demand">Sky On Demand</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarHub_TV" title="StarHub TV">StarHub TV (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamtech" title="Streamtech">Streamtech</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Telecom">Uganda Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifi_(internet_service_provider)" title="Unifi (internet service provider)">Unifi TV (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converge_Vision" title="Converge Vision">Vision (Philippines)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_TV_Plus" title="ABS-CBN TV Plus">ABS-CBN TV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Baron" title="Ernie Baron">Baron Digital TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Myanmar)" title="Canal+ (Myanmar)">Canal+ (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(Australia)" title="Freeview (Australia)">Freeview (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(New_Zealand)" title="Freeview (New Zealand)">Freeview (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMA_Affordabox" title="GMA Affordabox">GMA Affordabox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYTV_Broadcasting" title="MYTV Broadcasting">MYTV (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarTimes" title="StarTimes">StarTimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulit_TV" title="Sulit TV">Sulit TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct /<br />inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABNXcess" title="ABNXcess">ABNXcess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aora" title="Aora">Aora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstraSat" title="AstraSat">AstraSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austar" title="Austar">Austar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cable_Television" title="Hong Kong Cable Television">Cable TV (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTH_(company)" title="CTH (company)">CTH</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_Cable" title="Destiny Cable">Destiny Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DishHD" title="DishHD">DishHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Satellite_TV" title="Dream Satellite TV">Dream Satellite TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_TV_(Philippines)" title="Easy TV (Philippines)">Easy TV (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(Australian_television)" title="Galaxy (Australian television)">Galaxy (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Cable" title="Global Cable">Global Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKBN_bbTV" title="HKBN bbTV">HKBN bbTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiTV" title="HiTV">HiTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Cable" title="Home Cable">Home Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igloo_(TV)" title="Igloo (TV)">Igloo (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_TV_(India)" title="Independent TV (India)">Independent TV (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalak_TV" title="Kamalak TV">Kamalak TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristal-Astro" title="Kristal-Astro">Kristal-Astro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwes%C3%A9_Sports" title="Kwesé Sports">Kwesé TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_TV_(Malaysia)" title="Mega TV (Malaysia)">Mega TV (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivision_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Multivision (Sri Lanka)">Multivision (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_Cable" title="Neighbourhood Cable">Neighbourhood Cable</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeTV" title="OrangeTV">OrangeTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_Communications_Company" title="Orbit Communications Company">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SelecTV_(Australian_television)" title="SelecTV (Australian television)">SelecTV (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_Arabia" title="Showtime Arabia">Showtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Direct" title="Sky Direct">Sky Direct</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sky_TV" title="Thai Sky TV">Thai Sky TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVB_Network_Vision" title="TVB Network Vision">TVB Network Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Television" title="U Television">U Television</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone New Zealand">Vodafone TV (New Zealand)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Central_and_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:CATV Central and South America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Canada" title="Template talk:CATV Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Canada541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Satellite_TV" title="Bell Satellite TV">Bell Satellite TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Direct" title="Shaw Direct">Shaw Direct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cogeco" title="Cogeco">Cogeco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastlink_(company)" title="Eastlink (company)">Eastlink</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Cable" title="Rogers Cable">Rogers Cable</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Communications" title="Shaw Communications">Western Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vid%C3%A9otron" title="Vidéotron">Vidéotron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_Communications" title="Access Communications">Access</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablevision_(Canada)" title="Cablevision (Canada)">Cablevision</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Or" title="Val-d'Or">Val-d'Or, QC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityWest" title="CityWest">CityWest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia" title="Prince Rupert, British Columbia">Prince Rupert, BC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTS_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS TV">MTS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novus_Entertainment" title="Novus Entertainment">Novus Cable</a> (select areas of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_Cable" title="Source Cable">Source</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, ON</a>)</li> <li>Westman (<a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba" title="Brandon, Manitoba">Brandon, MB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <b>See also :</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_cable_and_DBS_companies_of_Canada" title="Category:Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada">Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibe_(Bell_Aliant)" title="Fibe (Bell Aliant)">Fibe (Aliant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Fibe_TV" title="Bell Fibe TV">Fibe TV (ON/QC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTS_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS TV">MTS TV (MB)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaskTel" title="SaskTel">SaskTel MaxTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TekSavvy" title="TekSavvy">TekSavvy TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Telus TV">Telus Optik TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbaytel" title="Tbaytel">Tbaytel TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalTV_(Canadian_TV_provider)" title="TotalTV (Canadian TV provider)">TotalTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMedia" title="VMedia">VMedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service">MMDS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wireless" title="Craig Wireless">Craig Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> <p><small><sup>1</sup>More than 400,000 television service subscribers.</small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Europe" title="Template talk:CATV Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Europe524" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Bulgaria" title="A1 Bulgaria">A1 Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Hrvatska" title="A1 Hrvatska">A1 Hrvatska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiway" title="Caiway">Caiway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(company)" title="Delta (company)">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digi_Communications" title="Digi Communications">Digi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Oyj" title="DNA Oyj">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir_(telecommunications)" title="Eir (telecommunications)">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_(company)" title="Elisa (company)">Elisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elta-Kabel" title="Elta-Kabel">Elta-Kabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER-Telecom" title="ER-Telecom">ER-Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euskaltel" title="Euskaltel">Euskaltel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GO_(Malta)" title="GO (Malta)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPKO" title="IPKO">IPKO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabelnoord" title="Kabelnoord">Kabelnoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhtelecom" title="Kazakhtelecom">Kazakhtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujtesa" title="Kujtesa">Kujtesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26H_Company" title="M&H Company">M&H Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magenta_Telekom" title="Magenta Telekom">Magenta Telekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_Networks" title="Magnet Networks">Magnet Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telekom" title="Magyar Telekom">Magyar Telekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melita_(telecommunications_company)" title="Melita (telecommunications company)">Melita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss.Net" title="Miss.Net">Miss.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_Telecom_TV" title="Monaco Telecom TV">Monaco Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxoo" title="Naxoo">Naxoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCologne" title="NetCologne">NetCologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(Portuguese_company)" title="NOS (Portuguese company)">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowo" title="Nowo">Nowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Belgium" title="Orange Belgium">Orange Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Luxembourg">Orange Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Romania" title="Orange Romania">Orange Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(telecommunications)" title="Play (telecommunications)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Telecom" title="Post Telecom">Post Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacom" title="Primacom">Primacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(cable_operator)" title="R (cable operator)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_Broadband" title="Serbia Broadband">SBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_AS" title="STV AS">STV AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swisscom" title="Swisscom">Swisscom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_(telecom)" title="Tango (telecom)">Tango TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecable" title="Telecable">Telecable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele_Columbus" title="Tele Columbus">Tele Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekabel" title="Telekabel">Telekabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekom_Srbija" title="Telekom Srbija">Telekom Srbija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemach_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Telemach (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Telemach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenet_(provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telenet (provider)">Telenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_(company)" title="Tet (company)">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toya_(company)" title="Toya (company)">Toya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(company)" title="Türksat (company)">Türksat Kablo TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Switzerland" title="UPC Switzerland">UPC Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Ireland" title="Virgin Media Ireland">Virgin Media Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_TV" title="Virgin TV">Virgin TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Czech_Republic" title="Vodafone Czech Republic">Vodafone Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Deutschland" title="Vodafone Deutschland">Vodafone Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Vodafone España">Vodafone España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone Hungary">Vodafone Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Romania" title="Vodafone Romania">Vodafone Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VodafoneZiggo" title="VodafoneZiggo">VodafoneZiggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOO" title="VOO">VOO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WightFibre" title="WightFibre">WightFibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouSee" title="YouSee">YouSee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo" title="Ziggo">Ziggo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Bulgaria" title="A1 Bulgaria">A1 Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Hrvatska" title="A1 Hrvatska">A1 Hrvatska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bis_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bis Télévisions (page does not exist)">Bis Télévisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulsatcom" title="Bulsatcom">Bulsatcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ (French TV provider)">Canal+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Polish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Polish TV provider)">Canal+ Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Digitaal" title="Canal Digitaal">Canal Digitaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmote_TV" title="Cosmote TV">Cosmote TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Smart" title="D-Smart">D-Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digi_Communications" title="Digi Communications">Digi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitAlb" title="DigitAlb">DigitAlb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiturk" title="Digiturk">Digiturk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_Sat" title="Focus Sat">Focus Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fransat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fransat (page does not exist)">Fransat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD%2B" title="HD+">HD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXtv" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXtv">MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (telecommunications)">La TV d'Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">M7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Telekom" title="Slovak Telekom">Magio TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MagtiCom" title="MagtiCom">MagtiCom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_Plus%2B" title="Movistar Plus+">Movistar Plus+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(Portuguese_company)" title="NOS (Portuguese company)">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(Forthnet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (Forthnet)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_Plus" title="NTV Plus">NTV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Polska" title="Orange Polska">Orange Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Romania" title="Orange Romania">Orange Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Slovensko" title="Orange Slovensko">Orange Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polsat_Box" title="Polsat Box">Polsat Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saorsat" title="Saorsat">Saorsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland" title="Sky Deutschland">Sky Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Ireland" title="Sky Ireland">Sky Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Italia" title="Sky Italia">Sky Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylink_(TV_platform)" title="Skylink (TV platform)">Skylink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telekom" title="Magyar Telekom">Telekom Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekom_Srbija" title="Telekom Srbija">Telekom Srbija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9sat" title="Télésat">Télésat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv%C3%B9sat" title="Tivùsat">tivùsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalTV_(Serbian_TV_provider)" title="TotalTV (Serbian TV provider)">Total TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolor_TV" title="Tricolor TV">Tricolor TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(company)" title="Türksat (company)">Turksat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Vlaanderen" title="TV Vlaanderen">TV Vlaanderen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_Ukraine" title="Viasat Ukraine">Viasat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivacom" title="Vivacom">Vivacom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a>/<a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Bulgaria" title="A1 Bulgaria">A1 Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Hrvatska" title="A1 Hrvatska">A1 Hrvatska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Telekom_Austria" title="A1 Telekom Austria">A1 Telekom Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altibox" title="Altibox">Altibox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIS_(ISP)" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIS (ISP)">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_Telecom" title="Andorra Telecom">Andorra Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouygues_Telecom" title="Bouygues Telecom">Bouygues Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulsatcom" title="Bulsatcom">Bulsatcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytavision" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytavision">Cytavision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EE_TV" title="EE TV">EE TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir_(telecommunications)" title="Eir (telecommunications)">eir Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_(ISP)" title="Free (ISP)">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HT_Eronet" title="HT Eronet">HT Eronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INES_(TV_service)" title="INES (TV service)">iNES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPN" title="KPN">KPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (telecommunications)">La TV d'Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Magenta TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_Networks" title="Magnet Networks">Magnet Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MagtiCom" title="MagtiCom">MagtiCom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Telekom" title="Hrvatski Telekom">MAXtv (Hrvatski Telekom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_(telecommunication_company)" title="MEO (telecommunication company)">MEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moja_TV" title="Moja TV">Moja TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldtelecom" title="Moldtelecom">Moldtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_Plus%2B" title="Movistar Plus+">Movistar Plus+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(Forthnet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (Forthnet)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odido" title="Odido">Odido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Orange España">Orange España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Polska" title="Orange Polska">Orange Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrimeTel" title="PrimeTel">PrimeTel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximus_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximus TV">Proximus TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(company)" title="Scarlet (company)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADminn" title="Síminn">Síminn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Telecom" title="Smart Telecom">Smart Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise TV">Sunrise TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_TV_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Super TV (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Super TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-2_(ISP)" class="mw-redirect" title="T-2 (ISP)">T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">TalkTalk TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekom_Srbija" title="Telekom Srbija">Telekom Srbija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telia_Company" title="Telia Company">Telia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telia_Digital-tv" title="Telia Digital-tv">Telia Digital-tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teo_LT" title="Teo LT">Teo LT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMvision" title="TIMvision">TIMvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivibu">Tivibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkcell" title="Turkcell">Turkcell TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivacom" title="Vivacom">Vivacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Greece" title="Vodafone Greece">Vodafone Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Ireland" title="Vodafone Ireland">Vodafone Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Italy" title="Vodafone Italy">Vodafone Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKTC_Telsim" title="KKTC Telsim">Vodafone North Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Portugal" title="Vodafone Portugal">Vodafone Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Turkey" title="Vodafone Turkey">Vodafone Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XS4ALL" title="XS4ALL">XS4ALL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouView" title="YouView">YouView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo" title="Ziggo">Ziggo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_TV_Access" title="Boxer TV Access">BoxerTV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digea" title="Digea">Digea</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(GR)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digitenne" title="Digitenne">Digitenne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NL)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVOtv" class="mw-redirect" title="EVOtv">EVOtv (Hrvatski Telekom)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(HR)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(UK)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GO_(Malta)" title="GO (Malta)">GO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(MT)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlusTV" class="mw-redirect" title="PlusTV">PlusTV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FI)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Portugal" title="Digital terrestrial television in Portugal">PTDT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PT)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RiksTV" title="RiksTV">RiksTV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(NO)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saorview" title="Saorview">Saorview</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(IE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Spain" title="Television in Spain">TDT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ES)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_France" title="Television in France">TNT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FR)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Vlaanderen" title="TV Vlaanderen">TV Vlaanderen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/@Home_Network#@Home_Benelux" title="@Home Network">@Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akta" title="Akta">Akta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Home_TV" title="Alice Home TV">Alice Home TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Digital" title="Alpha Digital">Alpha Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athina_Sat" title="Athina Sat">Athina Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizoo" title="Blizoo">blizoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_Extrasatelit" title="Boom Extrasatelit">Boom Extrasatelit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragatel" title="Bragatel">Bragatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="British Satellite Broadcasting">BSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Spanish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Spanish TV provider)">Canal+ Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Digital" title="Canal Digital">Canal Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casema" title="Casema">Casema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CenterTelecom" title="CenterTelecom">CenterTelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com_Hem" title="Com Hem">Com Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_(pay_television)" title="CTV (pay television)">CTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_TV" title="Easy TV">Easy TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_AS" title="Get AS">Get</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostrada_TV" title="Infostrada TV">Infostrada TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitel" title="Invitel">Invitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Digital" title="ITV Digital">ITV Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyne" title="Joyne">Joyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-TV" title="Kosmos-TV">Kosmos-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabel_BW" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabel BW">Kabel BW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madritel" title="Madritel">Madritel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediaset_Premium" title="Mediaset Premium">Mediaset Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_(Poland)" title="N (Poland)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuf_Cegetel" title="Neuf Cegetel">Neuf Cegetel TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Telecom" title="North-West Telecom">North-West Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numericable" title="Numericable">Numericable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONO_(Spain)" title="ONO (Spain)">ONO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Telecoms" title="On Telecoms">On Telecoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Digital" title="Real Digital">Real Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiero_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiero Television">Quiero Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radijus_Vektor" title="Radijus Vektor">Radijus Vektor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Telecom" title="Southern Telecom">Southern Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_TV" title="Stream TV">Stream TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS_Starman" title="AS Starman">Starman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDC_Holding_A/S" title="TDC Holding A/S">TDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele2Vision" title="Tele2Vision">Tele2Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telfort" title="Telfort">Telfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVTEL" title="TVTEL">TVTEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_di_Fastweb" title="TV di Fastweb">TV di Fastweb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitymedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitymedia">Unitymedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_France" class="mw-redirect" title="UPC France">UPC France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="UPC Hungary">UPC Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggo" title="Ziggo">Ziggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Poland" title="UPC Poland">UPC Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPC_Romania" title="UPC Romania">UPC Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralsvyazinform" title="Uralsvyazinform">Uralsvyazinform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(Nordic_television_service)" title="Viasat (Nordic television service)">Viasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VolgaTelecom" title="VolgaTelecom">VolgaTelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Vision" title="Wind Vision">Wind Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template talk:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_in_Ibero/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a>/<a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Regional8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claro_TV" title="Claro TV">Claro TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Canal+ Caraïbes">Canal+ Caraïbes</a> (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANTV" title="CANTV">CANTV</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_M%C3%A9xico" title="Dish México">Dish</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entel_(Chile)" title="Entel (Chile)">Entel</a> (Chile)</li> <li>Green Dot (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_(Venezuelan_broadcaster)" title="Inter (Venezuelan broadcaster)">Inter Satélital</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nossa_TV" title="Nossa TV">Nossa TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi_(telecommunications)" title="Oi (telecommunications)">Oi TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_Brasil" title="SKY Brasil">SKY Brasil</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_M%C3%A9xico" title="Sky México">Sky México</a> (Mexico & Central America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_TV" title="Vivo TV">Vivo TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claro_TV" title="Claro TV">Claro TV</a> (Brazil & Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">Columbus/FLOW</a> (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_(Venezuelan_broadcaster)" title="Inter (Venezuelan broadcaster)">Inter</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzi_Telecom" title="Izzi Telecom">Izzi Telecom</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacable" title="Megacable">Megacable</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a> (Argentina & Peru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Personal" title="Telecom Personal">Personal Flow</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicom" title="Millicom">Tigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalplay" title="Totalplay">Totalplay</a> (Mexico)</li> <li>Une (Colombia)</li> <li>Xtrim (Ecuador)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTR_(telecom_company)" title="VTR (telecom company)">VTR</a> (Chile)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a>/<a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bmobile" title="Bmobile">bmobile</a> (Trinidad and Tobago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_TV" title="Claro TV">Claro tv+</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel (Caribbean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(brand)" title="Flow (brand)">Flow</a> (Caribbean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a> (Argentina and Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_Brasil" title="SKY Brasil">Sky+</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_TV" title="Vivo TV">Vivo TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li>Zapping (Brazil and Chile)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GVT_TV" title="GVT TV">GVT TV</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualy_TV" title="Qualy TV">Qualy TV</a> (Central America)</li> <li>Sky Argentina</li> <li>Sky Chile</li> <li>Sky Colombia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_TV" title="Vivo TV">Vivo TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct cable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTESA" title="ESTESA">ESTESA</a> (Nicaragua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metr%C3%B3polis_(Chile)" title="Metrópolis (Chile)">Metrópolis</a> (Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivisi%C3%B3n_(Bolivia)" title="Multivisión (Bolivia)">Multivisión</a> (Bolivia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NET_(telecommunications)" title="NET (telecommunications)">NET</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct Fiber/IPTV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oi_(telecommunications)" title="Oi (telecommunications)">Oi TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay_TV_providers_in_MAAO_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay TV providers in MAAO region">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay-TV_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay-TV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay-TV_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay-TV Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pay-TV_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pay-TV USA">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CATV_USA" title="Template talk:CATV USA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CATV_USA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CATV USA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cable,_satellite,_and_other_specialty_television_providers_(multi-channel_video_programming_distributors)_in_the_United_States669" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (<a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_in_the_United_States" title="Multichannel television in the United States">multi-channel video programming distributors</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Cable" title="Adams Cable">Adams Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altice_USA" title="Altice USA">Altice USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_(brand)" title="Optimum (brand)">Optimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suddenlink_Communications" title="Suddenlink Communications">Suddenlink Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Electric" title="Service Electric">Service Electric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Group_of_Companies" title="Armstrong Group of Companies">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Communications" title="Grande Communications">Grande Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCN_Corporation" title="RCN Corporation">RCN Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_Broadband" title="Wave Broadband">Wave Broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Alascom" title="AT&T Alascom">AT&T Alascom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Communications" title="Blue Ridge Communications">Blue Ridge Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream_(company)" title="Blue Stream (company)">Blue Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeline" title="Breezeline">Breezeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadstripe" title="Broadstripe">Broadstripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye_Broadband" title="Buckeye Broadband">Buckeye Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_One" title="Cable One">Cable One</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hargray" title="Hargray">Hargray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xfinity" title="Xfinity">Comcast Xfinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox_Communications" title="Cox Communications">Cox Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docomo_Pacific" title="Docomo Pacific">Docomo Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery_Telcom" title="Emery Telcom">Emery Telcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Channel" title="Full Channel">Full Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCI (company)">GCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediacom" title="Mediacom">Mediacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northland_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Northland Communications">Northland Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Puerto_Rico" title="Liberty Puerto Rico">Liberty Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satview_Broadband" title="Satview Broadband">Satview Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shentel" title="Shentel">Shentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(brand)" title="Spectrum (brand)">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRT_Communications" title="SRT Communications">SRT Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li> <li>Troy Cablevision</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TruVista_Communications" title="TruVista Communications">TruVista Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Open_West" title="Wide Open West">WOW!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorystar" title="Glorystar">Glorystar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headend_in_the_Sky" title="Headend in the Sky">Headend in the Sky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Bell">Cincinnati Bell Fioptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_Puerto_Rico" title="Claro Puerto Rico">Claro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Communications" title="Consolidated Communications">Consolidated Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPB" title="EPB">EPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_FiberOptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier FiberOptic">Frontier FiberOptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTA_Teleguam" title="GTA Teleguam">GTA Teleguam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Telcom" title="Hawaiian Telcom">Hawaiian Telcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midco" title="Midco">Midco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEP_Telephone" title="NEP Telephone">NEP Datastream TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_State_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="North State Communications">North State Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_(ISP)" title="Sonic (ISP)">Sonic.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDS_Telecom" title="TDS Telecom">TDS Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Fios" title="Verizon Fios">Verizon FiOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whidbey_Telecom" title="Whidbey Telecom">Whidbey Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstream_Holdings" title="Windstream Holdings">Windstream Kinetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_in_the_United_States#Virtual_MVPD,_TV_Everywhere,_and_over-the-top_media_services" title="Multichannel television in the United States">Virtual<br />MVPD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV_Stream" title="DirecTV Stream">DirecTV Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frndly_TV" title="Frndly TV">Frndly TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FuboTV" title="FuboTV">FuboTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu#Hulu_+_Live_TV_service" title="Hulu">Hulu + Live TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_(company)" title="Philo (company)">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_TV" title="Sling TV">Sling TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_TV_Stream" title="Spectrum TV Stream">Spectrum TV Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xfinity_Flex" title="Xfinity Flex">Xfinity Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">YouTube TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">Over-<br />the-top<br />VOD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&E Networks">A&E Networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%26E_Crime_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Crime Central">Crime Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime (TV network)">Lifetime Movie Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM%2B" title="MGM+">MGM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Freevee" title="Amazon Freevee">Freevee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScreenPix" class="mw-redirect" title="ScreenPix">ScreenPix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_TV" title="Acorn TV">Acorn TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC%2B" title="AMC+">AMC+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidive" title="Hidive">Hidive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFC_Films" title="IFC Films">IFC Films Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudder_(streaming_service)" title="Shudder (streaming service)">Shudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_TV" title="Sundance TV">Sundance Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allblk" title="Allblk">Allblk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WE TV">WE TV+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Studios" title="Angel Studios">Angel Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritBox" title="BritBox">BritBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV#Brown_Sugar" title="Bounce TV">Brown Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BroadwayHD" title="BroadwayHD">BroadwayHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineverse" title="Cineverse">Cineverse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CONtv" title="CONtv">CONtv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docurama" title="Docurama">Docurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dove_Channel_(streaming_service)" title="Dove Channel (streaming service)">Dove Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandor" title="Fandor">Fandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screambox" class="mw-redirect" title="Screambox">Screambox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">The Criterion Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Stream" title="Curiosity Stream">Curiosity Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CW_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="CW Seed">CW Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekkoo" title="Dekkoo">Dekkoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOGTV" title="DOGTV">DOGTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropout_(media_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropout (media company)">Dropout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_Now" title="Eros Now">Eros Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Watch" title="Facebook Watch">Facebook Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmRise" title="FilmRise">FilmRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Corporation" title="Fox Corporation">Fox Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Nation" title="Fox Nation">Fox Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubi" title="Tubi">Tubi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallmark%2B" title="Hallmark+">Hallmark+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_TV" title="Here TV">Here TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_Lorber" title="Kino Lorber">Kino Lorber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MHz_Networks#MHz_Choice" title="MHz Networks">MHz Choice</a></li> <li>Kino Film Collection</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocowa" title="Kocowa">Kocowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Now" title="Local Now">Local Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubi_(streaming_service)" title="Mubi (streaming service)">MUBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vudu">Vudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xumo" title="Xumo">Xumo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL%2B" title="NFL+">NFL+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(brand)" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_Television_Network" title="Racetrack Television Network">Racetrack Television Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbox" title="Redbox">Redbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revry" title="Revry">Revry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roku_Channel" title="The Roku Channel">Roku Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_TV_Plus" title="Samsung TV Plus">Samsung TV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shout!_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shout! Factory">Shout! Factory TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirr" title="Stirr">Stirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelevisaUnivision_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="TelevisaUnivision (United States)">Univision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantaya" title="Pantaya">Pantaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelevisaUnivision_(United_States)#Digital_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="TelevisaUnivision (United States)">Univision NOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivo">Tivo Stream 4k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Look_Media" title="First Look Media">Topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFC_Fight_Pass" title="UFC Fight Pass">UFC Fight Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaplay" title="Viaplay">Viaplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viki_(streaming_service)" title="Viki (streaming service)">Viki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)" title="Vix (streaming service)">ViX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(TV_network)" title="Boomerang (TV network)">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinemax" title="Cinemax">Cinemax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery%2B" title="Discovery+">Discovery+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOW_Presents_Plus" title="WOW Presents Plus">WOW Presents Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Network" title="WWE Network">WWE Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YuppTV" title="YuppTV">YuppTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphia_Communications_Corporation" title="Adelphia Communications Corporation">Adelphia Communications Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_Municipal_Power" title="Alameda Municipal Power">Alameda Power and Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astound_Broadband" title="Astound Broadband">Astound Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Broadband" title="AT&T Broadband">AT&T Broadband</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MediaOne" title="MediaOne">MediaOne/Continental Cablevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele-Communications_Inc." title="Tele-Communications Inc.">Tele-Communications Inc.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_Broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Broadband">Baja Broadband</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Cable" title="US Cable">US Cable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresnan_Communications" title="Bresnan Communications">Bresnan Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_House_Networks" title="Bright House Networks">Bright House Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cablevision" title="Cablevision">Cablevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_Broadband" title="Champion Broadband">Champion Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul_Entertainment" title="Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment">Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_(service)" title="Crackle (service)">Crackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcornflix" title="Popcornflix">Popcornflix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobridge_Communications" title="Cobridge Communications">Cobridge Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Home_Entertainment" title="Community Home Entertainment">Community Home Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FairPoint_Communications" title="FairPoint Communications">FairPoint Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graceba_Total_Communications" title="Graceba Total Communications">Graceba Total Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Insight Communications">Insight Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Intercable" title="Jones Intercable">Jones Intercable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Videocable" title="King Videocable">King Videocable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knology" class="mw-redirect" title="Knology">Knology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cable" title="Marcus Cable">Marcus Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News-Press_%26_Gazette_Company#Cable_operations" title="News-Press & Gazette Company">NPG Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragon_Cable" title="Paragon Cable">Paragon Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Communications" title="Rapid Communications">Rapid Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TelePrompTer_Corporation" title="TelePrompTer Corporation">TelePrompTer/Group W Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable" title="Time Warner Cable">Time Warner Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UA-Columbia_Cablevision" title="UA-Columbia Cablevision">UA-Columbia Cablevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer_Communications" title="Windjammer Communications">Windjammer Communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaStar_(satellite_broadcasting_service)" title="AlphaStar (satellite broadcasting service)">AlphaStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobeCast_World_TV" title="GlobeCast World TV">GlobeCast World TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orby_TV" title="Orby TV">Orby TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrimeStar" title="PrimeStar">PrimeStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="United States Satellite Broadcasting">United States Satellite Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voom_HD_Networks" title="Voom HD Networks">Voom HD Networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPTV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_U-verse" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T U-verse">AT&T U-verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen</a> <a href="/wiki/Prism_TV" title="Prism TV">Prism TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Angel" title="Sky Angel">Sky Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Digital_Cable" title="Virtual Digital Cable">Virtual Digital Cable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USDTV" title="USDTV">USDTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieBeam" title="MovieBeam">MovieBeam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual MVPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aereo" title="Aereo">Aereo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDHomeRun#HDHomeRum_Premium_TV" title="HDHomeRun">HD HomeRun Premium TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocalBTV" title="LocalBTV">LocalBTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locast" title="Locast">Locast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US#TVision" title="T-Mobile US">TVision Live TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vue" title="PlayStation Vue">PlayStation Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidgo" title="Vidgo">Vidgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Over-the-top</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_Network" title="Anime Network">Anime Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN%2B" title="CNN+">CNN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_Universe_(streaming_service)" title="DC Universe (streaming service)">DC Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DramaFever" title="DramaFever">DramaFever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmStruck" title="FilmStruck">FilmStruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)#FX+" title="FX (TV channel)">FX+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go90" title="Go90">go90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic#Trademark_reuse_for_Apple_TV_service_(2019-)" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">MTV Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">NickHits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quibi" title="Quibi">Quibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeso" title="Seeso">Seeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SnagFilms" title="SnagFilms">SnagFilms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_TV" title="Template:North American TV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_TV" title="Template talk:North American TV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_TV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American TV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Additional_resources_on_North_American_television87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Additional resources on North American television</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Television_stations_in_North_America" title="Template:Television stations in North America">List of local television stations in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_DTV" title="Template:North American DTV">DTV transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_TV" title="Template:North American TV">North American TV mini-template</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_television_networks" title="Template:Canadian television networks">Canadian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_television_networks" title="List of Canadian television networks">List of Canadian television networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_television_channels" title="List of Canadian television channels">List of Canadian television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_specialty_channels" title="List of Canadian specialty channels">List of Canadian specialty channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_television_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian television stations">Local Canadian TV stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_stations_available_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States stations available in Canada">List of United States stations available in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Vancouver_TV_realignment" title="2001 Vancouver TV realignment">2001 Vancouver TV realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Canada_broadcast_TV_realignment" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment">2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexican_broadcast_television" title="Template:Mexican broadcast television">Mexican networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Mexico" title="List of television stations in Mexico">Local Mexican TV stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:American_broadcast_television" title="Template:American broadcast television">American networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cable_and_satellite_television_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States cable and satellite television channels">List of American cable and satellite networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks" title="List of United States over-the-air television networks">List of American over-the-air networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_W)" title="List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter W)">Local American TV stations (W)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)" title="List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter K)">Local American TV stations (K)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish-language_television_networks_in_the_United_States" title="List of Spanish-language television networks in the United States">Spanish-language TV networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_South_Florida_television_affiliation_switch" title="1989 South Florida television affiliation switch">1989 South Florida television affiliation switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994%E2%80%931996_United_States_broadcast_television_realignment" title="1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment">1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_broadcast_television_realignment" title="2006 United States broadcast television realignment">2006 U.S. TV realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_television_stations_available_in_the_United_States" title="List of Canadian television stations available in the United States">List of Canadian television stations available in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Americas" title="Template:CATV Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029109-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cable television"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018575">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Télédistribution"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944592h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Télédistribution"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944592h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574508">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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