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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Revisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Design considerations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_considerations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design considerations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bit_width" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bit_width"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bit width </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bit_width-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Internal organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Character order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Character set </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Character groups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Character_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Character groups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Character_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Control_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Control characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Delete_vs_backspace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delete_vs_backspace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Delete vs backspace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delete_vs_backspace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Escape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 End of line </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_file/stream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_file/stream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 End of file/stream </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_file/stream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_code_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_code_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Control code chart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_code_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printable_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printable_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Printable characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printable_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants_and_derivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants_and_derivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Variants and derivations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants_and_derivations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variants and derivations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variants_and_derivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-7-bit_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7-bit_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 7-bit codes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7-bit_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8-bit_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8-bit_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 8-bit codes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8-bit_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Unicode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ASCII</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="أسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="اسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="অ্যাস্কি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাস্কি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_Informatsioonivahetuse_Standardkood" title="Ameerika Informatsioonivahetuse Standardkood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Informatsioonivahetuse Standardkood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askio" title="Askio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Askio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF)" title="اسکی (استاندارد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکی (استاندارد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="आस्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आस्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_(ASCII)" title="ინფორმაციის გაცვლის ამერიკული სტანდარტული კოდი (ASCII) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფორმაციის გაცვლის ამერიკული სტანდარტული კოდი (ASCII)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Символдардың стандартты кестесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Символдардың стандартты кестесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="ആസ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3)" title="आस्की (निःसंदिग्धीकरण) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आस्की (निःसंदिग्धीकरण)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_(tekenset)" title="ASCII (tekenset) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ASCII (tekenset)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="एस्की – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एस्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਅਸਕਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਸਕਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ئەسکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەسکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="அமெரிக்கத் தகவல் இடைமாற்றத் தரக் குறிமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெரிக்கத் தகவல் இடைமாற்றத் தரக் குறிமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF" title="ఆశ్కి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆశ్కి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="แอสกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ایسکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایسکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%A4%E8%A8%8A%E7%A2%BC" title="美國交訊碼 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="美國交訊碼" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ASCII" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8815#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American character encoding standard</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ASCII_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="ASCII (disambiguation)">ASCII (disambiguation)</a>. Not to be confused with MS <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a> or other types of <a href="/wiki/Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">extended ASCII</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">ASCII</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:USASCII_code_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/USASCII_code_chart.svg/250px-USASCII_code_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/USASCII_code_chart.svg/375px-USASCII_code_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/USASCII_code_chart.svg/500px-USASCII_code_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5491" data-file-height="3746" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">ASCII chart from <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-188#MIL-STD-188-100_series" title="MIL-STD-188">MIL-STD-188-100</a> (1972)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">MIME / IANA</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">us-ascii</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alias(es)</th><td class="infobox-data">ISO-IR-006,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> ANSI_X3.4-1968, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO_646.irv:1991, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, cp367<a href="#cite_note-IANA_2007-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (made for; does not support all loanwords), <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotokas_alphabet" title="Rotokas alphabet">Rotokas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a>, and <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646 series</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a> (series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-8" title="KOI-8">KOI-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OEM_code_page" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM code page">OEM</a> (series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-125x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows-125x">Windows-125x</a> (series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">Others</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Telegraph_Alphabet_No._2" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2">ITA 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIELDATA" class="mw-redirect" title="FIELDATA">FIELDATA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646">ISO/IEC 10646</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_character_encoding" title="Template:Infobox character encoding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_character_encoding" title="Template talk:Infobox character encoding"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_character_encoding" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox character encoding"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> ASCII (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæskiː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3b\/En-us-ASCII.ogg\/En-us-ASCII.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-ASCII.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/En-us-ASCII.ogg/En-us-ASCII.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-ASCII.ogg" title="File:En-us-ASCII.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ASS-kee</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 6  an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">telecommunications equipment</a>, and other devices. ASCII has just 128 <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a>, of which only 95 are <a href="#Printable_characters">printable characters</a>, which severely limit its scope. The set of available punctuation had significant impact on the syntax of computer languages and text markup. ASCII hugely influenced the design of character sets used by modern computers, including <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> which has over a million code points, but the first 128 of these are the same as ASCII. The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) prefers the name US-ASCII for this character encoding.<a href="#cite_note-IANA_2007-2">[2]</a> ASCII is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_Milestones" title="List of IEEE Milestones">IEEE milestones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> ASCII was developed in part from <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">telegraph code</a>. Its first commercial use was in the <a href="/wiki/Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype Model 33</a> and the Teletype Model 35 as a seven-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> code promoted by Bell data services.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963,<a href="#cite_note-Brandel_1999-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1963-6">[6]</a> underwent a major revision during 1967,<a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1967-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jennings_2016-8">[8]</a> and experienced its most recent update during 1986.<a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1986-9">[9]</a> Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists and added features for devices other than teleprinters.<a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1986-9">[9]</a> The use of ASCII format for Network Interchange was described in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-RFC-20_1968-10">[10]</a> That document was formally elevated to an Internet Standard in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Originally based on the (modern) <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>, ASCII encodes 128 specified <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a> into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart in this article.<a href="#cite_note-RFC-4949-12">[12]</a> Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, and <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation symbol">punctuation symbols</a>. In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing <a href="/wiki/Control_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Control code">control codes</a> which originated with <a href="/wiki/Teletype_Corporation#Teletype_Corporation" title="Teletype Corporation">Teletype models</a>; most of these are now obsolete,<a href="#cite_note-Maini_2007-13">[13]</a> although a few are still commonly used, such as the <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">carriage return</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed">line feed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tab_key#Tab_characters" title="Tab key">tab</a> codes. For example, lowercase <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> would be represented in the ASCII encoding by <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a> 1101001 = <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> 69 (i is the ninth letter) = <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> 105. Despite being an American standard, ASCII does not have a code point for the <a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">cent</a> (¢). It also does not support <a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">résumé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">jalapeño</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Proper_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper nouns">proper nouns</a> with diacritical marks such as <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> (although on certain devices characters could be combined with punctuation such as <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">Tilde</a> (~) and <a href="/wiki/Backtick" title="Backtick">Backtick</a> (`) to approximate such characters.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASCII1963-infobox-paths.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASCII1963-infobox-paths.svg/280px-ASCII1963-infobox-paths.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASCII1963-infobox-paths.svg/420px-ASCII1963-infobox-paths.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ASCII1963-infobox-paths.svg/560px-ASCII1963-infobox-paths.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>ASCII (1963). <a href="/wiki/Control_Pictures" title="Control Pictures">Control Pictures</a> of equivalent controls are shown where they exist, or a grey dot otherwise.</figcaption></figure> The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now <a href="/wiki/INCITS" class="mw-redirect" title="INCITS">INCITS</a>). The ASA later became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI)<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 211  and ultimately became the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI). With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963,<a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1963-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bukstein_1964-14">[14]</a> leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 66, 245  There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 435  The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to sticks<a href="#cite_note-NB_Stick-16">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bemer_1980_Inside-15">[15]</a> 6 and 7,<a href="#cite_note-CCITT_1963-17">[16]</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard.<a href="#cite_note-ISO_1963-18">[17]</a> The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Locating the lowercase letters in sticks<a href="#cite_note-NB_Stick-16">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bemer_1980_Inside-15">[15]</a> 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified <a href="/wiki/Case-insensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Case-insensitive">case-insensitive</a> character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers. The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters (the <a href="/wiki/Brace_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brace (punctuation)">brace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a> characters),<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU was removed).<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 247–248  ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3.4-1967,<a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1967-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winter_2010-21">[20]</a> then USAS X3.4-1968,<a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1968-22">[21]</a> ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.<a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1986-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salste_2016-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revisions">Revisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revisions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>ASA X3.4-1963<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1963-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winter_2010-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salste_2016-23">[22]</a></li> <li>ASA X3.4-1965 (approved, but not published, nevertheless used by <a href="/wiki/IBM_2260" title="IBM 2260">IBM 2260</a> & <a href="/wiki/IBM_2265" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 2265">2265</a> Display Stations and <a href="/wiki/IBM_2848" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 2848">IBM 2848</a> Display Control)<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 423, 425–428, 435–439 <a href="#cite_note-SA_215-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winter_2010-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salste_2016-23">[22]</a></li> <li>USAS X3.4-1967<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1967-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salste_2016-23">[22]</a></li> <li>USAS X3.4-1968<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1968-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salste_2016-23">[22]</a></li> <li>ANSI X3.4-1977<a href="#cite_note-Salste_2016-23">[22]</a></li> <li>ANSI X3.4-1986<a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1986-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salste_2016-23">[22]</a></li> <li>ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1992)</li> <li>ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1997)</li> <li>ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2002)<a href="#cite_note-Korpela_2014-25">[24]</a></li> <li>ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007)<a href="#cite_note-ANSI_INCITS_4-1986_2007-26">[25]</a></li> <li>INCITS 4-1986 (R2012)<a href="#cite_note-INCITS_4-1986_R2012-27">[26]</a></li> <li>INCITS 4-1986 (R2017)<a href="#cite_note-INCITS_4-1986_R2017-28">[27]</a></li> <li>INCITS 4-1986 (R2022)<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></li></ul> In the X3.15 standard, the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted (<a href="/wiki/Least_significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Least significant bit">least significant bit</a> first)<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 249–253 <a href="#cite_note-X3.15-1966-30">[29]</a> and recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a <a href="/wiki/9-track" class="mw-redirect" title="9-track">9-track</a> standard for magnetic tape and attempted to deal with some <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched card</a> formats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_considerations">Design considerations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design considerations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bit_width">Bit width</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bit width">edit</a>]</div> The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a>, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a> symbols (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a>). This allows <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">alphabetic</a> characters, 10 <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">numerical digits</a>, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique</a> (CCITT) <a href="/wiki/International_Telegraph_Alphabet_No._2" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2">International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2</a> (ITA2) standard of 1932,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-bdcode-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/FIELDATA" class="mw-redirect" title="FIELDATA">FIELDATA</a> (1956[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]), and early <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> (1963), more than 64 codes were required for ASCII. ITA2 was in turn based on <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a>, the 5-bit telegraph code Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-bdcode-32">[31]</a> The committee debated the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Shift_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift code">shift</a> function (like in <a href="/wiki/ITA2" class="mw-redirect" title="ITA2">ITA2</a>), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a <a href="/wiki/Six-bit_character_code" title="Six-bit character code">six-bit code</a>. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a>, as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 215 §13.6, 236 §4  The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (<a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octets</a>) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with <a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">binary-coded decimal</a>. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a <a href="/wiki/Parity_bit" title="Parity bit">parity bit</a> for <a href="/wiki/Error_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Error checking">error checking</a> if desired.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 217 §c, 236 §5  <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">Eight-bit</a> machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer_1995-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_organization">Internal organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internal organization">edit</a>]</div> The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two so-called ASCII sticks<a href="#cite_note-NB_Stick-16">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bemer_1980_Inside-15">[15]</a> (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 220, 236 8, 9)  The <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">"space" character</a> had to come before graphics to make <a href="/wiki/Sorting_algorithm" title="Sorting algorithm">sorting</a> easier, so it became position 20<a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hex</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 237 §10  for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase <a href="/wiki/Sixbit_code_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixbit code pages">64-character alphabets</a>, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 228, 237 §14  as was done in the <a href="/wiki/DEC_SIXBIT" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC SIXBIT">DEC SIXBIT</a> code (1963). <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lowercase</a> letters were therefore not interleaved with <a href="/wiki/Uppercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppercase">uppercase</a>. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41<a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hex</a> to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 238 §18  The digits 0–9 are prefixed with 011, but the remaining <a href="/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble">4 bits</a> correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with <a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">binary-coded decimal</a> straightforward (for example, 5 in encoded to 0110101, where 5 is 0101 in binary). Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters.<a href="#cite_note-Savard-34">[33]</a> Mechanical typewriters followed the <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standard</a> set by the <a href="/wiki/Remington_No._2" class="mw-redirect" title="Remington No. 2">Remington No. 2</a> (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of <code>23456789-</code> were <code>"#$%_&'()</code> – early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but <code>1!</code> and <code>0)</code> pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII <code>!"#$%</code> were placed in the second stick,<a href="#cite_note-NB_Stick-16">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bemer_1980_Inside-15">[15]</a> positions 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent stick.<a href="#cite_note-NB_Stick-16">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bemer_1980_Inside-15">[15]</a> The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing <code>_</code> (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to <a href="/wiki/Bit-paired_keyboard" title="Bit-paired keyboard">bit-paired keyboards</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype Model 33</a>, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, differently from traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">IBM Selectric</a> (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become de facto standard on computers – following the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> (1981), especially <a href="/wiki/Model_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Model M">Model M</a> (1984) – and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The <code>/?</code> pair also dates to the No. 2, and the <code>,< .></code> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift <code>,</code> (comma) or <code>.</code> (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the <code>;:</code> pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly <code>-* =+</code>) to <code>:* ;+ -=</code>. Some then-common typewriter characters were not included, notably <code>½ ¼ ¢</code>, while <code>^ ` ~ </code> were included as diacritics for international use, and <code>< ></code> for mathematical use, together with the simple line characters <code>\ |</code> (in addition to common <code>/</code>). The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented À in the French variation, so the @ was placed in position 40<a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hex</a>, right before the letter A.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 243  The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message (SOM), end of address (EOA), <a href="/wiki/End_of_message" title="End of message">end of message</a> (EOM), end of transmission (EOT), "who are you?" (WRU), "are you?" (RU), a reserved device control (DC0), synchronous idle (SYNC), and acknowledge (ACK). These were positioned to maximize the <a href="/wiki/Hamming_distance" title="Hamming distance">Hamming distance</a> between their bit patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 243–245  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_order">Character order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Character order">edit</a>]</div> ASCII-code order is also called ASCIIbetical order.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">Collation</a> of data is sometimes done in this order rather than "standard" alphabetical order (<a href="/wiki/Collating_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Collating sequence">collating sequence</a>). The main deviations in ASCII order are: <ul><li>All uppercase come before lowercase letters; for example, "Z" precedes "a"</li> <li>Digits and many punctuation marks come before letters</li></ul> An intermediate order converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_set">Character set</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Character set">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASCII_Table_(suitable_for_printing).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ASCII_Table_%28suitable_for_printing%29.svg/220px-ASCII_Table_%28suitable_for_printing%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ASCII_Table_%28suitable_for_printing%29.svg/330px-ASCII_Table_%28suitable_for_printing%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ASCII_Table_%28suitable_for_printing%29.svg/440px-ASCII_Table_%28suitable_for_printing%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable nounderlines nowrap" border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large"> <caption style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:80%;line-height:1.5">ASCII (1977/1986) </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"> <td> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0 </td> <td style="width:20pt">1 </td> <td style="width:20pt">2 </td> <td style="width:20pt">3 </td> <td style="width:20pt">4 </td> <td style="width:20pt">5 </td> <td style="width:20pt">6 </td> <td style="width:20pt">7 </td> <td style="width:20pt">8 </td> <td style="width:20pt">9 </td> <td style="width:20pt">A </td> <td style="width:20pt">B </td> <td style="width:20pt">C </td> <td style="width:20pt">D </td> <td style="width:20pt">E </td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">0x </td> <td title="0 U+0000: Control (alias NULL) (alias NUL)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">NUL</a> </td> <td title="1 U+0001: Control (alias START OF HEADING) (alias SOH)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Start_of_heading" class="mw-redirect" title="Start of heading">SOH</a> </td> <td title="2 U+0002: Control (alias START OF TEXT) (alias STX)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Start_of_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Start of text">STX</a> </td> <td title="3 U+0003: Control (alias END OF TEXT) (alias ETX)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/End-of-Text_character" title="End-of-Text character">ETX</a> </td> <td title="4 U+0004: Control (alias END OF TRANSMISSION) (alias EOT)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/End-of-Transmission_character" title="End-of-Transmission character">EOT</a> </td> <td title="5 U+0005: Control (alias ENQUIRY) (alias ENQ)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Enquiry_character" title="Enquiry character">ENQ</a> </td> <td title="6 U+0006: Control (alias ACKNOWLEDGE) (alias ACK)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Acknowledge_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Acknowledge character">ACK</a> </td> <td title="7 U+0007: Control (alias ALERT) (alias BEL)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Bell_character" title="Bell character">BEL</a> </td> <td title="8 U+0008: Control (alias BACKSPACE) (alias BS)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Backspace" title="Backspace"> BS </a> </td> <td title="9 U+0009: Control (alias CHARACTER TABULATION) (alias HORIZONTAL TABULATION) (alias HT) (alias TAB)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_tabulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal tabulation"> HT </a> </td> <td title="10 U+000A: Control (alias LINE FEED) (alias NEW LINE) (alias END OF LINE) (alias LF) (alias NL) (alias EOL)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Line_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line feed"> LF </a> </td> <td title="11 U+000B: Control (alias LINE TABULATION) (alias VERTICAL TABULATION) (alias VT)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Vertical_tabulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical tabulation"> VT </a> </td> <td title="12 U+000C: Control (alias FORM FEED) (alias FF)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Form_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Form feed"> FF </a> </td> <td title="13 U+000D: Control (alias CARRIAGE RETURN) (alias CR)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return"> CR </a> </td> <td title="14 U+000E: Control (alias SHIFT OUT) (alias LOCKING-SHIFT ONE) (alias SO)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Shift_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift out"> SO </a> </td> <td title="15 U+000F: Control (alias SHIFT IN) (alias LOCKING-SHIFT ZERO) (alias SI)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Shift_in" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift in"> SI </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">1x </td> <td title="16 U+0010: Control (alias DATA LINK ESCAPE) (alias DLE)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Data_link_escape" class="mw-redirect" title="Data link escape">DLE</a> </td> <td title="17 U+0011: Control (alias DEVICE CONTROL ONE) (alias DC1)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Device_Control_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Control 1">DC1</a> </td> <td title="18 U+0012: Control (alias DEVICE CONTROL TWO) (alias DC2)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Device_Control_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Control 2">DC2</a> </td> <td title="19 U+0013: Control (alias DEVICE CONTROL THREE) (alias DC3)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Device_Control_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Control 3">DC3</a> </td> <td title="20 U+0014: Control (alias DEVICE CONTROL FOUR) (alias DC4)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Device_Control_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Control 4">DC4</a> </td> <td title="21 U+0015: Control (alias NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE) (alias NAK)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Negative_acknowledge_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative acknowledge character">NAK</a> </td> <td title="22 U+0016: Control (alias SYNCHRONOUS IDLE) (alias SYN)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_idle" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous idle">SYN</a> </td> <td title="23 U+0017: Control (alias END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK) (alias ETB)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/End_of_transmission_block" class="mw-redirect" title="End of transmission block">ETB</a> </td> <td title="24 U+0018: Control (alias CANCEL) (alias CAN)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Cancel_character" title="Cancel character">CAN</a> </td> <td title="25 U+0019: Control (alias END OF MEDIUM) (alias EOM)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/End_of_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="End of medium"> EM </a> </td> <td title="26 U+001A: Control (alias SUBSTITUTE) (alias SUB)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FEE"> <a href="/wiki/Substitute_character" title="Substitute character">SUB</a> </td> <td title="27 U+001B: Control (alias ESCAPE) (alias ESC)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Escape_character#ASCII_escape_character" title="Escape character">ESC</a> </td> <td title="28 U+001C: Control (alias INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR) (alias FILE SEPARATOR) (alias FS)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/File_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="File separator"> FS </a> </td> <td title="29 U+001D: Control (alias INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE) (alias GROUP SEPARATOR) (alias GS)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Group_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Group separator"> GS </a> </td> <td title="30 U+001E: Control (alias INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO) (alias RECORD SEPARATOR) (alias RS)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Record_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Record separator"> RS </a> </td> <td title="31 U+001F: Control (alias INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE) (alias UNIT SEPARATOR) (alias US)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;background:#FFD"> <a href="/wiki/Unit_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit separator"> US </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">2x </td> <td title="32 U+0020: SPACE (alias SP)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Space_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Space character"> SP </a> </td> <td title="33 U+0021: EXCLAMATION MARK" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/!" class="mw-redirect" title="!">!</a> </td> <td title="34 U+0022: QUOTATION MARK" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/%22" class="mw-redirect" title=""">"</a> </td> <td title="35 U+0023: NUMBER SIGN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">#</a> </td> <td title="36 U+0024: DOLLAR SIGN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/$" class="mw-redirect" title="$">$</a> </td> <td title="37 U+0025: PERCENT SIGN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/%25" class="mw-redirect" title="%">%</a> </td> <td title="38 U+0026: AMPERSAND" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/%26" class="mw-redirect" title="&">&</a> </td> <td title="39 U+0027: APOSTROPHE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/%27" class="mw-redirect" title="'">'</a> </td> <td title="40 U+0028: LEFT PARENTHESIS" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/(" class="mw-redirect" title="(">(</a> </td> <td title="41 U+0029: RIGHT PARENTHESIS" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/)" class="mw-redirect" title=")">)</a> </td> <td title="42 U+002A: ASTERISK" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/*" class="mw-redirect" title="*">*</a> </td> <td title="43 U+002B: PLUS SIGN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="+">+</a> </td> <td title="44 U+002C: COMMA" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/," class="mw-redirect" title=",">,</a> </td> <td title="45 U+002D: HYPHEN-MINUS" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/-" class="mw-redirect" title="-">-</a> </td> <td title="46 U+002E: FULL STOP" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">.</a> </td> <td title="47 U+002F: SOLIDUS" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">3x </td> <td title="48 U+0030: DIGIT ZERO" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/0" title="0">0</a> </td> <td title="49 U+0031: DIGIT ONE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/1" title="1">1</a> </td> <td title="50 U+0032: DIGIT TWO" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/2" title="2">2</a> </td> <td title="51 U+0033: DIGIT THREE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/3" title="3">3</a> </td> <td title="52 U+0034: DIGIT FOUR" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/4" title="4">4</a> </td> <td title="53 U+0035: DIGIT FIVE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/5" title="5">5</a> </td> <td title="54 U+0036: DIGIT SIX" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/6" title="6">6</a> </td> <td title="55 U+0037: DIGIT SEVEN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/7" title="7">7</a> </td> <td title="56 U+0038: DIGIT EIGHT" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/8" title="8">8</a> </td> <td title="57 U+0039: DIGIT NINE" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/9" title="9">9</a> </td> <td title="58 U+003A: COLON" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a> </td> <td title="59 U+003B: SEMICOLON" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a> </td> <td title="60 U+003C: LESS-THAN SIGN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Less-than_sign" title="Less-than sign"><</a> </td> <td title="61 U+003D: EQUALS SIGN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/%3D" class="mw-redirect" title="=">=</a> </td> <td title="62 U+003E: GREATER-THAN SIGN" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Greater-than_sign" title="Greater-than sign">></a> </td> <td title="63 U+003F: QUESTION MARK" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="?">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">4x </td> <td title="64 U+0040: COMMERCIAL AT" style="padding:1px;background:#FEE"><a href="/wiki/@" class="mw-redirect" title="@">@</a> </td> <td title="65 U+0041: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td title="66 U+0042: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td> <td title="67 U+0043: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </td> <td title="68 U+0044: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td title="69 U+0045: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td> <td title="70 U+0046: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </td> <td title="71 U+0047: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td> <td title="72 U+0048: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td> <td title="73 U+0049: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td> <td title="74 U+004A: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td> <td title="75 U+004B: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td> <td title="76 U+004C: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td> <td title="77 U+004D: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td> <td title="78 U+004E: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td title="79 U+004F: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">5x </td> <td title="80 U+0050: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td> <td title="81 U+0051: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td> <td title="82 U+0052: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td> <td title="83 U+0053: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td> <td title="84 U+0054: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td title="85 U+0055: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </td> <td title="86 U+0056: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </td> <td title="87 U+0057: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> </td> <td title="88 U+0058: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td> <td title="89 U+0059: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td> <td title="90 U+005A: LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td> <td title="91 U+005B: LEFT SQUARE BRACKET" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Left_square_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Left square bracket">[</a> </td> <td title="92 U+005C: REVERSE SOLIDUS" style="padding:1px;background:#FEE"><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">\</a> </td> <td title="93 U+005D: RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET" style="padding:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right_square_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Right square bracket">]</a> </td> <td title="94 U+005E: CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/%5E" class="mw-redirect" title="^">^</a> </td> <td title="95 U+005F: LOW LINE" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">_</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">6x </td> <td title="96 U+0060: GRAVE ACCENT" style="padding:1px;background:#FEE"><a href="/wiki/%60" class="mw-redirect" title="`">`</a> </td> <td title="97 U+0061: LATIN SMALL LETTER A" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td title="98 U+0062: LATIN SMALL LETTER B" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a> </td> <td title="99 U+0063: LATIN SMALL LETTER C" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td title="100 U+0064: LATIN SMALL LETTER D" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a> </td> <td title="101 U+0065: LATIN SMALL LETTER E" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td> <td title="102 U+0066: LATIN SMALL LETTER F" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a> </td> <td title="103 U+0067: LATIN SMALL LETTER G" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td title="104 U+0068: LATIN SMALL LETTER H" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a> </td> <td title="105 U+0069: LATIN SMALL LETTER I" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </td> <td title="106 U+006A: LATIN SMALL LETTER J" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a> </td> <td title="107 U+006B: LATIN SMALL LETTER K" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a> </td> <td title="108 U+006C: LATIN SMALL LETTER L" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a> </td> <td title="109 U+006D: LATIN SMALL LETTER M" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a> </td> <td title="110 U+006E: LATIN SMALL LETTER N" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a> </td> <td title="111 U+006F: LATIN SMALL LETTER O" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;height:2em;font-size:small;height:22pt;line-height:1">7x </td> <td title="112 U+0070: LATIN SMALL LETTER P" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a> </td> <td title="113 U+0071: LATIN SMALL LETTER Q" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td title="114 U+0072: LATIN SMALL LETTER R" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td title="115 U+0073: LATIN SMALL LETTER S" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a> </td> <td title="116 U+0074: LATIN SMALL LETTER T" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td> <td title="117 U+0075: LATIN SMALL LETTER U" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td> <td title="118 U+0076: LATIN SMALL LETTER V" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> </td> <td title="119 U+0077: LATIN SMALL LETTER W" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td> <td title="120 U+0078: LATIN SMALL LETTER X" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> </td> <td title="121 U+0079: LATIN SMALL LETTER Y" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td title="122 U+007A: LATIN SMALL LETTER Z" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td> <td title="123 U+007B: LEFT CURLY BRACKET" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Left_curly_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Left curly bracket">{</a> </td> <td title="124 U+007C: VERTICAL LINE" style="padding:1px;background:#FEE"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">|</a> </td> <td title="125 U+007D: RIGHT CURLY BRACKET" style="padding:1px;background:#FFD"><a href="/wiki/Right_curly_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Right curly bracket">}</a> </td> <td title="126 U+007E: TILDE" style="padding:1px;background:#FEE"><a href="/wiki/~" class="mw-redirect" title="~">~</a> </td> <td title="127 U+007F: Control (alias DELETE) (alias DEL)" style="font-size:75%;padding:1px;"> <a href="/wiki/Delete_character" title="Delete character">DEL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="max-width:320pt;background:#F8F8F8;font-size:75%;text-align:left"><div class="wrap"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Changed or added in 1963 version</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Changed in both 1963 version and 1965 draft</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_groups">Character groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Character groups">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_characters">Control characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Control characters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_ASCII_Control_Character_Symbols.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/US_ASCII_Control_Character_Symbols.png/220px-US_ASCII_Control_Character_Symbols.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/US_ASCII_Control_Character_Symbols.png/330px-US_ASCII_Control_Character_Symbols.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/US_ASCII_Control_Character_Symbols.png/440px-US_ASCII_Control_Character_Symbols.png 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="2182" /></a><figcaption>Early symbols assigned to the 32 control characters, space and delete characters. (<a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">ISO 2047</a>, MIL-STD-188-100, 1972)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">Control character</a></div> ASCII reserves the first 32 <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a> (numbers 0–31 decimal) and the last one (number 127 decimal) for <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a>. These are codes intended to control <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral device">peripheral devices</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printers</a>), or to provide <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">meta-information</a> about data streams, such as those stored on magnetic tape. Despite their name, these code points do not represent printable characters (i.e. they are not characters at all, but signals). For debugging purposes, "placeholder" symbols (such as those given in <a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">ISO 2047</a> and its predecessors) are assigned to them. For example, character 0x0A represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "<a href="/wiki/Backspace" title="Backspace">backspace</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2822">2822</a> refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitespace (computer science)">white space</a> as non-whitespace control characters.<a href="#cite_note-RFC-2822-36">[35]</a> Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a>, address page and document layout and formatting. The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each control character. The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional, for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a <a href="/wiki/Data_stream" title="Data stream">data stream</a>, and sometimes accidental, for example the standard is unclear about the meaning of "delete". Probably the most influential single device affecting the interpretation of these characters was the <a href="/wiki/Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype Model 33</a> ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">paper tape</a> reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (<a href="/wiki/Delete_key" title="Delete key">delete</a>) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of control-G (code 7, BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally, as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a>), a noncompliant use of code 15 (control-O, shift in) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected. When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving control-Q (XON, transmit on) caused the tape reader to resume. This so-called <a href="/wiki/Flow_control_(data)" title="Flow control (data)">flow control</a> technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">buffer overflow</a>; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems, control-S retains its meaning, but control-Q is replaced by a second control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ control-R (DC2) and control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and <s>TAPE</s> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-McConnell-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Delete_vs_backspace">Delete vs backspace</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Delete vs backspace">edit</a>]</div> The Teletype could not move its typehead backwards, so it did not have a key on its keyboard to send a BS (backspace). Instead, there was a key marked <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">RUB OUT</kbd> that sent code 127 (DEL). The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a manually-input paper tape: the operator had to push a button on the tape punch to back it up, then type the rubout, which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Teletypes were commonly used with the less-expensive computers from <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC); these systems had to use what keys were available, and thus the DEL character was assigned to erase the previous character.<a href="#cite_note-pdp-6-monitor-manual-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-pdp-10-monitor-manual-40">[39]</a> Because of this, DEC video terminals (by default) sent the DEL character for the key marked "Backspace" while the separate key marked "Delete" sent an <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape sequence</a>; many other competing terminals sent a BS character for the backspace key. The early Unix tty drivers, unlike some modern implementations, allowed only one character to be set to erase the previous character in canonical input processing (where a very simple line editor is available); this could be set to BS or DEL, but not both, resulting in recurring situations of ambiguity where users had to decide depending on what terminal they were using (<a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shells</a> that allow line editing, such as <a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">ksh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Z_shell" title="Z shell">zsh</a>, understand both). The assumption that no key sent a BS character allowed Ctrl+H to be used for other purposes, such as the "help" prefix command in <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Escape">Escape</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Escape">edit</a>]</div> Many more of the control characters have been assigned meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending of other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning, an "escape sequence". This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a> strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this interpretation has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern usage, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, which can be used to address the cursor, scroll a region, set/query various terminal properties, and more. They are usually in the form of a so-called "<a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ANSI escape code</a>" (often starting with a "<a href="/wiki/Control_Sequence_Introducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Sequence Introducer">Control Sequence Introducer</a>", "CSI", "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">ESC [") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors. Some escape sequences do not have introducers, like the "Reset to Initial State", "RIS" command "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">ESC c".<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In contrast, an ESC read from the terminal is most often used as an <a href="/wiki/Out-of-band_data" title="Out-of-band data">out-of-band</a> character used to terminate an operation or special mode, as in the <a href="/wiki/Text_Editor_and_Corrector" class="mw-redirect" title="Text Editor and Corrector">TECO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a> <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editors</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) and <a href="/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">windowing</a> systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to <a href="/wiki/Exit_(system_call)" title="Exit (system call)">exit</a> (terminate) altogether. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_line">End of line</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: End of line">edit</a>]</div> The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newline</a> problem on various <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "carriage return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "line feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "carriage return" comes from the fact that on a manual <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> the carriage holding the paper moves while the typebars that strike the ribbon remain stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the paper for the next line. DEC operating systems (<a href="/wiki/OS/8" title="OS/8">OS/8</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a>, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or "dumb terminals") came along, the convention was so well established that <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a> necessitated continuing to follow it. When <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a> created <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>, he was inspired by some of the command line interface conventions used in DEC's RT-11 operating system. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> had no influence in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC encoding instead of ASCII, and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of "carriage return" was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP/M,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> in turn inherited it from MS-DOS. Requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and ambiguity as to how to interpret each character when encountered by itself. To simplify matters, <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> data streams, including files, on <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a>: 357  The tty driver would handle the LF to CRLF conversion on output so files can be directly printed to terminal, and NL (newline) is often used to refer to CRLF in <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> documents. <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, and <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> systems, adopted this convention from Multics. On the other hand, the original <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh OS">Macintosh OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ProDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ProDOS">ProDOS</a> used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple later replaced these obsolete operating systems with their Unix-based <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (formerly named OS X) operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well. The Radio Shack <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a> also used a lone CR to terminate lines. Computers attached to the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and <a href="/wiki/TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a> using CR-LF line endings; machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings; and machines running operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/OS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/360">OS/360</a> that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and which used EBCDIC rather than ASCII encoding. The <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a> protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT.<a href="#cite_note-RFC-158-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode.<a href="#cite_note-RFC-542-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFC-765-47">[46]</a> This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_file/stream">End of file/stream</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: End of file/stream">edit</a>]</div> The PDP-6 monitor,<a href="#cite_note-pdp-6-monitor-manual-39">[38]</a> and its PDP-10 successor TOPS-10,<a href="#cite_note-pdp-10-monitor-manual-40">[39]</a> used control-Z (SUB) as an end-of-file indication for input from a terminal. Some operating systems such as CP/M tracked file length only in units of disk blocks, and used control-Z to mark the end of the actual text in the file.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> For these reasons, EOF, or <a href="/wiki/End-of-file" title="End-of-file">end-of-file</a>, was used colloquially and conventionally as a <a href="/wiki/Three-letter_acronym" title="Three-letter acronym">three-letter acronym</a> for control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text character (<a href="/wiki/End-of-text_character" class="mw-redirect" title="End-of-text character">ETX</a>), also known as <a href="/wiki/Control-C" title="Control-C">control-C</a>, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using control-Z as the control character to end a file is analogous to the letter Z's position at the end of the alphabet, and serves as a very convenient <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Mnemonic device">mnemonic aid</a>. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX character convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard. The Unix terminal driver uses the end-of-transmission character (<a href="/wiki/End-of-Transmission_character" title="End-of-Transmission character">EOT</a>), also known as control-D, to indicate the end of a data stream. In the <a href="/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C programming language</a>, and in Unix conventions, the <a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">null character</a> is used to terminate text <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a>; such <a href="/wiki/Null-terminated_string" title="Null-terminated string">null-terminated strings</a> can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where here Z stands for "zero". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_code_chart">Control code chart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Control code chart">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">Binary</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">Oct</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">Dec</a></th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">Hex</a></th> <th colspan="3">Abbreviation</th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Unicode <a href="/wiki/Control_Pictures" title="Control Pictures">Control Pictures</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[b]</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Caret_notation" title="Caret notation">Caret notation</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[c]</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Escape_sequences_in_C" title="Escape sequences in C">C escape sequence</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[d]</a></th> <th rowspan="2">Name (1967) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1963</th> <th>1965</th> <th>1967 </th></tr> <tr> <td>000 0000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">000</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">0</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">00 </td> <td>NULL</td> <td colspan="2">NUL</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␀</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^@</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\0 <a href="#cite_note-54">[e]</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">Null</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 0001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">001</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">1</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">01 </td> <td>SOM</td> <td colspan="2">SOH</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␁</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^A</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Start_of_Heading" class="mw-redirect" title="Start of Heading">Start of Heading</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 0010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">002</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">2</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">02 </td> <td>EOA</td> <td colspan="2">STX</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␂</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^B</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Start_of_Text" class="mw-redirect" title="Start of Text">Start of Text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 0011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">003</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">3</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">03 </td> <td>EOM</td> <td colspan="2">ETX</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␃</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^C</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/End-of-Text_character" title="End-of-Text character">End of Text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 0100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">004</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">4</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">04 </td> <td colspan="3">EOT</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␄</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^D</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/End-of-Transmission_character" title="End-of-Transmission character">End of Transmission</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 0101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">005</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">5</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">05 </td> <td>WRU</td> <td colspan="2">ENQ</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␅</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^E</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Enquiry_character" title="Enquiry character">Enquiry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 0110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">006</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">6</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">06 </td> <td>RU</td> <td colspan="2">ACK</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␆</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^F</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Acknowledge_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Acknowledge character">Acknowledgement</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 0111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">007</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">7</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">07 </td> <td>BELL</td> <td colspan="2">BEL</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␇</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^G</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\a</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bell_character" title="Bell character">Bell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 1000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">010</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">8</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">08 </td> <td>FE0</td> <td colspan="2">BS</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␈</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^H</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\b</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Backspace" title="Backspace">Backspace</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-bsp_del_mismatch-56">[g]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 1001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">011</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">9</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">09 </td> <td>HT/SK</td> <td colspan="2">HT</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␉</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^I</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\t</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_Tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal Tab">Horizontal Tab</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[h]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 1010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">012</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">10</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">0A </td> <td colspan="3">LF</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␊</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^J</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\n</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Line_Feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Line Feed">Line Feed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 1011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">013</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">11</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">0B </td> <td>VTAB</td> <td colspan="2">VT</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␋</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^K</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\v</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical Tab">Vertical Tab</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 1100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">014</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">12</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">0C </td> <td colspan="3">FF</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␌</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^L</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\f</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Form_Feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Form Feed">Form Feed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 1101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">015</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">13</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">0D </td> <td colspan="3">CR</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␍</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^M</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\r</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_Return" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage Return">Carriage Return</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[i]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 1110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">016</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">14</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">0E </td> <td colspan="3">SO</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␎</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^N</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shift_Out" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift Out">Shift Out</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>000 1111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">017</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">15</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">0F </td> <td colspan="3">SI</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␏</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^O</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shift_In" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift In">Shift In</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 0000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">020</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">16</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">10 </td> <td>DC0</td> <td colspan="2">DLE</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␐</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^P</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Data_Link_Escape" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Link Escape">Data Link Escape</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 0001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">021</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">17</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">11 </td> <td colspan="3">DC1</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␑</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^Q</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Device_Control_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Control 1">Device Control 1</a> (often <a href="/wiki/XON" class="mw-redirect" title="XON">XON</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 0010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">022</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">18</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">12 </td> <td colspan="3">DC2</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␒</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^R</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Device_Control_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Control 2">Device Control 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 0011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">023</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">19</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">13 </td> <td colspan="3">DC3</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␓</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^S</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Device_Control_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Control 3">Device Control 3</a> (often <a href="/wiki/XOFF" class="mw-redirect" title="XOFF">XOFF</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 0100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">024</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">20</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">14 </td> <td colspan="3">DC4</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␔</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^T</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Device_Control_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Control 4">Device Control 4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 0101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">025</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">21</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">15 </td> <td>ERR</td> <td colspan="2">NAK</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␕</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^U</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Negative-acknowledge_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative-acknowledge character">Negative Acknowledgement</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 0110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">026</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">22</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">16 </td> <td>SYNC</td> <td colspan="2">SYN</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␖</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^V</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Idle" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous Idle">Synchronous Idle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 0111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">027</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">23</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">17 </td> <td>LEM</td> <td colspan="2">ETB</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␗</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^W</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/End-of-Transmission-Block_character" title="End-of-Transmission-Block character">End of Transmission Block</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 1000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">030</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">24</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">18 </td> <td>S0</td> <td colspan="2">CAN</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␘</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^X</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cancel_character" title="Cancel character">Cancel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 1001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">031</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">25</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">19 </td> <td>S1</td> <td colspan="2">EM</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␙</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^Y</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/End_of_Medium" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Medium">End of Medium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 1010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">032</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">26</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">1A </td> <td>S2</td> <td>SS</td> <td>SUB</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␚</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^Z</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Substitute_character" title="Substitute character">Substitute</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 1011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">033</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">27</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">1B </td> <td>S3</td> <td colspan="2">ESC</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␛</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^[</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\e<a href="#cite_note-59">[j]</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">Escape</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[k]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 1100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">034</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">28</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">1C </td> <td>S4</td> <td colspan="2">FS</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␜</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^\</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="File Separator">File Separator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 1101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">035</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">29</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">1D </td> <td>S5</td> <td colspan="2">GS</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␝</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^]</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Group_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Separator">Group Separator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 1110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">036</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">30</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">1E </td> <td>S6</td> <td colspan="2">RS</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␞</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^^<a href="#cite_note-61">[l]</a></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Record_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Record Separator">Record Separator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>001 1111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">037</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">31</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">1F </td> <td>S7</td> <td colspan="2">US</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␟</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^_</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Unit_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit Separator">Unit Separator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 1111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">177</td> <td style="background:#CFF;">127</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">7F </td> <td colspan="3">DEL</td> <td style="font-size:large;">␡</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^?</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Delete_character" title="Delete character">Delete</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-bsp_del_mismatch-56">[g]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Other representations might be used by specialist equipment, for example <a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">ISO 2047</a> graphics or <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> numbers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printable_characters">Printable characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Printable characters">edit</a>]</div> Codes 20hex to 7Ehex, known as the printable characters, represent letters, digits, <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation marks</a>, and a few miscellaneous symbols. There are 95 printable characters in total.<a href="#cite_note-63">[n]</a> Code 20hex, the "space" character, denotes the space between words, as produced by the space bar of a keyboard. Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic (rather than a control character)<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">[3]</a>: 223 <a href="#cite_note-RFC-20_1968-10">[10]</a> it is listed in the table below instead of in the previous section. Code 7Fhex corresponds to the non-printable "delete" (DEL) control character and is therefore omitted from this chart; it is covered in the previous section's chart. Earlier versions of ASCII used the up arrow instead of the <a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret</a> (5Ehex) and the left arrow instead of the underscore (5Fhex).<a href="#cite_note-ASCII-1963-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_2015-64">[50]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">Binary</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">Oct</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">Dec</a></th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">Hex</a></th> <th colspan="3">Glyph </th></tr> <tr> <th>1963</th> <th>1965</th> <th>1967 </th></tr> <tr> <td>010 0000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">040</td> <td style="background:#cff;">32</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">20</td> <td colspan="3"> <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 0001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">041</td> <td style="background:#cff;">33</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">21</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">!</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 0010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">042</td> <td style="background:#cff;">34</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">22</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 0011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">043</td> <td style="background:#cff;">35</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">23</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">#</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 0100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">044</td> <td style="background:#cff;">36</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">24</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 0101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">045</td> <td style="background:#cff;">37</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">25</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">%</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 0110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">046</td> <td style="background:#cff;">38</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">26</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">&</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 0111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">047</td> <td style="background:#cff;">39</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">27</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">'</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 1000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">050</td> <td style="background:#cff;">40</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">28</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Left_parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Left parenthesis">(</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 1001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">051</td> <td style="background:#cff;">41</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">29</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Right_parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Right parenthesis">)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 1010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">052</td> <td style="background:#cff;">42</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">2A</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">*</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 1011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">053</td> <td style="background:#cff;">43</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">2B</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">+</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 1100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">054</td> <td style="background:#cff;">44</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">2C</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 1101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">055</td> <td style="background:#cff;">45</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">2D</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">-</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 1110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">056</td> <td style="background:#cff;">46</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">2E</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>010 1111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">057</td> <td style="background:#cff;">47</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">2F</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 0000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">060</td> <td style="background:#cff;">48</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">30</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)">0</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 0001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">061</td> <td style="background:#cff;">49</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">31</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)">1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 0010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">062</td> <td style="background:#cff;">50</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">32</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)">2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 0011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">063</td> <td style="background:#cff;">51</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">33</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/3_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (number)">3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 0100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">064</td> <td style="background:#cff;">52</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">34</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)">4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 0101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">065</td> <td style="background:#cff;">53</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">35</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/5_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 (number)">5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 0110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">066</td> <td style="background:#cff;">54</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">36</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/6_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 (number)">6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 0111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">067</td> <td style="background:#cff;">55</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">37</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)">7</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 1000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">070</td> <td style="background:#cff;">56</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">38</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/8_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 (number)">8</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 1001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">071</td> <td style="background:#cff;">57</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">39</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/9_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 (number)">9</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 1010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">072</td> <td style="background:#cff;">58</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">3A</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 1011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">073</td> <td style="background:#cff;">59</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">3B</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 1100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">074</td> <td style="background:#cff;">60</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">3C</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Less-than_sign" title="Less-than sign"><</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 1101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">075</td> <td style="background:#cff;">61</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">3D</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">=</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 1110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">076</td> <td style="background:#cff;">62</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">3E</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Greater-than_sign" title="Greater-than sign">></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>011 1111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">077</td> <td style="background:#cff;">63</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">3F</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">?</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 0000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">100</td> <td style="background:#cff;">64</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">@</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%60" class="mw-redirect" title="`">`</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">@</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 0001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">101</td> <td style="background:#cff;">65</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">41</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 0010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">102</td> <td style="background:#cff;">66</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">42</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 0011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">103</td> <td style="background:#cff;">67</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">43</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 0100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">104</td> <td style="background:#cff;">68</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">44</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 0101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">105</td> <td style="background:#cff;">69</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">45</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 0110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">106</td> <td style="background:#cff;">70</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">46</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 0111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">107</td> <td style="background:#cff;">71</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">47</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 1000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">110</td> <td style="background:#cff;">72</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">48</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 1001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">111</td> <td style="background:#cff;">73</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">49</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 1010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">112</td> <td style="background:#cff;">74</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">4A</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 1011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">113</td> <td style="background:#cff;">75</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">4B</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 1100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">114</td> <td style="background:#cff;">76</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">4C</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 1101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">115</td> <td style="background:#cff;">77</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">4D</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 1110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">116</td> <td style="background:#cff;">78</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">4E</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 1111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">117</td> <td style="background:#cff;">79</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">4F</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 0000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">120</td> <td style="background:#cff;">80</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">50</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 0001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">121</td> <td style="background:#cff;">81</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">51</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 0010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">122</td> <td style="background:#cff;">82</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">52</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 0011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">123</td> <td style="background:#cff;">83</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">53</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 0100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">124</td> <td style="background:#cff;">84</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">54</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 0101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">125</td> <td style="background:#cff;">85</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">55</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 0110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">126</td> <td style="background:#cff;">86</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">56</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 0111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">127</td> <td style="background:#cff;">87</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">57</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 1000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">130</td> <td style="background:#cff;">88</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">58</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 1001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">131</td> <td style="background:#cff;">89</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">59</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 1010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">132</td> <td style="background:#cff;">90</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">5A</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 1011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">133</td> <td style="background:#cff;">91</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">5B</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Left_square_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Left square bracket">[</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 1100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">134</td> <td style="background:#cff;">92</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">5C</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">\</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">~</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">\</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 1101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">135</td> <td style="background:#cff;">93</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">5D</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Right_square_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Right square bracket">]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 1110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">136</td> <td style="background:#cff;">94</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">5E</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Up_arrow_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Up arrow (symbol)">↑</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">^</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 1111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">137</td> <td style="background:#cff;">95</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">5F</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Left_arrow_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left arrow (symbol)">←</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">_</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 0000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">140</td> <td style="background:#cff;">96</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">60</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">@</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%60" class="mw-redirect" title="`">`</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 0001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">141</td> <td style="background:#cff;">97</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">61</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 0010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">142</td> <td style="background:#cff;">98</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">62</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 0011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">143</td> <td style="background:#cff;">99</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">63</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 0100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">144</td> <td style="background:#cff;">100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">64</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 0101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">145</td> <td style="background:#cff;">101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">65</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 0110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">146</td> <td style="background:#cff;">102</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">66</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 0111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">147</td> <td style="background:#cff;">103</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">67</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 1000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">150</td> <td style="background:#cff;">104</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">68</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 1001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">151</td> <td style="background:#cff;">105</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">69</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 1010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">152</td> <td style="background:#cff;">106</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">6A</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 1011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">153</td> <td style="background:#cff;">107</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">6B</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 1100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">154</td> <td style="background:#cff;">108</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">6C</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 1101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">155</td> <td style="background:#cff;">109</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">6D</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 1110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">156</td> <td style="background:#cff;">110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">6E</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 1111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">157</td> <td style="background:#cff;">111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">6F</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 0000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">160</td> <td style="background:#cff;">112</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">70</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 0001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">161</td> <td style="background:#cff;">113</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">71</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 0010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">162</td> <td style="background:#cff;">114</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">72</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 0011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">163</td> <td style="background:#cff;">115</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">73</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 0100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">164</td> <td style="background:#cff;">116</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">74</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 0101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">165</td> <td style="background:#cff;">117</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">75</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 0110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">166</td> <td style="background:#cff;">118</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">76</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 0111</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">167</td> <td style="background:#cff;">119</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">77</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 1000</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">170</td> <td style="background:#cff;">120</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">78</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 1001</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">171</td> <td style="background:#cff;">121</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">79</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 1010</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">172</td> <td style="background:#cff;">122</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">7A</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 1011</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">173</td> <td style="background:#cff;">123</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">7B</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Left_curly_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Left curly bracket">{</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 1100</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">174</td> <td style="background:#cff;">124</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">7C</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acknowledge_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Acknowledge character">ACK</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Not_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Not sign">¬</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">|</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 1101</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">175</td> <td style="background:#cff;">125</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">7D</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Right_curly_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Right curly bracket">}</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 1110</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">176</td> <td style="background:#cff;">126</td> <td style="background:lightblue;">7E</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">ESC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">|</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">~</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a>'s TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit <a href="/wiki/ITA2" class="mw-redirect" title="ITA2">ITA2</a>, which was also used by the competing <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a> teleprinter system. <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Bemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Bemer">Bob Bemer</a> introduced features such as the <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape sequence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brandel_1999-5">[5]</a> His British colleague <a href="/wiki/Hugh_McGregor_Ross" title="Hugh McGregor Ross">Hugh McGregor Ross</a> helped to popularize this work – according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer–Ross Code in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-65">[51]</a> Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII".<a href="#cite_note-thocp-66">[52]</a> On March 11, 1968, US President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> mandated that all computers purchased by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federal Government">United States Federal Government</a> support ASCII, stating:<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1968-67">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Folts_1982-69">[55]</a> <blockquote>I have also approved recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> [<a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Luther H. Hodges</a>] regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations. All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after July 1, 1969, must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used.</blockquote> ASCII was the most common character encoding on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> until December 2007, when <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoding surpassed it; UTF-8 is <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a> with ASCII.<a href="#cite_note-Dubost_2008-70">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-UTF-8_2008-71">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis_2010-72">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants_and_derivations">Variants and derivations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Variants and derivations">edit</a>]</div> As computer technology spread throughout the world, different <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standards bodies</a> and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of non-English languages that used Roman-based alphabets. One could class some of these variations as "<a href="/wiki/ASCII_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII extension">ASCII extensions</a>", although some misuse that term to represent all variants, including those that do not preserve ASCII's character-map in the 7-bit range. Furthermore, the ASCII extensions have also been mislabelled as ASCII. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7-bit_codes">7-bit codes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 7-bit codes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITU_T.50" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU T.50">ITU T.50</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></div> From early in its development,<a href="#cite_note-73">[59]</a> ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard. Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as <a href="/wiki/ISO_646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 646">ISO 646</a> (1967) that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> (£); e.g. with <a href="/wiki/Code_page_1104" title="Code page 1104">code page 1104</a>. Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the US and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters. Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include non-English letters (e.g. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł</a>), currency symbols (e.g. <a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£">£</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C2%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="¥">¥</a>), etc. See also <a href="/wiki/YUSCII" title="YUSCII">YUSCII</a> (Yugoslavia). It would share most characters in common, but assign other locally useful characters to several <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a> reserved for "national use". However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967<a href="#cite_note-Maréchal_1967-74">[60]</a> caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points. ISO/IEC 646, like ASCII, is a 7-bit character set. It does not make any additional codes available, so the same code points encoded different characters in different countries. Escape codes were defined to indicate which national variant applied to a piece of text, but they were rarely used, so it was often impossible to know what variant to work with and, therefore, which character a code represented, and in general, text-processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway. Because the bracket and brace characters of ASCII were assigned to "national use" code points that were used for accented letters in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646, a German, French, or Swedish, etc. programmer using their national variant of ISO/IEC 646, rather than ASCII, had to write, and thus read, something such as <dl><dd><code>ä aÄiÜ = 'Ön'; ü</code></dd></dl> instead of <dl><dd><code>{ a[i] = '\n'; }</code></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/C_trigraph" class="mw-redirect" title="C trigraph">C trigraphs</a> were created to solve this problem for <a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">ANSI C</a>, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>) contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get "N{ jag har sm|rg}sar" as the answer, which should be "Nä jag har smörgåsar" meaning "No I've got sandwiches". In Japan and Korea, still as of the 2020s,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit">[update]</a> a variation of ASCII is used, in which the <a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a> (5C hex) is rendered as ¥ (a <a href="/wiki/Yen_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen sign">Yen sign</a>, in Japan) or ₩ (a <a href="/wiki/Won_sign" title="Won sign">Won sign</a>, in Korea). This means that, for example, the file path C:\Users\Smith is shown as C:¥Users¥Smith (in Japan) or C:₩Users₩Smith (in Korea). In Europe, <a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">teletext character sets</a>, which are variants of ASCII, are used for broadcast TV subtitles, defined by <a href="/wiki/World_System_Teletext" title="World System Teletext">World System Teletext</a> and broadcast using the DVB-TXT standard for embedding teletext into DVB transmissions.<a href="#cite_note-75">[61]</a> In the case that the subtitles were initially authored for teletext and converted, the derived subtitle formats are constrained to the same character sets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8-bit_codes">8-bit codes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 8-bit codes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">Extended ASCII</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></div> Eventually, as 8-, <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-</a>, and <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>) computers began to replace <a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-</a>, <a href="/wiki/18-bit_computing" title="18-bit computing">18-</a>, and <a href="/wiki/36-bit_computing" title="36-bit computing">36-bit</a> computers as the norm, it became common to use an 8-bit byte to store each character in memory, providing an opportunity for extended, 8-bit relatives of ASCII. In most cases these developed as true extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, but adding additional character definitions after the first 128 (i.e., 7-bit) characters. ASCII itself remained a seven-bit code: the term "extended ASCII" has no official status. For some countries, 8-bit extensions of ASCII were developed that included support for characters used in local languages; for example, <a href="/wiki/ISCII" class="mw-redirect" title="ISCII">ISCII</a> for India and <a href="/wiki/VISCII" title="VISCII">VISCII</a> for Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/Kaypro" title="Kaypro">Kaypro</a> <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Even for markets where it was not necessary to add many characters to support additional languages, manufacturers of early home computer systems often developed their own 8-bit extensions of ASCII to include additional characters, such as <a href="/wiki/Box-drawing_characters" title="Box-drawing characters">box-drawing characters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semigraphics" title="Semigraphics">semigraphics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">video game sprites</a>. Often, these additions also replaced control characters (index 0 to 31, as well as index 127) with even more platform-specific extensions. In other cases, the extra bit was used for some other purpose, such as toggling <a href="/wiki/Inverse_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse video">inverse video</a>; this approach was used by <a href="/wiki/ATASCII" title="ATASCII">ATASCII</a>, an extension of ASCII developed by <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a>. Most ASCII extensions are based on ASCII-1967 (the current standard), but some extensions are instead based on the earlier ASCII-1963. For example, <a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a>, which was developed by <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a> for their <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> systems, is based on ASCII-1963. Likewise, many <a href="/wiki/Sharp_MZ_character_set" title="Sharp MZ character set">Sharp MZ character sets</a> are based on ASCII-1963. IBM defined <a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">code page 437</a> for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, replacing the control characters with graphic symbols such as <a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">smiley faces</a>, and mapping additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions.<a href="#cite_note-76">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Multinational Character Set</a> (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular <a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VT220</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminal</a> as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> defined <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Mac OS Roman</a> for the Macintosh and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a> defined the <a href="/wiki/PostScript_Standard_Encoding" title="PostScript Standard Encoding">PostScript Standard Encoding</a> for <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>; both sets contained "international" letters, typographic symbols and punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets. The <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a> standard (derived from the DEC-MCS) provided a standard that most systems copied (or at least were based on, when not copied exactly). A popular further extension designed by Microsoft, <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a> (often mislabeled as <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a>), added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text printing. ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the most common character encoding methods on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> until 2008, when <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> overtook them.<a href="#cite_note-UTF-8_2008-71">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4873" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 4873">ISO/IEC 4873</a> introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80–9F <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> range, as part of extending the 7-bit ASCII encoding to become an 8-bit system.<a href="#cite_note-Unicode-5.0_2006-77">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Unicode">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646">ISO/IEC 10646</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">Basic Latin (Unicode block)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and the ISO/IEC 10646 <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Character Set">Universal Character Set</a> (UCS) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many environments. While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support more characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using <a href="/wiki/Natural_number" title="Natural number">natural numbers</a> called code points) and encoding (to 8-, 16-, or 32-bit binary formats, called <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a>, respectively). ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode (1991) character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatible</a> with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, <a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">forward compatibility</a> is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-78">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3568_ASCII" title="3568 ASCII">3568 ASCII</a> – an asteroid named after the character encoding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt codes">Alt codes</a> – Input method used with MSDOS and WindowsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII_8" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII 8">ASCII 8</a> – ASCII code 08, "BS" or Backspace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</a> – Computer art form using text characters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII_Ribbon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII Ribbon Campaign">ASCII Ribbon Campaign</a> – Campaign for plain text (only) emailsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">Basic Latin (Unicode block)</a> – ASCII as a subset of Unicode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">Extended ASCII</a> – Nickname for 8-bit ASCII-derived character sets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_decimal_character_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML decimal character rendering">HTML decimal character rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">Jargon File</a> – a glossary of computer programmer slang which includes a list of common slang names for ASCII characters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_character_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of computer character sets">List of computer character sets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters" title="List of Unicode characters">List of Unicode characters</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NB_Stick-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Stick_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Stick_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Stick_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Stick_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Stick_16-4">e</a> The 128 characters of the 7-bit ASCII character set are divided into eight 16-character groups called sticks 0–7, associated with the three <a href="/wiki/Most-significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Most-significant bit">most-significant bits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bemer_1980_Inside-15">[15]</a> Depending on the horizontal or vertical representation of the character map, sticks can correspond with either table rows or columns. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> The Unicode characters from the "Control Pictures" area U+2400 to U+2421 reserved for representing control characters when it is necessary to print or display them rather than have them perform their intended function. Some browsers may not display these properly. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Caret notation is often used to represent control characters on a terminal. On most text terminals, holding down the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Control_key" title="Control key">Ctrl</a></kbd> key while typing the second character will type the control character. Sometimes the shift key is not needed, for instance <code>^@</code> may be typable with just Ctrl+2 or Ctrl+Space. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Character escape sequences in C programming language and many other languages influenced by it, such as <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> (though not all implementations necessarily support all escape sequences). </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Entering any Single-Byte character is supported by escaping its octal value. However, because of the role of NULL in <a href="/wiki/Null-terminated_string" title="Null-terminated string">C-strings</a>, this case see particular use. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Backspace" title="Backspace">Backspace</a> character can also be entered by pressing the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">← Backspace</kbd> key on some systems. </li> <li id="cite_note-bsp_del_mismatch-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bsp_del_mismatch_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsp_del_mismatch_56-1">b</a> The ambiguity of <a href="/wiki/Backspace" title="Backspace">Backspace</a> is due to early terminals designed assuming the main use of the keyboard would be to manually punch paper tape while not connected to a computer. To delete the previous character, one had to back up the paper tape punch, which for mechanical and simplicity reasons was a button on the punch itself and not the keyboard, then type the rubout character. They therefore placed a key producing rubout at the location used on typewriters for backspace. When systems used these terminals and provided command-line editing, they had to use the "rubout" code to perform a backspace, and often did not interpret the backspace character (they might echo "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">^H" for backspace). Other terminals not designed for paper tape made the key at this location produce Backspace, and systems designed for these used that character to back up. Since the delete code often produced a backspace effect, this also forced terminal manufacturers to make any <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Delete</kbd> key produce something other than the Delete character. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tab_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Tab character">Tab character</a> can also be entered by pressing the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Tab ↹</kbd> key on most systems. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carriage_Return" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage Return">Carriage Return</a> character can also be entered by pressing the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">↵ Enter</kbd> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Return</kbd> key on most systems. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">\e <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape sequence</a> is not part of <a href="/wiki/ISO_C" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO C">ISO C</a> and many other language specifications. However, it is understood by several compilers, including <a href="/wiki/GCC_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCC (software)">GCC</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">Escape character</a> can also be entered by pressing the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Esc</kbd> key on some systems. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> ^^ means <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">^</kbd> (pressing the "Ctrl" and <a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret</a> keys). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Delete_character" title="Delete character">Delete character</a> can sometimes be entered by pressing the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">← Backspace</kbd> key on some systems. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Printed out, the characters are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1195917819">.mw-parser-output .pre-borderless{border:none}</style><pre class="pre"> !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~</pre> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO-IR-61975" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> (1975-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ir/006.pdf">ISO-IR-6: ASCII Graphic character set</a> (PDF). ITSCJ/<a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Society_of_Japan" title="Information Processing Society of Japan">IPSJ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO-IR-6%3A+ASCII+Graphic+character+set&rft.pub=ITSCJ%2FIPSJ&rft.date=1975-12-01&rft.au=ANSI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitscj.ipsj.or.jp%2Fir%2F006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IANA_2007-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IANA_2007_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IANA_2007_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">"Character Sets"</a>. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2019-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority+%28IANA%29&rft.atitle=Character+Sets&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Fcharacter-sets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackenzie_1980-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_1980_3-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1980" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf">Coded Character Sets, History and Development</a> (PDF). The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley_Publishing_Company,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.">Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.</a> pp. 6, 66, 211, 215, 217, 220, 223, 228, 236–238, 243–245, 247–253, 423, 425–428, 435–439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-14460-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-14460-4"><bdi>978-0-201-14460-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77-90165">77-90165</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526172151/https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coded+Character+Sets%2C+History+and+Development&rft.series=The+Systems+Programming+Series&rft.pages=6%2C+66%2C+211%2C+215%2C+217%2C+220%2C+223%2C+228%2C+236-238%2C+243-245%2C+247-253%2C+423%2C+425-428%2C+435-439&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77-90165&rft.isbn=978-0-201-14460-4&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftextfiles.meulie.net%2Fbitsaved%2FBooks%2FMackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeemilestones.ethw.org/Milestone-Proposal:ASCII_MIlestone_-_IEEE_NJ_Coast_Section">"Milestone-Proposal:ASCII MIlestone - IEEE NJ Coast Section"</a>. IEEE Milestones Wiki. 2016-03-29. Retrieved 2024-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Milestones+Wiki&rft.atitle=Milestone-Proposal%3AASCII+MIlestone+-+IEEE+NJ+Coast+Section&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeemilestones.ethw.org%2FMilestone-Proposal%3AASCII_MIlestone_-_IEEE_NJ_Coast_Section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandel_1999-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brandel_1999_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandel_1999_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandel1999" class="citation news cs1">Brandel, Mary (1999-07-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9907/06/1963.idg/">"1963: The Debut of ASCII"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617155922/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9907/06/1963.idg/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-17. Retrieved 2008-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1963%3A+The+Debut+of+ASCII&rft.date=1999-07-06&rft.aulast=Brandel&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FTECH%2Fcomputing%2F9907%2F06%2F1963.idg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASCII-1963-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1963_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1963_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1963_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1963_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sr-ix.com/Archive/CharCodeHist/X3.4-1963/index.html">"American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASA X3.4-1963"</a>. Sensitive Research. <a href="/wiki/American_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standards Association">American Standards Association</a>. 1963-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sensitive+Research&rft.atitle=American+Standard+Code+for+Information+Interchange%2C+ASA+X3.4-1963&rft.date=1963-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sr-ix.com%2FArchive%2FCharCodeHist%2FX3.4-1963%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASCII-1967-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1967_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1967_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1967_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1">USA Standard Code for Information Interchange, USAS X3.4-1967 (Technical report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America_Standards_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America Standards Institute">United States of America Standards Institute</a>. 1967-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=USA+Standard+Code+for+Information+Interchange%2C+USAS+X3.4-1967&rft.pub=United+States+of+America+Standards+Institute&rft.date=1967-07-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jennings_2016-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Jennings_2016_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Daniel_Jennings" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Daniel Jennings">Jennings, Thomas Daniel</a> (2016-04-20) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sr-ix.com/Archive/CharCodeHist/index.html#ASCII-1967">"An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration"</a>. Sensitive Research (SR-IX). Retrieved 2020-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sensitive+Research+%28SR-IX%29&rft.atitle=An+annotated+history+of+some+character+codes+or+ASCII%3A+American+Standard+Code+for+Information+Infiltration&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sr-ix.com%2FArchive%2FCharCodeHist%2Findex.html%23ASCII-1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASCII-1986-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1986_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1986_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1986_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASCII-1986_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1">American National Standard for Information Systems — Coded Character Sets — 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII), ANSI X3.4-1986 (Technical report). <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI). 1986-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=American+National+Standard+for+Information+Systems+%E2%80%94+Coded+Character+Sets+%E2%80%94+7-Bit+American+National+Standard+Code+for+Information+Interchange+%287-Bit+ASCII%29%2C+ANSI+X3.4-1986&rft.pub=American+National+Standards+Institute+%28ANSI%29&rft.date=1986-03-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC-20_1968-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RFC-20_1968_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RFC-20_1968_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerf1969" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Cerf, Vint</a> (1969-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc20">ASCII format for Network Interchange</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0020">10.17487/RFC0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc20">20</a>. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASCII+format+for+Network+Interchange&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1969-10-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0020&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=Vint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> (NB. Almost identical wording to <a href="/wiki/USAS_X3.4-1968" class="mw-redirect" title="USAS X3.4-1968">USAS X3.4-1968</a> except for the intro.) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Leiba2015" class="citation web cs1">Barry Leiba (2015-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/status-change-rfc20-ascii-format-to-standard/">"Correct classification of RFC 20 (ASCII format) to Internet Standard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correct+classification+of+RFC+20+%28ASCII+format%29+to+Internet+Standard&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.au=Barry+Leiba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fstatus-change-rfc20-ascii-format-to-standard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC-4949-12"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC-4949_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley2007" class="citation cs1">Shirley, R. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4949">Internet Security Glossary, Version 2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4949">10.17487/RFC4949</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4949">4949</a>. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Security+Glossary%2C+Version+2&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC4949&rft.aulast=Shirley&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc4949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maini_2007-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Maini_2007_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaini2007" class="citation book cs1">Maini, Anil Kumar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQSpNAEACAAJ&pg=PA28">Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03214-5"><bdi>978-0-470-03214-5</bdi></a>. <q>In addition, it defines codes for 33 nonprinting, mostly obsolete control characters that affect how the text is processed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Electronics%3A+Principles%2C+Devices+and+Applications&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-03214-5&rft.aulast=Maini&rft.aufirst=Anil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQSpNAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bukstein_1964-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Bukstein_1964_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukstein1964" class="citation journal cs1">Bukstein, Ed (July 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180933/http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/ElectronicsWorld/Jul1964/EW_Jul1964.htm">"Binary Computer Codes and ASCII"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronics_World" title="Electronics World">Electronics World</a>. 72 (1): 28–29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/ElectronicsWorld/Jul1964/EW_Jul1964.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics+World&rft.atitle=Binary+Computer+Codes+and+ASCII&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=1964-07&rft.aulast=Bukstein&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swtpc.com%2Fmholley%2FElectronicsWorld%2FJul1964%2FEW_Jul1964.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bemer_1980_Inside-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bemer_1980_Inside_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bemer_1980_Inside_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bemer_1980_Inside_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bemer_1980_Inside_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bemer_1980_Inside_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bemer_1980_Inside_15-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Bemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Bemer">Bemer, Robert William</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827000956/http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/772000/c80a62495acf1e1a5b966de23c1f989a/_as/%5BInterface_Age_Staff%5D_Best_of_Interface_Age%2C_Volum%28BookZZ.org%29.pdf">"Chapter 1: Inside ASCII"</a> (PDF). General Purpose Software. Best of Interface Age. Vol. 2. Portland, OR, US: dilithium Press. pp. 1–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918398-37-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918398-37-6"><bdi>978-0-918398-37-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79-67462">79-67462</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookzz.org/dl/1210234/1105c6">the original</a> on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2016-08-27,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Inside+ASCII&rft.btitle=General+Purpose+Software&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR%2C+US&rft.series=Best+of+Interface+Age&rft.pages=1-50&rft.pub=dilithium+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79-67462&rft.isbn=978-0-918398-37-6&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookzz.org%2Fdl%2F1210234%2F1105c6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> from: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Bemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Bemer">Bemer, Robert William</a> (May 1978). "Inside ASCII – Part I". Interface Age. 3 (5): 96–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interface+Age&rft.atitle=Inside+ASCII+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=96-102&rft.date=1978-05&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Bemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Bemer">Bemer, Robert William</a> (June 1978). "Inside ASCII – Part II". Interface Age. 3 (6): 64–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interface+Age&rft.atitle=Inside+ASCII+%E2%80%93+Part+II&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=64-74&rft.date=1978-06&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Bemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Bemer">Bemer, Robert William</a> (July 1978). "Inside ASCII – Part III". Interface Age. 3 (7): 80–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interface+Age&rft.atitle=Inside+ASCII+%E2%80%93+Part+III&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=80-87&rft.date=1978-07&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCITT_1963-17"><a href="#cite_ref-CCITT_1963_17-0">^</a> Brief Report: Meeting of CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet, May 13–15, 1963. </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_1963-18"><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_1963_18-0">^</a> Report of ISO/TC/97/SC 2 – Meeting of October 29–31, 1963. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Report on Task Group X3.2.4, June 11, 1963, Pentagon Building, Washington, DC. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Report of Meeting No. 8, Task Group X3.2.4, December 17 and 18, 1963 </li> <li id="cite_note-Winter_2010-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winter_2010_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter_2010_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter_2010_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2010" class="citation web cs1">Winter, Dik T. 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Retrieved 2020-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INCITS+4-1986%5BR2017%5D%3A+Information+Systems+-+Coded+Character+Sets+-+7-Bit+American+National+Standard+Code+for+Information+Interchange+%287-Bit+ASCII%29&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.incits.org%2Fapps%2Fgroup_public%2Fproject%2Fdetails.php%3Fproject_id%3D1829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/incits/incits1986r2022">"INCITS 4-1986 (R2022)"</a>. webstore.ansi.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webstore.ansi.org&rft.atitle=INCITS+4-1986+%28R2022%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.ansi.org%2Fstandards%2Fincits%2Fincits1986r2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-X3.15-1966-30"><a href="#cite_ref-X3.15-1966_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Bit Sequencing of the American National Standard Code for Information Interchange in Serial-by-Bit Data Transmission, <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI), 1966, X3.15-1966</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bit+Sequencing+of+the+American+National+Standard+Code+for+Information+Interchange+in+Serial-by-Bit+Data+Transmission&rft.pub=American+National+Standards+Institute+%28ANSI%29&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821020920/https://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/4.5.43.en.101.pdf">"Telegraph Regulations and Final Protocol (Madrid, 1932)"</a> (PDF). 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NO-WS-CTL.) </li> <li id="cite_note-McConnell-37"><a href="#cite_ref-McConnell_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnellHaynesWarren" class="citation web cs1">McConnell, Robert; Haynes, James; Warren, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227190425/http://www.nadcomm.com/ascii_code.htm">"Understanding ASCII Codes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nadcomm.com/ascii_code.htm">the original</a> on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+ASCII+Codes&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Haynes%2C+James&rft.au=Warren%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nadcomm.com%2Fascii_code.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Margolin2014" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Barry Margolin (2014-05-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/help-gnu-emacs/2014-05/msg00448.html">"Re: editor and word processor history (was: Re: RTF for emacs)"</a>. help-gnu-emacs (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133149/http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/help-gnu-emacs/2014-05/msg00448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+editor+and+word+processor+history+%28was%3A+Re%3A+RTF+for+emacs%29&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.au=Barry+Margolin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Fhelp-gnu-emacs%2F2014-05%2Fmsg00448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdp-6-monitor-manual-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-6-monitor-manual_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-6-monitor-manual_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/pdp6/DEC-6-0-EX-SYS-UM-IP-PRE00_Multiprogramming_System_Manual_1965.pdf">"PDP-6 Multiprogramming System Manual"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC). 1965. p. 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140253/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/pdp6/DEC-6-0-EX-SYS-UM-IP-PRE00_Multiprogramming_System_Manual_1965.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDP-6+Multiprogramming+System+Manual&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation+%28DEC%29&rft.date=1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fdec%2Fpdp6%2FDEC-6-0-EX-SYS-UM-IP-PRE00_Multiprogramming_System_Manual_1965.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdp-10-monitor-manual-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-10-monitor-manual_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-10-monitor-manual_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/1970_PDP-10_Ref/1970PDP10Ref_Part3.pdf">"PDP-10 Reference Handbook, Book 3, Communicating with the Monitor"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC). 1969. p. 5-5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115083418/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/1970_PDP-10_Ref/1970PDP10Ref_Part3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-11-15. Retrieved 2014-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDP-10+Reference+Handbook%2C+Book+3%2C+Communicating+with+the+Monitor&rft.pages=p.+5-5&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation+%28DEC%29&rft.date=1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fdec%2Fpdp10%2F1970_PDP-10_Ref%2F1970PDP10Ref_Part3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Help.html">"Help - GNU Emacs Manual"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711223750/https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Help.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-11. Retrieved 2018-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Help+-+GNU+Emacs+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Femacs%2Fmanual%2Fhtml_node%2Femacs%2FHelp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/FIPS/fipspub86.pdf">"ANSI X3.64-1979"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2024-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANSI+X3.64-1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FLegacy%2FFIPS%2Ffipspub86.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Paterson2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Paterson" title="Tim Paterson">Tim Paterson</a> (2007-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dosmandrivel.blogspot.com/2007/08/is-dos-rip-off-of-cpm.html">"Is DOS a Rip-Off of CP/M?"</a>. DosMan Drivel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420075137/http://dosmandrivel.blogspot.com/2007/08/is-dos-rip-off-of-cpm.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2018-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DosMan+Drivel&rft.atitle=Is+DOS+a+Rip-Off+of+CP%2FM%3F&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft.au=Tim+Paterson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdosmandrivel.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F08%2Fis-dos-rip-off-of-cpm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOssannaSaltzer1970" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" title="Joe Ossanna">Ossanna, J. F.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Saltzer" title="Jerry Saltzer">Saltzer, J. H.</a> (November 17–19, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multicians.org/jhs-jfo-terminals.pdf">"Technical and human engineering problems in connecting terminals to a time-sharing system"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the November 17–19, 1970, <a href="/wiki/Fall_Joint_Computer_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Joint Computer Conference">Fall Joint Computer Conference</a> (FJCC). <a href="/wiki/AFIPS" class="mw-redirect" title="AFIPS">AFIPS</a> Press. pp. 355–362. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819085101/http://www.multicians.org/jhs-jfo-terminals.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2013-01-29. <q>Using a "new-line" function (combined carriage-return and line-feed) is simpler for both man and machine than requiring both functions for starting a new line; the American National Standard X3.4-1968 permits the line-feed code to carry the new-line meaning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Technical+and+human+engineering+problems+in+connecting+terminals+to+a+time-sharing+system&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+November+17%E2%80%9319%2C+1970%2C+Fall+Joint+Computer+Conference+%28FJCC%29&rft.pages=355-362&rft.pub=AFIPS+Press&rft.date=1970-11-17%2F1970-11-19&rft.aulast=Ossanna&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft.au=Saltzer%2C+J.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multicians.org%2Fjhs-jfo-terminals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC-158-45"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC-158_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan1971" class="citation cs1">O'Sullivan, T. (1971-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc158">TELNET Protocol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF). pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0158">10.17487/RFC0158</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc158">158</a>. Retrieved 2013-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TELNET+Protocol&rft.pages=pp.-4-5&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force+%28IETF%29&rft.date=1971-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0158&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC-542-46"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC-542_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeigus1973" class="citation cs1">Neigus, Nancy J. (1973-08-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc542">File Transfer Protocol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0542">10.17487/RFC0542</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc542">542</a>. Retrieved 2013-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=File+Transfer+Protocol&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force+%28IETF%29&rft.date=1973-08-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0542&rft.aulast=Neigus&rft.aufirst=Nancy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC-765-47"><a href="#cite_ref-RFC-765_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostel1980" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Postel, Jon</a> (June 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc765">File Transfer Protocol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0765">10.17487/RFC0765</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc765">765</a>. Retrieved 2013-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=File+Transfer+Protocol&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force+%28IETF%29&rft.date=1980-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0765&rft.aulast=Postel&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurial-scm.org/wiki/EOLTranslationPlan">"EOL translation plan for Mercurial"</a>. Mercurial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616235536/https://www.mercurial-scm.org/wiki/EOLTranslationPlan">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2017-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EOL+translation+plan+for+Mercurial&rft.pub=Mercurial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurial-scm.org%2Fwiki%2FEOLTranslationPlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bernstein" title="Daniel J. Bernstein">Bernstein, Daniel J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/docs/smtplf.html">"Bare LFs in SMTP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029013105/http://cr.yp.to/docs/smtplf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-29. Retrieved 2013-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bare+LFs+in+SMTP&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcr.yp.to%2Fdocs%2Fsmtplf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/cpm/1.4/CPM_1.4_Interface_Guide_1978.pdf">CP/M 1.4 Interface Guide</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>. 1978. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529055800/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/cpm/1.4/CPM_1.4_Interface_Guide_1978.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2017-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CP%2FM+1.4+Interface+Guide&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Digital+Research&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FdigitalResearch%2Fcpm%2F1.4%2FCPM_1.4_Interface_Guide_1978.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynes_2015-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_2015_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2015" class="citation web cs1">Haynes, Jim (2015-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/First-Hand:Chad_is_Our_Most_Important_Product:_An_Engineer's_Memory_of_Teletype_Corporation">"First-Hand: Chad is Our Most Important Product: An Engineer's Memory of Teletype Corporation"</a>. Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW). Retrieved 2023-02-14. <q>There was the change from 1961 ASCII to 1968 ASCII. Some computer languages used characters in 1961 ASCII such as up arrow and left arrow. These characters disappeared from 1968 ASCII. We worked with Fred Mocking, who by now was in Sales at <a href="/wiki/Teletype_Corporation" title="Teletype Corporation">Teletype</a>, on a type cylinder that would compromise the changing characters so that the meanings of 1961 ASCII were not totally lost. The underscore character was made rather wedge-shaped so it could also serve as a left arrow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First-Hand%3A+Chad+is+Our+Most+Important+Product%3A+An+Engineer%27s+Memory+of+Teletype+Corporation&rft.pub=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki+%28ETHW%29&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FFirst-Hand%3AChad_is_Our_Most_Important_Product%3A_An_Engineer%27s_Memory_of_Teletype_Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Bemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Bemer">Bemer, Robert William</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017062722/http://www.trailing-edge.com/~bobbemer/EUROPE.HTM">"Bemer meets Europe (Computer Standards) – Computer History Vignettes"</a>. Trailing-edge.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trailing-edge.com/~bobbemer/EUROPE.HTM">the original</a> on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2008-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bemer+meets+Europe+%28Computer+Standards%29+%E2%80%93+Computer+History+Vignettes&rft.pub=Trailing-edge.com&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trailing-edge.com%2F~bobbemer%2FEUROPE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> (NB. Bemer was employed at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> at that time.) </li> <li id="cite_note-thocp-66"><a href="#cite_ref-thocp_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thocp.net/biographies/bemer_bob.htm">"Robert William Bemer: Biography"</a>. 2013-03-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616081929/http://www.thocp.net/biographies/bemer_bob.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+William+Bemer%3A+Biography&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thocp.net%2Fbiographies%2Fbemer_bob.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_1968-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_1968_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1968" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson">Johnson, Lyndon Baines</a> (1968-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28724">"Memorandum Approving the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information Interchange"</a>. The American Presidency Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914121230/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28724">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2008-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+Approving+the+Adoption+by+the+Federal+Government+of+a+Standard+Code+for+Information+Interchange&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1968-03-11&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lyndon+Baines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D28724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_S._Shuford1996" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Richard S. Shuford (1996-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.folklore.computers/gbg5YVFaT48/wlVFfJ2j4hYJ">"Re: Early history of ASCII?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:alt.folklore.computers">alt.folklore.computers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:Pine.SUN.3.91.961220100220.13180C-100000@duncan.cs.utk.edu">Pine.SUN.3.91.961220100220.13180C-100000@duncan.cs.utk.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Early+history+of+ASCII%3F&rft.pub=alt.folklore.computers&rft.date=1996-12-20&rft_id=news%3APine.SUN.3.91.961220100220.13180C-100000%40duncan.cs.utk.edu%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.au=Richard+S.+Shuford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fd%2Fmsg%2Falt.folklore.computers%2Fgbg5YVFaT48%2FwlVFfJ2j4hYJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folts_1982-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Folts_1982_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltsKarp1982" class="citation book cs1">Folts, Harold C.; Karp, Harry, eds. (1982-02-01). Compilation of Data Communications Standards (2nd revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Inc.">McGraw-Hill Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-021457-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-021457-6"><bdi>978-0-07-021457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compilation+of+Data+Communications+Standards&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Inc.&rft.date=1982-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-07-021457-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubost_2008-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Dubost_2008_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubost2008" class="citation web cs1">Dubost, Karl (2008-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/QA/2008/05/utf8-web-growth.html">"UTF-8 Growth on the Web"</a>. W3C Blog. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616084132/https://www.w3.org/blog/2008/05/utf8-web-growth/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2010-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C+Blog&rft.atitle=UTF-8+Growth+on+the+Web&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Dubost&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FQA%2F2008%2F05%2Futf8-web-growth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UTF-8_2008-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UTF-8_2008_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UTF-8_2008_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Davis_(Unicode)" title="Mark Davis (Unicode)">Davis, Mark</a> (2008-05-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/05/moving-to-unicode-51.html">"Moving to Unicode 5.1"</a>. Official Google Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616084637/https://googleblog.blogspot.de/2008/05/moving-to-unicode-51.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2010-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Google+Blog&rft.atitle=Moving+to+Unicode+5.1&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleblog.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F05%2Fmoving-to-unicode-51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_2010-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_2010_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Davis_(Unicode)" title="Mark Davis (Unicode)">Davis, Mark</a> (2010-01-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/unicode-nearing-50-of-web.html">"Unicode nearing 50% of the web"</a>. Official Google Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616085323/https://googleblog.blogspot.de/2010/01/unicode-nearing-50-of-web.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2010-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Google+Blog&rft.atitle=Unicode+nearing+50%25+of+the+web&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogleblog.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F01%2Funicode-nearing-50-of-web.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> "Specific Criteria", attachment to memo from R. W. Reach, "X3-2 Meeting – September 14 and 15", September 18, 1961 </li> <li id="cite_note-Maréchal_1967-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Maréchal_1967_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaréchal1967" class="citation cs2">Maréchal, R. (1967-12-22), ISO/TC 97 – Computers and Information Processing: Acceptance of Draft ISO Recommendation No. 1052</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO%2FTC+97+%E2%80%93+Computers+and+Information+Processing%3A+Acceptance+of+Draft+ISO+Recommendation+No.+1052&rft.date=1967-12-22&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A9chal&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dvb.org/?standard=specification-for-conveying-itu-r-system-b-teletext-in-dvb-bitstreams">"DVB-TXT (Teletext) Specification for conveying ITU-R System B Teletext in DVB bitstreams"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DVB-TXT+%28Teletext%29+Specification+for+conveying+ITU-R+System+B+Teletext+in+DVB+bitstreams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdvb.org%2F%3Fstandard%3Dspecification-for-conveying-itu-r-system-b-teletext-in-dvb-bitstreams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/pc/pc/6025008_PC_Technical_Reference_Aug81.pdf">Technical Reference</a> (PDF). Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (First ed.). IBM. August 1981. Appendix C. Of Characters Keystrokes and Color.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Reference&rft.series=Personal+Computer+Hardware+Reference+Library&rft.pages=Appendix+C.+Of+Characters+Keystrokes+and+Color&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1981-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2Fpc%2Fpc%2F6025008_PC_Technical_Reference_Aug81.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode-5.0_2006-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode-5.0_2006_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Unicode_Consortium2006" class="citation book cs1">The Unicode Consortium (2006-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/book/ch13.pdf">"Chapter 13: Special Areas and Format Characters"</a> (PDF). In Allen, Julie D. (ed.). The Unicode standard, Version 5.0. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Addison-Wesley Professional">Addison-Wesley Professional</a>. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-48091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-48091-0"><bdi>978-0-321-48091-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://unicode.org/book/ch13.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2015-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Special+Areas+and+Format+Characters&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+standard%2C+Version+5.0&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey%2C+US&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-321-48091-0&rft.au=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fbook%2Fch13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/utf-8.7.html">"utf-8(7) – Linux manual page"</a>. Man7.org. 2014-02-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422232059/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/utf-8.7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-22. Retrieved 2014-04-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=utf-8%287%29+%E2%80%93+Linux+manual+page&rft.pub=Man7.org&rft.date=2014-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman7%2Futf-8.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Bemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Bemer">Bemer, Robert William</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F366959.366961">"A Proposal for Character Code Compatibility"</a>. Communications of the ACM. 3 (2): 71–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F366959.366961">10.1145/366959.366961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9591147">9591147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=A+Proposal+for+Character+Code+Compatibility&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-72&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F366959.366961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9591147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F366959.366961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Bemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Bemer">Bemer, Robert William</a> (2003-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017062654/http://www.trailing-edge.com/~bobbemer/SURVEY.HTM">"The Babel of Codes Prior to ASCII: The 1960 Survey of Coded Character Sets: The Reasons for ASCII"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trailing-edge.com/~bobbemer/SURVEY.HTM">the original</a> on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2016-05-09,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Babel+of+Codes+Prior+to+ASCII%3A+The+1960+Survey+of+Coded+Character+Sets%3A+The+Reasons+for+ASCII&rft.date=2003-05-23&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trailing-edge.com%2F~bobbemer%2FSURVEY.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> from: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Bemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Bemer">Bemer, Robert William</a> (December 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F367487.367493">"Survey of coded character representation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>. 3 (12): 639–641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F367487.367493">10.1145/367487.367493</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21403172">21403172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Survey+of+coded+character+representation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=639-641&rft.date=1960-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F367487.367493&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21403172%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F367487.367493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithWilliams1960" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, H. J.; Williams, F. A. (December 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F367487.367491">"Survey of punched card codes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>. 3 (12): 642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F367487.367491">10.1145/367487.367491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Survey+of+punched+card+codes&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=642&rft.date=1960-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F367487.367491&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+F.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F367487.367491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/FIPS/fipspub1-2-1977.pdf">"American National Standard Code for Information Interchange | ANSI X3.4-1977"</a> (PDF). National Institute for Standards. 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/FIPS/fipspub1-2-1977.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+National+Standard+Code+for+Information+Interchange+%7C+ANSI+X3.4-1977&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Standards&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FLegacy%2FFIPS%2Ffipspub1-2-1977.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"> (facsimile, not machine readable)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonCargill1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Robinson, G. S.; Cargill, C. (1996). "History and impact of computer standards". <a href="/wiki/Computer_(magazine)" title="Computer (magazine)">Computer</a>. Vol. 29, no. 10. pp. 79–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F2.539725">10.1109/2.539725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=History+and+impact+of+computer+standards&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=79-85&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F2.539725&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft.au=Cargill%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullendore1964" class="citation web cs1">Mullendore, Ralph Elvin (1964) [1963]. Ptak, John F. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2012/03/heres-the-link.html">"On the Early Development of ASCII – The History of ASCII"</a>. JF Ptak Science Books (published March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526181319/http://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2012/03/heres-the-link.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Early+Development+of+ASCII+%E2%80%93+The+History+of+ASCII&rft.pub=JF+Ptak+Science+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Mullendore&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Elvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flongstreet.typepad.com%2Fthesciencebookstore%2F2012%2F03%2Fheres-the-link.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASCII&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ASCII" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:ASCII">ASCII</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf">"C0 Controls and Basic Latin – Range: 0000–007F"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard 8.0. <a href="/wiki/Unicode,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode, Inc.">Unicode, Inc.</a> 2015 [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526182105/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard+8.0&rft.atitle=C0+Controls+and+Basic+Latin+%E2%80%93+Range%3A+0000%E2%80%93007F&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU0000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AASCII" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Character_encodings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Character_encodings" title="Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Character_encodings" title="Template talk:Character encodings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Character_encodings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Character_encodings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encodings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph#Codes" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Non-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun/Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot and Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ASCII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCD_(character_encoding)" title="BCD (character encoding)">BCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletex" title="Teletex">Teletex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T.51/ISO/IEC_6937" title="T.51/ISO/IEC 6937">T.51/ISO/IEC 6937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_T.61" title="ITU T.61">ITU T.61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotex_character_set" title="Videotex character set">ITU T.101</a></li> <li>World System Teletext <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_System_Teletext" title="World System Teletext">background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">sets</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcode_(character_encoding)" title="Transcode (character encoding)">Transcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Approved parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1 (Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2 (Central Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4 (North Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5 (Cyrillic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6 (Arabic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7 (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8 (Hebrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9 (Turkish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10 (Nordic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11 (Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13 (Baltic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14 (Celtic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15 (New Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16 (Romanian)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Abandoned parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12 (Devanagari)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Proposed but not approved <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-111" title="ISO-IR-111">KOI-8 Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-197" title="ISO-IR-197">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Adaptations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-182" title="ISO-IR-182">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-200" title="ISO-IR-200">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">Ukrainian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliographic use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARC-8" title="MARC-8">MARC-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSEL" title="ANSEL">ANSEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Character_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange">CCCII/EACC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">ISO 5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6862" title="ISO 6862">6862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">ArmSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BraSCII" title="BraSCII">BraSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_11643" title="CNS 11643">CNS 11643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_66003" title="DIN 66003">DIN 66003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELOT_927" title="ELOT 927">ELOT 927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_10859" title="GOST 10859">GOST 10859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB 2312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12345" title="GB 12345">GB 12345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12052" title="GB 12052">GB 12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Supplementary_Character_Set" title="Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set">HKSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">JIS X 0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">JIS X 0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">JIS X 0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">JIS X 0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-7" title="KOI-7">KOI-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS_9566" title="KPS 9566">KPS 9566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1002" title="KS X 1002">KS X 1002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1564" title="LST 1564">LST 1564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1590-4" title="LST 1590-4">LST 1590-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange">PASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Industrial_Standard_620-2533" title="Thai Industrial Standard 620-2533">TIS-620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange">TSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISCII" title="VISCII">VISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSCII" title="VSCII">VSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YUSCII" title="YUSCII">YUSCII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10367" title="ISO/IEC 10367">ISO/IEC 10367</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">Extended Unix Code / EUC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mac OS <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">Code pages</a> ("scripts")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Armenian" title="Mac OS Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Barents_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Barents Cyrillic">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Celtic" title="Mac OS Celtic">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Central_European_encoding" title="Mac OS Central European encoding">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Croatian_encoding" title="Mac OS Croatian encoding">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Cyrillic_encoding" title="Mac OS Cyrillic encoding">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Devanagari_encoding" title="Mac OS Devanagari encoding">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacFarsi_encoding" title="MacFarsi encoding">Farsi (Persian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Font_X_encoding" title="Macintosh Font X encoding">Font X (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gaelic" title="Mac OS Gaelic">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGreek_encoding" title="MacGreek encoding">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gujarati" title="Mac OS Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gurmukhi" title="Mac OS Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Hebrew" title="Mac OS Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Icelandic_encoding" title="Mac OS Icelandic encoding">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Inuit" title="Mac OS Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Keyboard_encoding" title="Mac OS Keyboard encoding">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Latin_encoding" title="Macintosh Latin encoding">Latin (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Maltese/Esperanto_encoding" title="Mac OS Maltese/Esperanto encoding">Maltese/Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ogham" title="Mac OS Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Romanian_encoding" title="Mac OS Romanian encoding">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_S%C3%A1mi" title="Mac OS Sámi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkish_encoding" title="Mac OS Turkish encoding">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkic_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Turkic Cyrillic">Turkic Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ukrainian_encoding" title="Mac OS Ukrainian encoding">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT100_encoding" title="VT100 encoding">VT100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DOS code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">437</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_668" title="Code page 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_737" title="Code page 737">737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_770" title="Code page 770">770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_773" title="Code page 773">773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_775" title="Code page 775">775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_776" title="Code page 776">776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_777" title="Code page 777">777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_778" title="Code page 778">778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_850" title="Code page 850">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_851" title="Code page 851">851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_852" title="Code page 852">852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_853" title="Code page 853">853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_855" title="Code page 855">855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_856" title="Code page 856">856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_857" title="Code page 857">857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_858" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 858">858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_859" title="Code page 859">859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_860" title="Code page 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_861" title="Code page 861">861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_862" title="Code page 862">862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_863" title="Code page 863">863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_865" title="Code page 865">865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_866" title="Code page 866">866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_867" title="Code page 867">867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_868" title="Code page 868">868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_869" title="Code page 869">869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_897" title="Code page 897">897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_899" title="Code page 899">899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_903" title="Code page 903">903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_904" title="Code page 904">904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(IBM)" title="Code page 932 (IBM)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(IBM)" title="Code page 936 (IBM)">936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_942" title="Code page 942">942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_949_(IBM)" title="Code page 949 (IBM)">949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_951" title="Code page 951">951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1034" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1034">1034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1040" title="Code page 1040">1040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1042" title="Code page 1042">1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1043" title="Code page 1043">1043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1044" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1044">1044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1098" title="Code page 1098">1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1115" title="Code page 1115">1115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1116" title="Code page 1116">1116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1117" title="Code page 1117">1117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1118" title="Code page 1118">1118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1127" title="Code page 1127">1127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_3846" title="Code page 3846">3846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_Indic_character_set" title="CS Indic character set">CS Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Indic_character_set" title="CSX Indic character set">CSX Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX%2B_Indic_character_set" title="CSX+ Indic character set">CSX+ Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CWI-2" title="CWI-2">CWI-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_System_encoding" title="Iran System encoding">Iran System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenick%C3%BD_encoding" title="Kamenický encoding">Kamenický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazovia_encoding" title="Mazovia encoding">Mazovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIK_(character_set)" title="MIK (character set)">MIK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_895" title="Code page 895">895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_896" title="Code page 896">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_912" title="Code page 912">912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_915" title="Code page 915">915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_921" title="Code page 921">921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1006" title="Code page 1006">1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1008" title="Code page 1008">1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1009" title="Code page 1009">1009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1010" title="Code page 1010">1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1012" title="Code page 1012">1012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1013" title="Code page 1013">1013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1014" title="Code page 1014">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1015" title="Code page 1015">1015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1016" title="Code page 1016">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1017" title="Code page 1017">1017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1018" title="Code page 1018">1018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1019" title="Code page 1019">1019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1046" title="Code page 1046">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">1124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1133" title="Code page 1133">1133</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_code_page" title="Windows code page">Windows code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CER-GS" title="CER-GS">CER-GS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 936 (Microsoft Windows)">936</a> (<a href="/wiki/GBK_(character_encoding)" title="GBK (character encoding)">GBK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1169" title="Code page 1169">1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Latin-8" title="Extended Latin-8">Extended Latin-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1250" title="Windows-1250">1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">1251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">1252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1253" title="Windows-1253">1253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1254" title="Windows-1254">1254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1255" title="Windows-1255">1255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">1256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1257" title="Windows-1257">1257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1258" title="Windows-1258">1258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1270" title="Windows-1270">1270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_Finnish" title="Windows Cyrillic + Finnish">Cyrillic + Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_French" title="Windows Cyrillic + French">Cyrillic + French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_German" title="Windows Cyrillic + German">Cyrillic + German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polytonic_Greek" title="Windows Polytonic Greek">Polytonic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_in_EBCDIC" title="Japanese language in EBCDIC">Japanese language in EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKOI" title="DKOI">DKOI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> terminals (<a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VTx</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Multinational (MCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement (NRCS)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1020" title="Code page 1020">French Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1021" title="Code page 1021">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1023" title="Code page 1023">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1101" title="Code page 1101">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1102" title="Code page 1102">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1103" title="Code page 1103">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1104" title="Code page 1104">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1105" title="Code page 1105">Norwegian and Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1106" title="Code page 1106">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1107" title="Code page 1107">Norwegian and Danish (alternative)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">8-bit Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">8-bit Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1052" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1052">1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1053" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1053">1053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1054" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1054">1054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1055" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1055">1055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_page_1056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code page 1056 (page does not exist)">1056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1057" title="Code page 1057">1057</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1058" title="Code page 1058">1058</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS_character_set" title="RISC OS character set">Acorn RISC OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_character_set" title="Amstrad CPC character set">Amstrad CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II_character_set" title="Apple II character set">Apple II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATASCII" title="ATASCII">ATASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_ST_character_set" title="Atari ST character set">Atari ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitstream_International_Character_Set" title="Bitstream International Character Set">BICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio_calculator_character_sets" title="Casio calculator character sets">Casio calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_display_code" title="CDC display code">CDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intecolor/Compucolor_8001_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Intecolor/Compucolor 8001 character set">Compucolor 8001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compucolor_II_character_set" title="Compucolor II character set">Compucolor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CP/M_Plus_character_set" title="Amstrad CP/M Plus character set">CP/M+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">DEC RADIX 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">DEC MCS</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">NRCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG_International" title="DG International">DG International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksija_(computer)#Character_ROM" title="Galaksija (computer)">Galaksija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEM_character_set" title="GEM character set">GEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM_03.38" title="GSM 03.38">GSM 03.38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Roman" title="HP Roman">HP Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_character_set" title="FOCAL character set">HP FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_character_set" title="RPL character set">HP RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQUOZE#Identifier_name_character_encoding" title="SQUOZE">SQUOZE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_International_Character_Set" title="Lotus International Character Set">LICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Multi-Byte_Character_Set" title="Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set">LMBCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX_character_set" title="MSX character set">MSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_APC_character_set" title="NEC APC character set">NEC APC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_character_set" title="NeXT character set">NeXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Standard_Encoding" title="PostScript Standard Encoding">PostScript Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Latin_1_Encoding" title="PostScript Latin 1 Encoding">PostScript Latin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="SAM Coupé character set">SAM Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_SC-3000_character_set" title="Sega SC-3000 character set">Sega SC-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_pocket_computer_character_sets" title="Sharp pocket computer character sets">Sharp calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_MZ_character_set" title="Sharp MZ character set">Sharp MZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL_character_set" title="Sinclair QL character set">Sinclair QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_calculator_character_sets" title="TI calculator character sets">TI calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRS-80_character_set" title="TRS-80 character set">TRS-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_International" title="Ventura International">Ventura International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_International_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Wang International Standard Code for Information Interchange">WISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Character_Code_Standard" title="Xerox Character Code Standard">XCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX80_character_set" title="ZX80 character set">ZX80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX81_character_set" title="ZX81 character set">ZX81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_character_set" title="ZX Spectrum character set">ZX Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> / <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_All_Character_Encoding" title="Tamil All Character Encoding">TACE16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of Unicode encodings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> typesetting system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_encoding" title="Cork encoding">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY1_encoding" title="LY1 encoding">LY1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OML_encoding" title="OML encoding">OML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_encoding" title="OMS encoding">OMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OT1_encoding" title="OT1 encoding">OT1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">ASMO 449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_encoding_of_APL_symbols" title="Digital encoding of APL symbols">Digital encoding of APL symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-68" title="ISO-IR-68">ISO-IR-68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD-B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ_(character_encoding)" title="HZ (character encoding)">HZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC-P27-1" title="IEC-P27-1">IEC-P27-1</a></li> <li>INIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INIS_character_set" title="INIS character set">7-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INIS-8" title="INIS-8">8-bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-169" title="ISO-IR-169">ISO-IR-169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">ISO 2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI_character_encodings" title="KOI character encodings">KOI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-R" title="KOI8-R">KOI8-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-RU" title="KOI8-RU">KOI8-RU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-U" title="KOI8-U">KOI8-U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojiky%C5%8D" title="Mojikyō">Mojikyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Extended_ASCII" title="Stanford Extended ASCII">SEASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford/ITS_character_set" title="Stanford/ITS character set">Stanford/ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol_(typeface)" title="Symbol (typeface)">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRON_(encoding)" title="TRON (encoding)">TRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Hangul_Code" title="Unified Hangul Code">Unified Hangul Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">Control character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Morse prosigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C0 and C1 control codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ISO/IEC 6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">JIS X 0211</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_control_characters" title="Unicode control characters">Unicode control, format and separator 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