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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neck_mane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neck_mane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neck mane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neck_mane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Antlers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Coat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe and North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina_and_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina_and_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Argentina and Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina_and_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taxonomy and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding,_gestation_and_lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding,_gestation_and_lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Breeding, gestation and lifespan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding,_gestation_and_lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_from_predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_from_predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Protection from predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_from_predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_deer_in_folklore_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_deer_in_folklore_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Red deer in folklore and art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_deer_in_folklore_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_deer_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_deer_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Red deer products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_deer_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Red deer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelhert" title="Edelhert – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edelhert" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuorr%C3%A2kaavr%C3%A2s" title="Stuorrâkaavrâs – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Stuorrâkaavrâs" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="أيل أحمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيل أحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cervus elaphus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cervus elaphus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99cib_maral" title="Nəcib maral – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəcib maral" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مارال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%AB%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аҫыл болан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҫыл болан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Высакародны алень – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Высакародны алень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Алень звычайны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алень звычайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Благороден елен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Благороден елен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤ་བ་སེར་ཆེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤ་བ་སེར་ཆེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karv_ruz" title="Karv ruz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karv ruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9rvol_com%C3%BA" title="Cérvol comú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cérvol comú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cervus elaphus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelen_evropsk%C3%BD" title="Jelen evropský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jelen evropský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carw_coch" title="Carw coch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carw coch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronhjort" title="Kronhjort – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kronhjort" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="أيل حمر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أيل حمر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothirsch" title="Rothirsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rothirsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_w%C3%B3naan%C3%ADd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_dzeeh" title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ dzeeh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ dzeeh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahirv" title="Punahirv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punahirv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B9" title="Κόκκινο ελάφι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόκκινο ελάφι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cervus elaphus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_cervo" title="Ruĝa cervo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa cervo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orein_arrunt" title="Orein arrunt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orein arrunt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2" title="گوزن قرمز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوزن قرمز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerf_%C3%A9laphe" title="Cerf élaphe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cerf élaphe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fia_rua" title="Fia rua – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fia rua" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeaih_ruy" title="Feeaih ruy – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Feeaih ruy" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervo_com%C3%BAn" title="Cervo común – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cervo común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%B4" title="말사슴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말사슴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B2_%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ազնվացեղ եղջերու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազնվացեղ եղջերու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="लाल हिरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाल हिरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%C4%8Dni_jelen" title="Obični jelen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obični jelen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_merah" title="Rusa merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rusa merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уæздан саг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уæздан саг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3nhj%C3%B6rtur" title="Krónhjörtur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krónhjörtur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cervus elaphus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C" title="אייל אציל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אייל אציל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კეთილშობილი ირემი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კეთილშობილი ირემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jel%C3%A9%C5%84" title="Jeléń – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jeléń" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кермарал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кермарал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wocol_(Cervus_elaphus)" title="Wocol (Cervus elaphus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Wocol (Cervus elaphus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakov%C3%AE" title="Gakovî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gakovî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83_(%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Бугу (жаныбар) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бугу (жаныбар)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cervus elaphus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staltbriedis" title="Staltbriedis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Staltbriedis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routhirsch" title="Routhirsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Routhirsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurusis_elnias" title="Taurusis elnias – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taurusis elnias" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanienhirvi" title="Germuanienhirvi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanienhirvi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%ADmszarvas" title="Gímszarvas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gímszarvas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="लाल हिरण – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लाल हिरण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Обичен елен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обичен елен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfa_mena" title="Serfa mena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Serfa mena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الايل الاحمر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الايل الاحمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%88" title="سرخ اشکاری‌گو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سرخ اشکاری‌گو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_merah" title="Rusa merah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusa merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Халиун буга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Халиун буга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelhert" title="Edelhert – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edelhert" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB" title="アカシカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アカシカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciervo" title="Ciervo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ciervo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="ГӀела – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀела" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjort" title="Hjort – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjort" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjort" title="Hjort – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjort" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cervus elaphus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%B1%D1%87%D3%A7" title="Пӱчӧ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пӱчӧ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲਾਲ ਹਿਰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਲ ਹਿਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%86" title="لال ہرن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لال ہرن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9rfe" title="Chérfe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chérfe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jele%C5%84_szlachetny" title="Jeleń szlachetny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jeleń szlachetny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veado-vermelho" title="Veado-vermelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veado-vermelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerb_comun" title="Cerb comun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cerb comun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puka_sirwu" title="Puka sirwu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puka sirwu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Благородный олень – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Благородный олень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кулааһай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кулааһай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_deer" title="Reid deer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Reid deer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreri_i_r%C3%ABndomt%C3%AB" title="Dreri i rëndomtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dreri i rëndomtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red deer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jele%C5%88_lesn%C3%BD" title="Jeleň lesný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jeleň lesný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navadni_jelen" title="Navadni jelen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navadni jelen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Обични јелен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обични јелен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%C4%8Dni_jelen" title="Obični jelen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obični jelen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isokauris" title="Isokauris – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isokauris" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronhjort" title="Kronhjort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kronhjort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulang_usa" title="Pulang usa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulang usa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சிவப்பு மான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிவப்பு மான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%CA%B7rek%CA%B7dan" title="Akʷrekʷdan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akʷrekʷdan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li 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data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cervus elaphus" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%B0%C6%A1u_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F" title="Hươu đỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hươu đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahirv" title="Punahirv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the deer species endemic to the Palearctic. For the Canadian city, see <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer, Alberta</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Red_deer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Red deer (disambiguation)">Red deer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Red deer<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> to Recent <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">0.8–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.72923076923px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_6.jpg/220px-Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_6.jpg/330px-Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_6.jpg/440px-Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4135" data-file-height="2757" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male (<a href="/wiki/Cervine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervine">stag</a>) <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Red_Deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_(W1CDR0001424_BD3).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Red_Deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_(W1CDR0001424_BD3).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%28W1CDR0001424_BD3%29.ogg/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%28W1CDR0001424_BD3%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%28W1CDR0001424_BD3%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Two males roaring, UK</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_hind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind.jpg/220px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind.jpg/330px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind.jpg/440px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4115" data-file-height="2743" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Female (<a href="/wiki/Cervine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervine">hind</a>)<br />Glen Garry, Highland, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Cervus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus"><i>Cervus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. elaphus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Cervus elaphus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_red_deer" title="Norwegian red deer">C. e. atlanticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag">C. e. barbarus</a></i></li> <li><i>C. e. brauneri</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corsican_red_deer" title="Corsican red deer">C. e. corsicanus</a></i></li> <li><i>C. e. elaphus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irish_red_deer" title="Irish red deer">C. e. hibernicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_European_red_deer" title="Central European red deer">C. e. hippelaphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_red_deer" title="Spanish red deer">C. e. hispanicus</a></i></li> <li><i>C. e. italicus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caspian_red_deer" title="Caspian red deer">C. e. maral</a></i></li> <li><i>C. e. pannoniensis</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_red_deer" title="Scottish red deer">C. e. scoticus</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_reconstructed_and_recent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_reconstructed_and_recent.png/220px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_reconstructed_and_recent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_reconstructed_and_recent.png/330px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_reconstructed_and_recent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_reconstructed_and_recent.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="261" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range of the red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), includes range of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#ADFF2F; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> reconstructed</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#4B6F44; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> recent</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>red deer</b> (<i><b>Cervus elaphus</b></i>) is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> species. A male red deer is called a <b>stag</b> or <b>hart</b>, and a female is called a <b>doe</b> or <b>hind</b>. The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">western Asia</a>. It also inhabits the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a>; being the only living species of deer to inhabit Africa. Red deer have been introduced to other areas, including <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many parts of the world, the meat (<a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>) from red deer is used as a food source. </p><p>The red deer is a <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a>, characterized by a four-chambered stomach. <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetic</a> evidence indicates that the red deer, as traditionally defined, is a <a href="/wiki/Species_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Species group">species group</a>, rather than a single species, though exactly how many species the group includes remains disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestor of the red deer probably originated in central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although at one time red deer were rare in parts of Europe, they were never close to extinction. Reintroduction and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">conservation</a> efforts, such as in the United Kingdom and Portugal,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have resulted in an increase of red deer populations, while other areas, such as North Africa, have continued to show a population decline. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_male_02_MWNH_692.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cervus_elaphus_male_02_MWNH_692.jpg/220px-Cervus_elaphus_male_02_MWNH_692.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cervus_elaphus_male_02_MWNH_692.jpg/330px-Cervus_elaphus_male_02_MWNH_692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cervus_elaphus_male_02_MWNH_692.jpg/440px-Cervus_elaphus_male_02_MWNH_692.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a red deer</figcaption></figure> <p>The red deer is the fourth-largest extant <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> species, behind the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a>. It is a ruminant, eating its food in two stages and having an even number of toes on each hoof, like <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. European red deer have a relatively long tail compared with their Asian and North American relatives. Subtle differences in appearance are noted between the various subspecies of red deer, primarily in size and antlers, with the smallest being the <a href="/wiki/Corsican_red_deer" title="Corsican red deer">Corsican red deer</a> found on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_red_deer" title="Caspian red deer">Caspian red deer</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or maral) of Asia Minor and the Caucasus Region to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. </p><p>The deer of central and western Europe vary greatly in size, with some of the largest deer found in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> in Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western European red deer, historically, grew to large size given ample food supply (including people's crops), and descendants of introduced populations living in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> have grown quite large in both body and antler size. Large red deer stags, like the Caspian red deer or those of the Carpathian Mountains, may rival North American elk in size. Female red deer are much smaller than their male counterparts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Deer_skeleton_found_at_Ghar_Dalam,_Malta,_now_at_Ghar_Dalam_Museum.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Red_Deer_skeleton_found_at_Ghar_Dalam%2C_Malta%2C_now_at_Ghar_Dalam_Museum.jpeg/220px-Red_Deer_skeleton_found_at_Ghar_Dalam%2C_Malta%2C_now_at_Ghar_Dalam_Museum.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Red_Deer_skeleton_found_at_Ghar_Dalam%2C_Malta%2C_now_at_Ghar_Dalam_Museum.jpeg/330px-Red_Deer_skeleton_found_at_Ghar_Dalam%2C_Malta%2C_now_at_Ghar_Dalam_Museum.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Red_Deer_skeleton_found_at_Ghar_Dalam%2C_Malta%2C_now_at_Ghar_Dalam_Museum.jpeg/440px-Red_Deer_skeleton_found_at_Ghar_Dalam%2C_Malta%2C_now_at_Ghar_Dalam_Museum.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of <i>Cervus elaphus</i> found at <a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7ar_Dalam" title="Għar Dalam">Għar Dalam</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The male (stag) red deer is typically 175 to 250 cm (69 to 98 in) long from the nose to the base of the tail and typically weighs 160 to 240 kg (350 to 530 lb); the female (hind) is 160 to 210 cm (63 to 83 in) long and often weighs 120 to 170 kg (260 to 370 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tail adds another <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>12 to 19 cm (<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to <span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) and shoulder height is about 95 to 130 cm (37 to 51 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, stags average 201 cm (79 in) in head-and-body length and 122 cm (48 in) high at the shoulder and females average 180 cm (71 in) long and 114 cm (45 in) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on body mass, they are likely the fourth largest extant deer species on average, behind the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Size varies in different subspecies with the largest, the huge but small-antlered deer of the Carpathian Mountains (<i>C. e. elaphus</i>), weighing up to 500 kg (1,100 lb). At the other end of the scale, the Corsican red deer (<i>C. e. corsicanus</i>) weighs about 80 to 100 kg (180 to 220 lb), although red deer in poor habitats can weigh as little as 53 to 112 kg (120 to 250 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neck_mane">Neck mane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neck mane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The males of many subspecies also grow a short neck mane during the autumn. The male deer of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> tend to have the thickest and most noticeable manes. Male Caspian red deer (<i>C. e. maral</i>) and Spanish red deer (<i>C. e. hispanicus</i>) do not carry neck manes. Male deer of all subspecies, however, tend to have stronger and thicker neck muscles than female deer, which may give them an appearance of having neck manes. Red deer hinds (females) do not have neck manes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antlers">Antlers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antlers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only the stags have <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a>, which start growing in the spring and are shed each year, usually at the end of winter. Antlers typically measure 71 cm (28 in) in total length and weigh 1 kg (2.2 lb), although large ones can grow to 115 cm (45 in) and weigh 5 kg (11 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antlers, which are made of bone, can grow at a rate of 2.5 cm (1 in) a day.<sup id="cite_ref-nwr_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While an antler is growing, it is covered with highly <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">vascular</a> skin called <a href="/wiki/Velvet_antler" title="Velvet antler">velvet</a>, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The antlers are <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>-driven and as the stag's testosterone levels drop in the autumn, the velvet is shed and the antlers stop growing.<sup id="cite_ref-nwr_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the approach of autumn, the antlers begin to calcify and the stags' testosterone production builds for the approaching rut (mating season). </p><p>European red deer antlers are distinctive in being rather straight and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rugose" class="extiw" title="wikt:rugose">rugose</a>, with the fourth and fifth tines forming a "crown" or "cup" in larger males. Any tines in excess of the fourth and fifth tines grow radially from the cup, which are generally absent in the antlers of smaller red deer, such as Corsican red deer. Western European red deer antlers feature "bez" (second) tines that are either absent or smaller than the brow tines. However, bez tines occur frequently in Norwegian red deer. Antlers of Caspian red deer carry large bez tines and form less-developed cups than western European red deer, their antlers are thus more like the "throw back" top tines of the North American elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>), known as maraloid characteristics. A stag can (exceptionally) have antlers with no tines, and is then known as a switch. Similarly, a stag that does not grow antlers is a hummel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat">Coat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European red deer tend to be reddish-brown in their summer coats,<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some individuals may have a few spots on the backs of their summer coats.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the autumn, all red deer subspecies grow thicker coats of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter. Autumn is also when some of the stags grow their neck manes.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The autumn/winter coats of most subspecies are most distinct. The Caspian red deer's winter coat is greyer and has a larger and more distinguished light rump-patch (like wapiti and some central Asian red deer) compared with the Western European red deer, which has more of a greyish-brown coat with a darker yellowish rump patch in the winter. </p><p>By the time summer begins, the heavy winter coat has been shed; the animals are known to rub against trees and other objects to help remove hair from their bodies. Red deer have different colouration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with grey or lighter colouration prevalent in the winter and more reddish and darker coat colouration in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_deer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Red_deer.jpg/220px-Red_deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Red_deer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Stag and hinds</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_and_North_Africa">Europe and North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe and North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European red deer is found in southwestern Asia (Asia Minor and Caucasus regions), North Africa, and Europe. The red deer is the largest nondomesticated land mammal still existing in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag">Barbary stag</a> (which resembles the western European red deer) is the only living member of the deer family native to Africa, with the population centred in the northwestern region of the continent in the Atlas Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-World_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the mid-1990s, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> were the only African countries known to have red deer.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Netherlands, a large herd (about 3000 animals counted in late 2012) lives in the <a href="/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen">Oostvaardersplassen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a>. Ireland has its own unique subspecies. In France, the population is thriving, having multiplied five-fold in the last half-century, increasing from 30,000 in 1970 to around 160,000 in 2014. The deer has particularly expanded its footprint into forests at higher altitudes than before. In the UK, indigenous populations occur in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">south west of England</a> (principally on <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all of these are of entirely pure bloodlines, as some of these populations have been supplemented with deliberate releases of deer from parks, such as <a href="/wiki/Warnham#Warnham_Court" title="Warnham">Warnham</a> or <a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a>, in an attempt to increase antler sizes and body weights. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> found that, in Scotland, extensive hybridisation with the closely related sika deer has occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several other populations have originated either with "carted" deer kept for <a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting#United_Kingdom" title="Deer hunting">stag hunts</a> being left out at the end of the hunt, escapes from deer farms, or deliberate releases. Carted deer were kept by stag hunts with no wild red deer in the locality and were normally recaptured after the hunt and used again; although the hunts are called "stag hunts", the Norwich Staghounds only hunted hinds (female red deer), and in 1950, at least eight hinds (some of which may have been pregnant) were known to be at large near <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Norfolk" title="Kimberley, Norfolk">Kimberley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harling,_Norfolk" title="Harling, Norfolk">West Harling</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they formed the basis of a new population based in <a href="/wiki/Thetford_Forest" title="Thetford Forest">Thetford Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>. Further substantial red deer herds originated from escapes or deliberate releases in the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, as well as many other smaller populations scattered throughout <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and they are all generally increasing in numbers and range. A census of deer populations in 2007 and again in 2011 coordinated by the British Deer Society records the red deer as having continued to expand their range in England and Wales since 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with expansion most notable in <a href="/wiki/The_Midlands,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands, England">the Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caspian red deer are found in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests"> Hyrcanian Forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_near_Lake_George_(17117730416).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg/220px-Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg/330px-Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg/440px-Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption>Female and young herd, near <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_Scott" title="Lake George Scott">Lake George Scott</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, red deer were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Acclimatisation_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Acclimatisation societies">acclimatisation societies</a> along with other deer and game species. The first red deer to reach New Zealand were a pair sent by <a href="/wiki/Baron_Petre" title="Baron Petre">Lord Petre</a> in 1851 from his herd at <a href="/wiki/Thorndon_Hall" title="Thorndon Hall">Thorndon Park</a>, Essex, to the South Island, but the hind was shot before they had a chance to breed. Lord Petre sent another stag and two hinds in 1861, and these were liberated near <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a>, from where they quickly spread. The first deer to reach the North Island were a gift to Sir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Weld" title="Frederick Weld">Frederick Weld</a> from <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a> and were released near <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>; these were followed by further releases up to 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1851 and 1926, 220 separate liberations of red deer involved over 800 deer.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Forest Service">State Forest Service</a> introduced a bounty for red deer shot on their land, and in 1931, government control operations were commenced. Between 1931 and March 1975, 1,124,297 deer were killed on official operations. </p><p>The introduced red deer have adapted well and are widely hunted on both islands; many of the 220 introductions used deer originating from Scotland (<a href="/wiki/Invermark_Castle" title="Invermark Castle">Invermark</a>) or one of the major deer parks in England, principally Warnham, Woburn Abbey or Windsor Great Park. Some hybridisation happened with the closely related American elk (<i>Cervus canadensis nelsoni</i>) introduced in Fiordland in 1921. Along with the other introduced deer species, they are, however, officially regarded as a noxious pest and are still heavily culled using professional hunters working with helicopters, or even poisoned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first red deer to reach <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> were probably the six that <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a> sent in 1860 from Windsor Great Park to Thomas Chirnside, who was starting a herd at <a href="/wiki/Werribee_Park" title="Werribee Park">Werribee Park</a>, south west of Melbourne in Victoria. Further introductions were made in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. Today, red deer in Australia range from Queensland south through New South Wales into Victoria and across to South Australia, with the numbers increasing. The Queensland, Victorian and most New South Wales strains can still be traced to the early releases, but South Australia's population, along with all others, is now largely recent farm escapees. This is having adverse effects on the integrity of wild herds, as now more and larger herds are being grown due to the superior genetics that have been attained by selective breeding. </p><p>Wild red deer are a feral pest species in Australia, do considerable harm to the natural environment, and are a significant road traffic hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina_and_Chile">Argentina and Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Argentina and Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Argentina and Chile, the red deer has had a potentially adverse impact on native animal species, such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer</a> or <i>huemul</i>; the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has labelled the animal as one of the world's 100 worst invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-invasive_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invasive-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red deer in Europe generally spend their winters at lower altitudes in more wooded terrain. During the summer, they migrate to higher elevations where food supplies are greater and better for the calving season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_evolution">Taxonomy and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until recently, biologists considered the red deer and elk or wapiti (<i><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">C. canadensis</a></i>) the same species, forming a continuous distribution throughout temperate Eurasia and North America. This belief was based largely on the fully fertile hybrids that can be produced under captive conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetic</a> evidence clearly shows the wapiti and red deer form two separate species.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another member of the red deer group which may represent a separate species is <i><a href="/wiki/Corsican_red_deer" title="Corsican red deer">C. corsicanus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-genus_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genus-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If so, <i>C. corsicanus</i> includes the <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag">C. e. barbarus</a></i> (perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> of <i>C. e. corsicanus</i>), and is restricted to <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> in North Africa, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genus_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genus-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> study showed the internal phylogeny of <i>Cervus</i> to be as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i>Cervus</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">West Eurasian clade </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervus elaphus">C. elaphus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/European_red_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="European red deer">European red deer</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Cervus_elaphus_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus_hanglu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervus hanglu">C. hanglu</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Kashmir_stag" title="Kashmir stag">Hangul</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Hangul_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png/50px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png/75px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png/100px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="715" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">East Eurasian clade </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus_albirostris" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervus albirostris">C. albirostris</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png/50px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png/75px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png/100px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Thorold%27s_deer_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="636" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus_nippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervus nippon">C. nippon</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._22)_(Cervus_nippon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg/50px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg/75px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg/100px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._22%29_%28Cervus_nippon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervus canadensis">C. canadensis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wapiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapiti">Wapiti</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Cervus_canadensis_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="3704" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i> (outgroup) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png/50px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png/75px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png/100px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Moluccan_rusa_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="592" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><i>Cervus elaphus</i> appeared in Europe by the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> around 800,000 years ago. These earliest forms belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Palaeosubspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeosubspecies">palaeosubspecies</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cervus_elaphus_acoronatus" title="Cervus elaphus acoronatus">Cervus elaphus acoronatus</a>.</i> Other palaeosubspecies are known, including those belonging to <i>C. elaphus rianensis</i> from the Middle Pleistocene of Italy, <i>C. elaphus siciliae</i> from the late Middle and Late Pleistocene of Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> originally listed nine subspecies of red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>): three as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>, one as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a>, one as <a href="/wiki/Near_threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near threatened">near threatened</a>, and four without enough data to give a category (<a href="/wiki/Data_Deficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Deficient">Data Deficient</a>). The species as a whole, however, is listed as <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this was based on the traditional classification of red deer as one species (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), including the wapiti. The common red deer is also known as simply red deer. </p><p>Selected members of the red deer <a href="/wiki/Species_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Species group">species group</a> are listed in the table below. Of the ones listed, <i>C. e. hippelaphus</i> and <i>C. e. scoticus</i> may be <a href="/wiki/Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym">junior synonyms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin:10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Subspecies</th> <th>Status</th> <th>Historical range</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Central_European_red_deer" title="Central European red deer">Central European or common red deer</a></b> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg/150px-Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg/225px-Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg/300px-Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="2063" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. e. hippelaphus</i></td> <td></td> <td>Western and Central Europe, Balkans</td> <td>Medium to large subspecies, with the largest deer found in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> in Central Europe. It is light-coloured, with a light-coloured rump patch bordering with black. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Caspian_red_deer" title="Caspian red deer">Caspian red deer</a></b> or <b>maral</b> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspian_Red_Deer_(Maral)_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg/150px-Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg/225px-Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg/300px-Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3343" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. e. maral</i></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>Large subspecies; its coat is dark grey, except in the summer, when it is a dark brown. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_red_deer" title="Norwegian red deer">Norwegian red deer</a></b> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg/150px-Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg/225px-Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg/300px-Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. e. atlanticus</i></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>Small subspecies </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_red_deer" title="Scottish red deer">Scottish red deer</a></b> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Deer_Park,_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg/150px-The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg/225px-The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg/300px-The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. e. scoticus</i></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>This deer is slightly smaller than red deer in Western Europe and its coat is lighter in colour, with a distinct border to the lighter patch on the rump. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_red_deer" title="Spanish red deer">Spanish red deer</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg/150px-El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg/225px-El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg/300px-El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. e. hispanicus</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></td> <td>Smaller than the common red deer and more greyish in colour </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Mesola_red_deer"></span><b>Mesola red deer</b> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg/150px-Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg/225px-Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg/300px-Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5097" data-file-height="3398" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. e. italicus</i></td> <td></td> <td>Once widespread across the Italian northeastern coast, but now restricted to Bosco della Mesola Nature Reserve</td> <td>One of the smallest subspecies, similar to the Corsican and Atlas subspecies. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Swedish red deer</b> </td> <td><i>C. e. elaphus</i> </td> <td>Critically Endangered </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Corsican_red_deer" title="Corsican red deer">Corsican red deer</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CervoMontevecchio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CervoMontevecchio.jpg/150px-CervoMontevecchio.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CervoMontevecchio.jpg/225px-CervoMontevecchio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CervoMontevecchio.jpg/300px-CervoMontevecchio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. e. corsicanus</i></td> <td>Near Threatened (NT)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably introduced there in historical times and identical with the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag">Barbary stag</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>One of the smallest subspecies </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag">Barbary stag</a></b> or <b>Atlas deer</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_barbarus,_Tierpark_Berlin,_523-629.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg/150px-Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg/225px-Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg/300px-Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2393" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. e. barbarus</i></td> <td>Near Threatened</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td>One of the smallest subspecies </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Crimean_red_deer" title="Crimean red deer">Crimean red deer</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silent_dialogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silent_dialogue.jpg/150px-Silent_dialogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silent_dialogue.jpg/225px-Silent_dialogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silent_dialogue.jpg/300px-Silent_dialogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></td> <td><i>C. e. brauneri</i></td> <td>Near Threatened</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg/220px-Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg/330px-Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg/440px-Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>A group of hinds with calves</figcaption></figure> <p>Mature red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>) usually stay in single-sex groups for most of the year. During the mating season, called the <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a>, mature stags compete for the attentions of the hinds and will then try to defend the hinds they attract. Rival stags challenge opponents by belling and walking in parallel. This allows combatants to assess each other's antlers, body size and fighting prowess. If neither stag backs down, a clash of antlers can occur, and stags sometimes sustain serious injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-World_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red deer are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_displaying_homosexual_behavior" title="List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior">mammals exhibiting homosexual behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biological_Exuberance:_Hoofed_Mammal,_Deer_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biological_Exuberance:_Hoofed_Mammal,_Deer-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dominant stags <a href="/wiki/Self-anointing_in_animals#Ungulates" title="Self-anointing in animals">urinate on themselves</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and follow groups of hinds during the rut, from August into early winter. The stags may have as many as 20 hinds to keep from other, less attractive males.<sup id="cite_ref-sd_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sd-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Only mature stags hold harems (groups of hinds), and breeding success peaks at about eight years of age. Stags two to four years old rarely hold harems and spend most of the rut on the periphery of larger harems, as do stags over 11 years old. Young and old stags that do acquire a harem hold it later in the breeding season than those stags in their prime. Harem-holding stags rarely feed and lose up to 20% of their body weight. Stags that enter the rut in poor condition are less likely to make it through to the peak conception period.<sup id="cite_ref-World_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Red_Deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_(W1CDR0001424_BD3).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Red_Deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_(W1CDR0001424_BD3).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%28W1CDR0001424_BD3%29.ogg/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%28W1CDR0001424_BD3%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%28W1CDR0001424_BD3%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Two males roaring</figcaption></figure> <p>Male European red deer have a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Roar" title="Roar">roar</a> during the rut,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is an adaptation to forested environments, in contrast to male American elk stags which "bugle" during the rut in adaptation to open environments. The male deer roars to keep his harem of females together. The females are initially attracted to those males that both roar most often and have the loudest roar call. Males also use the roar call when competing with other males for females during the rut, and along with other forms of posturing and antler fights, is a method used by the males to establish dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roaring is most common during the early dawn and late evening, which is also when the <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a> deer are most active in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding,_gestation_and_lifespan"><span id="Breeding.2C_gestation_and_lifespan"></span>Breeding, gestation and lifespan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Breeding, gestation and lifespan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_Red_Deer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mating_Red_Deer.jpg/220px-Mating_Red_Deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mating_Red_Deer.jpg/330px-Mating_Red_Deer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mating_Red_Deer.jpg/440px-Mating_Red_Deer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>Red deer mating in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_juvenile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg/220px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg/330px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg/440px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4017" data-file-height="2678" /></a><figcaption>juvenile</figcaption></figure> <p>Female red deer reach <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> at 2 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red deer mating patterns usually involve a dozen or more <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a> attempts before the first successful one. There may be several more matings before the stag will seek out another mate in his harem. Females in their second autumn can produce one or very rarely two offspring per year. The <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> period is 240 to 262 days, and the offspring weigh about 15 kg (35 lb). After two weeks, calves are able to join the herd and are fully weaned after two months.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offspring will remain with their mothers for almost one full year, leaving around the time the next season's offspring are produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gestation period is the same for all subspecies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All red deer calves are born spotted, as is common with many deer species, and lose their spots by the end of summer. However, as in many species of Old World deer, some adults do retain a few spots on the backs of their summer coats.<sup id="cite_ref-Geist_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red deer live over 20 years in captivity and in the wild they live 10 to 13 years, though some subspecies with less predation pressure average 15 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_from_predators">Protection from predators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Protection from predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png/220px-Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png/330px-Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png/440px-Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a fawn carried by a <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Male red deer retain their antlers for more than half the year, and are less gregarious and less likely to group with other males when they have antlers. The antlers provide self-defence, as does a strong front-leg kicking action performed by both sexes when attacked. Once the antlers are shed, stags tend to form bachelor groups which allow them to cooperatively work together. Herds tend to have one or more members watching for potential danger, while the remaining members eat and rest.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the rut, females form large herds of up to 50 individuals. The newborn calves are kept close to the hinds by a series of vocalizations between the two, and larger nurseries have an ongoing and constant chatter during the daytime hours. When approached by predators, the largest and most robust females may make a stand, using their front legs to kick at their attackers. Guttural grunts and posturing is used with all but the most determined of predators with great effectiveness. Aside from humans and domestic dogs, the <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey wolf">grey wolf</a> is probably the most dangerous predator European red deer encounter. Occasionally, the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> will prey on European red deer.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_deer_in_folklore_and_art">Red deer in folklore and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Red deer in folklore and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarch_of_the_Glen,_Edwin_Landseer,_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg/220px-Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg/330px-Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg/440px-Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monarch_of_the_Glen_(painting)" title="The Monarch of the Glen (painting)">The Monarch of the Glen</a></i>, 1851, by Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a>, an iconic image of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Red deer are widely depicted in <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave art</a> found throughout European caves, with some of the artwork dating from as early as 40,000 years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> cave art from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> of 7,000 years ago has abundant depictions of red deer, including what can be described as spiritual artwork, indicating the importance of this mammal to the peoples of that region (Note: these animals were most likely wapiti (<i>C. canadensis</i>) in Siberia, not red deer).<sup id="cite_ref-siberia_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siberia-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red deer are also often depicted on <a href="/wiki/Pictish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish">Pictish</a> stones (<i>circa</i> 550–850 AD), from the early medieval period in Scotland, usually as prey animals for human or animal predators. In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">medieval hunting</a>, the red deer was the most prestigious quarry, especially the mature stag, which in England was called a <a href="/wiki/Hart_(deer)" title="Hart (deer)">hart</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_deer_products">Red deer products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Red deer products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red deer are held in captivity for a variety of reasons. The meat of the deer, called <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>, was until recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply a full or month-and-year "|date=" of publication, or use "|year=year not specified" for intentional omission.">date missing</span></a></i>]</sup> restricted in the United Kingdom to those with connections to the aristocratic or <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> communities, and a licence was needed to sell it legally, but it is now widely available in supermarkets, especially in the autumn. The <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen</a> followed the custom of offering large pieces of venison to members of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet of the United Kingdom</a> and others. Some estates in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> still sell <a href="/wiki/Deer-stalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer-stalking">deer-stalking</a> accompanied by a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gillie" class="extiw" title="wikt:gillie">gillie</a> in the traditional way, on unfenced land, while others operate more like farms for venison. Venison is widely considered to be both flavourful and nutritious. It is higher in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and lower in <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> than either <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meat_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meat-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The red deer can produce 10 to 15 kg (20 to 35 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Velvet_antler" title="Velvet antler">antler velvet</a> annually.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On ranches in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this velvet is collected and sold to markets in East Asia, where it is used for <a href="/wiki/Holistic_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic health">holistic medicines</a>, with <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> being the primary consumer. In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, a medication produced from antler velvet is sold under the brand name Pantokrin (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Пантокрин">Пантокри́н</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Pantocrinum</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The antlers themselves are also believed by East Asians to have medicinal purposes and are often ground up and used in small quantities. </p><p>Historically, related deer species such as <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer</a>, wapiti, <a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika deer</a> have been reared on deer farms in Central and Eastern Asia by <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongolians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In modern times, western countries such as New Zealand and United States have taken to farming European red deer for similar purposes. </p><p>Deer hair products are also used in the fly fishing industry, being used to tie flies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Deer antlers are also used for decorative purposes and have been used for artwork, furniture and other novelty items. Deer antlers were and still are the source material for <a href="/wiki/Horn_furniture" title="Horn furniture">horn furniture</a>. Already in the 15th century trophies of case were used for clothes hook, storage racks and chandeliers, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Lusterweibchen" title="Lusterweibchen">Lusterweibchen</a></i>. In the 19th century the European nobility discovered red deer antlers as perfect decorations for their manors and hunting castles. This fashion trend splashes over to upper- and middle-class households in the mid of the 19th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg/220px-Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg/330px-Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg/440px-Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Rustic deer antler candle holder</figcaption></figure> <p>At the increasingly popular World Expositions, producers of horn furniture, mainly in Germany, Austria and the United States, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Friedrich_Christoph_Rampendahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Friedrich Christoph Rampendahl (page does not exist)">Heinrich Friedrich Christoph Rampendahl</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Christoph_Rampendahl" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Friedrich Christoph Rampendahl">de</a>]</span> and Friedrich Wenzel, showed their horn furniture and a kind of series manufacturing began. In recent times deer antler home decors can be found in home styling magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature Spanish red deer bellowing during the rut"><img alt="Mature Spanish red deer bellowing during the rut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg/120px-Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg/180px-Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg/240px-Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature <a href="/wiki/Spanish_red_deer" title="Spanish red deer">Spanish red deer</a> bellowing during the rut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red deer tracks in Commanster, in the Ardennes of Belgium"><img alt="Red deer tracks in Commanster, in the Ardennes of Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg/120px-Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg/180px-Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg/240px-Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red deer tracks in Commanster, in the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_young_stag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young stag in Great Glen in Scotland"><img alt="Young stag in Great Glen in Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg/120px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg/180px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg/240px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4710" data-file-height="3140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young stag in <a href="/wiki/Great_Glen" title="Great Glen">Great Glen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_deer_stag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. Glen Torridon, Scotland"><img alt="A soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. Glen Torridon, Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Red_deer_stag.jpg/120px-Red_deer_stag.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Red_deer_stag.jpg/180px-Red_deer_stag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Red_deer_stag.jpg/240px-Red_deer_stag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3727" data-file-height="2585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. <a href="/wiki/Glen_Torridon" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Torridon">Glen Torridon</a>, Scotland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One male and three females in the Salburua wetlands of Basque Country in Spain"><img alt="One male and three females in the Salburua wetlands of Basque Country in Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg/120px-Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg/180px-Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg/240px-Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="2437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One male and three females in the <a href="/wiki/Salburua" title="Salburua">Salburua</a> wetlands of <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_hind_with_juvenile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hind with juvenile in Great Glen in Scotland"><img alt="Hind with juvenile in Great Glen in Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg/120px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg/180px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg/240px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3092" data-file-height="2062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hind with juvenile in Great Glen in Scotland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirved1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young stags fleeing on the island of Saaremaa in Estonia"><img alt="Young stags fleeing on the island of Saaremaa in Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hirved1.jpg/120px-Hirved1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hirved1.jpg/180px-Hirved1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hirved1.jpg/240px-Hirved1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="1592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young stags fleeing on the island of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_deer_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red deer in the Czech Republic"><img alt="Red deer in the Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Red_deer_portrait.jpg/80px-Red_deer_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Red_deer_portrait.jpg/120px-Red_deer_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Red_deer_portrait.jpg/160px-Red_deer_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red deer in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_of_Great_Britain" title="Deer of Great Britain">Deer of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_farm" title="Deer farm">Deer farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_deer_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval deer park">Medieval deer park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLovari,_S.Lorenzini,_R.Masseti,_M.Pereladova,_O.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R.F.; Brook, S.M. & Mattioli, S. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/55997072/142404453">"<i>Cervus elaphus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2018</b>: e.T55997072A142404453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Cervus+elaphus&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=e.T55997072A142404453&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en&rft.au=Lovari%2C+S.&rft.au=Lorenzini%2C+R.&rft.au=Masseti%2C+M.&rft.au=Pereladova%2C+O.&rft.au=Carden%2C+R.F.&rft.au=Brook%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Mattioli%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F55997072%2F142404453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scirecordbook.org/red-deer-south-america/">Red Deer – South America | Online Record Book Preview</a>. scirecordbook.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreLittlejohn1989" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, G.H.; Littlejohn, R.P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1989.10422568">"Hybridisation of farmed wapiti (<i>Cervus elaphus manitobensis</i>) and red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>)"</a>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 191–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1989.10422568">10.1080/03014223.1989.10422568</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Hybridisation+of+farmed+wapiti+%28Cervus+elaphus+manitobensis%29+and+red+deer+%28Cervus+elaphus%29&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-198&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03014223.1989.10422568&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=G.H.&rft.au=Littlejohn%2C+R.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03014223.1989.10422568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez-EsponaHallPerez-BarberiaGlass2012" class="citation journal cs1">Perez-Espona, S.; Hall, R. J.; Perez-Barberia, F. J.; Glass, B. C.; Ward, J. F.; Pemberton, J. M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fess085">"The Impact of Past Introductions on an Iconic and Economically Important Species, the Red Deer of Scotland"</a>. <i>Journal of Heredity</i>. <b>104</b> (1): 14–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fess085">10.1093/jhered/ess085</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23091222">23091222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Past+Introductions+on+an+Iconic+and+Economically+Important+Species%2C+the+Red+Deer+of+Scotland&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-22&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fess085&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23091222&rft.aulast=Perez-Espona&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Hall%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Perez-Barberia%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Glass%2C+B.+C.&rft.au=Ward%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Pemberton%2C+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjhered%252Fess085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geist_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeist1998" class="citation book cs1">Geist, V. (1998). <i>Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology</i>. Mechanicsburg, Pa: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-0496-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-0496-3"><bdi>0-8117-0496-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deer+of+the+World%3A+Their+Evolution%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Ecology&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Pa&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8117-0496-3&rft.aulast=Geist&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the situation in Portugal in 2017, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.pt/2017/01/13/ecosfera/noticia/na-serra-da-lousa-ha-mais-de-tres-mil-veados-programa-de-reintroducao-travou-extincao-do-animal-1758207"><i>Público</i>, 2017, January 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519010856/http://www.farmerparrs.com/deer.html">"Deer"</a>. farmerparrs.com. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farmerparrs.com/deer.html">the original</a> on 19 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deer&rft.pub=farmerparrs.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmerparrs.com%2Fdeer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonald-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald,_D.W.Barrett,_P.1993" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, D.W.; Barrett, P. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofeurope00macd"><i>Mammals of Europe</i></a></span>. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09160-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09160-9"><bdi>0-691-09160-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+Europe&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-691-09160-9&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+D.W.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalsofeurope00macd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silva, M., & Downing, J. A. (1995). <i>CRC handbook of mammalian body masses</i>. CRC Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeist1998" class="citation book cs1">Geist, Valerius (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcWZX-IMEVkC&pg=PA202"><i>Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology</i></a>. Stackpole Books. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-0496-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-0496-3"><bdi>0-8117-0496-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deer+of+the+world%3A+their+evolution%2C+behaviour%2C+and+ecology&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8117-0496-3&rft.aulast=Geist&rft.aufirst=Valerius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcWZX-IMEVkC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nwr-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nwr_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwr_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831215738/http://www.tallgrass.org/elks.html">"Friends of the Prairie Learning Center"</a>. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tallgrass.org/elks.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+of+the+Prairie+Learning+Center&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tallgrass.org%2Felks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2005" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Brian K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-RWPGDONlIC&pg=PA103">"Antlers"</a>. <i>Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology</i>. Academic Press. pp. 103–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-319060-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-319060-6"><bdi>0-12-319060-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antlers&rft.btitle=Bones+and+Cartilage%3A+Developmental+and+Evolutionary+Skeletal+Biology&rft.pages=103-114&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-12-319060-6&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-RWPGDONlIC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasDale_Toweill2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Jack Ward; Dale Toweill (2002). <i>Elk of North America, Ecology and Management</i>. 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(1985). <i>Fantasy Furniture</i>. New York: Rizzoli.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cameron, Donald; Fortescue, Hugh Fortescue 3rd, earl; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Innes_Shand" title="Alexander Innes Shand">Shand, Alexander Innes</a> (1896) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reddeernaturalhi00cameiala"><i>Red Deer: Natural history</i></a>, London, New York [etc.] : Longmans, Green and co.</li> <li>Clarke, J. (1866), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalisttreati00clar">The naturalist: A treatise on the growth of the horns of the red deer</a></i>, Barnstaple, A.P. Wood</li> <li>Jeffries, Richard (1884), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reddeera00jeffuoft"><i>Red Deer</i></a>, London Longmans, Green#B.</li> <li>Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffman, R. S. (1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsovietu11988gept"><i>Mammals of the Soviet Union</i></a>, Volume I, Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation</li> <li>Bateson, Patrick, and Elizabeth L. Bradshaw. <i>Physiological effects of hunting red deer (Cervus elaphus)</i>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. Series B: Biological Sciences 264.1389 (1997): 1707–1714.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688740/pdf/9447728.pdf">[2]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'CarraWilliamsMercerWood2014" class="citation journal cs1">O'Carra, B.; Williams, D.M.; Mercer, B.; Wood, B. (2014). "Evidence of environmental change since the earliest medieval period from the inter-tidal zone of Galway Bay". <i>Ir. Nat. J</i>. <b>33</b>: 83–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ir.+Nat.+J.&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+environmental+change+since+the+earliest+medieval+period+from+the+inter-tidal+zone+of+Galway+Bay&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=83-88&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=O%27Carra&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Williams%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Mercer%2C+B.&rft.au=Wood%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cervus elaphus">Cervus elaphus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/red_deer.html">Natural History of Red Deer (Wildlife Online)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldofdeer.com/museum/">World of Deer Museum New Zealand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022142701/https://worldofdeer.com/museum/">Archived</a> 22 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redstaghuntingnewzealand.com/">New Zealand Red Stag Hunting Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artfour.com/blog/red-deer-antler-furnishings">red deer antler furnishings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_Game" title="Template:English Game"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_Game" title="Template talk:English Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">shooting</a> in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Common pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Grey partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-legged_partridge" title="Red-legged partridge">Red-legged partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_grouse" title="Red grouse">Red grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Rock ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">Black grouse</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock" title="Eurasian woodcock">Eurasian woodcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_snipe" title="Common snipe">Common snipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quarry species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_teal" title="Eurasian teal">Teal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">Wood pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_golden_plover" title="European golden plover">Golden plover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greylag_goose" title="Greylag goose">Greylag goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-footed_goose" title="Pink-footed goose">Pink-footed goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wigeon" title="Eurasian wigeon">Eurasian wigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_duck" title="Tufted duck">Tufted duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_shoveler" title="Northern shoveler">Northern shoveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pochard" title="Common pochard">Common pochard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_goldeneye" title="Common goldeneye">Common goldeneye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_moorhen" title="Common moorhen">Common moorhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_coot" title="Eurasian coot">Eurasian coot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">Roe deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_hare" title="European hare">European hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">European rabbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Wild_Mammals_(Scotland)_Act_2002" title="Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002">Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_Shooting_and_Conservation" title="British Association for Shooting and Conservation">British Association for Shooting and Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Wildlife_Conservation_Trust" title="Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust">Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Twelfth" title="Glorious Twelfth">Glorious Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Deer stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Rarely shot because of declining numbers.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Cervus elaphus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79794" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q79794">Q79794</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cervus elaphus">Cervus elaphus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cervus_elaphus/">Cervus_elaphus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Cervus_elaphus">Cervus_elaphus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/cervus-elaphus/">cervus-elaphus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id20884">20884</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12369">12369</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/T56G">T56G</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328649">328649</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CERVEL">CERVEL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305262">305262</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f1eea820-4107-4b39-9938-e95c84c051c7">f1eea820-4107-4b39-9938-e95c84c051c7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/ceel/all.html">ceel</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2440958">2440958</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=119">119</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/204113">204113</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11008690">11008690</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/89943">89943</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180695">180695</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/55997072">55997072</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006313">1006313</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200352">14200352</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102257/">2.102257</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000005143">NBNSYS0000005143</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9860">9860</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e070fa41-bb0d-41ee-9470-5a11edd7f300">e070fa41-bb0d-41ee-9470-5a11edd7f300</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/388/">388</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=936014">936014</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=45017">45017</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=3804">3804</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/7088B71D-D115-491C-B623-45604D10CB72">7088B71D-D115-491C-B623-45604D10CB72</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79794#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050708-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Red 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