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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hal_Roach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leo_McCarey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_McCarey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Leo McCarey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_McCarey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_of_comedy_and_characterizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_of_comedy_and_characterizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Style of comedy and characterizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_of_comedy_and_characterizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catchphrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catchphrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Catchphrases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catchphrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sound films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feature_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feature_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Feature films </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feature_films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Feature films subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Feature_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Final years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporting_cast_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_cast_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Supporting cast members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_cast_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influence and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posthumous_revivals_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_revivals_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Posthumous revivals and popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_revivals_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appreciation_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appreciation_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Appreciation society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appreciation_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Around the world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biopic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biopic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Biopic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biopic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Filmographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Laurel and Hardy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="لوريل وهاردي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوريل وهاردي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_y_Hardy" title="Laurel y Hardy – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Laurel y Hardy" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="لورل و هاردی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لورل و هاردی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Лорэл і Гардзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лорэл і Гардзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laurel and Hardy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_i_Hardy" title="Laurel i Hardy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laurel i Hardy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_a_Hardy" title="Laurel a Hardy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laurel a Hardy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B8g_og_Gokke" title="Gøg og Gokke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gøg og Gokke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_und_Hardy" title="Laurel und Hardy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laurel und Hardy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χοντρός και Λιγνός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χοντρός και Λιγνός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gordo_y_el_Flaco" title="El Gordo y el Flaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El Gordo y el Flaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_kaj_Hardy" title="Laurel kaj Hardy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laurel kaj Hardy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_eta_Hardy" title="Laurel eta Hardy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laurel eta Hardy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="لورل و هاردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لورل و هاردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_et_Hardy" title="Laurel et Hardy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laurel et Hardy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_en_Hardy" title="Laurel en Hardy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Laurel en Hardy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Laurel and Hardy" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_e_Hardy" title="Laurel e Hardy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Laurel e Hardy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B4%EA%B3%BC_%ED%95%98%EB%94%94" title="로럴과 하디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로럴과 하디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_i_Hardy" title="Laurel i Hardy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laurel i Hardy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_dan_Hardy" title="Laurel dan Hardy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laurel dan Hardy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanlio_e_Ollio" title="Stanlio e Ollio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stanlio e Ollio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99" title="לורל והארדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לורל והארדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_D%C3%A9cken_an_den_D%C3%ABnnen" title="Den Décken an den Dënnen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Den Décken an den Dënnen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_%C3%A9s_Pan" title="Stan és Pan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stan és Pan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82" title="ലോറലും ഹാർഡിയും – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോറലും ഹാർഡിയും" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="लॉरेल आणि हार्डी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लॉरेल आणि हार्डी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%89" title="لوريل و هاردى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوريل و هاردى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_en_Hardy" title="Laurel en Hardy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laurel en Hardy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%26%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ローレル&ハーディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローレル&ハーディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanlio_e_Ollio" title="Stanlio e Ollio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Stanlio e Ollio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helan_og_Halvan" title="Helan og Halvan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helan og Halvan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_i_Flap" title="Flip i Flap – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flip i Flap" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_%26_Hardy" title="Laurel & Hardy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laurel & Hardy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_%C8%99i_Bran" title="Stan și Bran – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stan și Bran" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Лорел и Харди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лорел и Харди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Laurel and Hardy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%84_%D9%88_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="لۆرێل و ھاردی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لۆرێل و ھاردی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British-American comedy duo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stan and Ollie" redirects here. For the 2018 biographical film, see <a href="/wiki/Stan_%26_Ollie" title="Stan & Ollie">Stan & Ollie</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Laurel and Hardy (disambiguation)">Laurel and Hardy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Laurel and Hardy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurel_and_Hardy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Laurel_and_Hardy.png/220px-Laurel_and_Hardy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Laurel_and_Hardy.png/330px-Laurel_and_Hardy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Laurel_and_Hardy.png/440px-Laurel_and_Hardy.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="720" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy, promotional shot</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">British (Laurel) American (Hardy)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1927–1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Genres</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Slapstick, comedy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works and roles</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Box" title="The Music Box">The Music Box</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(1934_film)" title="Babes in Toyland (1934 film)">Babes in Toyland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Way_Out_West_(1937_film)" title="Way Out West (1937 film)">Way Out West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helpmates" title="Helpmates">Helpmates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Another_Fine_Mess" title="Another Fine Mess">Another Fine Mess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Desert" title="Sons of the Desert">Sons of the Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Block-Heads" title="Block-Heads">Block-Heads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busy_Bodies" title="Busy Bodies">Busy Bodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Towed_in_a_Hole" title="Towed in a Hole">Towed in a Hole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memorial(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulverston" title="Ulverston">Ulverston</a>, Cumbria, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former members</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hardy" title="Oliver Hardy">Oliver Hardy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurel-and-hardy.com">www.laurel-and-hardy.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Laurel and Hardy were a British-American <a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">comedy team</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood</a> era of American cinema, consisting of Englishman <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> (1890–1965) and American <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hardy" title="Oliver Hardy">Oliver Hardy</a> (1892–1957). Starting their career as a duo in the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era, they later successfully transitioned to "<a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talkies</a>". From the late 1920s to the mid-1950s, they were internationally famous for their <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> comedy, with Laurel playing the clumsy, childlike friend to Hardy's pompous bully.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Their signature theme song, known as "The Cuckoo Song", "Ku-Ku", or "The Dance of the Cuckoos" (by Hollywood composer <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Hatley" title="Marvin Hatley">T. Marvin Hatley</a>) was heard over their films' opening credits, and became as emblematic of them as their <a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">bowler hats</a>. Prior to emerging as a team, both had well-established film careers. Laurel had acted in over 50 films, and worked as a writer and director, while Hardy was in more than 250 productions. Both had appeared in <a href="/wiki/The_Lucky_Dog" title="The Lucky Dog">The Lucky Dog</a> (1921), but were not teamed at the time. They first appeared together in a short film in 1926, when they signed separate contracts with the <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> film studio.<a href="#cite_note-Roach-3">[3]</a> They officially became a team in 1927 when they appeared in the silent short <a href="/wiki/Putting_Pants_on_Philip" title="Putting Pants on Philip">Putting Pants on Philip</a>. They remained with Roach until 1940, and then appeared in eight <a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a> comedies for <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> from 1941 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-McGarry-4">[4]</a> After finishing their film commitments at the end of 1944, they concentrated on performing stage shows, and embarked on a music hall tour of England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-McGarry-4">[4]</a> They made their last film in 1950, a French–Italian co-production called <a href="/wiki/Atoll_K" title="Atoll K">Atoll K</a>. Afterward, they resumed their stage appearances until 1954. They appeared as a team in 107 films, starring in 32 short silent films, 40 short sound films, and 23 full-length feature films. They also made 12 guest or cameo appearances, including in the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_of_Stars" title="Galaxy of Stars">Galaxy of Stars</a> promotional film of 1936.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> On December 1, 1954, they made their sole American television appearance, when they were surprised and interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Edwards" title="Ralph Edwards">Ralph Edwards</a> on his live NBC-TV program <a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(American_franchise)" title="This Is Your Life (American franchise)">This Is Your Life</a>. Since the 1930s, their works have been released in numerous theatrical reissues, television revivals, 8-mm and 16-mm home movies, feature-film compilations, and home videos. In 2005, they were voted the seventh-greatest comedy act of all time by a UK poll of professional comedians.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-6">[6]</a> The official Laurel and Hardy appreciation society is <a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_the_Desert" title="The Sons of the Desert">The Sons of the Desert</a>, after a fictional fraternal society in the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Desert" title="Sons of the Desert">film of the same name</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_careers">Early careers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early careers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stan_Laurel">Stan Laurel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stan Laurel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stan_Laurel_c1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stan_Laurel_c1920.jpg/170px-Stan_Laurel_c1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stan_Laurel_c1920.jpg/255px-Stan_Laurel_c1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stan_Laurel_c1920.jpg/340px-Stan_Laurel_c1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Stan Laurel, c. 1930</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> (June 16, 1890 – February 23, 1965) was born Arthur Stanley Jefferson in <a href="/wiki/Ulverston" title="Ulverston">Ulverston</a>, Lancashire, England, into a theatrical family.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> His father, Arthur Joseph Jefferson, was a theatrical entrepreneur and theater owner in northern England and Scotland who, with his wife, was a major force in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1905, the Jefferson family moved to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> to be closer to their business mainstay of the <a href="/wiki/The_Metropole_Theatre" title="The Metropole Theatre">Metropole Theatre</a>, and Laurel made his stage debut in a Glasgow hall called the <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Music_Hall" title="Britannia Music Hall">Britannia Panopticon</a> one month short of his 16th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Arthur Jefferson secured Laurel his first acting job with the juvenile theatrical company of Levy and Cardwell, which specialized in Christmas <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1909, Laurel was employed by Britain's leading comedy impresario <a href="/wiki/Fred_Karno" title="Fred Karno">Fred Karno</a> as a supporting actor, and as an <a href="/wiki/Understudy" title="Understudy">understudy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Laurel said of Karno, "There was no one like him. He had no equal. His name was box-office."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 1912, Laurel left England with the Fred Karno Troupe to tour the United States. Laurel had expected the tour to be merely a pleasant interval before returning to London; however, he decided to remain in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1917, Laurel was teamed with <a href="/wiki/Mae_Dahlberg" title="Mae Dahlberg">Mae Dahlberg</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">double act</a> for stage and film; they were living as <a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">common-law</a> husband and wife.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The same year, Laurel made his film debut with Dahlberg in <a href="/wiki/Nuts_in_May_(film)" title="Nuts in May (film)">Nuts in May</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> While working with Mae, he began using the name "Stan Laurel" and changed his name legally in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Dahlberg demanded roles in his films, but her tempestuous nature made her difficult to work with. Dressing room arguments were common between the two; it was reported that producer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rock" title="Joe Rock">Joe Rock</a> paid her to leave Laurel and to return to her native Australia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1925, Laurel joined the Hal Roach film studio as a director and writer. From May 1925 to September 1926, he received credit in at least 22 films.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Laurel appeared in over 50 films for various producers before teaming up with Hardy.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Prior to that, he experienced only modest success. It was difficult for producers, writers, and directors to write for his character, with American audiences knowing him either as a "nutty burglar" or as a Charlie Chaplin imitator.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oliver_Hardy">Oliver Hardy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oliver Hardy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hardy" title="Oliver Hardy">Oliver Hardy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes,_Yes,_Nanette03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Yes%2C_Yes%2C_Nanette03.jpg/220px-Yes%2C_Yes%2C_Nanette03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Yes%2C_Yes%2C_Nanette03.jpg/330px-Yes%2C_Yes%2C_Nanette03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Yes%2C_Yes%2C_Nanette03.jpg/440px-Yes%2C_Yes%2C_Nanette03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Oliver Hardy without his trademark moustache in Yes, Yes, Nanette (1925)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hardy" title="Oliver Hardy">Oliver Hardy</a> (January 18, 1892 – August 7, 1957) was born Norvell Hardy in <a href="/wiki/Harlem,_Georgia" title="Harlem, Georgia">Harlem, Georgia</a>, United States.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> By his late teens, Hardy was a popular stage singer and he operated a movie house in <a href="/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia" title="Milledgeville, Georgia">Milledgeville, Georgia</a>, the Palace Theater, financed in part by his mother.<a href="#cite_note-Bergen_p._26-24">[24]</a> For his stage name he took his father's first name, calling himself "Oliver Norvell Hardy", while offscreen his nicknames were "Ollie" and "Babe".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The nickname "Babe" originated from an Italian barber near the <a href="/wiki/Lubin_Manufacturing_Company" title="Lubin Manufacturing Company">Lubin Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>, who would rub Hardy's face with <a href="/wiki/Talcum_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Talcum powder">talcum powder</a> and say "That's nice-a baby!" Other actors in the Lubin company mimicked this, and Hardy was billed as "Babe Hardy" in his early films.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCabe_p._19-27">[27]</a> Seeing film comedies inspired him to take up comedy himself and, in 1913, he began working with Lubin Motion Pictures in Jacksonville. He started by helping around the studio with lights, props, and other duties, gradually learning the craft as a script-clerk for the company.<a href="#cite_note-Bergen_p._26-24">[24]</a> It was around this time that Hardy married his first wife, Madelyn Saloshin.<a href="#cite_note-Everson_p._24-28">[28]</a> In 1914, Hardy was billed as "Babe Hardy" in his first film, <a href="/wiki/Outwitting_Dad" title="Outwitting Dad">Outwitting Dad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCabe_p._19-27">[27]</a> Between 1914 and 1916 Hardy made 177 <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">shorts</a> as Babe with the <a href="/wiki/Vim_Comedy_Company" title="Vim Comedy Company">Vim Comedy Company</a>, which were released up to the end of 1917.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Exhibiting a versatility in playing heroes, villains and even female characters, Hardy was in demand for roles as a supporting actor, comic villain or <a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">second banana</a>. For 10 years he memorably assisted star comic and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> imitator <a href="/wiki/Billy_West_(silent_film_actor)" title="Billy West (silent film actor)">Billy West</a>, and appeared in the comedies of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Aubrey" title="Jimmy Aubrey">Jimmy Aubrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Semon" title="Larry Semon">Larry Semon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charley_Chase" title="Charley Chase">Charley Chase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In total, Hardy starred or co-starred in more than 250 silent shorts, of which roughly 150 have been lost. He was rejected for enlistment by the Army during World War I due to his large size. In 1917, following the collapse of the Florida film industry, Hardy and his wife Madelyn moved to California to seek new opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liberty-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_as_Laurel_and_Hardy">History as Laurel and Hardy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History as Laurel and Hardy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hal_Roach">Hal Roach</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hal Roach">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> recounted how Laurel and Hardy became a team: Hardy was already working for Roach (and others) when Roach hired Laurel, whom he had seen in vaudeville. Laurel had very light blue eyes, and Roach discovered that, due to the technology of film at that time, Laurel's eyes would not photograph properly—blue photographed as white. This problem is apparent in their first silent film together, <a href="/wiki/The_Lucky_Dog" title="The Lucky Dog">The Lucky Dog</a>, where an attempt was made to compensate for the problem by applying heavy makeup to Laurel's eyes. For about a year, Roach had Laurel work at the studio as a writer. Then <a href="/wiki/Panchromatic_film" title="Panchromatic film">panchromatic film</a> was developed; they tested Laurel, and found the problem was solved. Laurel and Hardy were then put together in a film, and they seemed to complement each other. Comedy teams were usually composed of a straight man and a funny man, but these two were both comedians; however, each knew how to play the straight man when the script required it. Roach said, "You could always cut to a close-up of either one, and their reaction was good for another laugh."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leo_McCarey">Leo McCarey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leo McCarey">edit</a>]</div> Screenwriter, director and producer for Hal Roach Studios, <a href="/wiki/Leo_McCarey" title="Leo McCarey">Leo McCarey</a> recounted a story on the NBC television program <a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(American_franchise)" title="This Is Your Life (American franchise)">This Is Your Life</a> on December 1, 1954 of how a leg of lamb brought Laurel and Hardy together.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Babe (Oliver Hardy) was cooking a leg of lamb and for some reason he left his arm in the oven too long or something and he got it so badly blistered that we had to cut down his part in the next picture. So we decided to put Stan in the picture to bolster up the comedy; and so when we saw the two of them on the screen together we decided: "There's a real team." And from that time on they really went places. All on account of - Hardy had a little lamb.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leo McCarey</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_of_comedy_and_characterizations">Style of comedy and characterizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Style of comedy and characterizations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurel_and_Hardy_in_Lucky_Dog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Laurel_and_Hardy_in_Lucky_Dog.jpg/220px-Laurel_and_Hardy_in_Lucky_Dog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Laurel_and_Hardy_in_Lucky_Dog.jpg/330px-Laurel_and_Hardy_in_Lucky_Dog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Laurel_and_Hardy_in_Lucky_Dog.jpg/440px-Laurel_and_Hardy_in_Lucky_Dog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="1426" /></a><figcaption>Laurel and Hardy in <a href="/wiki/The_Lucky_Dog" title="The Lucky Dog">The Lucky Dog</a> (1921)</figcaption></figure> The humor of Laurel and Hardy was <a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">highly visual</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> used for emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-Bann-37">[37]</a> They often had physical arguments (in character) which were quite complex and involved a <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">cartoonish</a> style of violence. Their ineptitude and misfortune precluded them from making any real progress, even in the simplest endeavors. Much of their comedy involves "milking" a joke, where a simple idea provides a basis for multiple, ongoing gags without following a defined narrative. Stan Laurel was of average height and weight, but appeared comparatively small and slight next to Oliver Hardy, who was 6 ft 1 in (185 cm)<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-38">[38]</a> and weighed about 280 lb (127 kg; 20 st 0 lb) in his prime. Details of their hair and clothing were used to enhance this natural contrast. Laurel kept his hair short on the sides and back, growing it long on top to create a natural "fright wig". Typically, at times of shock, he simultaneously screwed up his face to appear as if crying while pulling up his hair. In contrast, Hardy's thinning hair was pasted on his forehead in spit curls and he sported a <a href="/wiki/Toothbrush_moustache" title="Toothbrush moustache">toothbrush moustache</a>. To achieve a flat-footed walk, Laurel removed the heels from his shoes. Both wore <a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">bowler hats</a>, with Laurel's being narrower than Hardy's, and with a flattened brim.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The characters' normal attire called for <a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">wing collar</a> shirts, with Hardy wearing a necktie which he would twiddle when he was particularly self-conscious; and Laurel, a <a href="/wiki/Bow_tie" title="Bow tie">bow tie</a>. Hardy's <a href="/wiki/Sport_coat" title="Sport coat">sports jacket</a> was a little small and done up with one straining button, whereas Laurel's <a href="/wiki/Double-breasted" title="Double-breasted">double-breasted</a> jacket was loose-fitting. A popular routine was a "<a href="/wiki/Tit_for_tat" title="Tit for tat">tit for tat</a>" fight with an adversary. It could be with their wives—often played by <a href="/wiki/Mae_Busch" title="Mae Busch">Mae Busch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Garvin" title="Anita Garvin">Anita Garvin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Pollard" title="Daphne Pollard">Daphne Pollard</a>—or with a neighbor, often played by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hall_(actor,_born_1899)" title="Charlie Hall (actor, born 1899)">Charlie Hall</a> or <a href="/wiki/James_Finlayson_(actor)" title="James Finlayson (actor)">James Finlayson</a>. Laurel and Hardy would accidentally damage someone's property, and the injured party would retaliate by ruining something belonging to Laurel or Hardy.<a href="#cite_note-Bann-37">[37]</a> After calmly surveying the damage, one or the other of the "offended" parties found something else to vandalize, and the conflict escalated until both sides were simultaneously destroying items in front of each other.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-40">[40]</a> An early example of the routine occurs in their classic short <a href="/wiki/Big_Business_(1929_film)" title="Big Business (1929 film)">Big Business</a> (1929), which was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> in 1992. Another short film which revolves around such an altercation was titled <a href="/wiki/Tit_for_Tat_(1935_film)" title="Tit for Tat (1935 film)">Tit for Tat</a> (1935). One of their best-remembered dialogue devices was the "Tell me that again" routine. Laurel would tell Hardy a genuinely smart idea he came up with, and Hardy would reply, "Tell me that again." Laurel would then try to repeat the idea, but, having instantly forgotten it, babble utter nonsense. Hardy, who had difficulty understanding Laurel's idea when expressed clearly, would then understand the jumbled version perfectly. While much of their comedy remained visual, humorous dialogue often occurred in Laurel and Hardy's talking films as well. Examples include: <ul><li>"You can lead a horse to water, but a pencil must be led." (Laurel, <a href="/wiki/Brats_(1930_film)" title="Brats (1930 film)">Brats</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Martin-40">[40]</a></li> <li>"I was dreaming I was awake, but I woke up and found meself asleep." (Laurel, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_the_Eighth" title="Oliver the Eighth">Oliver the Eighth</a>)</li> <li>"A lot of weather we've been having lately." (Hardy, <a href="/wiki/Way_Out_West_(1937_film)" title="Way Out West (1937 film)">Way Out West</a>)</li></ul> In some cases, their comedy bordered on the surreal, in a style Laurel called "white magic".<a href="#cite_note-Bann-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> For example, in the 1937 film Way Out West, Laurel flicks his thumb upward as if working a <a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">lighter</a>. His thumb ignites and he matter-of-factly lights Hardy's pipe. Amazed at seeing this, Hardy unsuccessfully attempts to duplicate it throughout the film. Much later he finally succeeds, only to be terrified when his thumb catches fire. Laurel expands the joke in the 1938 film <a href="/wiki/Block-Heads" title="Block-Heads">Block-Heads</a> by pouring tobacco into his clenched fist and smoking it as though it were a pipe, again to Hardy's bemusement. This time, the joke ends when a match Laurel was using relights itself, Hardy throws it into the fireplace, and it explodes with a loud bang. Rather than showing Hardy suffering the pain of misfortunes, such as falling down stairs or being beaten by a thug, banging and crashing sound effects were often used so the audience could visualize the mayhem.<a href="#cite_note-Bann-37">[37]</a> The 1927 film <a href="/wiki/Sailors,_Beware!" title="Sailors, Beware!">Sailors, Beware!</a> was a significant one for Hardy because two of his enduring trademarks were developed. The first was his "tie twiddle" to demonstrate embarrassment.<a href="#cite_note-Bann-37">[37]</a> Hardy, while acting, had received a pail of water in the face. He said, "I had been expecting it, but I didn't expect it at that particular moment. It threw me mentally and I couldn't think what to do next, so I waved the tie in a kind of tiddly-widdly fashion to show embarrassment while trying to look friendly."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> His second trademark was the "camera look", where he breaks the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_wall" title="Fourth wall">fourth wall</a> and, in frustration, stares directly at the audience.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-40">[40]</a> Hardy said: "I had to become exasperated, so I just stared right into the camera and registered my disgust."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Offscreen, Laurel and Hardy were quite the opposite of their movie characters: Laurel was the industrious "idea man", while Hardy was more easygoing.<a href="#cite_note-Gehring_p._5-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catchphrases">Catchphrases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catchphrases">edit</a>]</div> Laurel and Hardy's best-known catchphrase is, "Well, here's another nice mess you've gotten me into!"<a href="#cite_note-Martin-40">[40]</a> It was earlier used by <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> in both <a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a> (1885) and <a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Duke" title="The Grand Duke">The Grand Duke</a> (1896). It was first used by Hardy in <a href="/wiki/The_Laurel-Hardy_Murder_Case" title="The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case">The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case</a> in 1930. In popular culture, the catchphrase is often misquoted as "Well, here's another fine mess you've gotten me into", which was never spoken by Hardy—a misunderstanding that stems from the title of their film <a href="/wiki/Another_Fine_Mess" title="Another Fine Mess">Another Fine Mess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> When Hardy said the phrase, Laurel's frequent, iconic response was to start to cry, pull his hair up, exclaim "Well, I couldn't help it...", then whimper and speak gibberish. Some variations on the phrase occurred. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Chickens_Come_Home" title="Chickens Come Home">Chickens Come Home</a>, Ollie impatiently says to Stan, "Well...", and Stan continues for him: "Here's another nice mess I've gotten you into." The films <a href="/wiki/Thicker_than_Water_(1935_film)" title="Thicker than Water (1935 film)">Thicker than Water</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_Uppers" title="The Fixer Uppers">The Fixer Uppers</a> use the phrase "Well, here's another nice kettle of fish you've pickled me in!" In <a href="/wiki/Saps_at_Sea" title="Saps at Sea">Saps at Sea</a>, the phrase becomes "Well, here's another nice bucket of suds you've gotten me into!" The catchphrase, in its original form, was used as the last line of dialogue in the duo's last film, <a href="/wiki/Atoll_K" title="Atoll K">Atoll K</a> (1951). In moments of particular distress or frustration, Hardy often exclaims, "Why don't you do something to help me?", as Laurel stands helplessly by. "OH!" (or drawn out as "Ohhhhh-OH!") was another catchphrase used by Hardy. He uses the expression in the duo's first sound film, <a href="/wiki/Unaccustomed_As_We_Are" title="Unaccustomed As We Are">Unaccustomed As We Are</a> (1929) when his character's wife smashes a record over his head.<a href="#cite_note-Gehring_1990,_p._42-46">[46]</a> Mustachioed Scottish actor <a href="/wiki/James_Finlayson_(actor)" title="James Finlayson (actor)">James Finlayson</a>, who appeared in 33 Laurel and Hardy films, used a variation: "D'oh!"<a href="#cite_note-Martin-40">[40]</a> The phrase, expressing surprise, impatience, or incredulity, inspired the trademark "<a href="/wiki/D%27oh!" title="D'oh!">D'oh!</a>" of character <a href="/wiki/Homer_Simpson" title="Homer Simpson">Homer Simpson</a> (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Castellaneta" title="Dan Castellaneta">Dan Castellaneta</a>) in the long-running animated comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy_filmography" title="Laurel and Hardy filmography">Laurel and Hardy filmography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/The_Lucky_Dog_%281921%29.webm/220px--The_Lucky_Dog_%281921%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="1435" data-mwtitle="The_Lucky_Dog_(1921).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Lucky_Dog_(1921).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/The_Lucky_Dog_%281921%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/The_Lucky_Dog_%281921%29.webm/The_Lucky_Dog_%281921%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/The_Lucky_Dog_%281921%29.webm/The_Lucky_Dog_%281921%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/The_Lucky_Dog_%281921%29.webm/The_Lucky_Dog_%281921%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Laurel and Hardy appeared for the first time together in <a href="/wiki/The_Lucky_Dog" title="The Lucky Dog">The Lucky Dog</a> (1921).</figcaption></figure> Laurel's and Hardy's first film pairing, although as separate performers, was in the silent <a href="/wiki/The_Lucky_Dog" title="The Lucky Dog">The Lucky Dog</a>. Its production details have not survived, but film historian Bo Berglund has placed it between September 1920 and January 1921.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> According to interviews they gave in the 1930s, the pair's acquaintance at the time was casual, and both had forgotten their initial film entirely.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The plot sees Laurel's character befriended by a stray dog which, after some lucky escapes, saves him from being blown up by dynamite. Hardy's character is a mugger attempting to rob Laurel.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> They later signed separate contracts with the <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach_Studios" title="Hal Roach Studios">Hal Roach Studios</a>, and next appeared in the 1926 film <a href="/wiki/45_Minutes_from_Hollywood" title="45 Minutes from Hollywood">45 Minutes From Hollywood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Hal Roach is considered the most important person in the development of Laurel's and Hardy's film careers. He brought them together, and they worked for Roach for almost 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Director <a href="/wiki/Charley_Rogers" title="Charley Rogers">Charley Rogers</a>, who worked closely with the three men for many years, said, "It could not have happened if Laurel, Hardy, and Roach had not met at the right place and the right time."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Their first "official" film together was <a href="/wiki/Putting_Pants_on_Philip" title="Putting Pants on Philip">Putting Pants on Philip</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> released December 3, 1927.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The plot involves Laurel as Philip, a young Scotsman who arrives in the United States in full <a href="/wiki/Kilt" title="Kilt">kilted</a> splendor, and suffers mishaps involving the kilts. His uncle, played by Hardy, tries to put trousers on him.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Also in 1927, the pair starred in <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Century" title="The Battle of the Century">The Battle of the Century</a>, a classic pie-throwing short involving over 3,000 real pies; only a fragment of the film was known to exist until the first half resurfaced in the 1970s; a more complete print was discovered in 2015 by historian Jon Mirsalis. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollywoodparty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hollywoodparty.jpg/250px-Hollywoodparty.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hollywoodparty.jpg/375px-Hollywoodparty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Hollywoodparty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Laurel and Hardy with <a href="/wiki/Lupe_V%C3%A9lez" title="Lupe Vélez">Lupe Vélez</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Party_(1934_film)" title="Hollywood Party (1934 film)">Hollywood Party</a> (1934)</figcaption></figure> Laurel said to the duo's biographer <a href="/wiki/John_McCabe_(writer)" title="John McCabe (writer)">John McCabe</a>: "Of all the questions we're asked, the most frequent is, how did we come together? I always explain that we came together naturally."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Laurel and Hardy were joined by accident and grew by indirection.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1926, both were part of the Roach Comedy All Stars, a stock company of actors who took part in a series of films. Laurel's and Hardy's parts gradually grew larger, while those of their fellow stars diminished, because Laurel and Hardy had superior pantomime skills.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Their teaming was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Leo_McCarey" title="Leo McCarey">Leo McCarey</a>, their supervising director from 1927 and 1930. During that period, McCarey and Laurel jointly devised the team's format.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> McCarey also influenced the slowing of their comedy action from the silent era's typically frantic pace to a more natural one. The formula worked so well that Laurel and Hardy played the same characters for the next 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Although Roach employed writers and directors such as <a href="/wiki/H._M._Walker" title="H. M. Walker">H. M. Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_McCarey" title="Leo McCarey">Leo McCarey</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Parrott" title="James Parrott">James Parrott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_W._Horne" title="James W. Horne">James W. Horne</a> on the Laurel and Hardy films, Laurel, who had a considerable background in comedy writing, often rewrote entire sequences and scripts. He also encouraged the cast and crew to improvise, then meticulously reviewed the footage during editing.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_2010,_p._28-62">[62]</a> By 1929, he was the pair's head writer, and it was reported that the writing sessions were gleefully chaotic. Stan had three or four writers who competed with him in a perpetual game of <a href="/wiki/One-upmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="One-upmanship">'Can You Top This?'</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Hardy was quite happy to leave the writing to his partner. He said, "After all, just doing the gags was hard enough work, especially if you have taken as many falls and been dumped in as many mudholes as I have. I think I earned my money."<a href="#cite_note-McCabe_p._54-64">[64]</a> Laurel eventually became so involved in their films' productions, many film historians and aficionados consider him an uncredited director. He ran the Laurel and Hardy set, no matter who was in the director's chair, but never asserted his authority. Roach remarked: "Laurel bossed the production. With any director, if Laurel said 'I don't like this idea,' the director didn't say 'Well, you're going to do it anyway.' That was understood."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As Laurel made so many suggestions, there was not much left for the credited director to do.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Flying_Deuces_(1939)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Flying_Deuces_%281939%29_1.jpg/220px-The_Flying_Deuces_%281939%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Flying_Deuces_%281939%29_1.jpg/330px-The_Flying_Deuces_%281939%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Flying_Deuces_%281939%29_1.jpg/440px-The_Flying_Deuces_%281939%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Laurel and Hardy in the 1939 film <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Deuces" title="The Flying Deuces">The Flying Deuces</a></figcaption></figure> Their 1929 release <a href="/wiki/Big_Business_(1929_film)" title="Big Business (1929 film)">Big Business</a> is by far the most critically acclaimed of the silents.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Laurel and Hardy are Christmas tree salesmen who are drawn into a classic tit-for-tat battle, with a character played by <a href="/wiki/James_Finlayson_(actor)" title="James Finlayson (actor)">James Finlayson</a>, that eventually destroys his house and their car.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Big Business was added to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> as a national treasure in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_films">Sound films</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sound films">edit</a>]</div> In 1929 the <a href="/wiki/Silent_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent era">silent era</a> of film was coming to an end. Many silent-film actors failed to make the transition to "<a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talkies</a>"—some, because they felt sound was irrelevant to their craft of conveying stories with body language; and others, because their spoken voices were considered inadequate for the new medium.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> However, the addition of spoken dialogue only enhanced Laurel's and Hardy's performances; both had extensive theatrical experience, and could use their voices to great comic effect. Their films also continued to feature much visual comedy.<a href="#cite_note-McCabe_p._153-71">[71]</a> In these ways, they made a seamless transition to their first sound film, <a href="/wiki/Unaccustomed_As_We_Are" title="Unaccustomed As We Are">Unaccustomed As We Are</a> (1929)<a href="#cite_note-Gehring_1990,_p._42-46">[46]</a> (whose title was a play on the familiar phrase, "Unaccustomed as I am to public speaking").<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the opening dialogue, Laurel and Hardy began by <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">spoofing</a> the slow and self-conscious speech of the early talking actors which became a routine they would use regularly.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Music_Box" title="The Music Box">The Music Box</a> (1932), with the pair delivering a piano up a long flight of steps,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> for Best Live Action Short Subject.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Music Box remains one of the duo's most widely known films. Laurel and Hardy were favorites around the world, and Hal Roach catered to international audiences by filming many of their early talkies in other languages. They spoke their dialogue phonetically, in Spanish, Italian, French, or German.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The plots remained similar to the English versions, although the supporting actors were often changed to those who were fluent in the native language. <a href="/wiki/Pardon_Us" title="Pardon Us">Pardon Us</a> (1931) was reshot in all four foreign languages. <a href="/wiki/Blotto_(film)" title="Blotto (film)">Blotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hog_Wild_(1930_film)" title="Hog Wild (1930 film)">Hog Wild</a> and <a href="/wiki/Be_Big!" title="Be Big!">Be Big!</a> were remade in French and Spanish versions. <a href="/wiki/Night_Owls_(1930_film)" title="Night Owls (1930 film)">Night Owls</a> was remade in both Spanish and Italian, and <a href="/wiki/Below_Zero_(1930_film)" title="Below Zero (1930 film)">Below Zero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chickens_Come_Home" title="Chickens Come Home">Chickens Come Home</a> in Spanish. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feature_films">Feature films</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Feature films">edit</a>]</div> Just as Laurel and Hardy's teaming was accidental, so was their entry into the field of feature films. In the words of biographer John McCabe, "Roach planned to use the MGM set [built for <a href="/wiki/The_Big_House_(1930_film)" title="The Big House (1930 film)">The Big House</a>] for a simple prison-break two-reeler but MGM suddenly added a proviso: Laurel and Hardy would have to do a picture for them in exchange. Roach would not agree so he built his own prison set, a very expensive item for a two-reeler. So expensive was it indeed that he added four more reels to bring it into the feature category and, it was hoped, the bigger market."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The experiment was successful, and the team continued to make features along with their established short subjects until 1935, when they converted to features exclusively. <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Desert" title="Sons of the Desert">Sons of the Desert</a> (1933) is often cited as Laurel and Hardy's best feature-length film.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The situation-comedy script by actor-playwright <a href="/wiki/Frank_Craven" title="Frank Craven">Frank Craven</a> and screenwriter Byron Morgan is stronger than usual for a Laurel & Hardy comedy. Stan and Ollie are henpecked husbands who want to attend a convention held by the Sons of the Desert fraternal lodge. They tell their wives that Ollie requires an ocean voyage to <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> for his health, and they sneak off to the convention. They are unaware that the Honolulu-bound ship they were supposedly aboard is sinking, and the wives confront their errant husbands when they get home. <a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(1934_film)" title="Babes in Toyland (1934 film)">Babes in Toyland</a> (1934) remains a perennial on American television during the Christmas season.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> When interviewed, Hal Roach spoke scathingly about the film and Laurel's behavior. Roach himself had written a treatment detailing the characters and storyline, only to find that Laurel considered Roach's effort totally unsuitable. Roach, affronted, tried to argue in favor of his treatment, but Laurel was adamant. Roach angrily gave up and allowed Laurel to make the film his way.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-80">[80]</a> The rift damaged Roach-Laurel relations to the point that Roach said that after Toyland, he did not want to produce for Laurel and Hardy. Although their association continued for another six years, Roach no longer took an active hand in Laurel and Hardy films.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_2010,_p._28-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Way_Out_West_(1937_film)" title="Way Out West (1937 film)">Way Out West</a> (1937) was a personal favorite of both Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy. A satire of the <a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a> musical westerns sweeping America at the time, the film combines Laurel and Hardy's slapstick routines with songs and dances performed by the stars. It appeared that the team would split permanently in 1938. Hal Roach had become dissatisfied with his distribution arrangement with <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>, and had begun releasing his films through <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>. He still owed MGM one last feature, and made the Laurel and Hardy comedy <a href="/wiki/Block-Heads" title="Block-Heads">Block-Heads</a>, with the announcement that this would be Laurel and Hardy's farewell film. Stan Laurel's contract with Roach then expired, and Roach did not renew it. Oliver Hardy's contract was still in force, however, and Roach starred Hardy solo in the antebellum comedy <a href="/wiki/Zenobia_(film)" title="Zenobia (film)">Zenobia</a> (1939), with <a href="/wiki/Harry_Langdon" title="Harry Langdon">Harry Langdon</a> as Hardy's comic foil. This fueled rumors that Laurel and Hardy had split on bad terms. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stan_Laurel_and_Oliver_Hardy_-_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stan_Laurel_and_Oliver_Hardy_-_1938.jpg/220px-Stan_Laurel_and_Oliver_Hardy_-_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stan_Laurel_and_Oliver_Hardy_-_1938.jpg/330px-Stan_Laurel_and_Oliver_Hardy_-_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Stan_Laurel_and_Oliver_Hardy_-_1938.jpg/440px-Stan_Laurel_and_Oliver_Hardy_-_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption>Laurel and Hardy in 1938</figcaption></figure> After Zenobia, Laurel rejoined Hardy and the team signed with independent producer <a href="/wiki/Boris_Morros" title="Boris Morros">Boris Morros</a> for the comedy feature <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Deuces" title="The Flying Deuces">The Flying Deuces</a> (1939). Meanwhile, Hal Roach wanted to demonstrate his new idea of making four-reel, 40-minute featurettes—twice the length of standard two-reel, 20-minute comedies—which Roach felt could fit more conveniently into double-feature programs. He referred to these extended films as <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach%27s_Streamliners" title="Hal Roach's Streamliners">"streamliners"</a>. To test his theory, Roach rehired Laurel and Hardy.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The resulting films, <a href="/wiki/A_Chump_at_Oxford" title="A Chump at Oxford">A Chump at Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saps_at_Sea" title="Saps at Sea">Saps at Sea</a> (both 1940), were prepared as featurettes. United Artists overruled Roach and insisted that they be released as full-length features.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Hoping for greater artistic freedom, Laurel and Hardy split with Roach, and signed with <a href="/wiki/20th_Century-Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century-Fox">20th Century-Fox</a> in 1941 and MGM in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> However, their working conditions were now completely different: they were simply hired actors, relegated to both studios’ B-film units, and not initially allowed to contribute to the scripts or improvise, as they had always done.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> When their films proved popular, the studios allowed them more input,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and they starred in eight features until the end of 1944. These films, while far from their best work, were still very successful. Budgeted between $300,000 and $450,000 each, they earned millions at the box office for Fox and MGM. The Fox films were so profitable that the studio kept making Laurel and Hardy comedies after it discontinued its other "B" series films.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The busy team decided to take a rest during 1946, but 1947 saw their first European tour in 15 years. A film based in the charters of "Robin Hood" was planned during the tour, but not realized. In 1947, Laurel and Hardy famously attended the reopening of the Dungeness loop of the <a href="/wiki/Romney,_Hythe_and_Dymchurch_Railway" title="Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway">Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway</a>, where they performed improvised routines with a steam locomotive for the benefit of local crowds and dignitaries. In 1948, on the team's return to America, Laurel was sidelined by illness and temporarily unable to work. He encouraged Hardy to take movie roles on his own. Hardy's friend <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> hired him to co-star in <a href="/wiki/The_Fighting_Kentuckian" title="The Fighting Kentuckian">The Fighting Kentuckian</a> for <a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> got him a small part in <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Riding_High_(1950_film)" title="Riding High (1950 film)">Riding High</a>. In 1950–51, Laurel and Hardy made their final feature-length film together, <a href="/wiki/Atoll_K" title="Atoll K">Atoll K</a>. A French-Italian co-production directed by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Joannon" title="Léo Joannon">Léo Joannon</a>, it was plagued by problems with language barriers, production issues, and both actors' serious health issues. When Laurel received the script's final draft, he felt its heavy political content overshadowed the comedy. He quickly rewrote it, with screen comic <a href="/wiki/Monte_Collins" title="Monte Collins">Monte Collins</a> contributing visual gags, and hired old friend <a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Goulding" title="Alfred J. Goulding">Alfred Goulding</a> to direct the Laurel and Hardy scenes.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-80">[80]</a> During filming, Hardy developed an irregular heartbeat, while Laurel experienced painful prostate complications that caused his weight to drop to 114 pounds.<a href="#cite_note-McGarry_p._73-87">[87]</a> Critics were disappointed with the storyline, English dubbing, and Laurel's sickly physical appearance.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-38">[38]</a> The film was not commercially successful on its first release, and brought an end to Laurel and Hardy's film careers.<a href="#cite_note-McGarry_p._73-87">[87]</a> Atoll K did finally turn a profit when it was rereleased in other countries. In 1954, an American distributor removed 18 minutes of footage and released it as Utopia; widely released on film and video, it is the film's best-known version. After Atoll K wrapped in April 1951, Laurel and Hardy returned to America and used the remainder of the year to rest. Stan appeared, in character, in a silent TV newsreel, Swim Meet, judging a local California swimming contest. Most Laurel and Hardy films have survived and are still in circulation. Only three of their 107 films are considered <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a> and have not been seen in complete form since the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The silent film <a href="/wiki/Hats_Off_(1927_film)" title="Hats Off (1927 film)">Hats Off</a> from 1927 has vanished completely. The first half of <a href="/wiki/Now_I%27ll_Tell_One" title="Now I'll Tell One">Now I'll Tell One</a> (1927) is lost, and the second half has yet to be released on video. The Battle of the Century (1927), after years of obscurity, is now almost complete but a few minutes are missing. In the 1930 operatic Technicolor musical <a href="/wiki/The_Rogue_Song" title="The Rogue Song">The Rogue Song</a>, Laurel and Hardy appeared as comedy relief in 10 sequences; only one exists. The complete soundtrack has survived.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> Laurel and Hardy made at least two audition recordings for radio, a half-hour NBC series, based on the skit, Driver’s License,<a href="#cite_note-leonardmaltin-L+H-radio-90">[90]</a> and a 1944 NBC pilot for "The Laurel and Hardy Show," casting Stan and Ollie in different occupations each episode. The surviving audition record, "Mr. Slater's Poultry Market," has Stan and Ollie as meat-market butchers mistaken for vicious gangsters.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> A third attempt was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a> in 1953: "Laurel and Hardy Go to the Moon," a series of science-fiction comedies. A sample script was written by Tony Hawes and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Gifford" title="Denis Gifford">Denis Gifford</a>, and the comedians staged a read-through, which was not recorded. The team was forced to withdraw due to Hardy's declining health, and the project was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Final years">edit</a>]</div> Following the making of Atoll K, Laurel and Hardy took some months off to deal with health issues. On their return to the European stage in 1952, they undertook a well-received series of public appearances, performing a short Laurel-written sketch, "A Spot of Trouble". The following year, Laurel wrote a routine entitled "Birds of a Feather".<a href="#cite_note-McCabe_p._398-93">[93]</a> On September 9, 1953, their boat arrived in <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a> in Ireland. Laurel recounted their reception: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The love and affection we found that day at Cobh was simply unbelievable. There were hundreds of boats blowing whistles and mobs and mobs of people screaming on the docks. We just couldn't understand what it was all about. And then something happened that I can never forget. All the church bells in Cobh started to ring out our theme song "Dance of the Cuckoos" and Babe (Oliver Hardy) looked at me and we cried. I'll never forget that day. Never.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurel_and_Hardy_This_is_your_Life.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Laurel_and_Hardy_This_is_your_Life.jpg/220px-Laurel_and_Hardy_This_is_your_Life.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Laurel_and_Hardy_This_is_your_Life.jpg/330px-Laurel_and_Hardy_This_is_your_Life.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Laurel_and_Hardy_This_is_your_Life.jpg/440px-Laurel_and_Hardy_This_is_your_Life.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Laurel and Hardy on NBC's <a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(American_franchise)" title="This Is Your Life (American franchise)">This Is Your Life</a>, December 1, 1954</figcaption></figure> On May 17, 1954, Laurel and Hardy made their last live stage performance in Plymouth, UK at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Plymouth" title="Palace Theatre, Plymouth">Palace Theatre</a>. On December 1, 1954, they made their only American television appearance when they were surprised and interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Edwards" title="Ralph Edwards">Ralph Edwards</a> on his live NBC-TV program <a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(American_franchise)" title="This Is Your Life (American franchise)">This Is Your Life</a>. Lured to the Knickerbocker Hotel under the pretense of a business meeting with producer <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delfont" title="Bernard Delfont">Bernard Delfont</a>, the doors opened to their suite, #205, flooding the room with light and Edwards' voice. The telecast was preserved on a <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a> and later released on home video. Partly due to the broadcast's positive response, the team began renegotiating with <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach_Jr." title="Hal Roach Jr.">Hal Roach Jr.</a> for a series of color <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC Television</a> specials, to be called Laurel and Hardy's Fabulous Fables. However, the plans had to be shelved as the aging comedians continued to suffer from declining health.<a href="#cite_note-McCabe_p._398-93">[93]</a> In 1955, America's magazine <a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a> ran a color spread on the team with current photos. That year, they made their final public appearance together while taking part in This Is Music Hall, a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> program about the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Order_of_Water_Rats" title="Grand Order of Water Rats">Grand Order of Water Rats</a>, a British variety organization. Laurel and Hardy provided a filmed insert where they reminisced about their friends in British variety. They made their final appearance on camera in 1956 in a private home movie, shot by a family friend at the Reseda, California home of Stan Laurel's daughter, Lois. The three-minute film has no audio.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 1956, while following his doctor's orders to improve his health due to a heart condition, Hardy lost over 100 pounds (45 kg; 7.1 st), but nonetheless suffered several strokes causing reduced mobility and speech. Despite his long and successful career, Hardy's home was sold to help cover his medical expenses.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-80">[80]</a> He died of a stroke on August 7, 1957, and longtime friend Bob Chatterton said Hardy weighed just 138 pounds (63 kg; 9.9 st) at the time of his death. Hardy was laid to rest at Pierce Brothers' <a href="/wiki/Valhalla_Memorial_Park_Cemetery" title="Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery">Valhalla Memorial Park</a>, North Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Following Hardy's death, scenes from Laurel and Hardy's early films were seen once again in theaters, featured in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Youngson" title="Robert Youngson">Robert Youngson</a>'s silent-film compilation <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Age_of_Comedy" title="The Golden Age of Comedy">The Golden Age of Comedy</a>. For the remaining eight years of his life, Stan Laurel refused to perform, and declined <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kramer" title="Stanley Kramer">Stanley Kramer</a>'s offer of a cameo in his landmark 1963 film <a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Mad,_Mad,_Mad,_Mad_World" title="It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World">It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bowen-97">[97]</a> In 1960, Laurel was given a special Academy Award for his contributions to film comedy, but was unable to attend the ceremony due to poor health. Actor <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> accepted the award on his behalf.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Despite not appearing on screen after Hardy's death, Laurel did contribute gags to several comedy filmmakers. His favorite TV comedy was <a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Stern" title="Leonard B. Stern">Leonard B. Stern</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I%27m_Dickens,_He%27s_Fenster" title="I'm Dickens, He's Fenster">I'm Dickens, He's Fenster</a>, co-starring <a href="/wiki/John_Astin" title="John Astin">John Astin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marty_Ingels" title="Marty Ingels">Marty Ingels</a> as carpenters. Laurel enjoyed the Astin-Ingels chemistry and sent two-man gags to Stern. During this period, most of his communication was in the form of written correspondence, and he insisted on personally answering every fan letter.<a href="#cite_note-Bowen-97">[97]</a> Late in life, he welcomed visitors from the new generation of comedians and celebrities, including <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cavett" title="Dick Cavett">Dick Cavett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Marceau" title="Marcel Marceau">Marcel Marceau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Carson" title="Johnny Carson">Johnny Carson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke#Film_career" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Jerry Lewis offered Laurel a job as consultant, but he chose to help only on Lewis's 1960 feature <a href="/wiki/The_Bellboy" title="The Bellboy">The Bellboy</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Dick Van Dyke was a longtime fan, and based his comedy and dancing styles on Laurel's. When he discovered Laurel's home number in the phone book and called him, Laurel invited him over for the afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Van Dyke hosted a television tribute to Stan Laurel the year he died. Laurel lived to see the duo's work rediscovered through television and classic film revivals. He died on February 23, 1965, in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a> and is buried at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Hollywood_Hills)" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)">Forest Lawn-Hollywood Hills</a> in Los Angeles, California.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supporting_cast_members">Supporting cast members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Supporting cast members">edit</a>]</div> Laurel and Hardy's films included a supporting cast of comic actors, some of whom appeared regularly:<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Bernard" title="Harry Bernard">Harry Bernard</a> (former vaudeville partner of Charley Chase) played supporting roles as a waiter, bartender, or policeman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Busch" title="Mae Busch">Mae Busch</a> often played the formidable Mrs. Hardy and other characters, particularly sultry femmes fatales.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Chase" title="Charley Chase">Charley Chase</a>, the Hal Roach film star and brother of <a href="/wiki/James_Parrott" title="James Parrott">James Parrott</a>, a writer/director of several Laurel and Hardy films, made four appearances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Coburn" title="Dorothy Coburn">Dorothy Coburn</a> appeared in nearly a dozen early silent shorts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Cooke" title="Baldwin Cooke">Baldwin Cooke</a> (former vaudeville partner of Stan Laurel) played supporting roles as a waiter, colleague, or neighbor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cramer" title="Richard Cramer">Richard Cramer</a> appeared as a scowling, menacing villain or opponent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cushing" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</a>, well before becoming a star in <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer Horror">Hammer Horror</a> films, played one of the students in <a href="/wiki/A_Chump_at_Oxford" title="A Chump at Oxford">A Chump at Oxford</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Dunn" title="Bobby Dunn">Bobby Dunn</a> appeared as a cross-eyed bartender and telegram messenger, as well as the genial shoplifter in <a href="/wiki/Tit_for_Tat_(1935_film)" title="Tit for Tat (1935 film)">Tit for Tat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Dunn_(actor)" title="Eddie Dunn (actor)">Eddie Dunn</a> made several appearances, notably as the belligerent taxi driver in <a href="/wiki/Me_and_My_Pal_(1933_film)" title="Me and My Pal (1933 film)">Me and My Pal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Finlayson_(actor)" title="James Finlayson (actor)">James Finlayson</a>, a balding, mustachioed Scotsman known for displays of indignation and squinting, pop-eyed "double takes," made 33 appearances and is perhaps their most celebrated foil.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Garvin" title="Anita Garvin">Anita Garvin</a> appeared in a number of Laurel and Hardy films, often cast as Mrs. Laurel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Gilbert" title="Billy Gilbert">Billy Gilbert</a> made many appearances, most notably as bombastic, blustery characters such as those in <a href="/wiki/The_Music_Box" title="The Music Box">The Music Box</a> (1932) and <a href="/wiki/Block-Heads" title="Block-Heads">Block-Heads</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hall_(actor,_born_1899)" title="Charlie Hall (actor, born 1899)">Charlie Hall</a>, who usually played angry, diminutive adversaries, appeared nearly 50 times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Harlow" title="Jean Harlow">Jean Harlow</a> had a small role in the silent short <a href="/wiki/Double_Whoopee" title="Double Whoopee">Double Whoopee</a> (1929) and two other films in the early part of her career.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Housman" title="Arthur Housman">Arthur Housman</a> made several appearances as a comic drunk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Keith" title="Isabelle Keith">Isabelle Keith</a> was the only actress to appear as wife to both Laurel and Hardy (in <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Day_(1929_film)" title="Perfect Day (1929 film)">Perfect Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Be_Big!" title="Be Big!">Be Big!</a>, respectively).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Kennedy" title="Edgar Kennedy">Edgar Kennedy</a>, master of the "slow burn," often appeared as a cop, a hostile neighbor, or a relative.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Long_(actor)" title="Walter Long (actor)">Walter Long</a> played grizzled, unshaven, physically threatening villains.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Lufkin" title="Sam Lufkin">Sam Lufkin</a> appeared several times, usually as a husky authority figure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Middleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Middleton">Charles Middleton</a> made a handful of appearances, usually as a sourpuss adversary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Morton" title="James C. Morton">James C. Morton</a> appeared as a bartender or exasperated policeman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivien_Oakland" title="Vivien Oakland">Vivien Oakland</a> appeared in several early silent films, and later talkies including <a href="/wiki/Scram!" title="Scram!">Scram!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Way_Out_West_(1937_film)" title="Way Out West (1937 film)">Way Out West</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Payson" title="Blanche Payson">Blanche Payson</a>, a former policewoman, was featured in several sound shorts, including Oliver's formidable wife in <a href="/wiki/Helpmates" title="Helpmates">Helpmates</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Pollard" title="Daphne Pollard">Daphne Pollard</a> was featured as Oliver's diminutive but daunting wife.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Richard" title="Viola Richard">Viola Richard</a> appeared in several early silent films, most notably as the beautiful cave girl in <a href="/wiki/Flying_Elephants" title="Flying Elephants">Flying Elephants</a> (1928).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Rogers" title="Charley Rogers">Charley Rogers</a>, an English actor and gag writer, appeared several times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Sandford" title="Tiny Sandford">Tiny Sandford</a> was a tall, burly, physically imposing <a href="/wiki/Character_actor" title="Character actor">character actor</a> who played authority figures, usually policemen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelma_Todd" title="Thelma Todd">Thelma Todd</a> appeared several times before her own career as a comic leading lady.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Turpin" title="Ben Turpin">Ben Turpin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Esotropia" title="Esotropia">cross-eyed</a> <a href="/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett">Mack Sennett</a> comedy star, made two memorable appearances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellinor_Vanderveer" title="Ellinor Vanderveer">Ellinor Vanderveer</a> made many appearances as a dowager, high society matron, or posh party guest.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy_music" title="Laurel and Hardy music">Laurel and Hardy music</a></div> The duo's famous signature tune, known variously as "The Cuckoo Song", "Ku-Ku" or "The Dance of the Cuckoos", was composed by Roach musical director <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Hatley" title="Marvin Hatley">Marvin Hatley</a> as the on-the-hour chime for <a href="/wiki/KTNQ" title="KTNQ">KFVD</a>,<a href="#cite_note-laurelandhardycentral-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Picking-Bann-BRATS-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-classicthemes-105">[105]</a> the Roach studio's radio station.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Laurel heard the tune on the station and asked Hatley if they could use it as the Laurel and Hardy theme song. The original theme, recorded by two clarinets in 1930, was recorded again with a full orchestra in 1935. <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Shield" title="Leroy Shield">Leroy Shield</a> composed the majority of the music used in the Laurel and Hardy short sound films.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> A compilation of songs from their films, titled Trail of the Lonesome Pine, was released in 1975. The <a href="/wiki/The_Trail_of_the_Lonesome_Pine_(song)" title="The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (song)">title track</a> was released as a single in the UK and reached number 2 in the <a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurel_and_Hardy_Silhouette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Laurel_and_Hardy_Silhouette.jpg/170px-Laurel_and_Hardy_Silhouette.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Laurel_and_Hardy_Silhouette.jpg/255px-Laurel_and_Hardy_Silhouette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Laurel_and_Hardy_Silhouette.jpg/340px-Laurel_and_Hardy_Silhouette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Silhouette portrait of the duo in <a href="/wiki/Redcar" title="Redcar">Redcar</a>, England</figcaption></figure> Laurel and Hardy's influence over a very broad range of comedy and other genres has been considerable. <a href="/wiki/Lou_Costello" title="Lou Costello">Lou Costello</a> of the famed duo of <a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello" title="Abbott and Costello">Abbott and Costello</a>, stated "They were the funniest comedy team in the world."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Many critics and film scholars throughout the years have agreed with this assessment;<a href="#cite_note-britannica-112">[112]</a> writers, artists, and performers as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Marceau" title="Marcel Marceau">Marcel Marceau</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J. D. Salinger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harness,_Kyp_2006_p._5-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a><a href="#cite_note-Harness,_Kyp_2006_p._5-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> among many others, have acknowledged an artistic debt. Starting in the 1960s, the exposure on television of (especially) their short films has ensured a continued influence on generations of comedians and fans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_revivals_and_popular_culture">Posthumous revivals and popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Posthumous revivals and popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Since the 1930s, the works of Laurel and Hardy have been released again in numerous theatrical reissues, television revivals (broadcast, especially public television and cable), <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8 mm</a> home movies, feature-film compilations and home video. After Stan Laurel's death in 1965, there were two major motion-picture tributes: Laurel and Hardy's Laughing '20s was Robert Youngson's compilation of the team's silent-film highlights, and <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Race" title="The Great Race">The Great Race</a> was a large-scale salute to slapstick that director <a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a> dedicated to "Mr. Laurel and Mr. Hardy". For many years the duo were impersonated by Jim MacGeorge (as Laurel) and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_McCann" title="Chuck McCann">Chuck McCann</a> (as Hardy) in children's TV shows and television commercials for various products.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Colorized" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorized">colorized</a> versions of Laurel and Hardy features and shorts have been reproduced by several studios. The process was introduced in 1983 by Colorization, Inc. in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach_Studios" title="Hal Roach Studios">Hal Roach Studios</a>, then a Canadian concern licensing its name and films from Hal Roach. Early efforts were the famous Laurel & Hardy films Helpmates, Way Out West, and The Music Box, which were released to television and issued on VHS videocassettes. Most of the Laurel & Hardy sound shorts were ultimately colorized for distribution in Europe; The pixel-based color process and the conversion from the American <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> system to the European <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> system often affected the sharpness of the image,<a href="#cite_note-Tooze-122">[122]</a> so since 2011 video distributors have issued the original, more accurately rendered black-and-white editions. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurel_and_Hardy_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Laurel_and_Hardy_Statue.jpg/220px-Laurel_and_Hardy_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Laurel_and_Hardy_Statue.jpg/330px-Laurel_and_Hardy_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Laurel_and_Hardy_Statue.jpg/440px-Laurel_and_Hardy_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hardy" title="Oliver Hardy">Oliver Hardy</a> outside the Coronation Hall Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Ulverston" title="Ulverston">Ulverston</a>, Cumbria, England (Laurel's birthplace)</figcaption></figure> There are three Laurel and Hardy museums. One is in Laurel's birthplace of Ulverston, England and another is in Hardy's birthplace of Harlem, Georgia, United States.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The third is located in <a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sendak" title="Maurice Sendak">Maurice Sendak</a> showed three identical Oliver Hardy figures as bakers preparing cakes for the morning in his <a href="/wiki/Caldecott_Medal" title="Caldecott Medal">award-winning</a> 1970 children's book <a href="/wiki/In_the_Night_Kitchen" title="In the Night Kitchen">In the Night Kitchen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> This is treated as a clear example[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] of "interpretative illustration" wherein the comedians' inclusion harked back to the author's childhood.<a href="#cite_note-129">[Note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> used cut-outs of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy in the cutout celebrity crowd for the cover of their 1967 album <a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a>. A 2005 poll by fellow comedians and comedy insiders of the top 50 comedians for The Comedian's Comedian, a TV documentary broadcast on UK's Channel 4, voted the duo the seventh-greatest comedy act ever, making them the top double act on the list.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-6">[6]</a> Merchandiser <a href="/wiki/Larry_Harmon" title="Larry Harmon">Larry Harmon</a> claimed ownership of Laurel's and Hardy's likenesses and has issued Laurel and Hardy toys and coloring books. He also co-produced a series of <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy_(animated_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurel and Hardy (animated series)">Laurel and Hardy cartoons</a> in 1966 with <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera Productions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> His animated versions of Laurel and Hardy guest-starred in a 1972 episode of Hanna-Barbera's <a href="/wiki/The_New_Scooby-Doo_Movies" title="The New Scooby-Doo Movies">The New Scooby-Doo Movies</a>. In 1999, Harmon produced a direct-to-video feature live-action comedy entitled <a href="/wiki/The_All_New_Adventures_of_Laurel_%26_Hardy_in_For_Love_or_Mummy" title="The All New Adventures of Laurel & Hardy in For Love or Mummy">The All New Adventures of Laurel & Hardy in For Love or Mummy</a>. Actors <a href="/wiki/Bronson_Pinchot" title="Bronson Pinchot">Bronson Pinchot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gailard_Sartain" title="Gailard Sartain">Gailard Sartain</a> were cast playing the lookalike nephews of Laurel and Hardy named Stanley Thinneus Laurel and Oliver Fatteus Hardy.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Currently, the North American rights to a majority of the Laurel & Hardy library are owned by <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul_Entertainment" title="Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment">Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment</a>, successor-in-interest to the companies that previously held such rights (Cabin Fever, RHI, Hallmark, and Sonar), while the CCA owns international rights, and Larry Harmon's estate owns the likenesses and trademarks to Laurel & Hardy. The Indian comedy duo <a href="/wiki/Ghory_and_Dixit" title="Ghory and Dixit">Ghory and Dixit</a> was known as the Indian Laurel and Hardy.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In 2011 the German/French TV station <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> released in co-production with the German TV station <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a> the 90-minute documentary Laurel & Hardy: Their Lives and Magic.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The film, titled in the original German Laurel and Hardy: Die komische Liebesgeschichte von "Dick & Doof", was written and directed by German film-maker and author Andreas Baum. It includes many movie clips, rare and unpublished photographs, interviews with family, fans, friends, showbiz pals and newly recovered footage. Laurel's daughter Lois Laurel Hawes said of the film: "The best documentary about Laurel and Hardy I have ever seen!". It has also been released as a Director's Cut with a length of 105 minutes, plus 70 minutes of bonus materials on DVD.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> In 2024, author Andreas Baum and his German co-author Michael Ehret published the world's largest and most comprehensive illustrated book about Laurel & Hardy with over 500 pages and numerous essays by international Laurel & Hardy experts including a DVD about the life and work of the comedy duo entitled LAUREL AND HARDY: A TRUE LOVE STORY - THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF STAN & OLLIE: THEIR LIFE AND WORK (Volume 1).<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appreciation_society">Appreciation society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Appreciation society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_the_Desert" title="The Sons of the Desert">The Sons of the Desert</a></div> The official Laurel and Hardy appreciation society is known as <a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_the_Desert" title="The Sons of the Desert">The Sons of the Desert</a>, after a fraternal society in their film <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Desert" title="Sons of the Desert">of the same name</a> (1933).<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> It was established in New York City in 1965 by Laurel and Hardy biographer <a href="/wiki/John_McCabe_(writer)" title="John McCabe (writer)">John McCabe</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Orson_Bean" title="Orson Bean">Orson Bean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Kilgore" title="Al Kilgore">Al Kilgore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_McCann" title="Chuck McCann">Chuck McCann</a>, and John Municino as founding members, with the sanction of Stan Laurel.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Since the group's inception, well over 150 chapters of the organization have formed across North America, Europe, and Australia. An Emmy-winning film documentary about the group, Revenge of the Sons of the Desert, has been released on DVD as part of The Laurel and Hardy Collection, Vol. 1. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Around the world">edit</a>]</div> Laurel and Hardy are popular around the world but are known under different names in various countries and languages. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Nickname </th></tr> <tr> <td>Albania</td> <td>"Olio dhe Stelio" (i Holli dhe i Trashi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td>"<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_i_Flap" class="extiw" title="pl:Flip i Flap">Flip i Flap</a>" (Flip and Flap) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>"<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_und_Doof" class="extiw" title="de:Dick und Doof">Dick und Doof</a>" (Fat and Dumb) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td>"<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Gordo_e_o_Magro" class="extiw" title="pt:O Gordo e o Magro">O Gordo e o Magro</a>" (The Fat One and the Skinny One) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden</td> <td>"<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helan_och_Halvan" class="extiw" title="sv:Helan och Halvan">Helan och Halvan</a>" (The Whole and the Half) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway </td> <td>"<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helan_og_Halvan" class="extiw" title="no:Helan og Halvan">Helan og Halvan</a>" (The Whole and the Half) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spanish-speaking countries</td> <td>"<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gordo_y_el_Flaco" class="extiw" title="es:El Gordo y el Flaco">El Gordo y el Flaco</a>" (The Fat One and the Skinny One) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td>"<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanlio_e_Ollio" class="extiw" title="it:Stanlio e Ollio">Stanlio e Ollio"</a> also as "Cric e Croc" up to the 1970s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary</td> <td>"<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_%C3%A9s_Pan" class="extiw" title="hu:Stan és Pan">Stan és Pan</a>" (Stan and Pan) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania</td> <td>"<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_%C8%99i_Bran" class="extiw" title="ro:Stan și Bran">Stan și Bran</a>" (Stan and Bran) </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Netherlands, Flemish Belgium</td> <td>"<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_en_Hardy" class="extiw" title="nl:Laurel en Hardy">Laurel en Hardy</a>", "Stan en Ollie", "De Dikke en de Dunne" (The Fat [One] and the Skinny [One]) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark</td> <td>"<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B8g_og_Gokke" class="extiw" title="dk:Gøg og Gokke">Gøg og Gokke</a>" (Roughly translates to Wacky and Pompous) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal</td> <td>"<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Gordo_e_o_Magro" class="extiw" title="pt:O Gordo e o Magro">O Bucha e o Estica</a>" (The Fat One and the Skinny One) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, North Macedonia, Montenegro</td> <td>"Stanlio i Olio" (<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur 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</td></tr> <tr> <td>Iceland</td> <td>"Steini og Olli" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td>"השמן והרזה" (ha-Shamen ve ha-Raze, The Fat and the Skinny) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vietnam (South)</td> <td>"Mập – Ốm" (The Fat and the Skinny) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korea (South)</td> <td>"뚱뚱이와 홀쭉이" (The Fat and the Skinny) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta</td> <td>"L-Oħxon u l-Irqiq" ("The Fat and the Thin One") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand</td> <td>"อ้วนผอมจอมยุ่ง" ("The Clumsy Fat and Thin") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biopic">Biopic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Biopic">edit</a>]</div> A biographical film titled <a href="/wiki/Stan_%26_Ollie" title="Stan & Ollie">Stan & Ollie</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Jon_S._Baird" title="Jon S. Baird">Jon S. Baird</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Steve_Coogan" title="Steve Coogan">Steve Coogan</a> as Stan and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Reilly" title="John C. Reilly">John C. Reilly</a> as Oliver was released in 2018 and chronicled the duo's 1953 tour of Great Britain and Ireland. The film received positive reviews from critics, garnering a 94% "Fresh" rating on <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. For their performances, Reilly and Coogan were nominated for a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe</a> and a <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">BAFTA</a> award respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmographies">Filmographies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Filmographies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy_filmography" title="Laurel and Hardy filmography">Laurel and Hardy filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hardy_filmography" title="Oliver Hardy filmography">Oliver Hardy filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel_filmography" title="Stan Laurel filmography">Stan Laurel filmography</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:SMirC-laugh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/19px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/29px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SMirC-laugh.svg/38px-SMirC-laugh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Comedy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pekka_and_P%C3%A4tk%C3%A4" title="Pekka and Pätkä">Pekka and Pätkä</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Sendak described his early upbringing as sitting in movie houses fascinated by the Laurel and Hardy comedies.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-9047353#cite">"Laurel and Hardy."</a> Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved: June 12, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Rawlngs, Nate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2005073_2005072_2005121,00.html">"Top 10 across-the-pond duos."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821083423/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2005073_2005072_2005121,00.html">Archived</a> August 21, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a> July 20, 2010. Retrieved: June 18, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roach-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Roach_3-0">^</a> Smith 1984, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-McGarry-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGarry_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGarry_4-1">b</a> McGarry 1992, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Seguin, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurelandhardy.org/galaxy.htm">"Forgotten Laurel & Hardy film emerges on French DVD."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020234728/http://www.laurelandhardy.org/galaxy.htm">Archived</a> October 20, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Laurel & Hardy Magazine. December 3, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_6-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4141019.stm">"Cook voted 'comedians' comedian'."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080823085014/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4141019.stm">Archived</a> August 23, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, January 2, 2005. Retrieved: December 3, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Louvish 2002, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Louvish 2002, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Louvish 2002, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Mitchell 2010, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Louvish 2002, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Mitchell 2010, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Louvish 2001, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> McCabe 1987, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> McCabe 1987, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Mitchell 2010, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Mitchell 2010, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Louvish 2002, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Louvish 2002, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Louvish 2002, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> McCabe 1987, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Louvish 2002, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Louvish 2001, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergen_p._26-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergen_p._26_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergen_p._26_24-1">b</a> Bergen 1992, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Cullen et al. 2007, p. 661. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> McIver 1998, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-McCabe_p._19-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCabe_p._19_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCabe_p._19_27-1">b</a> McCabe 1989, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson_p._24-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Everson_p._24_28-0">^</a> Everson 2000, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> McCabe 1989, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Louvish 2001, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> McCabe 1989, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberty-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_32-0">^</a> Nizer, Alvin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertymagazine.com/comedians_nizer.htm">"The comedian's comedian."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191839/http://www.libertymagazine.com/comedians_nizer.htm">Archived</a> January 2, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Liberty Magazine, Summer 1975. Retrieved: December 3, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://nickredfern.wordpress.com/2010/04/22/stan-laurels-eyes/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021126/https://nickredfern.wordpress.com/2010/04/22/stan-laurels-eyes/">Archived</a> October 4, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Redfern Nick. Research into Film. April 22, quoting from The Silent Picture, issue 6, Spring 1970, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZisHJguKKhw&t&t=15m37s">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEvanier1997" class="citation web cs1">Evanier, Mark (May 23, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsfromme.com/pov/col131/">"Point of View: Laurel & Hardy Part 1"</a>. Retrieved October 22, 2024. <q>He was cooking a leg of lamb when some scalding gravy splashed on his arm, taking him out of commission.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Point+of+View%3A+Laurel+%26+Hardy+Part+1&rft.date=1997-05-23&rft.aulast=Evanier&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsfromme.com%2Fpov%2Fcol131%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Dave (February 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishamerica.com/2018/12/stan-ollie-and-the-irish/">"Stan & Ollie and the Irish"</a>. Retrieved October 22, 2024. <q>Hardy, who was known for his hearty appetite, burned himself while cooking a leg of lamb, so badly that he couldn't finish a film he was working on with McCarey, who asked Laurel, who at the time was working as a gag writer at the studio, to step in.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stan+%26+Ollie+and+the+Irish&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishamerica.com%2F2018%2F12%2Fstan-ollie-and-the-irish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bann-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bann_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bann_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bann_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bann_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bann_37-4">e</a> Bann, Richard W.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurel-and-hardy.com/players/players-legacy.html">"The Legacy of Mr. Laurel & Mr. Hardy."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916114518/http://laurel-and-hardy.com/players/players-legacy.html">Archived</a> September 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> laurel-and-hardy.com. 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Retrieved: December 8, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> McCabe 1975, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> McCabe 1987, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> McCabe 1987, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehring_p._5-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Gehring_p._5_44-0">^</a> Gehring 1990, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Andrews 1997, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehring_1990,_p._42-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring_1990,_p._42_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring_1990,_p._42_46-1">b</a> Gehring 1990, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/what-s-the-story-with-homer-s-d-oh-1.840349">"What's the story with... 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Retrieved: April 16, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Rascher, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openculture.com/2011/05/1956_home_movie_laurel_hardy_together_for_the_last_time.html">"1956 Home movie: Laurel & Hardy together for the last time."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212004159/http://www.openculture.com/2011/05/1956_home_movie_laurel_hardy_together_for_the_last_time.html">Archived</a> December 12, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> |Openculture.com, May 13, 2011. Retrieved: December 7, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Smith 1984, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowen-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowen_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowen_97-1">b</a> Bowen, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focusfeatures.com/article/stan__laurel_dies">"Stan Laurel dies."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211214415/http://www.focusfeatures.com/article/stan__laurel_dies">Archived</a> December 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Focus Features, February 23, 2010. Retrieved: December 7, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lettersfromstan.com/stan_1961-04.html">"Letters from Stan.com 1961."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211123240/http://www.lettersfromstan.com/stan_1961-04.html">Archived</a> December 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Stan Laurel Correspondence Archive Project, 2013. Retrieved: December 7, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/07/the-fine-mess-maker-at-home/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122073048/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/07/the-fine-mess-maker-at-home/">Archived</a> January 22, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dick Cavett article on meeting Stan Laurel. New York Times. Retrieved: January 29, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-07-19-1991200181-story.html">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017185707/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-07-19-1991200181-story.html">Archived</a> October 17, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dick Van Dyke finds his life reflects Stan Laurel's. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved: October 16, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Smith 1984, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laurelandhardyfilms.com/people/all#/">"Laurel and Hardy Films: The People."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003002530/http://laurelandhardyfilms.com/people/all#/">Archived</a> October 3, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> laurelandhardyfilms.com, Retrieved: April 3, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-laurelandhardycentral-103"><a href="#cite_ref-laurelandhardycentral_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laurelandhardycentral.com/music-1.html">"The Music of Laurel and Hardy"</a>. Laurel and Hardy Central. Retrieved January 13, 2022. <q>Though it is one of those songs that seems to have always been around, like "Happy Birthday" or "Auld Lang Syne", it was actually written in 1928 by Thomas Marvin Hatley. Born in Reed, Oklahoma on April 3, 1905, Hatley could play almost any musical instrument by then time he entered his late teens. While attending UCLA in California, Hatley found work at KFVD, a radio station located on the Hal Roach Studios lot. He wrote the simple and endearing "Ku-Ku" as a radio time signal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laurel+and+Hardy+Central&rft.atitle=The+Music+of+Laurel+and+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaurelandhardycentral.com%2Fmusic-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picking-Bann-BRATS-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Picking-Bann-BRATS_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBann" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_W._Bann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard W. Bann (page does not exist)">Bann, Richard W.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picking.com/brats.html">"Film notes: BRATS (1930) Hal Roach Studios"</a>. Patrick J. Picking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patrick+J.+Picking&rft.atitle=Film+notes%3A+BRATS+%281930%29+Hal+Roach+Studios&rft.aulast=Bann&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.picking.com%2Fbrats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-classicthemes-105"><a href="#cite_ref-classicthemes_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicthemes.com/50sTVThemes/themePages/laurelAndHardy.html">"Laurel and Hardy"</a>. classicthemes.com. 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Retrieved January 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Another+Nice+Mess&rft.atitle=A+Walking+Tour+of+the+Hal+Roach+Studios+Back+Lot%3A+Map%2C+Key%2C+and+Notes&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Dave+Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lordheath.com%2Fmenu1_1240.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioheritage.net/Story28.asp">"Call Change History: KFVD-KPOP-KGBS-KTNQ, Los Angeles"</a>. Radio Heritage Foundation. Retrieved January 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Call+Change+History%3A+KFVD-KPOP-KGBS-KTNQ%2C+Los+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioheritage.net%2FStory28.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Louvish 2001, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Louvish 2002, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/20280/laurel-and-hardy/">"LAUREL AND HARDY"</a>. Officialcharts.com. November 22, 1975. Retrieved April 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Officialcharts.com&rft.atitle=LAUREL+AND+HARDY&rft.date=1975-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialcharts.com%2Fartist%2F20280%2Flaurel-and-hardy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> McCabe 1983, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-112"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laurel-and-Hardy">"Laurel and Hardy | Biographies, Movies, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. May 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laurel+and+Hardy+%26%23124%3B+Biographies%2C+Movies%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLaurel-and-Hardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/samuel-becketts-funny-turns/">"Samuel Beckett's funny turns"</a>. The-tls.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117104859/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/samuel-becketts-funny-turns/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The-tls.co.uk&rft.atitle=Samuel+Beckett%27s+funny+turns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fpublic%2Fsamuel-becketts-funny-turns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bearmanormedia.com/another-nice-mess-the-laurel-and-hardy-story-audiobook-by-raymond-valinoti-narrated-by-jack-de-golia">"Another Nice Mess: The Laurel and Hardy Story (Audiobook) by Raymond Valinoti"</a>. 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Retrieved January 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bearmanormedia.com&rft.atitle=Another+Nice+Mess%3A+The+Laurel+and+Hardy+Story+%28Audiobook%29+by+Raymond+Valinoti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bearmanormedia.com%2Fanother-nice-mess-the-laurel-and-hardy-story-audiobook-by-raymond-valinoti-narrated-by-jack-de-golia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRampton,_James1998" class="citation news cs1">Rampton, James (September 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/arts-what-a-fine-mess-they-got-us-in-1195310.html">"Arts: What a fine mess they got us in"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117064719/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/arts-what-a-fine-mess-they-got-us-in-1195310.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Arts%3A+What+a+fine+mess+they+got+us+in&rft.date=1998-09-01&rft.au=Rampton%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Farts-what-a-fine-mess-they-got-us-in-1195310.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Patterson, Michael in Brewer, Mary F. (2009) Harold Pinter's The Dumb Waiter, Rodolpi, p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurel-and-hardy.com/archive/articles/2000-07-auction.html">"Laurel Letters Sold At Auction"</a>. Laurel-and-hardy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126144943/http://www.laurel-and-hardy.com/archive/articles/2000-07-auction.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laurel+Letters+Sold+At+Auction&rft.pub=Laurel-and-hardy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laurel-and-hardy.com%2Farchive%2Farticles%2F2000-07-auction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harness,_Kyp_2006_p._5-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harness,_Kyp_2006_p._5_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harness,_Kyp_2006_p._5_118-1">b</a> Harness, Kyp (2006) The Art of Laurel and Hardy: Graceful Calamity in the Films, McFarland, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/laurel-and-hardy-stan-and-ollie-film-steve-coogan-john-c-reilly-london-film-festival-a8580421.html">"Laurel and Hardy: Two angels of our time"</a>. The Independent. January 4, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117025142/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/laurel-and-hardy-stan-and-ollie-film-steve-coogan-john-c-reilly-london-film-festival-a8580421.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Laurel+and+Hardy%3A+Two+angels+of+our+time&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilms%2Ffeatures%2Flaurel-and-hardy-stan-and-ollie-film-steve-coogan-john-c-reilly-london-film-festival-a8580421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/103/1038795/slapstick-or-lonesome-no-more/9780099842705.html">Slapstick or Lonesome No More</a>. Penguin.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117063153/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/103/1038795/slapstick-or-lonesome-no-more/9780099842705.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slapstick+or+Lonesome+No+More&rft.pub=Penguin.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.co.uk%2Fbooks%2F103%2F1038795%2Fslapstick-or-lonesome-no-more%2F9780099842705.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> McCann, Chuck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chuckmccann.net/laurelhardy.htm">"Laurel & Hardy Tribute."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123114045/http://chuckmccann.net/laurelhardy.htm">Archived</a> January 23, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> chuckmccann.net: Chuck McCann, November 30, 2007. Retrieved: March 1, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tooze-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Tooze_122-0">^</a> Tooze, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvdbeaver.com/film/DVDReviews16/laurel_and_hardy_collection_dvd_review.htm">"Laurel & Hardy – The Collection (21-disc Box Set)."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070409083313/http://www.dvdbeaver.com/film/DVDReviews16/laurel_and_hardy_collection_dvd_review.htm">Archived</a> April 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> dvdbeaver.com. Retrieved: April 20, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lakedistrictletsgo.co.uk/attractions/attractions_pages/laurel_hardy.html">"Laurel & Hardy Museum: Ulverston</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020014930/http://www.lakedistrictletsgo.co.uk/attractions/attractions_pages/laurel_hardy.html">Archived</a> October 20, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> akedistrictletsgo.co.uk, June 2004. Retrieved: March 1, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurelandhardymuseum.com/">"Laurel and Hardy Museum of Harlem, Georgia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616205039/http://www.laurelandhardymuseum.com/">Archived</a> June 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.laurelandhardymuseum.com Retrieved: December 30, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurel-hardy-museum.com/">"Laurel & Hardy Museum Solingen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217163137/http://laurel-hardy-museum.com/">Archived</a> December 17, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.laurel-hardy-museum.com(German) Retrieved: December 30, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Lewis, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonsensemedia.org/book-reviews/In-Night-Kitchen.html">"In the Night Kitchen."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221101347/http://www.commonsensemedia.org/book-reviews/In-Night-Kitchen.html">Archived</a> February 21, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> commonsensemedia.org. Retrieved: April 20, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Lanes 1980, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Salamon, Julie. "Sendak in All His Wild Glory." <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, April 15, 2005. Retrieved: May 28, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Krurer, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toontracker.com/lh-ac/lh-ac.htm">"Laurel and Hardy cartoons by Hanna-Barbera."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070530054057/http://www.toontracker.com/lh-ac/lh-ac.htm">Archived</a> May 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> toontracker.com. Retrieved: March 1, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0143096/">"The All New Adventures of Laurel & Hardy in 'For Love or Mummy'."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726125126/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0143096/">Archived</a> July 26, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IMDb, 1999. Retrieved: March 1, 2010. Pinchot would also play the role opposite Mark Linn Baker as Oliver Hardy in the Perfect Strangers season 7 episode The Gazebo. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Pednekar, Aparna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/bollywood-comedy-comes-of-age/article1-1125193.aspx">"Bollywood comedy comes of age."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923005434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Bollywood-comedy-comes-of-age/Article1-1125193.aspx">Archived</a> September 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>, July 8, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1698531/">"Laurel & Hardy: Their Lives and Magic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602023809/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1698531/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Laurel+%26+Hardy%3A+Their+Lives+and+Magic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1698531%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laurelandhardyshop.com/shop?lang=en">"SHOP"</a>. laurel-and-hardy. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laurel-and-hardy&rft.atitle=SHOP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laurelandhardyshop.com%2Fshop%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the-pictorial-history.com/">"LAUREL AND HARDY: A TRUE LOVE STORY - THE PICTORIAL HISTORY"</a>. Laurel and Hardy: A True Love Story. Retrieved October 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laurel+and+Hardy%3A+A+True+Love+Story&rft.atitle=LAUREL+AND+HARDY%3A+A+TRUE+LOVE+STORY+-+THE+PICTORIAL+HISTORY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe-pictorial-history.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurel+and+Hardy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> MacGillivray, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sonsofthedesertinfo.com/">"Welcome to Sons Of The Desert."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205061025/http://www.sonsofthedesertinfo.com/">Archived</a> December 5, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The International Laurel & Hardy Society. Retrieved: December 7, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Rense, Rip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-09-vw-1281-story.html">"A fan club just for 'The Boys' : Films: The Sons of the Desert has been meeting since 1965 to honor Laurel and Hardy."</a> Los Angeles Times, November 9, 1989. Retrieved: December 7, 2013. </li> </ol></div></div> Bibliography <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Andrews, Robert. Famous Lines: A Columbia Dictionary of Familiar Quotations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10218-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10218-6">0-231-10218-6</a></li> <li>Anobile, Richard J., ed. A Fine Mess: Verbal and Visual Gems from The Crazy World of Laurel & Hardy. New York: Crown Publishers, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-52438-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-52438-4">0-517-52438-4</a></li> <li>Barr, Charles. Laurel and Hardy (Movie Paperbacks). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968; First edition 1967, London: Studio Vista. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-00085-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-00085-4">0-520-00085-4</a></li> <li>Bergen, Ronald. The Life and Times of Laurel and Hardy. New York: Smithmark, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-5459-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8317-5459-1">0-8317-5459-1</a></li> <li>Brooks, Leo M. The Laurel & Hardy Stock Company. Hilversum, Netherlands: Blotto Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-901046-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-901046-1-5">90-901046-1-5</a></li> <li>Byron, Stuart and Elizabeth Weis, eds. The National Society of Film Critics on Movie Comedy. New York: Grossman/Viking, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-49186-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-49186-5">978-0-670-49186-5</a></li> <li>Crowther, Bruce. Laurel and Hardy: Clown Princes of Comedy. New York: Columbus Books, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86287-344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86287-344-8">978-0-86287-344-8</a></li> <li>Cullen, Frank, Florence Hackman and Donald McNeilly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC&dq=Oliver+Norvell+Hardy&pg=PA661">Vaudeville, Old and New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America.</a> London: Routledge, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93853-2">978-0-415-93853-2</a></li> <li>Durgnat, Raymond. "Beau Chumps and Church Bells" (essay). The Crazy Mirror: Hollywood Comedy and the American Image. New York: Dell Publishing, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-28184-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-28184-3">978-0-385-28184-3</a></li> <li>Everson, William K. The Complete Films of Laurel and Hardy. New York: Citadel, 2000; First edition 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-0146-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8065-0146-4">0-8065-0146-4</a></li> <li>Everson, William K. The Films of Hal Roach. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-559-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-559-5">978-0-87070-559-5</a></li> <li>Gehring, Wes D. Laurel & Hardy: A Bio-Bibliography. Burnham Bucks, UK: Greenwood Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313251726" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313251726">978-0313251726</a></li> <li>Gehring, Wes D. Film Clowns of the Depression: Twelve Defining Comic Performances. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2892-2">978-0-7864-2892-2</a>.</li> <li>Guiles, Fred Lawrence. Stan: The Life of Stan Laurel. New York: Stein & Day, 1991; First edition 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-8528-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-8528-6">978-0-8128-8528-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyp_Harness" title="Kyp Harness">Harness, Kyp</a>. The Art of Laurel and Hardy: Graceful Calamity in the Films. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2440-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2440-0">0-7864-2440-0</a>.</li> <li>Kanin, Garson. Together Again!: Stories of the Great Hollywood Teams. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-17471-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-17471-8">978-0-385-17471-8</a>.</li> <li>Kerr, Walter. The Silent Clowns. New York: Da Capo Press, 1990, First edition 1975, Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80387-1">978-0-306-80387-1</a>.</li> <li>Lahue, Kalton C. World of Laughter: The Motion Picture Comedy Short, 1910–1930. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0693-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0693-9">978-0-8061-0693-9</a>.</li> <li>Louvish, Simon. Stan and Ollie: The Roots of Comedy: The Double Life of Laurel and Hardy. London: Faber & Faber, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-21590-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-21590-4">0-571-21590-4</a>.</li> <li>Louvish, Simon. Stan and Ollie: The Roots of Comedy: The Double Life of Laurel and Hardy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3122-6651-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-3122-6651-0">0-3122-6651-0</a>.</li> <li>Maltin, Leonard. Movie Comedy Teams. New York: New American Library, 1985; First edition 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25694-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25694-1">978-0-452-25694-1</a>.</li> <li>Maltin, Leonard, Selected Short Subjects (First published as The Great Movie Shorts. New York: Crown Publishers, 1972.) New York: Da Capo Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25694-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25694-1">978-0-452-25694-1</a>.</li> <li>Maltin, Leonard. The Laurel & Hardy Book (Curtis Films Series). Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-020201-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-020201-0">0-00-020201-0</a>.</li> <li>Maltin, Leonard. The Great Movie Comedians. New York: Crown Publishers, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-53241-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-53241-6">978-0-517-53241-6</a>.</li> <li>Marriot, A. J. Laurel & Hardy: The British Tours. Hitchen, Herts, UK: AJ Marriot, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9521308-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9521308-0-7">0-9521308-0-7</a></li> <li>Marriot, A. J. Laurel and Hardy: The U.S. Tours. Hitchen, Herts, UK: AJ Marriot, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9521308-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9521308-2-6">978-0-9521308-2-6</a></li> <li>Mast, Gerald. The Comic Mind: Comedy and the Movies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979; First edition 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50978-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50978-5">978-0-226-50978-5</a>.</li> <li>McCabe, John. Mr. Laurel & Mr. Hardy: An Affectionate Biography. London: Robson Books, 2004; First edition 1961; Reprint: New York: Doubleday & Co., 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86105-606-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86105-606-0">1-86105-606-0</a>.</li> <li>McCabe, John. The Comedy World of Stan Laurel. Beverly Hills: Moonstone Press, 1990; First edition 1974, Doubleday & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940410-23-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-940410-23-0">0-940410-23-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCabe_(writer)" title="John McCabe (writer)">McCabe, John</a>, with Al Kilgore and Richard W. Bann. Laurel & Hardy. New York: Bonanza Books, 1983; First edition 1975, E.P. Dutton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-491-01745-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-491-01745-9">978-0-491-01745-9</a>.</li> <li>McCabe, John. Babe: The Life of Oliver Hardy. London: Robson Books, 2004; First edition 1989, Citadel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86105-781-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86105-781-4">1-86105-781-4</a>.</li> <li>McCaffrey, Donald W. "Duet of Incompetence" (essay). The Golden Age of Sound Comedy: Comic Films and Comedians of the Thirties. New York: A.S. Barnes, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-01048-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-01048-4">978-0-498-01048-4</a>.</li> <li>McGarry, Annie. Laurel & Hardy. London: Bison Group, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86124-776-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86124-776-0">0-86124-776-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_MacGillivray" title="Scott MacGillivray">MacGillivray, Scott</a>. Laurel & Hardy: From the Forties Forward. Second edition: New York: iUniverse, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440172397" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440172397">978-1440172397</a>; first edition: Lanham, Maryland: Vestal Press, 1998.</li> <li>McIntyre, Willie. The Laurel & Hardy Digest: A Cocktail of Love and Hisses. Ayrshire, Scotland: Willie McIntyre, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9532958-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9532958-0-7">978-0-9532958-0-7</a>.</li> <li>McIver, Stuart B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LznlfLDQ7hMC&dq=%22Babe+Hardy%22+Italian+barber&pg=PA36">Dreamers, Schemers and Scalawags.</a> Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press Inc., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-155-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-155-0">978-1-56164-155-0</a></li> <li>Mitchell, Glenn. The Laurel & Hardy Encyclopedia. New York: Batsford, 2010; First edition 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905287-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905287-71-0">978-1-905287-71-0</a>.</li> <li>Nollen, Scott Allen. The Boys: The Cinematic World of Laurel and Hardy. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1115-3">978-0-7864-1115-3</a>.</li> <li>Okuda, Ted and James L. Neibaur. Stan Without Ollie: The Stan Laurel Solo Films: 1917–1927. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4781-7">978-0-7864-4781-7</a>.</li> <li>Robb, Brian J. The Pocket Essential Laurel & Hardy. Manchester, UK: Pocket Essentials, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84243-285-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84243-285-3">978-1-84243-285-3</a>.</li> <li>Robinson, David. The Great Funnies: A History of Film Comedy. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-289-79643-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-289-79643-6">978-0-289-79643-6</a>.</li> <li>Sanders, Jonathan. Another Fine Dress: Role Play in the Films of Laurel and Hardy. London: Cassell, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33196-3">978-0-304-33196-3</a>.</li> <li>Scagnetti, Jack. The Laurel & Hardy Scrapbook. New York: Jonathan David Publishers, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8246-0278-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8246-0278-9">978-0-8246-0278-9</a>.</li> <li>Sendak, Maurice. In the Night Kitchen. New York: HarperCollins, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-026668-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-026668-6">0-06-026668-6</a>.</li> <li>Skretvedt, Randy. Laurel and Hardy: The Magic Behind the Movies. Anaheim, California: Past Times Publishing Co., 1996; First edition 1987, Moonstone Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-94041-077-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-94041-077-0">978-0-94041-077-0</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Leon. Following the Comedy Trail: A Guide to Laurel & Hardy and Our Gang Film Locations. Littleton, Massachusetts: G.J. Enterprises, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0938817055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0938817055">978-0938817055</a>.</li> <li>Staveacre, Tony. Slapstick!: The Illustrated Story. London: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-207-15030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-207-15030-2">978-0-207-15030-2</a>.</li> <li>Stone, Rob, et al. Laurel or Hardy: The Solo Films of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy. Manchester, New Hampshire: Split Reel, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9652384-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9652384-0-7">0-9652384-0-7</a>.</li> <li>Ward, Richard Lewis. A History of the Hal Roach Studios. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2637-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2637-2">978-0-8093-2637-2</a>.</li> <li>Weales, Gerald. Canned Goods as Caviar: American Film Comedy of the 1930s. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87664-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87664-1">978-0-226-87664-1</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_and_Hardy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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title="commons:Category:Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurel-and-hardy.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0491048/">Stan Laurel</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001316/">Oliver Hardy</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonsofthedesertinfo.com">Official The Sons of the Desert website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurelandhardy.org">The Laurel and Hardy Magazine website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Template:Laurel and Hardy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Template talk:Laurel and Hardy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laurel and Hardy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laurel_and_Hardy_filmography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laurel and Hardy</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy_filmography" title="Laurel and Hardy filmography">filmography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hardy" title="Oliver Hardy">Oliver Hardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Silent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lucky_Dog" title="The Lucky Dog">The Lucky Dog</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/45_Minutes_from_Hollywood" title="45 Minutes from Hollywood">45 Minutes from Hollywood</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_Soup_(1927_film)" title="Duck Soup (1927 film)">Duck Soup</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipping_Wives" title="Slipping Wives">Slipping Wives</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_%27em_and_Weep" title="Love 'em and Weep">Love 'em and Weep</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Girls_Love_Sailors" title="Why Girls Love Sailors">Why Girls Love Sailors</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/With_Love_and_Hisses" title="With Love and Hisses">With Love and Hisses</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Daddies" title="Sugar Daddies">Sugar Daddies</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailors,_Beware!" title="Sailors, Beware!">Sailors, Beware!</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Hundred_Years_(film)" title="The Second Hundred Years (film)">The Second Hundred Years</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hats_Off_(1927_film)" title="Hats Off (1927 film)">Hats Off</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Detectives_Think%3F" title="Do Detectives Think?">Do Detectives Think?</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putting_Pants_on_Philip" title="Putting Pants on Philip">Putting Pants on Philip</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Century" title="The Battle of the Century">The Battle of the Century</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_%27Em_Laughing" title="Leave 'Em Laughing">Leave 'Em Laughing</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Elephants" title="Flying Elephants">Flying Elephants</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Finishing_Touch" title="The Finishing Touch">The Finishing Touch</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Soup_to_Nuts" title="From Soup to Nuts">From Soup to Nuts</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You%27re_Darn_Tootin%27" title="You're Darn Tootin'">You're Darn Tootin'</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Purple_Moment" title="Their Purple Moment">Their Purple Moment</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Should_Married_Men_Go_Home%3F" title="Should Married Men Go Home?">Should Married Men Go Home?</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_to_Bed_(1928_film)" title="Early to Bed (1928 film)">Early to Bed</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Tars" title="Two Tars">Two Tars</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_(1928_film)" title="Habeas Corpus (1928 film)">Habeas Corpus</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Faw_Down" title="We Faw Down">We Faw Down</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1929_film)" title="Liberty (1929 film)">Liberty</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_Again" title="Wrong Again">Wrong Again</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/That%27s_My_Wife_(1929_film)" title="That's My Wife (1929 film)">That's My Wife</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Business_(1929_film)" title="Big Business (1929 film)">Big Business</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Whoopee" title="Double Whoopee">Double Whoopee</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_Grabbers" title="Bacon Grabbers">Bacon Grabbers</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_Love" title="Angora Love">Angora Love</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Talking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unaccustomed_As_We_Are" title="Unaccustomed As We Are">Unaccustomed As We Are</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berth_Marks" title="Berth Marks">Berth Marks</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_O%27_War" title="Men O' War">Men O' War</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Day_(1929_film)" title="Perfect Day (1929 film)">Perfect Day</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/They_Go_Boom!" title="They Go Boom!">They Go Boom!</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hoose-Gow" title="The Hoose-Gow">The Hoose-Gow</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Owls_(1930_film)" title="Night Owls (1930 film)">Night Owls</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotto_(film)" title="Blotto (film)">Blotto</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brats_(1930_film)" title="Brats (1930 film)">Brats</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Below_Zero_(1930_film)" title="Below Zero (1930 film)">Below Zero</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hog_Wild_(1930_film)" title="Hog Wild (1930 film)">Hog Wild</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Laurel-Hardy_Murder_Case" title="The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case">The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Another_Fine_Mess" title="Another Fine Mess">Another Fine Mess</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_Big!" title="Be Big!">Be Big!</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickens_Come_Home" title="Chickens Come Home">Chickens Come Home</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_Gravy" title="Laughing Gravy">Laughing Gravy</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Wife_(1931_film)" title="Our Wife (1931 film)">Our Wife</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_Clean_(1931_film)" title="Come Clean (1931 film)">Come Clean</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Good_Turn_(1931_film)" title="One Good Turn (1931 film)">One Good Turn</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Hunks" title="Beau Hunks">Beau Hunks</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helpmates" title="Helpmates">Helpmates</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Any_Old_Port!" title="Any Old Port!">Any Old Port!</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Box" title="The Music Box">The Music Box</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chimp_(1932_film)" title="The Chimp (1932 film)">The Chimp</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Hospital_(film)" title="County Hospital (film)">County Hospital</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scram!" title="Scram!">Scram!</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_First_Mistake" title="Their First Mistake">Their First Mistake</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towed_in_a_Hole" title="Towed in a Hole">Towed in a Hole</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twice_Two" title="Twice Two">Twice Two</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_and_My_Pal_(1933_film)" title="Me and My Pal (1933 film)">Me and My Pal</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Midnight_Patrol" title="The Midnight Patrol">The Midnight Patrol</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busy_Bodies" title="Busy Bodies">Busy Bodies</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Work_(1933_film)" title="Dirty Work (1933 film)">Dirty Work</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_the_Eighth" title="Oliver the Eighth">Oliver the Eighth</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Going_Bye-Bye!" title="Going Bye-Bye!">Going Bye-Bye!</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Them_Thar_Hills" title="Them Thar Hills">Them Thar Hills</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Live_Ghost" title="The Live Ghost">The Live Ghost</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tit_for_Tat_(1935_film)" title="Tit for Tat (1935 film)">Tit for Tat</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_Uppers" title="The Fixer Uppers">The Fixer Uppers</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thicker_than_Water_(1935_film)" title="Thicker than Water (1935 film)">Thicker than Water</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_of_Stars" title="Galaxy of Stars">Galaxy of Stars</a> (1936 promotional)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feature films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_Us" title="Pardon Us">Pardon Us</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_Up_Your_Troubles_(1932_film)" title="Pack Up Your Troubles (1932 film)">Pack Up Your Troubles</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Brother" title="The Devil's Brother">Fra Diavolo / The Devil's Brother / Bogus Bandits</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Desert" title="Sons of the Desert">Sons of the Desert</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(1934_film)" title="Babes in Toyland (1934 film)">Babes in Toyland</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Scotland" title="Bonnie Scotland">Bonnie Scotland</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bohemian_Girl_(1936_film)" title="The Bohemian Girl (1936 film)">The Bohemian Girl</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Relations" title="Our Relations">Our Relations</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_Out_West_(1937_film)" title="Way Out West (1937 film)">Way Out West</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Miss_(film)" title="Swiss Miss (film)">Swiss Miss</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block-Heads" title="Block-Heads">Block-Heads</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Deuces" title="The Flying Deuces">The Flying Deuces</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Chump_at_Oxford" title="A Chump at Oxford">A Chump at Oxford</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saps_at_Sea" title="Saps at Sea">Saps at Sea</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Guns" title="Great Guns">Great Guns</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-Haunting_We_Will_Go_(1942_film)" title="A-Haunting We Will Go (1942 film)">A-Haunting We Will Go</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Raid_Wardens" title="Air Raid Wardens">Air Raid Wardens</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitterbugs" title="Jitterbugs">Jitterbugs</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dancing_Masters" title="The Dancing Masters">The Dancing Masters</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Noise_(1944_film)" title="The Big Noise (1944 film)">The Big Noise</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_but_Trouble_(1944_film)" title="Nothing but Trouble (1944 film)">Nothing But Trouble</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bullfighters" title="The Bullfighters">The Bullfighters</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll_K" title="Atoll K">Atoll K / Utopia</a> (1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel_filmography" title="Stan Laurel filmography">Stan Laurel filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hardy_filmography" title="Oliver Hardy filmography">Oliver Hardy filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy_(TV_series)" title="Laurel and Hardy (TV series)">Laurel and Hardy (animated TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_All_New_Adventures_of_Laurel_%26_Hardy_in_For_Love_or_Mummy" title="The All New Adventures of Laurel & Hardy in For Love or Mummy">The All New Adventures of Laurel & Hardy in For Love or Mummy</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_%26_Ollie" title="Stan & Ollie">Stan & Ollie</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy_music" title="Laurel and Hardy music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_the_Desert" title="The Sons of the Desert">The Sons of the Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121140270">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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