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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia_Roman_fort" title="Arbeia Roman fort – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arbeia Roman fort" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arbeia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arbeia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arbeia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arbeia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arbeia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arbeia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arbeia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arbeia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arbeia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeia_Roman_fort" title="Arbeia Roman fort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arbeia Roman fort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%81" title="قلعہ عربیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلعہ عربیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arbeia&params=55.004_N_1.43_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°00′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°25′48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.004°N 1.430°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.004; -1.430</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman fort in Tyne & Wear, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label"><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, UK </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbeia_Roman_Fort_reconstructed_gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arbeia_Roman_Fort_reconstructed_gateway.jpg/250px-Arbeia_Roman_Fort_reconstructed_gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arbeia_Roman_Fort_reconstructed_gateway.jpg/500px-Arbeia_Roman_Fort_reconstructed_gateway.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Reconstructed gateway</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Location</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum is located in Tyne and Wear"><img alt="Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum is located in Tyne and Wear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1252" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.742%;left:78.333%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum"><img alt="Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div>Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arbeia&params=55.004_N_1.43_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°00′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°25′48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.004°N 1.430°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.004; -1.430</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Grid_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid reference">Grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arbeia&params=55.004336_N_1.430892_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NZ365679</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_Arbeia_210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Plan_Arbeia_210.jpg/220px-Plan_Arbeia_210.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Plan_Arbeia_210.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Plan of fort in 210 AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praetorium_Arbeia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Praetorium_Arbeia.jpg/220px-Praetorium_Arbeia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Praetorium_Arbeia.jpg/330px-Praetorium_Arbeia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Praetorium_Arbeia.jpg/440px-Praetorium_Arbeia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>The late Praetorium</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Fort,_The_Lawe,_South_Shields,_Tyne_and_Wear_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roman_Fort%2C_The_Lawe%2C_South_Shields%2C_Tyne_and_Wear_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416.jpg/330px-Roman_Fort%2C_The_Lawe%2C_South_Shields%2C_Tyne_and_Wear_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roman_Fort%2C_The_Lawe%2C_South_Shields%2C_Tyne_and_Wear_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416.jpg/500px-Roman_Fort%2C_The_Lawe%2C_South_Shields%2C_Tyne_and_Wear_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roman_Fort%2C_The_Lawe%2C_South_Shields%2C_Tyne_and_Wear_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416.jpg/600px-Roman_Fort%2C_The_Lawe%2C_South_Shields%2C_Tyne_and_Wear_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The site</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Arbeia</b> was a large <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne & Wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, now ruined, and which has been partially reconstructed. It was first excavated in the 1870s. All modern buildings on the site were cleared in the 1970s. It is managed by <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne and Wear Museums">Tyne and Wear Museums</a> as <b>Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Arbeia" may mean the "fort of the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> troops",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the fact that part of its garrison at one time was a squadron of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamian</a> boatmen from the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, following Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> securing the city of <a href="/wiki/Singara" title="Singara">Singara</a> in 197.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, it could mean "(fort by a) stream noted for wild <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fort was built in 129 AD as a small cohort fort, a few years later than most of the Hadrian's Wall forts, on the Lawe Top overlooking the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a> and four miles beyond the eastern end of Hadrian’s wall, from where it guarded the flank and main sea supply route to the Wall and the small port on the south of the Tyne.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its garrison was reduced during the occupation of Scotland in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>. Early in <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>'s reign (161 to 180) it was reoccupied<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 198 it was considerably altered in plan and usage. A dividing wall between the northern and southern halves of the fort allowed the north part to store supplies from sea-going ships, while the southern part remained a garrison. The modifications are associated with <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_(208%E2%80%93211)" title="Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)">Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)</a>, a series of campaigns against the troublesome Caledonian tribes, in which the fort may have served as his headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 220-235 a new <i>principia</i> (headquarters) with new barracks were built in the southern part of the fort, probably to house the new garrison of <i>Cohors V Gallorum</i> of double size (nominally 1000 men) while the original principia were converted to a granary and 9 more granaries were built in the southern part of the fort, bringing the total to 24. Most forts had two granaries but Arbeia had up to 24, indicating that it supplied more than its own troops.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shows that Arbeia became the main supply base for the whole of Hadrian’s Wall rather than obtaining its supplies from the local region by purchase, taxation or requisition which was the usual assumption. </p><p>In later 3rd century occupants of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vicus</a></i> appear to have moved into the empty fort.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a fire in about 300, 8 of the granaries were converted to barracks, the <i>principia</i> were enlarged and a new large <i><a href="/wiki/Praetorium" title="Praetorium">praetorium</a></i> (commanding officer’s house) built. The fort was finally abandoned around 400. </p><p>It is said to be the birthplace of the Northumbrian <a href="/wiki/Oswine_of_Deira" title="Oswine of Deira">King Oswin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the fort was unexpectedly discovered in 1875 by an unknown amateur it made national news as the numerous finds near the centre of a Northern industrial town were of a quality that shocked archaeologists who found it hard to believe such a site could yield these treasures. The Roman remains attracted crowds that flocked to the town and despite some believing that they were forgeries, further excavations proved that it was a sensational archaeological discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garrison">Garrison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Garrison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ala_I_Pannoniorum" title="Ala I Pannoniorum">Ala Primae Pannoniorum Sabiniana</a></i> was the first garrison, a nominally 500-strong cavalry regiment from the <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonian</a> tribes of modern Hungary. When they were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Onnum" class="mw-redirect" title="Onnum">Onnum</a> later in the 2nd century, another cavalry regiment replaced them, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ala_I_Hispanorum_Asturum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala I Hispanorum Asturum (page does not exist)">Ala I Hispanorum Asturum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a> tribe of north-western Spain. After it moved to <a href="/wiki/Condercum" title="Condercum">Benwell</a>, they were replaced before 222 by the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohors_V_Gallorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohors V Gallorum (page does not exist)">Cohors V Gallorum</a></i>, a nominally one-thousand strong infantry regiment possibly from Fort Cramond on the Forth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final garrison was the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerus_Barcariorum_Tigrisiensium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numerus Barcariorum Tigrisiensium (page does not exist)">Numerus Barcariorum Tigrisiensium</a></i> who were transferred from <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Roman_Fort" title="Lancaster Roman Fort">Lancaster Roman Fort</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and originally barge-men from the River <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> in the Middle-East recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Praetorium">Praetorium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Praetorium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The later commanding officer’s house built after 300 resembled elegant 3rd and 4th century houses from the Mediterranean area and included an <i>atrium</i> at the entrance leading to a colonnaded courtyard with fountain around which most of the rooms were organised. Many of the rooms were decorated with frescoes. A private thermal baths suite included hypocausts for the heated rooms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum">Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_at_Arbeia_Roman_Fort.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wall_painting_at_Arbeia_Roman_Fort.JPG/250px-Wall_painting_at_Arbeia_Roman_Fort.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wall_painting_at_Arbeia_Roman_Fort.JPG/330px-Wall_painting_at_Arbeia_Roman_Fort.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wall_painting_at_Arbeia_Roman_Fort.JPG/500px-Wall_painting_at_Arbeia_Roman_Fort.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Recreated wall painting from the <i>Praetorium</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmet_cheek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Helmet_cheek.jpg/220px-Helmet_cheek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Helmet_cheek.jpg/330px-Helmet_cheek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Helmet_cheek.jpg/440px-Helmet_cheek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Bronze helmet cheek from the Tyne at South Shields (Newcastle museum) depicting the <a href="/wiki/Dioscuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscuri">Dioscuri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Two monuments in the museum at Arbeia testify to the cosmopolitan nature of its shifting population. One commemorate Regina, a British woman of the <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a> tribe (approximately modern <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was first the slave, then the freedwoman and wife of Barates, an Arab merchant from <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>) who, evidently missing her greatly, set up a gravestone after she died at the age of 30 in the second half of the second century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Barates himself is buried at the nearby fort at <a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corbridge</a> in Northumberland.) The second commemorates Victor, another former slave,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freed by Numerianus of the Ala I Asturum, who also arranged his funeral ("piantissime": with all devotion) when Victor died at the age of 20. The stone records that Victor was "of the Moorish nation". </p><p>The museum also holds an altarpiece to a previously unknown god and a tablet with the name of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> (died 235) chiselled off, an example of <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The West Gate of the fort was reconstructed in 1986 to give an impression of the place. The Reconstruction of the fort has been accomplished using research which was undertaken following excavations, standing where it had originally existed during the Roman occupation of Britain. </p><p>A Roman gatehouse, barracks and Commanding Officer's house have been reconstructed on their original foundations. The gatehouse holds many displays related to the history of the fort, and its upper levels provide an overview of the archaeological site.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arbeia_Roman_fort" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arbeia Roman fort">Arbeia Roman fort</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arbeiaromanfort.org.uk/">Arbeia Roman Fort & Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northeastmuseums.org.uk/">North East Museums (previously Tyne and Wear Museums)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/arbeia-roman-fort/">Roman Britain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtohAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Arbeia%22+arab"><i>Archaeologia Aeliana: Or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquities</i></a>. Sarah Hodgson. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeologia+Aeliana%3A+Or%2C+Miscellaneous+Tracts+Relating+to+Antiquities&rft.pub=Sarah+Hodgson.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtohAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Arbeia%2522%2Barab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallowell2008" class="citation book cs1">Hallowell, Michael J. (15 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oqIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT42"><i>The House That Jack Built: The True Story Behind the Marsden Grotto and the Search for Roman Treasure</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3147-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3147-9"><bdi>978-1-4456-3147-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+That+Jack+Built%3A+The+True+Story+Behind+the+Marsden+Grotto+and+the+Search+for+Roman+Treasure&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2008-11-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-3147-9&rft.aulast=Hallowell&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6oqIAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirkup2009" class="citation book cs1">Kirkup, Rob (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eu86AwAAQBAJ&q=%22Arbeia%22%20arab&pg=PT15"><i>Ghostly Tyne & Wear</i></a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5241-5"><bdi>978-0-7509-5241-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghostly+Tyne+%26+Wear&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-5241-5&rft.aulast=Kirkup&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEu86AwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Arbeia%2522%2520arab%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce2006" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, John (2006). <i>Handbook to the Roman Wall</i>. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Society of Antiquaries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+the+Roman+Wall&rft.place=Newcastle+Upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowersock1983" class="citation book cs1">Bowersock, Glen (1983). <i>Roman Arabia</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Arabia&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bowersock&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breeze" title="Andrew Breeze">Breeze, A.</a>, University of Navarra, Spain, "<a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a>'s <i>Caer Urfe</i>: Tynemouth or Chepstow?" in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voprosy_onomastiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voprosy onomastiki (page does not exist)">Voprosy onomastiki</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Вопросы ономастики">ru</a>]</span></i>, 2017, Volume 14, Issue 1, pp. 56–65, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15826%2Fvopr_onom.2017.14.1.003">10.15826/vopr_onom.2017.14.1.003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForty2018" class="citation book cs1">Forty, Simon (June 2018). <i>Hadrian's Wall From Construction to World Heritage Site</i>. Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785211898" title="Special:BookSources/9781785211898"><bdi>9781785211898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall+From+Construction+to+World+Heritage+Site&rft.place=Yeovil%2C+Somerset&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Haynes+Publishing&rft.date=2018-06&rft.isbn=9781785211898&rft.aulast=Forty&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arbeiaromanfort.org.uk/about-us/about-arbeia-roman-fort">"About Arbeia, South Shields Roman Fort | Arbeia South Shields Roman Fort"</a>. <i>arbeiaromanfort.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arbeiaromanfort.org.uk&rft.atitle=About+Arbeia%2C+South+Shields+Roman+Fort+%7C+Arbeia+South+Shields+Roman+Fort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farbeiaromanfort.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fabout-arbeia-roman-fort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dore, J. N. and Gillam, J. Pearson. (1979) The Roman fort at South Shields Tyne & Wear: excavations 1875–1975, Soc Antiq Newcastle upon Tyne Monogr Ser, 1979 Volume:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.org/issues/255-1705/features/5473-feeding-the-army">"Feeding the army"</a>. <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>70</b> (3): 33. May–June 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-8113">0003-8113</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Feeding+the+army&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2017-05%2F2017-06&rft.issn=0003-8113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fissues%2F255-1705%2Ffeatures%2F5473-feeding-the-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dore, J. N. and Gillam, J. Pearson. (1979) The Roman fort at South Shields Tyne & Wear: excavations 1875–1975, Soc Antiq Newcastle upon Tyne Monogr Ser, 1979 Volume:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arbeiaromanfort.org.uk/about-us/about-arbeia-roman-fort">"About Arbeia, South Shields Roman Fort | Arbeia South Shields Roman Fort"</a>. <i>arbeiaromanfort.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arbeiaromanfort.org.uk&rft.atitle=About+Arbeia%2C+South+Shields+Roman+Fort+%7C+Arbeia+South+Shields+Roman+Fort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farbeiaromanfort.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fabout-arbeia-roman-fort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kidd and Jean Stokes, The People’s Roman Remains Park, Harton Village Press ISBN 9781838310004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/how-roman-finds-south-shields-19565255">https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/how-roman-finds-south-shields-19565255</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RIB 1064</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South Shield (Arbeia) Roman Fort <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/arbeia-roman-fort/">https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/arbeia-roman-fort/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond, Ian (1953). "Excavations on the site of the Roman Fort at Lancaster, 1950" (PDF). Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 105: p 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/britain-back-to-barracks-in-roman-tyne-and-wear-1296796.html">"Britain: Back to barracks in Roman Tyne and Wear"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 23 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Britain%3A+Back+to+barracks+in+Roman+Tyne+and+Wear&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Fbritain-back-to-barracks-in-roman-tyne-and-wear-1296796.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Maureen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00665983.2012.11020916">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>' The Insignia of Women ': Dress, Gender and Identity on the Roman Funerary Monument of Regina from Arbeia"</a>. <i>Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>169</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">281–</span>285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00665983.2012.11020916">10.1080/00665983.2012.11020916</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-5983">0066-5983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=%27+The+Insignia+of+Women+%27%3A+Dress%2C+Gender+and+Identity+on+the+Roman+Funerary+Monument+of+Regina+from+Arbeia&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00665983.2012.11020916&rft.issn=0066-5983&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00665983.2012.11020916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/britain-back-to-barracks-in-roman-tyne-and-wear-1296796.html">"Britain: Back to barracks in Roman Tyne and Wear"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 23 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Britain%3A+Back+to+barracks+in+Roman+Tyne+and+Wear&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Fbritain-back-to-barracks-in-roman-tyne-and-wear-1296796.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArbeia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-38710724">"Arbeia Roman Fort development boosted by £150,000"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forts_and_structures_of_Hadrian&#039;s_Wall243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#99cc88;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hadrian's Wall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forts_and_structures_of_Hadrian&#039;s_Wall243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Forts</a> and structures of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Wall Forts (East to West)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum" title="Condercum">Condercum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobala" title="Vindobala">Vindobala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnum" title="Hunnum">Onnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Cilurnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrawburgh" title="Carrawburgh">Procolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Vercovicium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesica" title="Aesica">Aesica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Magnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camboglanna" title="Camboglanna">Camboglanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petriana" title="Petriana">Uxelodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aballava" title="Aballava">Aballava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coggabata" title="Coggabata">Coggabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mais_(Bowness)" title="Mais (Bowness)">Maia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/120px-Britain_1.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/250px-Britain_1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1362" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/120px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/250px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Outpost Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitancum" title="Habitancum">Habitancum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bewcastle_Roman_Fort" title="Bewcastle Roman Fort">Fanum Cocidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthuret#Netherby_Hall" title="Arthuret">Castra Exploratorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatobulgium" title="Blatobulgium">Blatobulgium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Stanegate Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corstopitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbrough" title="Newbrough">Newbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltwhistle_Burn#Roman_fort" title="Haltwhistle Burn">Haltwhistle Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Magnis</a></li> <li>Throp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nether_Denton" title="Nether Denton">Nether Denton</a></li> <li>Castle Hill Boothby</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brampton_Old_Church" title="Brampton Old Church">Brampton Old Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Supply Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_Carvetiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauna Carvetiorum">Alauna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Coria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindomora" title="Vindomora">Vindomora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Cumbrian Coast Forts (North to South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bibra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Alauna</a></li> <li>Burrow Walls</li> <li>Gabrosentum</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Milecastle" title="Milecastle">Milecastles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_0" title="Milecastle 0">0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_1" title="Milecastle 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_2" title="Milecastle 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_3" title="Milecastle 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_4" title="Milecastle 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_5" title="Milecastle 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_6" title="Milecastle 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_7" title="Milecastle 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_8" title="Milecastle 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_9" title="Milecastle 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_10" title="Milecastle 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_11" title="Milecastle 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_12" title="Milecastle 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_13" title="Milecastle 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_14" title="Milecastle 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_15" title="Milecastle 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_16" title="Milecastle 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_17" title="Milecastle 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_18" title="Milecastle 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_19" title="Milecastle 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_20" title="Milecastle 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_21" title="Milecastle 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_22" title="Milecastle 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_23" title="Milecastle 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_24" title="Milecastle 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_25" title="Milecastle 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_26" title="Milecastle 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_27" title="Milecastle 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_28" title="Milecastle 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_29" title="Milecastle 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_30" title="Milecastle 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_31" title="Milecastle 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_32" title="Milecastle 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_33" title="Milecastle 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_34" title="Milecastle 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_35" title="Milecastle 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_36" title="Milecastle 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_37" title="Milecastle 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_38" title="Milecastle 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_39" title="Milecastle 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_40" title="Milecastle 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_41" title="Milecastle 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_42" title="Milecastle 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_43" title="Milecastle 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_44" title="Milecastle 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_45" title="Milecastle 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_46" title="Milecastle 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_47" title="Milecastle 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_48" title="Milecastle 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_49" title="Milecastle 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_50" title="Milecastle 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_50TW" title="Milecastle 50TW">50TW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_51" title="Milecastle 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_52" title="Milecastle 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_53" title="Milecastle 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_54" title="Milecastle 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_55" title="Milecastle 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_56" title="Milecastle 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_57" title="Milecastle 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_58" title="Milecastle 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_59" title="Milecastle 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_60" title="Milecastle 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_61" title="Milecastle 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_62" title="Milecastle 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_63" title="Milecastle 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_64" title="Milecastle 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_65" title="Milecastle 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_66" title="Milecastle 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_67" title="Milecastle 67">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_68" title="Milecastle 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_69" title="Milecastle 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_70" title="Milecastle 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_71" title="Milecastle 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_72" title="Milecastle 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_73" title="Milecastle 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_74" title="Milecastle 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_75" title="Milecastle 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_76" title="Milecastle 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_77" title="Milecastle 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_78" title="Milecastle 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_79" title="Milecastle 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_80" title="Milecastle 80">80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Milefortlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_1" title="Milefortlet 1">MF 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_2" title="Milefortlet 2">MF 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_3" title="Milefortlet 3">MF 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_4" title="Milefortlet 4">MF 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_5" title="Milefortlet 5">MF 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_9" title="Milefortlet 9">MF 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_10" title="Milefortlet 10">MF 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_11" title="Milefortlet 11">MF 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_12" title="Milefortlet 12">MF 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_13" title="Milefortlet 13">MF 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_14" title="Milefortlet 14">MF 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_15" title="Milefortlet 15">MF 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_16" title="Milefortlet 16">MF 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_17" title="Milefortlet 17">MF 17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milefortlet_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milefortlet 18 (page does not exist)">MF 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milefortlet_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milefortlet 19 (page does not exist)">MF 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_20" title="Milefortlet 20">MF 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_21" title="Milefortlet 21">MF 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_22" title="Milefortlet 22">MF 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_23" title="Milefortlet 23">MF 23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milefortlet_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milefortlet 24 (page does not exist)">MF 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_25" title="Milefortlet 25">MF 25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Other structures on Hadrian's Wall</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portgate" title="Portgate">Portgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetrees_(Hadrian%27s_Wall_section)" title="Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section)">Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesters_Bridge" title="Chesters Bridge">Chesters Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Corner" title="Limestone Corner">Limestone Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knag_Burn_Gateway" title="Knag Burn Gateway">Knag Burn Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_39#Peel_Gap_Tower" title="Milecastle 39">Peel Gap Tower</a></li> <li>Willowford Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Hill_Signal_Tower" title="Pike Hill Signal Tower">Pike Hill Signal Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Regular and linear features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)">Vallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Way_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Military Way (Hadrian's Wall)">Military Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path" title="Hadrian's Wall Path">Hadrian's Wall Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Turret (Hadrian's Wall)">Turrets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#99cc88;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template talk:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Roman visitor sites in the UK</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignor_Roman_Villa" title="Bignor Roman Villa">Bignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brading_Roman_Villa" title="Brading Roman Villa">Brading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedworth_Roman_Villa" title="Chedworth Roman Villa">Chedworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofton_Roman_Villa" title="Crofton Roman Villa">Crofton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubris#Roman_Painted_House" title="Dubris">Dover Painted House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Fishbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Witcombe_Roman_Villa" title="Great Witcombe Roman Villa">Great Witcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlecote_Roman_Villa" title="Littlecote Roman Villa">Littlecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa" title="Lullingstone Roman Villa">Lullingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Roman_Villa" title="Newport Roman Villa">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Leigh_Roman_Villa" title="North Leigh Roman Villa">North Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piddington_Roman_Villa" title="Piddington Roman Villa">Piddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockbourne_Roman_Villa" title="Rockbourne Roman Villa">Rockbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparsholt_Roman_Villa" title="Sparsholt Roman Villa">Sparsholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum#Reconstructed_villa" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/120px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/250px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1166" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Forts & military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambleside_Roman_Fort" title="Ambleside Roman Fort">Ambleside Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_52" title="Milecastle 52">Banks East Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinovia" title="Vinovia">Binchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Birdoswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Castle_(Roman_fortification)" title="Burgh Castle (Roman fortification)">Burgh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Chesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derventio_Brigantum" title="Derventio Brigantum">Derventio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardknott_Roman_Fort" title="Hardknott Roman Fort">Hardknott Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Housesteads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Roman_Fort" title="Lancaster Roman Fort">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunt_Roman_Fort" title="Lunt Roman Fort">Lunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_Burrow_Roman_Fort" title="Over Burrow Roman Fort">Over Burrow (Lancaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderitum" title="Anderitum">Pevensey Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portchester_Castle" title="Portchester Castle">Portchester Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richborough_Castle" title="Richborough Castle">Richborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Aldborough Roman Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Silchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Roman_Museum" title="Canterbury Roman Museum">Canterbury Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnae_Carvetiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnae Carvetiorum">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon_Roman_Fortress_and_Baths" title="Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths">Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">Colchester Castle Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Museum" title="Corinium Museum">Corinium Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall_Museum" title="Jewry Wall Museum">Jewry Wall Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum" title="National Roman Legion Museum">National Roman Legion Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Senhouse Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)#Museums" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium Trust (Melrose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums#Verulamium_Museum" title="St Albans Museums">Verulamium Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Other sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Bath Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum#Other_buildings" title="Condercum">Benwell Roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Baths Museum">Caerleon Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre">Chester Roman Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall" title="Jewry Wall">Jewry Wall, Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Roman_Baths" title="Welwyn Roman Baths">Welwyn Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum#Archaeological_remains" title="Eboracum">York Roman Baths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131391#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131391#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata378" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131391#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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