CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/favicon.ico" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#bc1e1e" />     <script async src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LT2JJFE01S'></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-LT2JJFE01S'); </script>   <title>Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences – College of Agricultural & Life Sciences</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.wisc.cloud' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences » Feed" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences » Comments Feed" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences » Home Comments Feed" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/home/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/pasdept.wisc.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=75d9448f962b551f98c504b250de714c"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=75d9448f962b551f98c504b250de714c' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='outermost-icon-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-outermost-icon-block{display:flex;line-height:0}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.has-border-color{border:none}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .has-icon-color svg,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.has-icon-color svg{color:currentColor}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .has-icon-color:not(.has-no-icon-fill-color) svg,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.has-icon-color:not(.has-no-icon-fill-color) svg{fill:currentColor}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .icon-container{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block a,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block svg{height:100%;transition:transform .1s ease-in-out;width:100%}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block a:hover{transform:scale(1.1)}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block svg{transform:rotate(var(--outermost--icon-block--transform-rotate,0deg)) scaleX(var(--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-x,1)) scaleY(var(--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-y,1))}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .rotate-90,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.rotate-90{--outermost--icon-block--transform-rotate:90deg}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .rotate-180,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.rotate-180{--outermost--icon-block--transform-rotate:180deg}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .rotate-270,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.rotate-270{--outermost--icon-block--transform-rotate:270deg}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .flip-horizontal,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.flip-horizontal{--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-x:-1}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .flip-vertical,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.flip-vertical{--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-y:-1}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .flip-vertical.flip-horizontal,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.flip-vertical.flip-horizontal{--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-x:-1;--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-y:-1} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cals_blocks_and_patterns-cgb-style-css-css' href='https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/cals-block-and-patterns/dist/blocks.style.build.css?ver=1.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='directory_manager-cgb-style-css-css' href='https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/directory/dist/blocks.style.build.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: var(--cals-color-black);--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: var(--cals-color-white);--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: var(--cals-color-gray-50);--wp--preset--color--medium-gray: var(--cals-color-gray-300);--wp--preset--color--gray: var(--cals-color-gray-600);--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: var(--cals-color-gray-900);--wp--preset--color--primary-red: var(--cals-color-primary-400);--wp--preset--color--secondary-red: var(--cals-color-primary-300);--wp--preset--color--light-red: var(--cals-color-primary-200);--wp--preset--color--very-light-red: var(--cals-color-primary-100);--wp--preset--color--primary-blue: var(--cals-color-secondary-400);--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue: var(--cals-color-secondary-300);--wp--preset--color--light-blue: var(--cals-color-secondary-200);--wp--preset--color--very-light-blue: var(--cals-color-secondary-100);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blue-to-darkblue: linear-gradient(150deg, var(--cals-color-secondary-400) 0%, var(--cals-color-secondary-300) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blue-to-lightblue: linear-gradient(150deg, var(--cals-color-secondary-300) 0%, var(--cals-color-secondary-200) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--red-to-darkred: linear-gradient(150deg, var(--cals-color-primary-400) 0%, var(--cals-color-primary-300) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--red-to-lightred: linear-gradient(150deg, var(--cals-color-primary-300) 0%, var(--cals-color-primary-200) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--white-to-gray: linear-gradient(150deg, var(--cals-color-gray-50) 0%, var(--cals-color-gray-100) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: clamp(0.775rem, 0.775rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.044), 13px);--wp--preset--font-size--medium: clamp(1rem, 1rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.145), 1.125rem);--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(1.75rem, 1.75rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.145), 1.875rem);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large: clamp(4rem, 4rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 6.957), 10rem);--wp--preset--font-family--red-hat-display: "Red Hat Display", sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--system-font: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--red-hat-text: "Red Hat Text", sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: clamp(1.5rem, 5vw, 2rem);--wp--preset--spacing--40: clamp(1.8rem, 1.8rem + ((1vw - 0.48rem) * 2.885), 3rem);--wp--preset--spacing--50: clamp(2.5rem, 8vw, 4.5rem);--wp--preset--spacing--60: clamp(3.75rem, 10vw, 7rem);--wp--preset--spacing--70: clamp(5rem, 5.25rem + ((1vw - 0.48rem) * 9.096), 8rem);--wp--preset--spacing--80: clamp(7rem, 14vw, 11rem);--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 1200px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1700px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks { padding-top: var(--wp--style--root--padding-top); padding-bottom: var(--wp--style--root--padding-bottom); }.has-global-padding { padding-right: var(--wp--style--root--padding-right); padding-left: var(--wp--style--root--padding-left); }.has-global-padding > .alignfull { margin-right: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-right) * -1); margin-left: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-left) * -1); }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) > .alignfull { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{--wp--style--root--padding-top: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-right: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-bottom: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-medium-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-gray) !important;}.has-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray) !important;}.has-dark-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-primary-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-red) !important;}.has-secondary-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-red) !important;}.has-light-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-red) !important;}.has-very-light-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--very-light-red) !important;}.has-primary-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-blue) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue) !important;}.has-light-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-blue) !important;}.has-very-light-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--very-light-blue) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-medium-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-gray) !important;}.has-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray) !important;}.has-dark-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-primary-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-red) !important;}.has-secondary-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-red) !important;}.has-light-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-red) !important;}.has-very-light-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--very-light-red) !important;}.has-primary-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-blue) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue) !important;}.has-light-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-blue) !important;}.has-very-light-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--very-light-blue) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-medium-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-gray) !important;}.has-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray) !important;}.has-dark-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-primary-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-red) !important;}.has-secondary-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-red) !important;}.has-light-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-red) !important;}.has-very-light-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--very-light-red) !important;}.has-primary-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-blue) !important;}.has-secondary-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary-blue) !important;}.has-light-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-blue) !important;}.has-very-light-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--very-light-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-blue-to-darkblue-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blue-to-darkblue) !important;}.has-blue-to-lightblue-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blue-to-lightblue) !important;}.has-red-to-darkred-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--red-to-darkred) !important;}.has-red-to-lightred-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--red-to-lightred) !important;}.has-white-to-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--white-to-gray) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-xx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large) !important;}.has-red-hat-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--red-hat-display) !important;}.has-system-font-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--system-font) !important;}.has-red-hat-text-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--red-hat-text) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: clamp(0.984em, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2em) * 0.598), 1.5em);line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cals-blocksandpatterns-material-icons-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons&ver=75d9448f962b551f98c504b250de714c' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cals-blocksandpatterns-admin-styles-css' href='https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/cals-block-and-patterns/gb-enhancements/blockstyles.css?ver=1.4.24' type='text/css' media='' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='calsv4-admin-styles-css' href='https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/stylesgb/main-gb.css?ver=4.3.1' type='text/css' media='' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='main_css-css' href='https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/styles/main.css?ver=4.3.1' type='text/css' media='' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='calsv4-style-css' href='https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/style.css?ver=75d9448f962b551f98c504b250de714c' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/cals-block-and-patterns/template-parts/nativejs/elementinview.js?ver=1.4.24" id="cals-blocksandpatterns-frontend-scripts-elementinview-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/cals-block-and-patterns/template-parts/nativejs/list-options.js?ver=1.4.24" id="cals-blocksandpatterns-frontend-scripts-listoptions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/cals-block-and-patterns/template-parts/nativejs/tabs.js?ver=1.4.24" id="cals-blocksandpatterns-frontend-scripts-tabs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/cals-block-and-patterns/template-parts/nativejs/isotope.min.js?ver=3.0.6" id="cals-blocksandpatterns-frontend-scripts-isotope-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/directory/template-parts/nativejs/directoryfilter.js?ver=1.2.4" id="cals-blocksandpatterns-frontend-scripts-directoryfilters-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/5" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://pasdept.wisc.edu/' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpasdept.wisc.edu%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpasdept.wisc.edu%2F&format=xml" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/xmlrpc.php"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/favicon.ico" /> <style>#wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-site-name>.ab-item:before { content: none !important;}li#wp-admin-bar-site-name a { background: url( "https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/favicon.ico" ) left center/20px no-repeat !important; padding-left: 21px !important; background-size: 20px !important; } li#wp-admin-bar-site-name { margin-left: 5px !important; } li#wp-admin-bar-site-name {} #wp-admin-bar-site-name div a { background: none !important; } </style><style id='wp-fonts-local' type='text/css'> @font-face{font-family:"Red Hat Display";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/fonts/red-hat-display/RedHatDisplay-VariableFont_wght.ttf') format('truetype');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Red Hat Display";font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/fonts/red-hat-display/RedHatDisplay-Italic-VariableFont_wght.ttf') format('truetype');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Red Hat Display";font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/fonts/red-hat-display/RedHatDisplay-VariableFont_wght.ttf') format('truetype');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Red Hat Display";font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/fonts/red-hat-display/RedHatDisplay-Italic-VariableFont_wght.ttf') format('truetype');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Red Hat Text";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/fonts/red-hat-text/RedHatText-VariableFont_wght.ttf') format('truetype');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Red Hat Text";font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/fonts/red-hat-text/RedHatText-Italic-VariableFont_wght.ttf') format('truetype');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Red Hat Text";font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/fonts/red-hat-text/RedHatText-VariableFont_wght.ttf') format('truetype');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Red Hat Text";font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/fonts/red-hat-text/RedHatText-Italic-VariableFont_wght.ttf') format('truetype');font-stretch:normal;} </style> </head> <body class="home page-template-default page page-id-5 no-sidebar"> <div id="mobile-nav-links-container"> <nav role="navigation"> <div class="menu-main-navigation-menu-container"><ul id="mobile-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-22005" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-22005"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-22127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22127"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/agroecology-major/">Agroecology Major</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21067" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21067"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/agronomy-major/">Agronomy Major</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21065" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21065"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/horticulture-major/">Horticulture Major</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17545" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17545"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/undergraduate-research-opportunities/">Research Opportunities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21607" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-21607"><a href="https://cals.wisc.edu/academics/undergraduate/funding-your-education/cals-scholarships/#how-do-i-apply-for-cals-scholarships">Scholarships</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21600" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21600"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/student-orgs/">Student Orgs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16334" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16334"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/forms/">Forms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-21074" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-21074"><a href="#">Graduate</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-18150" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18150"><a href="https://agroecology.wisc.edu/">Agroecology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21658"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/agronomy-graduate/">Agronomy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21699" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21699"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/horticulture-graduate/">Horticulture</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18151" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18151"><a href="https://plantbreeding.wisc.edu/about/general-information/">Plant Breeding & Plant Genetics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19844"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/graduate-student-resources/">Graduate Student Resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-12536" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12536"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/research/">Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17000" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-17000"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/extension-outreach/">Extension & Outreach</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-19102" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19102"><a href="http://www.coolbean.info/">Coolbean</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19107" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19107"><a href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/forage/">UW Forage Research Extension</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19103" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19103"><a href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/pat/">Pesticide Application Training (PAT)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19104" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19104"><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/">UW Corn Extension</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19105" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19105"><a href="http://wcws.cals.wisc.edu/">UW Crop Weed Science</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20038" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20038"><a href="http://fruit.wisc.edu/">UW Fruit Crops</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19109"><a href="http://cornbreeding.wisc.edu/">UW Silage and Biofeedback Breeding Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19106" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19106"><a href="https://wiscweeds.info/">UW Weed Science</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-11923" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-11923"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/">People</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-18916" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18916"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/faculty/">Faculty</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12178" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12178"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/administration/">Department Administration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12202" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12202"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/staff/">Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12632" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12632"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/research-associates/">Research Associates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18915" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18915"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/graduate-students/">Graduate Students</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-11055" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11055"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/news/">News & Announcements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16999" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16999"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/about/">About</a></li> </ul></div></nav> </div> <div id="mobile-nav-modal-close"></div> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div id="search-modal"> <div class="search-form-container mt-lg">  <form role="search" method="get" class="search search--center search--rounded mb-xl" action="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/"> <label class="search__label mb"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search</span> <input type="search" class="search__input" placeholder="Search" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search__submit" title="Search"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24px" viewBox="0 -960 960 960" width="24px"><path d="M781.69-136.92 530.46-388.16q-30 24.77-69 38.77-39 14-80.69 14-102.55 0-173.58-71.01-71.03-71.01-71.03-173.54 0-102.52 71.01-173.6 71.01-71.07 173.54-71.07 102.52 0 173.6 71.03 71.07 71.03 71.07 173.58 0 42.85-14.38 81.85-14.39 39-38.39 67.84l251.23 251.23-42.15 42.16ZM380.77-395.38q77.31 0 130.96-53.66 53.66-53.65 53.66-130.96t-53.66-130.96q-53.65-53.66-130.96-53.66t-130.96 53.66Q196.15-657.31 196.15-580t53.66 130.96q53.65 53.66 130.96 53.66Z"/></svg> </button> </label> </form> </div> <button id="search-close-button" aria-label="Close Search"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="36px" viewBox="0 -960 960 960" width="36px" fill="#5f6368"><path d="M481-419.85 283.08-220.92q-13.31 13.3-30.89 13-17.57-.31-31.27-14-12.69-13.7-12.19-30.08t13.19-30.08L418.85-480 220.92-679.92q-12.3-13.31-12.5-29.89-.19-16.57 12.5-30.27 13.7-13.69 31.08-14.19t31.08 13.19L481-542.15l195.92-198.93q13.31-13.3 30.89-13 17.57.31 31.27 14 12.69 13.7 12.19 30.08t-13.19 30.08L541.15-480l196.93 197.92q12.3 12.31 13 29.39.69 17.07-12 30.77-13.7 13.69-31.08 14.19t-31.08-13.19L481-419.85Z"/></svg> </button> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header "> <div id="uw-bar"> <a id="uw-madison-link" href="https://wisc.edu"> <span class="fullUWTitle">University <span class="lowercase-text">of</span> Wisconsin-Madison</span> <span class="smallUWTitle">UW-Madison</span> </a> <div id="uw-bar-right-content"> <div class="uwresources"> <div class="menu-resources-menu-container"><ul id="menu-resources-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-17041" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-17041"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/departmental-resources/">Departmental Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-17048" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17048"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/departmental-resources/facilities/">Department Facilities & Agricultural Research Stations (ARS)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18765" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18765"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/departmental-resources/instructional-facilities-and-scheduling/">Instructional Facilities and Scheduling</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17049" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17049"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/departmental-resources/dei-resources/">Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-17765" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-17765"><a href="#">Campus Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-17043" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17043"><a href="https://my.wisc.edu">My UW</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17045" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17045"><a href="https://www.map.wisc.edu/">Campus Map</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20354" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20354"><a href="https://transportation.wisc.edu/help-center/">Transportation Services</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-17008" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-17008"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/alumni-friends/">Alumni & Friends</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-17027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17027"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/alumni-friends/#connect-with-us">Connect With Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17026" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17026"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/alumni-friends/#ways-to-give-back">I Want to Give Back</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17025" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17025"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/alumni-friends/#departmental-newsletters">Departmental Newsletters</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </div> <button id="search-trigger" aria-label="Open Search" title="Open Search"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="20px" viewBox="0 -960 960 960" width="20px" fill="var(--cals-color-white--global)"><path d="M380.77-335.39q-102.46 0-173.54-71.07-71.07-71.08-71.07-173.54t71.07-173.54q71.08-71.07 173.54-71.07t173.54 71.07q71.07 71.08 71.07 173.54 0 42.85-14.38 81.85-14.39 39-38.39 67.84l230.16 230.16q8.31 8.3 8.5 20.88.19 12.58-8.5 21.27t-21.08 8.69q-12.38 0-21.07-8.69L530.46-388.16q-30 24.77-69 38.77-39 14-80.69 14Zm0-59.99q77.31 0 130.96-53.66 53.66-53.65 53.66-130.96t-53.66-130.96q-53.65-53.66-130.96-53.66t-130.96 53.66Q196.15-657.31 196.15-580t53.66 130.96q53.65 53.66 130.96 53.66Z"/></svg> </button>  <button id="nightmode-button" title="Night Mode"> <div class="nighticon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="20px" viewBox="0 -960 960 960" width="20px"><path d="M481.15-140Q339-140 240.08-238.92 141.16-337.85 141.16-480q0-118.38 73.26-210.46 73.27-92.08 195.19-118.69 12.62-3.16 22.23.61 9.62 3.77 15.62 11.23 6 7.47 7.08 18.12 1.07 10.65-5 21.27-12.39 22.54-18.39 46.92-6 24.39-6 51 0 98.46 68.77 167.23T661.15-424q29.47 0 56.31-7.46 26.85-7.46 47-17.31 9.85-4.3 19.23-3.04 9.39 1.27 16.08 6.27 7.31 5 10.88 13.66 3.58 8.65.81 20.34-21.31 118-114.81 194.77Q603.15-140 481.15-140Z"/></svg>  </div> <div class="dayicon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="20px" viewBox="0 -960 960 960" width="20px"><path d="M480-300q-74.92 0-127.46-52.54Q300-405.08 300-480q0-74.92 52.54-127.46Q405.08-660 480-660q74.92 0 127.46 52.54Q660-554.92 660-480q0 74.92-52.54 127.46Q554.92-300 480-300ZM80-450q-12.75 0-21.37-8.63Q50-467.26 50-480.01q0-12.76 8.63-21.37Q67.25-510 80-510h90q12.75 0 21.38 8.63 8.62 8.63 8.62 21.38 0 12.76-8.62 21.37Q182.75-450 170-450H80Zm710 0q-12.75 0-21.38-8.63-8.62-8.63-8.62-21.38 0-12.76 8.62-21.37Q777.25-510 790-510h90q12.75 0 21.37 8.63 8.63 8.63 8.63 21.38 0 12.76-8.63 21.37Q892.75-450 880-450h-90ZM479.99-760q-12.76 0-21.37-8.62Q450-777.25 450-790v-90q0-12.75 8.63-21.37 8.63-8.63 21.38-8.63 12.76 0 21.37 8.63Q510-892.75 510-880v90q0 12.75-8.63 21.38-8.63 8.62-21.38 8.62Zm0 710q-12.76 0-21.37-8.63Q450-67.25 450-80v-90q0-12.75 8.63-21.38 8.63-8.62 21.38-8.62 12.76 0 21.37 8.62Q510-182.75 510-170v90q0 12.75-8.63 21.37Q492.74-50 479.99-50ZM240.23-678.38l-50.31-48.93q-8.92-8.31-8.61-20.88.31-12.58 8.73-21.89 9.19-9.3 21.58-9.3 12.38 0 21.07 9.3L282-720.15q8.69 9.3 8.69 21.07t-8.5 21.08q-8.5 9.31-20.57 8.81-12.08-.5-21.39-9.19Zm487.08 488.46L678-239.85q-8.69-9.3-8.69-21.38 0-12.08 8.69-20.77 8.12-9.31 20.29-8.81t21.48 9.19l50.31 48.93q8.92 8.31 8.61 20.88-.31 12.58-8.73 21.89-9.19 9.3-21.58 9.3-12.38 0-21.07-9.3ZM678-677.81q-9.31-8.5-8.81-20.57.5-12.08 9.19-21.39l48.93-50.31q8.31-8.92 20.88-8.61 12.58.31 21.89 8.73 9.3 9.19 9.3 21.58 0 12.38-9.3 21.07L720.15-678q-9.3 8.69-21.07 8.69t-21.08-8.5ZM189.92-189.84q-9.3-9.39-9.3-21.78 0-12.38 9.3-21.07L239.85-282q9.3-8.69 21.38-8.69 12.08 0 20.77 8.69 8.92 8.12 8.42 20.29t-8.8 21.48l-48.93 50.31q-8.69 9.3-21.07 9-12.39-.31-21.7-8.92Z"/></svg>  </div> </button> <div class="darknotification"> <h3><div class="icon"><svg height="512px" id="Layer_1" style="enable-background:new 0 0 512 512;" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 512 512" width="512px" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g><g><path d="M343.1,315c-1.8,0.1-3.5,0.1-5.3,0.1c-29.1,0-56.5-11.3-77.1-31.9c-20.6-20.6-31.9-48-31.9-77.1 c0-16.6,3.7-32.6,10.6-47.1c3.1-6.4,6.8-12.5,11.1-18.2c-7.6,0.8-14.9,2.4-22,4.6c-46.8,14.8-80.7,58.5-80.7,110.2 c0,63.8,51.7,115.5,115.5,115.5c35.3,0,66.8-15.8,88-40.7c4.8-5.7,9.2-11.9,12.8-18.5C357.3,313.6,350.3,314.7,343.1,315z"/></g></g></svg></div> Dark Mode On</h3> <p>Your device is set to dark mode so this site is matching that preference. You can click the <strong>sun icon</strong> to change your site experience.</p> <button id="darkmode-notification-close" title="Close Darkmode Notification"><svg id="Layer_1" style="enable-background:new 0 0 512 512;" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><path d="M437.5,386.6L306.9,256l130.6-130.6c14.1-14.1,14.1-36.8,0-50.9c-14.1-14.1-36.8-14.1-50.9,0L256,205.1L125.4,74.5 c-14.1-14.1-36.8-14.1-50.9,0c-14.1,14.1-14.1,36.8,0,50.9L205.1,256L74.5,386.6c-14.1,14.1-14.1,36.8,0,50.9 c14.1,14.1,36.8,14.1,50.9,0L256,306.9l130.6,130.6c14.1,14.1,36.8,14.1,50.9,0C451.5,423.4,451.5,400.6,437.5,386.6z"/></svg></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-in-header"> <div> <div class="large-nav-header"> <div class="container-in-header" id="site-name-bar"> <nav role="navigation" class="mobile-nav-button-container"> <button id="mobile-nav-button" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-label="mobile menu" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="hamburger-div" id="hamburger-1"></div> <div class="hamburger-div" id="hamburger-2"></div> <div class="hamburger-div" id="hamburger-3"></div> </button> </nav> <div class="site-logo"> <a class="site-branding-link" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/" rel="home"> <div class="site-branding"> <img src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/resources/assets/images/uw-crest-web.svg" alt="UW Crest" id="uw-crest"> <div class="site-title-description-group">  <span class="site-title"><div class="site-title-text">Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences</div></span> <p class="site-description">College of Agricultural & Life Sciences</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="container-in-header" id="main-navigation-container"> <nav id="site-main-navigation" class="container-in-header-content not-mobile" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-main-navigation-menu-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-22005"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22127"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/agroecology-major/">Agroecology Major</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21067"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/agronomy-major/">Agronomy Major</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21065"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/horticulture-major/">Horticulture Major</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17545"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/undergraduate-research-opportunities/">Research Opportunities</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-21607"><a href="https://cals.wisc.edu/academics/undergraduate/funding-your-education/cals-scholarships/#how-do-i-apply-for-cals-scholarships">Scholarships</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21600"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/student-orgs/">Student Orgs</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16334"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/undergraduate/forms/">Forms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-21074"><a href="#">Graduate</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18150"><a href="https://agroecology.wisc.edu/">Agroecology</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21658"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/agronomy-graduate/">Agronomy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21699"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/horticulture-graduate/">Horticulture</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18151"><a href="https://plantbreeding.wisc.edu/about/general-information/">Plant Breeding & Plant Genetics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19844"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/graduate-student-resources/">Graduate Student Resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12536"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/research/">Research</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-17000"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/extension-outreach/">Extension & Outreach</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19102"><a href="http://www.coolbean.info/">Coolbean</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19107"><a href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/forage/">UW Forage Research Extension</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19103"><a href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/pat/">Pesticide Application Training (PAT)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19104"><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/">UW Corn Extension</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19105"><a href="http://wcws.cals.wisc.edu/">UW Crop Weed Science</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20038"><a href="http://fruit.wisc.edu/">UW Fruit Crops</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19109"><a href="http://cornbreeding.wisc.edu/">UW Silage and Biofeedback Breeding Program</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19106"><a href="https://wiscweeds.info/">UW Weed Science</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-11923"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/">People</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18916"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/faculty/">Faculty</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12178"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/administration/">Department Administration</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12202"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/staff/">Staff</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12632"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/research-associates/">Research Associates</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18915"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/graduate-students/">Graduate Students</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11055"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/news/">News & Announcements</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16999"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/about/">About</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <div class="section-content"> <article id="post-5" class="post-5 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <header class="entry-header">  </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="wp-block-cover alignfull enable-play-pause-controls aspect-ratio-none" style="min-height:400px;aspect-ratio:unset;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-20 has-background-dim"></span><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="2048" height="1151" class="wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-17111" alt="" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/Designed-farm-fields.jpeg" style="object-position:52% 97%" data-object-fit="cover" data-object-position="52% 97%" srcset="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/Designed-farm-fields.jpeg 2048w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/Designed-farm-fields-300x169.jpeg 300w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/Designed-farm-fields-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/Designed-farm-fields-768x432.jpeg 768w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/Designed-farm-fields-1536x863.jpeg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /><div class="wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-default has-x-large-font-size"><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Creating a healthier, more resilient agriculture</span></span></h2> </div></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-verlag-wdash has-x-large-font-size slideinfromleft anim-delay-025" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:800">Welcome</h2> <p class="has-text-align-center has-large-font-size slideinfromleft anim-delay-05" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:200">Our department integrates plant sciences with agroecological approaches to create more resilient crops and landscapes in response to a changing climate and other global pressures placed on food-energy-water systems.</p> <div style="height:40px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-cover alignfull enable-play-pause-controls aspect-ratio-none"><span aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-cover__background has-gray-background-color has-background-dim"></span><div class="wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-verlag-wdash has-dark-gray-color has-text-color has-large-font-size slideinfrombottom anim-delay-025">Department News</h2> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column slideinfrombottom anim-delay-05 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <style> /* base styles for block */ .cals-wp-remote .row { margin-bottom: 2rem; } /* layout structure for list display option this works with and without feature image selected */ .remoteContentGB.list .row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(100px, 1fr)); gap: 2rem; /* mmdev: come back to improving list layout with flex */ /* display: flex; flex-direction: row; gap: 2rem; align-items: flex-start; */ } .remoteContentGB.list .row .textcontent a { font-size: inherit; /* text-decoration: none; */ } .remoteContentGB.list .row .textcontent .excerpt { font-size: inherit; margin-top: 1rem; line-height: 1.2; } .remoteContentGB.list .row img { max-width: 80%; height: auto; border-radius: 6px; object-fit: cover; object-position: center; box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 14px; } /* style the date class text */ .remoteContentGB.list .row .textcontent .date { font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1rem; /* text-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.25); */ margin-bottom: 4px; } /* Display as feature style */ .remoteContentGB.feature { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 2rem; } .remoteContentGB.feature .row img { width: 100%; height: 300px; border-radius: 6px; object-fit: cover; object-position: center; box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 14px; } .remoteContentGB.feature .row { padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0rem; } .remoteContentGB.feature .textcontent a { display: block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 900; vertical-align: center; } .remoteContentGB.feature .textcontent .date { font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 14px; } /* styles for display as grid */ .remoteContentGB.grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); grid-auto-rows: minmax(300px, 1fr); gap: 1.5rem; } .remoteContentGB.grid .row img { height: 13.5rem; object-fit: cover; object-position: center; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; } .remoteContentGB.grid .row { display: flex; flex-direction: column; position: relative; box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); background: rgb(18 18 18 / 60%); border-radius: 5px; } .remoteContentGB.grid .row .textcontent { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1.5rem; color: #fff; padding: 1.5rem; text-align: center; font-size: inherit; } .remoteContentGB.grid .row .textcontent a { font-size: clamp(10px, 4vw, 22px); color: #fff; /* font-weight: bold; */ } .remoteContentGB.grid .row .textcontent .excerpt { margin-top: 1.2rem; text-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.25); } /* style the date class text */ .remoteContentGB.grid .row .textcontent .date { font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1rem; color: #adadad; text-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.25); } </style> <div id="cals-wp-remote-block_dba9268da31562304c3655f67e47573a" class="cals-wp-remote"> <div class="remoteContentGB grid hide-excerpt" data-remoteurl="https://ecals.cals.wisc.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/posts?per_page=3&tags=728&_embed" data-remotenum="0"> <div class="loadingWrapper"><div class="loading"></div></div> </div> </div> <script> (function ($) { var remotecount = 0; var showfeaturedimage = true; var showdate = true; var showexcerpt = false; var displayas = 'grid'; $("#cals-wp-remote-block_dba9268da31562304c3655f67e47573a .remoteContentGB").each(function() { remotecount = remotecount + 1; var spinner = $(this).find(".loadingWrapper"); var remoteelem = "remotelocation"+remotecount; $(this).addClass(remoteelem); var remoteurl = $(this).attr("data-remoteurl"); // console.log(remoteurl); $.ajax( { url: remoteurl, success: function ( data ) { $(spinner).hide(); // console.log(data); $(data).each(function() { // console.log(this.title.rendered); var postdate = new Date(this.date); var month = postdate.toLocaleString('default', { month: 'long' }); var newrow = "<div class='row'>"; if(showfeaturedimage) { var featuredimage = ""; // mmdev: added the try/catch because the query was stopping when there was no featured image // so not all news stories would get displayed. try { featuredimage = this._embedded['wp:featuredmedia'][0].media_details.sizes.medium_large.source_url; } catch (error) { // If there is no feature image (object undefined), then we'll set a default image so the query will keep going featuredimage = "https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/cals-block-and-patterns/template-parts/blocks/remote-wp-content/images/wisc-placeholder-img-md.jpg"; // console.log(error); } newrow = newrow + "<img alt='featured story photo' fetchpriority='high' src='"+featuredimage+"' />"; } newrow = newrow + "<div class='textcontent'>"; if(showdate) { newrow = newrow + "<div class='date'>" + month + ' ' + postdate.getDate() + ', ' + postdate.getFullYear() + "</div>"; } newrow = newrow + "<a href='"; newrow = newrow + this.link; newrow = newrow + "'>"+this.title.rendered+"</a>"; //showdate code was here if(showexcerpt) { newrow = newrow + "<div class='excerpt'>" + this.excerpt.rendered + "</div>"; } newrow = newrow + "</div>"; newrow = newrow + "</div>"; $("#cals-wp-remote-block_dba9268da31562304c3655f67e47573a .remoteContentGB").append(newrow); }); //mmdev: this code is not being used, and it was causing an uncaught reference error in the console everywhere. // I need to double check and make sure, but I think this code can be removed! // $(".remotePost").attr("href", post.link); // $( '.remotePost #quote-title' ).text( post.title.rendered ); // $( '#quote-content' ).html( post.excerpt.rendered ); // // If the Source is available, use it. Otherwise hide it. // if ( typeof post.custom_meta !== 'undefined' && typeof post.custom_meta.Source !== 'undefined' ) { // $( '#quote-source' ).html( 'Source:' + post.custom_meta.Source ); // } else { // $( '#quote-source' ).text( '' ); // } }, cache: true } ); }); })(jQuery); </script> </div> </div> <div style="height:40px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button is-style-red-button slideinfrombottom anim-delay-05"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/news/">More news</a></div> </div> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-cover alignfull is-light is-style-default enable-play-pause-controls aspect-ratio-none"><span aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-cover__background has-white-background-color has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim"></span><div class="wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-verlag-wdash has-large-font-size slideinfrombottom anim-delay-025">Explore World Class Academics</h2> <div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-group is-style-transparent-with-padding has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-default is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top slideinfrombottom anim-delay-05 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-outermost-icon-block items-justified-center"><a class="icon-container has-icon-color has-secondary-red-color" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/academics/undergraduate/" style="color:#C5050C;width:120px" aria-label="Undergraduate Programs"><svg id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 48.8677 35.9663" aria-label="Undergraduate Programs" aria-hidden="true"><path class="cls-1" d="M45.7354,10.5737l3.1323-1.2016L24.4341,0,0,9.3721l7.9126,3.0353-.1567,16.4251,16.6787-4.8579,16.647,4.8281-.127-16.3951,2.7808-1.0668V27.5705l-3.1167,5.6297,1.75,.9688,1.3667-2.4687v4.2661h2v-4.2655l1.3662,2.4681,1.75-.9688-3.1162-5.6296V10.5737Zm-6.6743,15.5601l-14.6274-4.2422-14.6523,4.2681,.1242-12.9878,14.5286,5.5732,14.5264-5.5725,.1006,12.9612Zm-14.627-9.5312L5.584,9.3721,24.4341,2.1416l18.8496,7.2305-18.8496,7.2305Z"></path></svg></a></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Undergraduate</h2> <p class="has-text-align-center">Explore plant biology-focused undergraduate majors.</p> <div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-2 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button is-style-red-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/academics/undergraduate/">Undergraduate Programs</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column slideinfrombottom anim-delay-05 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-outermost-icon-block items-justified-center"><a class="icon-container has-icon-color has-secondary-red-color" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/academics/graduate/" style="color:#C5050C;width:73px" aria-label="Graduate Programs"><svg id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/SVG" viewBox="0 0 40.7 43.83" aria-label="Graduate Programs" aria-hidden="true"><path class="cls-1" d="M36.77,43.83H3.93A3.93,3.93,0,0,1,.76,37.58l13-17.66V0H27V19.92l13,17.66a3.93,3.93,0,0,1-3.17,6.25ZM15.73,2V20.57L2.38,38.77a1.92,1.92,0,0,0,1.55,3.06H36.77a1.92,1.92,0,0,0,1.55-3.06L25,20.57V2Z"></path><rect class="cls-1" x="11.95" width="16.94" height="2"></rect><rect class="cls-1" x="4.33" y="34.42" width="24.56" height="2"></rect><rect class="cls-1" x="8.99" y="27.07" width="11.36" height="2"></rect><rect class="cls-1" x="14.73" y="19.71" width="11.23" height="2"></rect></svg></a></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-default">Graduate</h2> <p class="has-text-align-center">Learn about our MS and PhD offerings in plant <br>science, plant breeding and agroecology.</p> <div style="height:14px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-3 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button is-style-red-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/graduate-students/">Graduate Programs</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-cover alignfull enable-play-pause-controls aspect-ratio-none"><span aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-40 has-background-dim"></span><img decoding="async" width="2560" height="1707" class="wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-19285" alt="" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/51667065067_449131b1fb_o-scaled.jpg" style="object-position:48% 58%" data-object-fit="cover" data-object-position="48% 58%" srcset="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/51667065067_449131b1fb_o-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/51667065067_449131b1fb_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/51667065067_449131b1fb_o-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/51667065067_449131b1fb_o-768x512.jpg 768w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/51667065067_449131b1fb_o-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/51667065067_449131b1fb_o-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /><div class="wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow"> <div style="height:20px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-default has-large-font-size slideinfrombottom anim-delay-025">Research, innovation & discovery</h2> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p class="has-text-align-center has-white-color has-text-color has-medium-font-size slideinfrombottom anim-delay-025"><strong>Through transdisciplinary investigations ranging from understanding the inner workings of plants to their interactions with landscapes and climate we leverage technology and data science to improve resilience, sustainability and adaptation of agricultural systems</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-4 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button is-style-red-button slideinfrombottom anim-delay-025"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/research/">Explore Research</a></div> </div> <div style="height:20px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> </div></div> <div style="height:55px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-default has-large-font-size slideinfromleft anim-delay-025">Putting the Wisconsin Idea <br>into practice</h2> <p class="has-text-align-center slideinfromleft anim-delay-05" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600">We serve Wisconsin’s farming and food industries with fundamental and applied research and have strong partnerships with the Division of Extension and the USDA Agricultural Research Service. </p> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-5 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button is-style-red-button slideinfromleft anim-delay-05"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/extension-outreach">Extension & Outreach </a></div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column slideinfrombottom anim-delay-025 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <div style="height:5px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-style-default"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/48949660778_36436e2097_o-1024x683.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-19289" srcset="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/48949660778_36436e2097_o-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/48949660778_36436e2097_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/48949660778_36436e2097_o-768x512.jpg 768w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/48949660778_36436e2097_o-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/48949660778_36436e2097_o-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> </div> </div> <div style="height:50px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-cover alignfull has-parallax enable-play-pause-controls aspect-ratio-none" style="min-height:350px;aspect-ratio:unset;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim"></span><div role="img" class="wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-19056 has-parallax" style="background-position:50% 50%;background-image:url(https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2023/06/Bascom_Hill_Sunrise21_2097.jpg)"></div><div class="wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-default has-large-font-size"><span style="color:#FFFFFF" class="tadv-color">We value and support all identities </span></h2> <p class="has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:700"><span class="tadv-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><strong>Diversity and inclusion are core values of the UW鈥揗adison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS). We strive to make our climate the best it can be for all students, faculty and staff, and we are committed to offering an excellent learning and work environment.</strong></span></p> </div></div> </div> </article> </div> </main> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="footer-content"> <div class="footerWidgetAreas"> <div class="footer-widget-area col-1"> <aside id="block-12" class="widget widget_block"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Contact</h2> </aside><aside id="block-26" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p><a href="https://goo.gl/maps/nCiXSVPtyDta3YgB6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Sciences Building/Moore Hall<br>1575 Linden Drive<br>Madison, WI 53706</a></p> </aside><aside id="block-27" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p><a href="tel:608-262-1390">608-262-1390</a></p> </aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-area col-2"> <aside id="block-16" class="widget widget_block"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Resources</h2> </aside><aside id="block-17" class="widget widget_block"> <ul class="is-style-no-bullets-list wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/academics/undergraduate/" data-type="page" data-id="5015">Undergraduate Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/academics/graduate/" data-type="page" data-id="5030">Graduate Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/departmental-resources/dei-resources/" data-type="page" data-id="16871">Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/people/" data-type="page" data-id="5007">Faculty & Staff Directory</a></li> </ul> </aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-area col-3"> <aside id="block-2" class="widget widget_block"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Support</h2> </aside><aside id="block-3" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p>You can help support the Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences by making a gift to the University of Wisconsin Foundation.</p> </aside><aside id="block-4" class="widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-6 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://secure.supportuw.org/give/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Make a gift</a></div> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-area col-4 addedborder">  <div class="social-icons-container"> </div> <aside id="block-21" class="widget widget_block widget_media_image"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/384/2019/01/CALSlogo_footer-1.svg" alt="" class="wp-image-14997" style="width:405px;height:218px"/></figure> </aside><aside id="block-22" class="widget widget_block"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center"><a href="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/alumni-friends/#connect-with-us">Connect With Us</a></h3> </aside><aside id="block-19" class="widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-style-no-gap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-outermost-icon-block items-justified-center"><a class="icon-container has-icon-color has-gray-color" href="https://www.instagram.com/uwmadisonpas/" style="color:#757575;width:40px" aria-label="department instagram icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="department instagram icon" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg></a></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-outermost-icon-block items-justified-center"><a class="icon-container has-icon-color has-gray-color" href="https://twitter.com/UWMadisonPAS" style="color:#757575;width:40px" aria-label="department twitter icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="department twitter icon" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-outermost-icon-block items-justified-center"><a class="icon-container has-icon-color has-gray-color" href="https://www.facebook.com/UWMadisonPAS" style="color:#757575;width:40px" aria-label="department facebook icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="department facebook icon" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-outermost-icon-block items-justified-center"><a class="icon-container has-icon-color has-gray-color" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/uwmadisonpas/" style="color:#757575;width:40px" aria-label="department facebook icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="department facebook icon" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg></a></div> </div> </div> </aside><aside id="block-24" class="widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-7 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://explore.wisc.edu/plantagroscilanding">Join our mailing list</a></div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-info"> <div id="footer-copyright"> <a href="https://wisc.edu/privacy-notice/">Privacy Notice</a> | ©2025 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System <div class="footer-accessibility">Feedback, questions or accessibility issues: <a class="footer-contact" href="mailto:websupport@cals.wisc.edu">websupport@cals.wisc.edu</a></div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <style> .networkfooterWrapper { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.7); position:relative; z-index:6; } .networkfooterlinks { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr; column-gap: 2rem; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 600px; text-align: center; font-size: 0.7rem; padding: 1rem; padding-top: 0.6rem; padding-bottom: 0.6rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.7); } .networkfooterlinks a:link, .networkfooterlinks a:hover, .networkfooterlinks a:visited, .networkfooterlinks a:active { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.7); } </style> <div class="networkfooterWrapper"> <div class="networkfooterlinks"> <a href="https://webhosting.cals.wisc.edu/wp-admin" class="footerLogin" data-origdomain="pasdept.wisc.edu">Login</a> <a href="https://webhosting.cals.wisc.edu/contact-us/" target="_blank">Request Help</a> <a href="https://webhosting.cals.wisc.edu/docs-list/" target="_blank">Help Docs</a> </div> </div> <script> function handleLogin() { console.log("handling login request..."); // Disable default link. In the event JS fails to load this link will just take them to the central login WP login. // Set cookie timer for 5 min, enough time to get through Net ID with MFA. var now = new Date(); now.setSeconds(now.getSeconds() + 300); // Query the DB to find the real root domain of the current site. This is needed for sites with domain mapping to properly re-route. // moved to data attibute var rootdomain = document.querySelector(".footerLogin").dataset.origdomain; console.log("rootdomain: " + rootdomain); // Set cross sub domain cookie document.cookie = "frontface="+rootdomain+"; expires=" + now.toUTCString() + "; path=/; domain=.wisc.edu;" // Proceed to Net ID -> WP Dashboard with cookie set. window.location.href = "https://webhosting.cals.wisc.edu/wp-admin"; } document.querySelector(".footerLogin").addEventListener("click", function(e) { handleLogin(); }); var maintenancelink = document.querySelector(".maintenance .center .description p a"); if(maintenancelink) { document.querySelector(".maintenance .center .description p a").addEventListener("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); handleLogin(); }); } </script> <style> body.admin-bar input[type="submit"] { position: relative !important; left: 0em; opacity: 1; } </style> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1{justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-2{justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-3{justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-4{justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-5{justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-6{justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-7{justify-content:center;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.wisc.cloud/cookie-consent/1.1.0/uwcookieconsent.min.js?ver=1.1.0" id="uw-cookie-consent-plugin-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="uw-cookie-consent-plugin-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.addEventListener("load", function(){window.cookieconsent.initialize()}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/scripts/main.js?ver=4.3.1" id="main_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/js/navigation.js?ver=4.3.1" id="calsv4-navigation-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js?ver=4.3.1" id="calsv4-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/js/blocks/cover.js?ver=4.3.1" id="cover_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pasdept.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/calsv4/assets/js/custom.min.js?ver=4.3.1" id="calsv4-customjs-js"></script> </body> </html>