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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admissions_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Admissions criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exit_examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exit_examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Exit examination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exit_examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honor_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honor_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Honor societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honor_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Careers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Careers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Careers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Careers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_and_French-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_and_French-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>France and French-speaking countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_French-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Program rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_graduate_business_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_graduate_business_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Related graduate business degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_graduate_business_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctoral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctoral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Doctoral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctoral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meestersgraad_in_Besigheidsadministrasie" title="Meestersgraad in Besigheidsadministrasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meestersgraad in Besigheidsadministrasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ماجستير إدارة الأعمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماجستير إدارة الأعمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznesin_idar%C9%99_edilm%C9%99si_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_magistr" title="Biznesin idarə edilməsi üzrə magistr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biznesin idarə edilməsi üzrə magistr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0" title="ব্যবসায় প্রশাসনে স্নাতকোত্তর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবসায় প্রশাসনে স্নাতকোত্তর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0ster_en_administraci%C3%B3_d%27empreses" title="Màster en administració d'empreses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màster en administració d'empreses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meistr_Gweinyddiaeth_Busnes" title="Meistr Gweinyddiaeth Busnes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meistr Gweinyddiaeth Busnes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_business_administration" title="Master of business administration – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Master of business administration" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%84%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Μεταπτυχιακό στη Διοίκηση Επιχειρήσεων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταπτυχιακό στη Διοίκηση Επιχειρήσεων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maestr%C3%ADa_en_Administraci%C3%B3n_de_Empresas" title="Maestría en Administración de Empresas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maestría en Administración de Empresas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enpresen_Zuzendaritza_eta_Kudeaketa_Masterra" title="Enpresen Zuzendaritza eta Kudeaketa Masterra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Enpresen Zuzendaritza eta Kudeaketa Masterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت کسب‌وکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestrado_en_administraci%C3%B3n_de_negocios" title="Mestrado en administración de negocios – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mestrado en administración de negocios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%98%81%ED%95%99_%EC%84%9D%EC%82%AC" title="경영학 석사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경영학 석사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="व्यवसाय प्रबंध में स्नातकोत्तर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यवसाय प्रबंध में स्नातकोत्तर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_nke_Nch%E1%BB%8Bkwa_Az%E1%BB%A5maah%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_Administrasi_Bisnis" title="Magister Administrasi Bisnis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magister Administrasi Bisnis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_in_Business_Administration" title="Master in Business Administration – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Master in Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಮಾಸ್ಟರ್‌ ಆಫ್‌ ಬಿಸಿನೆಸ್‌ ಅಡ್ಮಿನಿಸ್ಟ್ರೇಷನ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಸ್ಟರ್‌ ಆಫ್‌ ಬಿಸಿನೆಸ್‌ ಅಡ್ಮಿನಿಸ್ಟ್ರೇಷನ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96" title="Іскерлік басқару магистрі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Іскерлік басқару магистрі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslo_administravimo_magistras" title="Verslo administravimo magistras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Verslo administravimo magistras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="मास्टर ऑफ बिझनेस ॲडमिनिस्ट्रेशन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मास्टर ऑफ बिझनेस ॲडमिनिस्ट्रेशन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarjana_Pentadbiran_Perniagaan" title="Sarjana Pentadbiran Perniagaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sarjana Pentadbiran Perniagaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="စီးပွားရေးလုပ်ငန်း စီမံခန့်ခွဲမှု မဟာဘွဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီးပွားရေးလုပ်ငန်း စီမံခန့်ခွဲမှု မဟာဘွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%8C%E5%96%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB" title="経営学修士 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="経営学修士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBA" title="MBA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="MBA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਾਸਟਰ ਆਫ਼ ਬਿਜ਼ਨਸ ਐਡਮਿਨਿਸਟ੍ਰੇਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਸਟਰ ਆਫ਼ ਬਿਜ਼ਨਸ ਐਡਮਿਨਿਸਟ੍ਰੇਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Магистр делового администрирования – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магистр делового администрирования" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_poslovne_administracije" title="Master poslovne administracije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Master poslovne administracije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Master of Business Administration" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="முதுகலை வணிக மேலாண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுகலை வணிக மேலாண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%8E" title="ఎంబిఎ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎంబిఎ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="MBA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="工商管理碩士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="工商管理碩士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="工商管理碩士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="工商管理碩士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Master's degree in business leadership</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MBA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MBA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MBA (disambiguation)">MBA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>Master of Business Administration</b> (<b>MBA</b> also <b>Master in Business Administration</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional</a> <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate degree">postgraduate degree</a> focused on <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration; <a href="/wiki/Elective_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Elective course">elective courses</a> may allow further study in a particular area but an MBA is normally intended to be a general program. It originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MBA programs in the United States typically require completing about forty to sixty semester <a href="/wiki/Credit_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit hour">credit hours</a>, much higher than the thirty semester credit hours typically required for other US master's degrees that cover some of the same material. The UK-based <a href="/wiki/Association_of_MBAs" title="Association of MBAs">Association of MBAs</a> accreditation requires "the equivalent of at least 1,800 hours of learning effort", equivalent to 45 US semester credit hours or 90 European <a href="/wiki/ECTS_credits" class="mw-redirect" title="ECTS credits">ECTS credits</a>, the same as a standard UK master's degree. <a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a> bodies for business schools and MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education. Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time, part-time, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">executive</a> (abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends) and <a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a> students, many with specialized concentrations. </p><p>An "Executive MBA", or EMBA, is a degree program similar to an MBA program that is specifically structured for and targeted towards corporate executives and senior managers who are already in the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Tuck_School_of_Business" title="Tuck School of Business">Tuck School of Business</a> was founded at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offering the first <a href="/wiki/Advanced_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced degree">advanced degree</a> in business: the Master of Science in Commerce, a predecessor of the MBA.<sup id="cite_ref-Stabile2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stabile2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first MBA was launched eight years later, at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Business_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration">Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration</a>, with 15 faculty members, 33 regular students and 47 special students.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first-year curriculum was based on <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a>’s theory of scientific management. The number of MBA students at Harvard increased quickly, from 80 in 1908, over 300 in 1920, and 1,070 in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Leach_1993_288_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leach_1993_288-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, only American universities offered MBAs, although business schools offering other qualifications had existed in Europe since the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Leach_1993_288_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leach_1993_288-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other milestones include: </p> <ul><li>1943: First Executive MBA (EMBA) program for working professionals at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Booth_School_of_Business" title="University of Chicago Booth School of Business">University of Chicago Booth School of Business</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1950: First MBA outside of the United States, in Canada (<a href="/wiki/Ivey_Business_School" title="Ivey Business School">Ivey Business School</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Western_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Western Ontario">The University of Western Ontario</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a> in South Africa in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1953: First MBA offered at an Asian school at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Social_Welfare_and_Business_Management" title="Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management">Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management</a> in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1957: First MBA in Europe, and the first one-year MBA, offered by <a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Differences_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Differences-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963: First MBA program offered in the Spanish-speaking world by <a href="/wiki/Universidad_ESAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad ESAN">ESAN</a>- Graduate School of Business in Perú (South America), under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business" title="Stanford Graduate School of Business">Stanford Graduate School of Business</a>, United States. Sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a>- United States Agency for International Development, at the request of former President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, which organizes the main business schools in the United States to study and explore the possibilities of developing management education projects in Latin America. Thus, on July 25, 1963, la Escuela de Administración de Negocios para Graduados-<a href="/wiki/Universidad_ESAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad ESAN">ESAN</a> was founded, within the framework of an agreement between the governments of Peru and the United States to offer the Master's program in Business Administration for interested applicants from all over Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963: First MBA offered in Korea by Korea University Business School (KUBS).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994: First online executive MBA program at <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a> (Canada).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accreditation">Accreditation</h2></div> <p>Globally, the three most important accreditations of MBA programs and business schools are the <a href="/wiki/Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business" title="Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business">Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business</a> ((AACSB), <a href="/wiki/Association_of_MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of MBA">Association of MBAs</a> (AMBA), and the <a href="/wiki/EFMD_Quality_Improvement_System" title="EFMD Quality Improvement System">EFMD Quality Improvement System</a> (EQUIS), with holding all three of these being known as <a href="/wiki/Triple_accreditation" title="Triple accreditation">triple accreditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, AMBA offers programmatic accreditation for MBAs and other graduate degrees, while the others take a broader view, offering accreditation of the school rather than the MBA program (EFMD also offers programmatic accreditation, separately from EQUIS).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a> or MBA program accreditation by external agencies provides students and employers with an independent view of the school or program's quality, as well as whether the curriculum meets specific quality standards. Currently the three major accrediting bodies in the United States are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business" title="Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business">Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business</a> (AACSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Business_Schools_and_Programs" title="Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs">Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs</a> (ACBSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Assembly_for_Collegiate_Business_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education">International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education</a> (IACBE)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>All of these groups also accredit schools outside the U.S. The <a href="/wiki/ACBSP" class="mw-redirect" title="ACBSP">ACBSP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IACBE" class="mw-redirect" title="IACBE">IACBE</a> are themselves recognized in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Higher_Education_Accreditation" title="Council for Higher Education Accreditation">Council for Higher Education Accreditation</a> (CHEA).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MBA programs with specializations for students pursuing careers in healthcare management also eligible for accreditation by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Accreditation_of_Healthcare_Management_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education">Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education</a> (CAHME). </p><p>U.S. MBA programs may also be accredited at the institutional level. Bodies that accredit institutions as a whole include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_States_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools">Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools</a> (MSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges" title="New England Association of Schools and Colleges">New England Association of Schools and Colleges</a> (NEASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Learning_Commission" title="Higher Learning Commission">Higher Learning Commission</a> (HLC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_Education_Accrediting_Commission" title="Distance Education Accrediting Commission">Distance Education Accrediting Commission</a> (DEAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Commission_on_Colleges_and_Universities" title="Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities">Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities</a> (NWCCU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Southern Association of Colleges and Schools">Southern Association of Colleges and Schools</a> (SACS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Association_of_Schools_and_Colleges" title="Western Association of Schools and Colleges">Western Association of Schools and Colleges</a> (WASC)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_2">United States</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programs">Programs</h3></div> <p>Full-time MBA programs normally take place over two academic years (i.e. approximately 18 months of term time). For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, they often begin in late August or early September of year one and continue until May or June of year two, with a three to four-month summer break in between years one and two. Students enter with a reasonable amount of prior real-world work experience and take classes during weekdays like other university students. A typical full-time, accelerated, part-time, or modular MBA requires 60 credits (600 class hours) of graduate work. </p><p>Accelerated MBA programs are a variation of the two-year programs. They involve a higher course load with more intense class and examination schedules and are usually condensed into one year. They usually have less downtime during the program and between semesters. For example, there is no three to four-month summer break, and between semesters there might be seven to ten days off rather than three to five weeks vacation. Accelerated programs typically have a lower cost than full-time two-year programs. </p><p>Part-time MBA programs normally hold classes on weekday evenings after normal working hours, or on weekends. Part-time programs normally last three years or more. The students in these programs typically consist of working professionals, who take a light course load for a longer period of time until the graduation requirements are met. </p><p>Evening (second shift) MBA programs are full-time programs that normally hold classes on weekday evenings, after normal working hours, or on weekends for a duration of two years. The students in these programs typically consist of working professionals, who can not leave their work to pursue a full-time regular shift MBA. Most second shift programs are offered at universities in India. </p><p>Modular MBA programs are similar to part-time programs, although typically employing a lock-step curriculum with classes packaged together in blocks lasting from one to three weeks. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Executive_MBA_(EMBA)"></span> Executive (part-time) MBA (EMBA) programs developed to meet the educational needs of managers and executives, allowing students to earn an MBA (or another business-related graduate degree) in two years or less while working full-time. Participants come from every type and size of organization – profit, nonprofit, government – representing a variety of industries. EMBA students typically have a higher level of work experience, often 10 years or more, compared to other MBA students. In response to the increasing number of EMBA programs offered, The Executive MBA Council was formed in 1981 to advance executive education. </p><p>Full-time executive MBA programs are a new category of full-time one year MBA programs aimed at professionals with approximately five years or more. They are primarily offered in countries like India where the two-year MBA program is targeted at fresh graduates with no experience or minimal experience. These full-time executive MBA programs are similar to one year MBA programs offered by schools like Insead and <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Management_Development" title="International Institute for Management Development">IMD</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">Distance learning</a> MBA programs hold classes off-campus. These programs can be offered in a number of different formats: <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Correspondence course">correspondence courses</a> by <a href="/wiki/Postal_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal mail">postal mail</a> or email, non-interactive <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast video">broadcast video</a>, pre-recorded video, live <a href="/wiki/Teleconference" title="Teleconference">teleconference</a> or <a href="/wiki/Videoconference" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconference">videoconference</a>, offline or online computer courses. Many schools offer these programs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a> programs combine distance learning with face-to-face instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These programs typically target working professionals who are unable to attend traditional part-time programs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MBA dual degree programs combine an MBA with others (such as an MS, MA, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Engineering" title="Master of Engineering">MEng</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>, etc.) to let students cut costs (dual programs usually cost less than pursuing two degrees separately), save time on education and to tailor the business education courses to their needs. This is generally achieved by allowing core courses of one program to count as electives in the other. Some business schools offer programs in which students can earn both a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a> and an MBA in five years. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mini-MBA" title="Mini-MBA">Mini-MBA</a> is a term used by many non-profit and <a href="/wiki/For-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="For-profit">for-profit</a> institutions to describe a <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a> regimen focused on the fundamentals of business. In the past, Mini-MBA programs have typically been offered as non-credit bearing courses that require less than 100 hours of total learning. However, due to the criticisms of these certificates, many schools have now shifted their programs to offer courses for full credit so that they may be applied towards a complete traditional MBA degree. This is to allow students to verify business-related coursework for employment purposes and still allow the option to complete a full-time MBA degree program at a later period if they elect to do so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions_criteria">Admissions criteria</h3></div> <p>Many programs base their <a href="/wiki/University_and_college_admission" title="University and college admission">admission</a> decisions on a combination of undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">grade point average</a>, academic transcripts, entrance exam scores (for example, the GMAT or the GRE test score), a résumé containing significant work experience, essays, letters of recommendation, group discussions, and personal interviews. Some schools are also interested in extracurricular activities, community service activities, or volunteer work and how the student can improve the school's diversity and contribute to the student body as a whole. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Management_Admission_Test" title="Graduate Management Admission Test">Graduate Management Admission Test</a> (GMAT) is the most prominently used entrance exam for admissions into MBA programs. The <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Record_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Record Examination">Graduate Record Examination</a> (GRE) is also accepted by almost all MBA programs in order to fulfill any entrance exam requirement they may have.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some schools do not weigh entrance exam scores as heavily as other criteria, and some programs do not require entrance exam scores for admission. In order to achieve a diverse class, business schools also consider the target male-female ratio and local-international student ratios. In rare cases, some MBA degrees do not require students to have an undergraduate degree and will accept significant management experience in lieu of an undergraduate degree. In the UK, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> (HND) or even <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Certificate" title="Higher National Certificate">Higher National Certificate</a> (HNC) is acceptable in some programs. </p><p>Depending on the program, type and duration of work experience can be a critical admissions component for many MBA programs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many top-tier programs require five or more years of work experience for admission.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MBA admissions <a href="/wiki/Consulting_firm" title="Consulting firm">consulting services</a> have been increasingly used by prospective MBA applicants to improve their chances of admission. They are most common in the U.S., with as many as one-quarter of applicants using these services in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they have been gaining popularity elsewhere, including India<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Canada. <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">Consultants</a> can provide basic coaching including help with program selection, mock interviews, and essay proofreading, though some will provide other services like writing essays from scratch. The use of consulting services is frowned upon by many business schools' admissions committees, and applications can be hurt by looking like they were written with a consultant, such as by having a high level of writing compared to the candidate's speech or not appearing unique. Some also express concern that they give an unfair advantage to students who can afford the services' high costs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content">Content</h3></div> <p>In general, MBA programs are structured around core courses - an essentially standard curriculum <sup id="cite_ref-Core_Courses_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Core_Courses-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MFT-MBA_Test_Description_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFT-MBA_Test_Description-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - and elective courses that may allow for a subject specialty or concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in the program's first year (or part), students acquire both a working knowledge of management functions and the analytical skills required for these, while in the second year (part), students pursue elective courses, which may count towards a specialization. (Topics in <a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">business ethics</a> may be included at the generalist or specialist level.) After the first year, many full-time students seek <a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">internships</a>. The degree culminates with coursework in <a href="/wiki/Business_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Business strategy">business strategy</a>, the program <a href="/wiki/Capstone_course" title="Capstone course">capstone</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Project#School_and_university" title="Project">major project</a> is usually a degree requirement after the completion of coursework. Many MBA programs end with a comprehensive exit examination; see below. </p><p>For Executive MBA programs, the core curriculum is generally similar, but may seek to leverage the strengths associated with the more seasoned and professional profile of the student body, emphasizing leadership, and drawing more from the specific experience of the individual students.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Programs are designed such that students gain exposure to theory and practice alike.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courses include lectures, case studies, and team projects; the mix though, will differ by school<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="#Programs">by format</a>. Theory is covered in the classroom setting by <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">academic faculty</a>, and is reinforced through the <a href="/wiki/Case_method" title="Case method">case method</a>, placing the student in the role of the decision maker. Similar to real world business situations, cases include both constraints and incomplete information. Practical learning (field immersion) often comprises <a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">consulting projects</a> with real clients, and is generally undertaken in teams (or "syndicates").<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practical elements (as well as the case studies) often involve <a href="/wiki/Clinical_professor" title="Clinical professor">external practitioners</a>—sometimes business executives—supporting the teaching from academic faculty. (See <a href="/wiki/Business_school#Case_studies" title="Business school">Business school § Case studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_school#Other_approaches" title="Business school">§ Other approaches</a>; and, generally, <a href="/wiki/Business_education#Postgraduate_education" title="Business education">Business education § Postgraduate education</a>.) </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" width="400"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3">MBA Course Structure </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Core </td></tr> <tr> <td>Analytical</td> <td>Accounting, <a href="/wiki/Economics_education#Business_degrees" title="Economics education">economics for management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">organizational behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_mathematics#Postgraduate" title="Business mathematics">quantitative analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business statistics">business statistics</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Functional</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">human resource management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">marketing management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">operations management</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethics</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electives </td> <td colspan="2">Common broad electives include: <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">international business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Management information systems">management information systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Business law">business law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational design">organizational design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="Negotiations">negotiations</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">international finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, managing non-profits and <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investing" title="Real estate investing">real estate investing</a>. Additionally, many other elective options of a more specialized nature are offered by various institutions. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Capstone </td> <td>Strategy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">business leadership</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Research</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Research_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Research methodology">Research methodology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Project#School_and_university" title="Project">major project</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" width="400"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Common MBA Specializations/Concentrations </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">corporate finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">investment management</a>), <a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">international business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">healthcare administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Management information systems">management information systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_science" title="Management science">management science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">operations management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational design">organizational design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">strategy</a>, among others. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As outlined, courses begin with underlying topics<sup id="cite_ref-Core_Courses_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Core_Courses-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then progress to more advanced functional topics where these are applied; see aside. </p><p>The analytic skills required for management are usually covered initially. The accounting course(s) may treat <a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">management accounting</a> separately or in one hybrid course. Financial accounting deals mainly in the interpretation (and preparation) of financial statements while management accounting deals mainly in the analysis of internal results. The economics course covers <a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">managerial economics</a>, a technical course that mainly focuses on product pricing as influenced by microeconomic theory, and aggregate-or <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a>, which deals with topics like the banking system, the money supply, and inflation. <a href="/wiki/Operations_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operations Research">Operations Research</a> and statistics are sometimes combined as "Managerial Decision-Making" or "<a href="/wiki/Business_mathematics#Postgraduate" title="Business mathematics">Quantitative Decision-Making</a>"; organizational behavior and human resource management may similarly be combined. In many programs, applicants with appropriate background may be exempt from various analytical courses. </p><p>With these as underpin, the course then covers the core management functions, and, in turn, allows students to select from further advanced topics as appropriate. Some programs treat the curricula here in two parts: the first course provides an overview, while the second revisits the subject in-depth (perhaps as specializations); alternatively, the first addresses short-term, tactical problems, while the second addresses long-term, strategic problems (e.g., "Financial Management I" might cover <a href="/wiki/Working_capital_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Working capital management">working capital management</a>, while part II covers <a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance#Investment_and_project_valuation" title="Corporate finance">capital investment decisions</a>). An <a href="/wiki/Information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Information systems">Information systems</a> / <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">technology</a> course is increasingly included as a core functional course rather than an elective. Ethics training is often delivered with coursework in corporate social responsibility and corporate governance. Note that - generally - courses here, although technical in scope, are, ultimately, oriented toward corporate management. (For example, the principal finance course may cover the technicalities of financial instrument valuation and <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital raising</a>, but does so from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Managerial_finance" title="Managerial finance">managerial finance</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a>.) Technically-oriented courses, if offered, will be via a specialization. </p><p>Programs may also include coursework-based training in the skills needed at senior levels of management: <a href="/wiki/Soft_skills" title="Soft skills">soft skills</a>, such as (general) leadership and negotiation; hard skills, such as <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreadsheets">spreadsheets</a> and project management; <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_thought#Creative_processes" title="Outline of thought">thinking skills</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> and creativity. Training in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> and corporate social responsibility is similarly included. Company visits (including overseas travel), and guest lectures or seminars with CEOs and <a href="/wiki/Business_guru" title="Business guru">management personalities</a> may also be included. These, with the core subjects, provide the graduate with breadth, while the specialty courses provide depth. </p><p>For the business strategy component, the degree capstone, the focus is on finding <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">competitive advantage</a> and the long-term positioning and management of the entity as a whole. Here, the key functional areas are thus synthesized to an overall view; the strategy course depicts how the various sub-disciplines integrate to tell one continuous story, with each discipline complementing the others. Corresponding training in <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurial_leadership" title="Entrepreneurial leadership">business leadership</a> may also be scheduled and participation in a <a href="/wiki/Business_simulation" title="Business simulation">business simulation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Business_game" title="Business game">game</a> is also a common degree requirement. "Strategy" may be offered as a sequence of courses, beginning in the first part (formulation) and culminating in the second (execution), or as a single intensive course, offered during the second part. Some programs offer a specialization in "strategy", others in <a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">management consulting</a> which substantially addresses the same issues. </p><p>The MBA dissertation (or thesis in some universities) will, in general, comprise the following in some combination:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">discussion of the literature</a>, providing a critical review and structuring of what is known on a given topic, to address a specific problem; a <a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">case study</a> that goes beyond simple description, containing the analysis of hitherto unpublished material; a test of the application or limitations of some known principle or technique in a particular situation, and/or suggested modifications. </p><p>As an alternative to the dissertation, some programs instead allow for a <a href="/wiki/Project#School_and_university" title="Project">major project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-degree.net_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degree.net-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here (part-time) students will address a problem current in their organization; particularly in programs with an <a href="/wiki/Action_learning" title="Action learning">action learning</a> orientation, these may be practically oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-degree.net_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degree.net-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most MBA programs require additional course work in research methodology, preceding the dissertation or project. Some programs allow that the research component as a whole may be substituted with additional elective coursework. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exit_examination">Exit examination</h4></div> <p>Many MBA programs culminate in a <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_examination" title="Comprehensive examination">comprehensive exit examination</a>. The national <a href="/wiki/Standardized_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized exam">standardized exam</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Major_Field_Test_for_Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration">Major Field Test for MBAs</a> (MFT-MBA) has been administered in the MBA programs of over 300 U.S. universities.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MFT-MBA aims to assess skills, knowledge, and reasoning ability within the domain of standard MBA curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-MFT-MBA_Test_Description_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFT-MBA_Test_Description-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is administered by <a href="/wiki/Educational_Testing_Service" title="Educational Testing Service">Educational Testing Service</a>. Another prominent option for comprehensive exit exams is the Common Professional Component Comprehensive Exam for MBAs (CPC COMP Exam for MBAs) owned by Peregrine Academic Services.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many programs choose to administer their own in-house exam rather than a standardized test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honor_societies">Honor societies</h3></div> <p>Honor societies recognize individuals for high achievement in MBA programs. These honor societies include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Gamma_Sigma" title="Beta Gamma Sigma">Beta Gamma Sigma</a> - membership requires one to be in the top 20% of their program's class after completing half of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Mu_Delta" title="Delta Mu Delta">Delta Mu Delta</a> - membership requires one to be in the top 20% of their program's class and have a GPA of at least 3.6 after completing half of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Financial Management Association - membership requires one to have a 3.5 overall GPA, or a 3.5 GPA in finance and finance-related courses, after completing half of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>T10 - membership requires one to have scored in the top 10% in the country on a national comprehensive MBA exam.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Careers">Careers</h3></div> <p>An MBA prepares individuals for many types of careers. According to a survey by the Graduate Management Admissions Council, 64% of year 2012 MBA graduates used their MBA to change careers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more common jobs an MBA prepares one for include: </p> <ul><li>Business analyst or strategist</li> <li>Business development analyst, associate, or manager</li> <li>Market research analyst</li> <li>Managing Director (of a department)</li> <li>Investment banker</li> <li>Entrepreneur/founder</li> <li>Financial analyst, associate, or manager</li> <li>Management consultant</li> <li>Marketing associate, analyst, or manager</li> <li>Portfolio manager</li> <li>Healthcare administrator, analyst, or manager</li> <li>Project analyst or strategist</li> <li>Product analyst, associate, or manager</li> <li>Program analyst, associate, or manager</li> <li>Operations analyst, associate, or manager<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, in its Executive Education Rankings for 2012, included five African business schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, business schools administered as colleges within the traditional universities offer a variety of MBA programs. In addition, a few standalone business schools allied with foreign business schools exist in Nigeria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_South_Africa" title="List of business schools in South Africa">List of business schools in South Africa</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, South Africa's Council on Higher Education (CHE) completed an extensive re-accreditation of MBA degrees offered in the country in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana">Ghana</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, business schools of the traditional universities run a variety of MBA programs. Foreign accredited institutions offer MBA degrees by distance learning in Ghana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Education in Kenya</a></div> <p>MBA programs in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> are offered in many public and private universities. </p><p>Students choose to specialize in one of the following areas: accounting, finance, entrepreneurship, insurance, and human resources. The course takes four semesters of about four months each. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Asia" title="List of business schools in Asia">List of business schools in Asia</a></div> <p>International MBA programs are acquiring brand value in Asia. For example, while a foreign MBA is still preferred in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, many students are now studying at one of many "Global MBA" English language programs being offered. English-only MBA programs are also offered in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. For international students who want a different experience, many Asian programs offer scholarships and discounted tuition to encourage an international environment in the classroom. </p><p>Rankings have been published for Asia Pacific schools by <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Inc." title="Asia Inc.">Asia Inc.</a></i>, which is a regional business magazine with distribution worldwide. The importance of MBA education in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has risen, too.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3></div> <p>There are now more than 50 business schools in Bangladesh offering the MBA, predominantly targeting graduates without any work experience. Most MBAs are two years full-time. Sensibly there is little use of GMAT. The Business Schools conduct their own admission tests instead although the rationale for this instead of providing introductory courses and certifications is unclear. Classes are taught in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <p>In 1990, the Academic Degrees Office of the State Council formally approved the establishment of MBA degrees and piloted MBA education. In 1991, the Academic Degrees Office of the State Council approved 9 domestic colleges and universities to carry out MBA education pilot work. Since then, mainland <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has successively approved more institutions for MBA education training unit. At present, a total of 229 colleges and universities have opened MBA programs in the system, with a total of more than 500 programs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_MBA_schools_in_India" title="List of MBA schools in India">List of MBA schools in India</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, MBA degree is a 2-year postgraduate qualification designed to equip students with advanced business skills and knowledge. It typically covers a wide range of subjects including finance, marketing, human resources, operations, and strategy. One can get MBA degree offline as well as offline. </p><p>There are many business schools and colleges in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> offering two-year MBA or PGDM programs accredited by <a href="/wiki/All_India_Council_for_Technical_Education" title="All India Council for Technical Education">AICTE</a> or <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">UGC</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a> is among the world's most selective schools according to Bloomberg magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They offer MBA degrees. There are 20 IIMs in total.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, two business schools offer an accredited MBA degree (AACSB, AMBA, or EQUIS). The concept of an MBA is still not considered mainstream as traditional companies still perceive that knowledge and learning with respect to business and management can only be effectively gained through experience and not within a classroom. In fact, some companies have been known to place recent MBA recipients in unrelated fields, or try to re-acclimate their Japanese employees who have spent years overseas earning the degree. As a consequence, academic institutions in Japan are attempting to reinvent the perception of the MBA degree, by taking into account the local corporate culture.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3></div> <p>In Malaysia, the MBA degree is highly valued by employers for its emphasis on practical skills and strategic thinking. It is often seen as a pathway to career advancement and increased earning potential. </p><p>Admission requirements for MBA programs in Malaysia typically include a bachelor's degree from a recognized institution, relevant work experience, and sometimes, standardized test scores such as the GMAT or GRE. </p><p>Both public and private universities offer MBA and EMBA degrees. Most MBAs are in full-time and part-time modes. All MBA degrees are fully conducted in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3></div> <p>In recent years, universities in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> are providing both general MBA for freshers and Executive MBA for working professionals. Apart from this, there is distance learning center that are providing online MBA course assosicated with abroad universities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> first offered an MBA program outside the United States in 1955 in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Now in Pakistan, there are 187 Universities/Institutes which are recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, offering MBA programs to students and professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> has different MBA programs of high standing. The 3 national universities in Singapore have top MBA programs; <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Management_University" title="Singapore Management University">Singapore Management University</a> has <a href="/wiki/Triple_accreditation" title="Triple accreditation">triple accreditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> is top 20 in the world according to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> MBA ranking<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanyang Business School">Nanyang Business School</a> is ranked top 100 regarding <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. In addition, many international institutions such as <a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESSEC_Business_School" title="ESSEC Business School">ESSEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDHEC_Business_School" title="EDHEC Business School">EDHEC</a> and others have a campus in Singapore where MBA programs, among others, are offered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3></div> <p>Korean universities offer full-time and part-time MBA programs that usually consist of a two-year curriculum. The first MBA program was offered in 1963 by Korea University Business School (KUBS). In 2007, the Korean Government established "BK21," a project that supports Korean universities in order to develop their competitiveness in the global MBA market. Korea University Business School topped the evaluation of BK21 professional business graduate schools for six consecutive years. In the meantime, only two universities in Korea ranked in the "2015 Global Top 100 Executive MBA (EMBA) Rankings" conducted by UK <i>Financial Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_University_Business_School" title="Korea University Business School">Korea University Business School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yonsei_University" title="Yonsei University">Yonsei University</a> ranked 27th and 45th worldwide, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Europe" title="List of business schools in Europe">List of business schools in Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <p>In 1957, <a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires</i></span>, or European Institute of Business Administration) became the first European university to offer an MBA degree, and also pioneered the one-year (12-month) degree that has become standard across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Differences_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Differences-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Management_School" title="Antwerp Management School">Antwerp Management School</a> (postgraduate program in business management) in 1959<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/ESADE_Business_School" title="ESADE Business School">ESADE Business School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smurfit_Graduate_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Smurfit Graduate School of Business">University Culture Dublin</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Business_School,_Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1964. Also in 1964, <a href="/wiki/IESE_Business_School" title="IESE Business School">IESE Business School</a> launched the first two-year MBA in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Franks Report in the UK in 1963, a number of British business schools were established in the 1960s offering MBA courses (initially called MSc courses at most institutions until rebranded in the 1970s), mostly at the new <a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">plate glass universities</a> and former <a href="/wiki/College_of_advanced_technology_(United_Kingdom)" title="College of advanced technology (United Kingdom)">colleges of advanced technology</a> that had become universities since 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Lock_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two major schools set up by the UK government as a direct result of the report were <a href="/wiki/London_Business_School" title="London Business School">London Business School</a>, which offered an MBA from 1966, and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Business School">Manchester Business School</a>, which opened in 1965 but did not offer an MBA until 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Lock_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these were two year courses, despite Franks' recommendation to pursue one-year master's degrees, and were initially called MScs rather than MBAs. The first course to actually bear the title of MBA was the 12-month course launched by the <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_Business_School" title="Strathclyde Business School">University of Strathclyde</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Lock_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other 12-month master's courses also started in the 1960s, including at <a href="/wiki/Aston_Business_School" title="Aston Business School">Aston</a> (as a diploma until 1975),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bradford_School_of_Management" title="University of Bradford School of Management">Bradford</a> (1968),<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bayes_Business_School" title="Bayes Business School">City</a> (1966),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cranfield_School_of_Management" title="Cranfield School of Management">Cranfield</a> (1968),<sup id="cite_ref-Lock_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Durham_University_Business_School" title="Durham University Business School">Durham</a> (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Business_School" title="Warwick Business School">Warwick</a> (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere, MBAs were launched at the <a href="/wiki/Vlerick_Business_School" title="Vlerick Business School">KU Leuven</a> in 1968;<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/HEC_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="HEC School of Management">HEC School of Management</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_MBAs" title="Association of MBAs">Association of MBAs</a> was established in Britain in 1967 as the Business Graduates Association. It started accrediting British MBAs in 1983, expanding this to cover international schools and distance learning MBAs in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve UK business schools formed the Conference of University Management Schools (now the Chartered Association of Business Schools) in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_for_Management_Development" title="European Foundation for Management Development">European Foundation for Management Development</a> was founded in 1972 to promote management education in Europe, and had 193 members by 1973. It established the <a href="/wiki/EFMD_Quality_Improvement_System" title="EFMD Quality Improvement System">EFMD Quality Improvement System</a> accreditation for business schools in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, MBA programs of <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private universities</a> have to be accredited by the Austrian Accreditation Council (<i>Österreichischer Akkreditierungsrat</i>). State-run universities have no accreditation requirements, however, some of them voluntarily undergo accreditation procedures by independent bodies. There are also MBA programs of non-academic business schools, who are entitled by the Austrian government to offer these programs until the end of 2012 (<i>Lehrgang universitären Charakters</i>). Some non-academic institutions cooperate with state-run universities to ensure the legality of their degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, the first meeting of the Association of the Czech MBA Schools (CAMBAS) was held in January 1999. The association is housed within the Centre for Doctoral and Managerial Studies of UEP, Prague. All of the founding members of the association to have their MBA programs accredited by partner institutions in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Master of Business Administration degrees are awarded by business schools of <a href="/wiki/Aalto_University" title="Aalto University">Aalto University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanken_School_of_Economics" title="Hanken School of Economics">Hanken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turku_School_of_Economics" title="Turku School of Economics">University of Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vaasa" title="University of Vaasa">University of Vaasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a>. In Finnish this degree is called <i>kauppatieteiden maisteri</i>. Universities of applied sciences award degrees which in Finnish are called <i>tradenomi (YAMK)</i> but use the same English title "Master of Business Administration" as the ones awarded by business schools. Both degrees are recognized as higher education degrees in Finland, yet only the business school graduates are typically referred as "masters".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_and_French-speaking_countries">France and French-speaking countries</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> countries, including <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the MBA degree programs at the public accredited schools are similar to those offered in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglo-Saxon</a> countries. Most French Business Schools are accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_Grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Conférence des Grandes écoles">Conférence des Grandes écoles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> was one of the last Western countries to adopt an MBA degree. In 1998, the <i>Hochschulrahmengesetz</i> (Higher Education Framework Act), a German federal law regulating higher education including the types of degrees offered, was modified to permit German universities to offer master's degrees. The traditional German degree in business administration was the <a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom</a> in <i>Betriebswirtschaft</i> (Diplom-Kaufmann/Diplom-Kauffrau), But since 1999, bachelor's and master's degrees have gradually replaced the traditional degrees due to the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a>. Most German business schools now offer an MBA. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a> require that MBA degrees have to be accredited by one of the six agencies officially recognized by the German <i>Akkreditierungsrat</i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (accreditation council), the German counterpart to the American <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Higher_Education_Accreditation" title="Council for Higher Education Accreditation">CHEA</a>. The busiest of these six agencies (with respect to MBA degrees) is the Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA). All universities themselves have to be institutionally accredited by the state (<i>staatlich anerkannt</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, MBA programs at public accredited schools are similar to those offered elsewhere in Europe. Italian Business Schools are accredited by EQUIS and by ASFOR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3></div> <p>There are several MBA programs offered in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Some of these are run as partnerships with European, American, or Canadian Universities. Others rely on their own faculty and enrich their courses by inviting visiting lecturers. Several MBA programs in Poland are also offered in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3></div> <p>Several business schools offer highly ranked MBA programs in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. Portuguese MBA programs are increasingly internationally oriented, being taught in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> has a long history in offering MBA programs with three MBA programs frequently being ranked in the Top 25 worldwide by several international rankings. Spanish MBAs are culturally diverse and taught in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3></div> <p>Several schools in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> offer an MBA as full-time, part-time, and executive education programs. Some business schools offer MBA programs with specializations such as Finance and Healthcare, technology management, and others. As a country with four different national languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland offers most of its programs in English to attract international students to the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3></div> <p>Recently MBA programs appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, where there are now about twenty schools of business offering a variety of MBA programs. Three of these are subsidiaries of European schools of business, while the remaining institutions are independent. Ukrainian MBA programs are concentrated mainly on particulars of business and management in Ukraine. For example, 2/3 of all case studies are based on real conditions of Ukrainian companies.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Association_of_MBAs" title="Association of MBAs">Association of MBAs</a> (AMBA) was established in 1967 and is an active advocate for MBA degrees. The association's accreditation service is internationally recognized for all MBA, DBA, and <a href="/wiki/Masters_in_Business_and_Management_(MBM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masters in Business and Management (MBM)">Masters in Business and Management (MBM)</a> programs. AMBA also offers the only professional membership association for MBA students and graduates. </p><p>UK MBA programs typically consist of a set number of taught courses plus a dissertation or project. AMBA accreditation requires "the equivalent of at least 1,800 hours of learning effort", the same as a standard UK master's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Australia" title="List of business schools in Australia">List of business schools in Australia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, 42 Australian business schools offer the MBA degree (16 are AACSB, AMBA or EQUIS accredited<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Universities differentiate themselves by gaining international accreditation and focusing on national and international rankings. Most MBAs are one to two years full-time. There is little use of GMAT, and instead, each educational institution specifies its own requirements, which normally entails several years of management-level work experience as well as proven academic skills.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Management_Association_of_Australia" title="Graduate Management Association of Australia">Graduate Management Association of Australia</a> carries out ratings for Australian MBAs and annually publishes <a href="/wiki/Australian_MBA_Star_Ratings" title="Australian MBA Star Ratings">Australian MBA Star Ratings</a>. The Financial Review Boss carries out biennial rankings of Australian MBAs.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, most universities offer MBA classes, typically through part-time arrangement or evening classes. Only two universities offer full-time programs to international students, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a> (Otago MBA) and <a href="/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technology" title="Auckland University of Technology">Auckland University of Technology</a> (AUT). The Otago MBA is the longer established of the two, offering a 240 points program while AUT MBA is a 180-point program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_rankings">Program rankings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_business_school_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States business school rankings">List of United States business school rankings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_MBA_Star_Ratings" title="Australian MBA Star Ratings">Australian MBA Star Ratings</a></div> <p>Since 1967, publications have ranked MBA programs using various methods.<sup id="cite_ref-MRN_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRN-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Gourman_Report" title="Gourman Report">Gourman Report</a></i> (1967–1997) did not disclose criteria or ranking methods,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these reports were criticized for reporting statistically impossible data, such as no ties among schools, narrow gaps in scores with no variation in gap widths, and ranks of nonexistent departments.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977 <i>The Carter Report</i> ranked MBA programs based on the number of academic articles published by faculty, the <i>Ladd & Lipset Survey</i> ranked business schools based on faculty surveys, and <i>MBA Magazine</i> ranked schools based on votes cast by business school deans.<sup id="cite_ref-MRN_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRN-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, publications by the <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Institute" title="Aspen Institute">Aspen Institute</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Week">Business Week</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">Quacquarelli Symonds</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> make their own rankings of MBA programs. Schools' ranks can vary across publications, as the methodologies for rankings differ among publications: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Institute" title="Aspen Institute">Aspen Institute</a> publishes the <i>Beyond Grey Pinstripes</i> rankings which are based on the integration of social and environmental stewardship into university curriculum and faculty research. Rankings from a small sample of well-known schools are calculated on the amount of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> coursework made available to students (20%), amount of student exposure to relevant material (25%), amount of coursework focused on stewardship by for-profit corporations (30%), and relevant faculty research (25%).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 survey and ranking include data from 150 universities.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Business Week</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s rankings are based on student surveys, a survey of corporate recruiters, and an intellectual capital rating.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, published in <i>The Economist</i>, surveys both business schools (80%) and students and recent graduates (20%). Ranking criteria include GMAT scores, employment and salary statistics, class options, and student body demographics.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Economist withdrew from the MBA rankings business after releasing its 2022 ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Financial Times</i> uses survey responses from alumni who graduated three years prior to the ranking and information from business schools. Salary and employment statistics are weighted heavily.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Forbes</i> considers only the return of investment five years after graduation. MBA alumni are asked about their salary, the tuition fees of their MBA program, and other direct costs as well as opportunity costs involved. Based on this data, a final "5-year gain" is calculated and determines the MBA ranking position.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_'The_Best_Business_Schools'_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_'The_Best_Business_Schools'-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">Quacquarelli Symonds</a> <i>QS Global 200 Business Schools Report</i> compiles regional rankings of business schools around the world. Ranks are calculated using a two-year moving average of points assigned by employers who hire MBA graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>U.S. News & World Report</i> incorporates responses from deans, program directors, and senior faculty about the academic quality of their programs as well as the opinions of hiring professionals. The ranking is calculated through a weighted formula of quality assessment (40%), placement success (35%), and student selectivity (25%).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>UT-Dallas Top 100 Business School Research Rankings</i> ranks business schools on the research faculty publish, similar to <i>The Carter Report</i> of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Does_The_World_Need_Another_B-School_Ranking?_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Does_The_World_Need_Another_B-School_Ranking?-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, which stopped ranking full-time MBA programs in 2007, based its rankings on skill and behavioral development that may predict career success, such as social skills, teamwork orientation, ethics, and analytic and problem-solving abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-How_the_Rankings_were_Compiled_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_the_Rankings_were_Compiled-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The ranking of MBA programs has been discussed in articles and on academic websites.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of ranking methodologies maintain that any published rankings should be viewed with caution for the following reasons:<sup id="cite_ref-MRN_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRN-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rankings exhibit intentional selection bias as they limit the surveyed population to a small number of MBA programs and ignore the majority of schools, many with excellent offerings.</li> <li>Ranking methods may be subject to personal biases and statistically flawed methodologies (especially methods relying on subjective interviews of hiring managers, students, or faculty).</li> <li>Rankings use no objective measures of program quality.</li> <li>The same list of schools appears in each ranking with some variation in ranks, so a school ranked as number 1 in one list may be number 17 in another list.</li> <li>Rankings tend to concentrate on representing MBA schools themselves, but some schools offer MBA programs of different qualities and yet the ranking will only rely upon information from the full-time program (e.g., a school may use highly reputable faculty to teach a daytime program, but use adjunct faculty in its evening program or have drastically lower admissions criteria for its evening program than for its daytime program).</li> <li>A high rank in a national publication tends to become a <a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">self-fulfilling prophecy</a>.</li> <li>Some leading business schools including Harvard, INSEAD, Wharton and <a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">Sloan</a> provide limited cooperation with certain ranking publications due to their perception that rankings are misused.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One study found that ranking MBA programs by a combination of graduates' starting salaries and average student GMAT score can approximately duplicate the top 20 list of the national publications, and concluded that a truly objective ranking would use objective measures of program quality and be individualized to the needs of each prospective student.<sup id="cite_ref-MRN_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRN-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National publications have recognized the value of rankings against different criteria and now offer lists ranked different ways: by salary, GMAT score of students, selectivity, and so forth. While useful, these rankings have yet to meet the critique that rankings are not tailored to individual needs, that they use an incomplete population of schools, may fail to distinguish between the different MBA program types offered by each school, or rely on subjective interviews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <p>Articles have been written about public perceptions of the crisis, ranging from schools' acknowledgment of issues with the training students receive<sup id="cite_ref-retrain_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retrain-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-overhaul_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overhaul-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to criticisms of the MBA's role in society.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parker_2018_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker_2018-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, the media<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> raised questions about the value and content of business school programs. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, graduates had reportedly tended to go into finance after receiving their degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-retrain_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retrain-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As financial professionals are widely seen as responsible for the global economic meltdown, anecdotal evidence suggests new graduates are choosing different career paths.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deans at top business schools have also acknowledged that media and public perception of the MBA degree shifted as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-overhaul_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overhaul-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_graduate_business_degrees">Related graduate business degrees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Business_education#Postgraduate_education" title="Business education">Business education § Postgraduate education</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Accountancy" title="Master of Accountancy">Master of Accountancy</a> (MAcc or MAcy) / Master of Professional Accountancy (MPA, or MPAcc), a postgraduate degree in accounting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Communication" title="Master of Business Communication">Master of Business Communication</a> (MBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Commerce" title="Master of Commerce">Master of Commerce</a> (MCom or MComm), a postgraduate business degree usually focused on a particular area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Economics" title="Master of Economics">Master of Economics</a> (M.Econ./M.Ec.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Enterprise" title="Master of Enterprise">Master of Enterprise</a> (MEnt), a postgraduate, technology & enterprise-based qualification</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Bioscience_Enterprise" title="Master of Bioscience Enterprise">Master of Bioscience Enterprise</a> (MBioEnt), a postgraduate degree focused on the commercialization of biotechnology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Finance" title="Master of Finance">Master of Finance</a> (MFin), a postgraduate degree in finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Health_Administration" title="Master of Health Administration">Master of Health Administration</a> (MHA), a postgraduate health administration degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_International_Business" title="Master of International Business">Master of International Business</a> (MIB), a postgraduate degree focused on International Business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Management" title="Master of Management">Master of Management</a> (MM), a postgraduate business degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Management" title="Master of Science in Management">Master of Science in Management</a> (MSM), a postgraduate business management degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Marketing_Research" title="Master of Marketing Research">Master of Marketing Research</a> (MMR) a postgraduate degree focusing on research in the field of marketing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Nonprofit_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Nonprofit Organizations">Master of Nonprofit Organizations</a> (MNO or MNPO), the postgraduate degree for philanthropy and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">voluntary sector</a> professionals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration" title="Master of Public Administration">Master of Public Administration</a> (MPA), a postgraduate public administration degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Social_Science" title="Master of Social Science">Master of Social Science</a> (MSS), a postgraduate degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Project_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Project Management">Master of Project Management</a> (MSPM or MPM), a postgraduate project management degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Management:_Co-operatives_and_Credit_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Masters of Management: Co-operatives and Credit Unions">Masters of Management: Co-operatives and Credit Unions</a>, a post-graduate degree for co-operative and credit union managers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Green MBA">Master in Sustainable Business</a> (MSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Real_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Real Estate">Master of Real Estate</a> (MScRE), a postgraduate degree focusing on real estate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Information_Management" title="Master of Information Management">Master of Information Management</a> (MIM), a postgraduate degree focusing on information management.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive">Executive</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Master_of_Science_in_Business_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Master of Science in Business Administration">Executive Master of Science in Business Administration</a> (Executive MScBA), a postgraduate degree focusing advanced-level conceptual foundation in a student's chosen field such as operational excellence in the biotech/pharma industry.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doctoral">Doctoral</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a> (DBA), a doctorate in business administration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Management" title="Doctor of Management">Doctor of Management</a> (D.M.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhD_in_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD in Management">PhD in Management</a> (PhD), a business doctoral degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">D.Phil</a> in Management (D.Phil), a doctorate in business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering Doctorate">Engineering Doctorate</a> (EngD), A professional doctorate in the UK involving a management thesis and taught MBA courses</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKagan" class="citation web cs1">Kagan, Julia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mba.asp">"Master of Business Administration (MBA)"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tuck.dartmouth.edu&rft.atitle=Tuck+School+of+Business+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuck.dartmouth.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stabile2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stabile2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Stabile2007" class="citation book cs1">Donald Stabile (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQNI7BUvYs4C&pg=PA101"><i>Economics, Competition and Academia: An Intellectual History of Sophism Versus Virtue</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 101–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-716-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-716-6"><bdi>978-1-84720-716-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics%2C+Competition+and+Academia%3A+An+Intellectual+History+of+Sophism+Versus+Virtue&rft.pages=101-&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84720-716-6&rft.au=Donald+Stabile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQNI7BUvYs4C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Andreas (2014). 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Retrieved on 26 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivey.ca/about/history.htm">Richard Ivey School of Business</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515014548/http://ivey.ca/about/history.htm">Archived</a> 15 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page showing awarding of first MBA in 1950, one year ahead of the University of Pretoria's claim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsm.up.ac.za/why.htm">University of Pretoria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231554/http://www.gsm.up.ac.za/why.htm">Archived</a> 23 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page claiming to have awarded the first MBA outside of America</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2017" class="citation web cs1">Basu, Somdatta (24 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/countrys-oldest-b-school-iiswbm-to-become-a-univ/articleshow/60812042.cms">"Country's oldest B-school, IISWBM, to become a university"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbaapplicant.com/5_experience.htm">the original</a> on 2 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+5+%E2%80%93+YOUR+WORK+EXPERIENCE&rft.pub=MBA+Applicant.com&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.au=MBAapplicant.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbaapplicant.com%2F5_experience.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSMU_Cox2010" class="citation web cs1">SMU Cox (19 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cox.smu.edu/web/guest/side-by-side-comparison">"Part Time MBA Programs – Side By Side Comparison"</a>. SMU Cox School of Business.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+Time+MBA+Programs+%E2%80%93+Side+By+Side+Comparison&rft.pub=SMU+Cox+School+of+Business&rft.date=2010-01-19&rft.au=SMU+Cox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cox.smu.edu%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fside-by-side-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2017" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Seb (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/02bece04-aa79-11e7-ab66-21cc87a2edde">"Are MBA admissions consultants worth their fees?"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Today&rft.atitle=Handholding+the+hopefuls&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=Anusha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Ffeatures%2Fstory%2Fhandholding-the-hopefuls-15464-2010-10-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2011" class="citation news cs1">Silverman, Rachel Emma (6 October 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2729708834/">"Looking for an Edge: M.B.A. applicants are turning to pricey consultants to help them navigate the daunting admissions process"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>. New York, N.Y. p. B5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2729708834">2729708834</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Looking+for+an+Edge%3A+M.B.A.+applicants+are+turning+to+pricey+consultants+to+help+them+navigate+the+daunting+admissions+process&rft.pages=B5&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F2729708834%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2012" class="citation news cs1">Lawrence, Diana (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038106119">"Consultants provide a boost: But recruiters fear divide between hopefuls who can afford service and those who can't"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Consultants+provide+a+boost%3A+But+recruiters+fear+divide+between+hopefuls+who+can+afford+service+and+those+who+can%27t&rft.pages=M.4&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F1038106119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2007" class="citation news cs1">Porter, Jane (4 June 2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-06-03/its-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"It's Almost Like…Admitting An Impostor"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022728/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-06-03/its-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=%22It%27s+Almost+Like%E2%80%A6Admitting+An+Impostor%22&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2007-06-03%2Fits-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Core_Courses-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Core_Courses_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Core_Courses_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315163825/http://www.aacsb.edu/accreditation/business/standards/aol/standard15.asp">"Standard 15: Management of Curricula"</a>. <i>Business Accreditation Standards</i>. <a href="/wiki/Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business" title="Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business">AACSB</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aacsb.edu/accreditation/business/standards/aol/standard15.asp">the original</a> on 15 March 2013;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Accreditation+Standards&rft.atitle=Standard+15%3A+Management+of+Curricula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacsb.edu%2Faccreditation%2Fbusiness%2Fstandards%2Faol%2Fstandard15.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202000925/http://www.mbaworld.com/accreditationcriteria">"Accreditation Criteria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Association_of_MBAs" title="Association of MBAs">AMBA</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbaworld.com/accreditationcriteria">the original</a> on 2 February 2013;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AMBA&rft.atitle=Accreditation+Criteria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbaworld.com%2Faccreditationcriteria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625174428/http://www.ets.org/mft/about/content/mba">"Major Field Tests: Master of Business Administration (MBA) Degree"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Educational_Testing_Service" title="Educational Testing Service">ETS</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ets.org/mft/about/content/mba">the original</a> on 25 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ETS&rft.atitle=Major+Field+Tests%3A+Master+of+Business+Administration+%28MBA%29+Degree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ets.org%2Fmft%2Fabout%2Fcontent%2Fmba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFT-MBA_Test_Description-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MFT-MBA_Test_Description_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFT-MBA_Test_Description_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf">"The Major Field Test for MBA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Educational Testing Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705102904/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Major+Field+Test+for+MBA&rft.pub=Educational+Testing+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ets.org%2Fs%2Fmft%2Fpdf%2Fmft_mba_flyer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123014950/http://www.mba.com/schools-and-programs/evaluating-schools/curriculum-and-course-selection.aspx">"Curriculum and Course Selection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Management_Admission_Council" title="Graduate Management Admission Council">GMAC</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mba.com/schools-and-programs/evaluating-schools/curriculum-and-course-selection.aspx">the original</a> on 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMAC&rft.atitle=Curriculum+and+Course+Selection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mba.com%2Fschools-and-programs%2Fevaluating-schools%2Fcurriculum-and-course-selection.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rutgers.edu.sg/emba-program/executive-mba-emba-vs-traditional-mba-full-timepart-time">Executive MBA vs. MBA – What’s the difference?</a>", Rutgers Business School Asia Pacific.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205120311/https://www.insead.edu/m-programmes/MBA-vs-EMBA">"Executive MBA vs MBA: the difference"</a>. <i>INSEAD</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insead.edu/m-programmes/MBA-vs-EMBA">the original</a> on 5 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INSEAD&rft.atitle=Executive+MBA+vs+MBA%3A+the+difference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insead.edu%2Fm-programmes%2FMBA-vs-EMBA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbs.edu/mba/academic-experience/Pages/the-hbs-case-method.aspx">"The HBS case-method", Harvard Business School</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/chicago-approach">"The Chicago Approach", The University of Chicago Booth School of Business</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213193013/http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/chicago-approach">Archived</a> 13 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612200422/http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/programmes/mba/learning/practical-learning/">"Practical Learning"</a>. <i>Cambridge Judge Business School</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Deans+fight+crisis+fires+with+MBA+overhaul&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft.au=Bradshaw%2C+Della&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fa2353870-53c4-11de-be08-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Matthew2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Stewart, Matthew (25 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2009/03/26/rip-mba.html">"RIP, MBA"</a>. <i>Slate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=RIP%2C+MBA&rft.date=2009-03-25&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2009%2F03%2F26%2Frip-mba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker_2018-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_2018_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2018" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Martin (27 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/apr/27/bulldoze-the-business-school">"Why we should bulldoze the business school"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>. <q>There are 13,000 business schools on Earth. That's 13,000 too many. And I should know – I've taught in them for 20 years</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+we+should+bulldoze+the+business+school&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fapr%2F27%2Fbulldoze-the-business-school&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStossel,_John2009" class="citation news cs1">Stossel, John (19 June 2009). "The New Normal". <i>20/20</i>. ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=20%2F20&rft.atitle=The+New+Normal&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft.au=Stossel%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonDamaskeSheroff2017" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Sarah E.; Damaske, Sarah; Sheroff, Christen (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915327">"Gender and the MBA: differences in career trajectories, institutional support, and outcomes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gender_%26_Society" title="Gender & Society">Gender & Society</a></i>. <b>31</b> (3): 310–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243217703630">10.1177/0891243217703630</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915327">5915327</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29706689">29706689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Gender+and+the+MBA%3A+differences+in+career+trajectories%2C+institutional+support%2C+and+outcomes&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310-332&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5915327%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29706689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0891243217703630&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E.&rft.au=Damaske%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Sheroff%2C+Christen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5915327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbiger" class="citation cs2">Silbiger, Steven, <i>The 10 Day MBA</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+10+Day+MBA&rft.aulast=Silbiger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Business+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_management_articles" title="Index of management articles">Index of management articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By type<br />of organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_management" title="Association management">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_management" title="Restaurant management">Restaurant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Court management">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By focus,<br />within an<br />organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a><br />(top-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management" title="Capability management">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On component</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facility_management" title="Facility management">Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">Product lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_management" title="Program management">Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On activity or<br />department<br />managed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Line_management" title="Line management">Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_process_management" title="Manufacturing process management">production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staff_management" title="Staff management">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Accounting management">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On aspect or<br />relationship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On problem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">On resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skills_management" title="Skills management">Skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interim_management" title="Interim management">Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Methods,<br />approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_method" title="Collaborative method">Collaborative method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_range_leadership_model" title="Full range leadership model">Full range leadership model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_by_objectives" title="Management by objectives">Management by objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_style" title="Management style">Management style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromanagement" title="Macromanagement">Macromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">Team building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_management" title="Virtual management">Virtual management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Skills,<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Pioneers,<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_M._Goldratt" title="Eliyahu M. Goldratt">Eliyahu M. Goldratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Technology,_Management,_and_Applied_Engineering" title="Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering">Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Business_Manager" title="Certified Business Manager">Certified Business Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Management_Institute" title="Chartered Management Institute">Chartered Management Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">Critical management studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Master of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhD_in_management" title="PhD in management">PhD in management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Administration</a></li> 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