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T pomoćne ćelije – Wikipedija/Википедија

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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Aktivacija_naivnih_pomoćnih_T_ćelija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aktivacija_naivnih_pomoćnih_T_ćelija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Aktivacija naivnih pomoćnih T ćelija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aktivacija_naivnih_pomoćnih_T_ćelija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Aktivacija naivnih pomoćnih T ćelija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aktivacija_naivnih_pomoćnih_T_ćelija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prepoznavanje_(Signal_1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepoznavanje_(Signal_1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prepoznavanje (Signal 1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepoznavanje_(Signal_1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verifikacija_(Signal_2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verifikacija_(Signal_2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Verifikacija (Signal 2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verifikacija_(Signal_2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proliferacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proliferacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Proliferacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proliferacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maturacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maturacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Maturacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maturacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determinacija_odgovora_efektorskih_T_ćelija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determinacija_odgovora_efektorskih_T_ćelija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Determinacija odgovora efektorskih T ćelija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Determinacija_odgovora_efektorskih_T_ćelija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Determinacija odgovora efektorskih T ćelija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Determinacija_odgovora_efektorskih_T_ćelija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Th1/Th2_model_za_pomoćne_T_ćelije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Th1/Th2_model_za_pomoćne_T_ćelije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>T<sub>h</sub>1/T<sub>h</sub>2 model za pomoćne T ćelije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Th1/Th2_model_za_pomoćne_T_ćelije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidi_isto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidi_isto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vidi isto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidi_isto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">T pomoćne ćelije</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 33 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="خلية تي مساعدة — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلية تي مساعدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-pomo%C4%87na_%C4%87elija" title="T-pomoćna ćelija — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="T-pomoćna ćelija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limf%C3%B2cit_T_col%C2%B7laborador" title="Limfòcit T col·laborador — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Limfòcit T col·laborador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomocn%C3%BD_T_lymfocyt" title="Pomocný T lymfocyt — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pomocný T lymfocyt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-hj%C3%A6lpecelle" title="T-hjælpecelle — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="T-hjælpecelle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Helferzelle" title="T-Helferzelle — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="T-Helferzelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%95%DE%A6%DE%83_%DE%93%DE%A9_%DE%90%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="ހެލްޕަރ ޓީ ސެލް — Divehijski" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހެލްޕަރ ޓީ ސެލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="T helper cell" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfocito_T_CD4%2B" title="Linfocito T CD4+ — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Linfocito T CD4+" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-abistajarakud" title="T-abistajarakud — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="T-abistajarakud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="لنفوسیت تی کمک‌کننده — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لنفوسیت تی کمک‌کننده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte_T_auxiliaire" title="Lymphocyte T auxiliaire — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lymphocyte T auxiliaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfocito_T_CD4%2B" title="Linfocito T CD4+ — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linfocito T CD4+" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90_T_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2" title="תא T מסייע — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תא T מסייע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_T_pembantu" title="Sel T pembantu — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sel T pembantu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfocita_T_helper" title="Linfocita T helper — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linfocita T helper" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th2%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="Th2細胞 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Th2細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B0_T%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="보조 T세포 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보조 T세포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_T_penolong" title="Sel T penolong — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sel T penolong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-helpercel" title="T-helpercel — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="T-helpercel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limfocyty_Th" title="Limfocyty Th — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Limfocyty Th" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linf%C3%B3cito_T_auxiliar" title="Linfócito T auxiliar — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linfócito T auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limfocit_T_helper" title="Limfocit T helper — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limfocit T helper" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="T-хелперы — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="T-хелперы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="T helper cell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celica_pomagalka" title="Celica pomagalka — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Celica pomagalka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije" title="T pomoćne ćelije — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="T pomoćne ćelije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-hj%C3%A4lparcell" title="T-hjälparcell — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="T-hjälparcell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เซลล์ทีเฮลเปอร์ — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซลล์ทีเฮลเปอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard%C4%B1mc%C4%B1_T_h%C3%BCcresi" title="Yardımcı T hücresi — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yardımcı T hücresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2-%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Т-хелпер — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Т-хелпер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o_T_h%E1%BB%97_tr%E1%BB%A3" title="Tế bào T hỗ trợ — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tế bào T hỗ trợ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:T_helper_cell" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q632518" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><p><b>T pomoćne ćelije</b> (takođe poznate kao <b>T<sub>h</sub> ćelije</b>) su pod-grupa <a href="/wiki/Limfocit" title="Limfocit">limfocita</a> (tip <a href="/wiki/Leukocit" title="Leukocit">belih krvnih zrnaca</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Leukocit" title="Leukocit">leukocita</a>) koje imaju važnu ulogu u uspostavljanju i maksimizaciji kapaciteta <a href="/wiki/Imunski_sistem" title="Imunski sistem">imunskog sistema</a>. Te ćelije su neobične po tome što one nemaju <a href="/wiki/Citotoksi%C4%8Dnost" title="Citotoksičnost">citotoksičnu</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Fagocit" title="Fagocit">fagocitnu</a> aktivnost; one ne mogu da ubiju inficirane ćelije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doma%C4%87in_(biologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Domaćin (biologija) (stranica ne postoji)">domaćina</a> (takođe poznate kao <a href="/wiki/Somatski" title="Somatski">somatske</a> ćelije), kao ni <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogene</a>, i bez drugih imunskih ćelija one ne bi bile korisne u borbi protiv infekcije. T<sub>h</sub> ćelije učestvuju u aktivaciji i usmeravanju drugih imunskih ćelija. One imaju posebnu važnost u <a href="/wiki/Imunski_sistem#Adaptivni" title="Imunski sistem">imunskom sistemu</a>. One su esencijalne u određivanju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promena_klase_antitela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Promena klase antitela (stranica ne postoji)">promene klase antitela</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=B_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="B ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">B ćelija</a>, u aktivaciji i rastu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citotoksi%C4%8Dnih_T_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Citotoksičnih T ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">citotoksičnih T ćelija</a>, i u maksimizaciji <a href="/wiki/Baktericid" title="Baktericid">baktericidne</a> aktivnosti <a href="/wiki/Fagocit" title="Fagocit">fagocita</a> kao što su <a href="/wiki/Makrofag" title="Makrofag">makrofage</a>. Ova raznolikost funkcija, i njihov uticaj na druge ćelije, daje T pomoćnim ćelijama njihovo ime.<sup id="cite_ref-KubyImmunology6th_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KubyImmunology6th-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Za zrele T<sub>h</sub> ćelije se smatra da uvek izražavaju na svojoj površini protein <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD4 (stranica ne postoji)">CD4</a>. One se nazivaju <b>CD4<sup>+</sup> T ćelijama</b>. CD4<sup>+</sup> T ćelije se generalno tretiraju kao ćelije sa ulogom pomoćnih T ćelija u okviru <a href="/wiki/Imunski_sistem" title="Imunski sistem">imunskog sistema</a>, mada su poznati izuzeci. Na primer, postoje pod-grupe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatorna_T_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulatorna T ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">regulatornih T ćelija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prirodni_ubica_T_%C4%87elija" class="mw-redirect" title="Prirodni ubica T ćelija">prirodnih ubica T ćelija</a>, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citotoksi%C4%8Dna_T_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Citotoksična T ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">citotoksičnih T ćelija</a>, za koje se zna da izražavaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD4 (stranica ne postoji)">CD4</a>. Citotoksični primeri su primećeni u izuzetno niskim brojevima u specifičnim stanjima bolesti. </p><p>Važnost pomoćnih T ćelija se može videti iz primera <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> infekcije, tokom koje virus inficira ćelije koje su CD4<sup>+</sup> (uključujući T ćelije). Pri kraju HIV infekcije broj funkcionalnih CD4<sup>+</sup> T ćelija opadne, što dovodi do simptomatskog stupnja infekcije poznatog kao sindrom stečenog imunološkog deficita (<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>). Takođe postoje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limfocitopenija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Limfocitopenija (stranica ne postoji)">neki retki poremećaji</a> koji rezultiraju u odsustvu ili disfunkciji CD4<sup>+</sup> T ćelija. Ta oboljenja proizvode slične simptome, i mnoga od njih su fatalna. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aktivacija_naivnih_pomoćnih_T_ćelija"><span id="Aktivacija_naivnih_pomo.C4.87nih_T_.C4.87elija"></span>Aktivacija naivnih pomoćnih T ćelija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Aktivacija naivnih pomoćnih T ćelija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Aktivacija naivnih pomoćnih T ćelija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nakon <a href="/w/index.php?title=T_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="T ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">T ćelijskog razvoja</a>, zrele, naivne (u smislu da nikad nisu bili izložene <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigenu</a> na koji one mogu da odgovore) T ćelije napuštaju <a href="/wiki/Timus" title="Timus">timus</a> i počinju da se šire kroz telo, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Limfni_%C4%8Dvor" title="Limfni čvor">limfne čvorove</a>. Poput svih T ćelija, one izražavaju <a href="/wiki/T_%C4%87elijski_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="T ćelijski receptor">T ćelijski receptor</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=CD3_receptor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD3 receptor (stranica ne postoji)">CD3</a> kompleks. T ćelijski receptor (TcR) se sastoji od konstantnog i varijabilnog regiona. Varijabilni region određuje na koji antigen T ćelija može da odgovori. CD4<sup>+</sup> T ćelije imaju TcR receptore sa afinitetom za klasa II MHC, i smatra se da CD4 učestvuje u determinaciji MHC afiniteta tokom maturacije u <a href="/wiki/Timus" title="Timus">timusu</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasa_II_MHC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasa II MHC (stranica ne postoji)">Klasa II MHC</a> proteini se generalno samo nalaze na površini specijalizovanih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigen-prezentuju%C4%87a_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigen-prezentujuća ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">antigen-prezentujućih ćelija</a> (APC). Specijalizovane antigen prezentujuće ćelije su primarno <a href="/wiki/Dendritska_%C4%87elija" title="Dendritska ćelija">dendritske ćelije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makrofag" title="Makrofag">makrofage</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=B_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="B ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">B ćelije</a>, mada su B ćelije jedina grupa ćelija koja izražava MHC klasu II konstitutivno (sve vreme). Neke APC ćelije takođe vezuju prirodne (ili neprocesovane) antigene na svojoj površini, npr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folikularna_dendritska_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Folikularna dendritska ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">folikularne dendritske ćelije</a>. Neobrađeni antigeni ne interaguju sa T ćelijama, i ne učestvuju u njihovoj aktivaciji. Ti antigeni koji se vezuju za MHC proteine su uvek kratki <a href="/wiki/Peptid" title="Peptid">peptidi</a>, 8-10 aminokiselina dugački za MHC klasu I, i do oko 25 za MHC klasu II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepoznavanje_(Signal_1)"><span id="Prepoznavanje_.28Signal_1.29"></span>Prepoznavanje (Signal 1)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Prepoznavanje (Signal 1)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prepoznavanje (Signal 1)"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tokom imunskog responsa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigen-prezentuju%C4%87a_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigen-prezentujuća ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">profesionalne antigen-prezentujuće ćelije</a> (APC) vrše <a href="/wiki/Endocitoza_i_egzocitoza" title="Endocitoza i egzocitoza">endocitozu</a> (apsorbuju) strani materijal (tipično <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija">bakterije</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Virus" class="mw-disambig" title="Virus">viruse</a>), koje se podvrgavaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obrada_antigen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Obrada antigen (stranica ne postoji)">obradi</a>, i onda prelaze sa mesta infekcije u <a href="/wiki/Limfni_%C4%8Dvor" title="Limfni čvor">limfne čvorove</a>. Kad su jednom u limfnim čvorovima, APC počinje da prezentira antigen peptide vezane za klasu II MHC, to omogućava CD4<sup>+</sup> T ćelijama koje izražavaju specifične TCR receptore sa sposobnošću vezivanja za peptid/MHC komplekse da se aktiviraju. </p><p>Kad se T<sub>h</sub> ćelije suoče i prepoznaju antigen, na APC ćelijama, <a href="/wiki/T_%C4%87elijski_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="T ćelijski receptor">TCR</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=CD3_(imunologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD3 (imunologija) (stranica ne postoji)">CD3</a> kompleks se vezuje za peptid-MHC kompleks na površini profesionalnih APC ćelija. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD4 (stranica ne postoji)">CD4</a>, koreceptor TCR kompleksa, se takođe vezuje, ali za različitu sekciju MHC molekula. Te interakcije prostorno grupišu proteine, što omogućava <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intracelularan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Intracelularan (stranica ne postoji)">intracelularnim</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinaza" title="Kinaza">kinazama</a> prisutnim na TCR, CD3 i CD4 proteinima da se međusobno aktiviraju putem <a href="/wiki/Fosforilacija" title="Fosforilacija">fosforilacije</a>. Uz pomoć fosfataze prisutne na intracelularnom delu <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD45&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD45 (stranica ne postoji)">CD45</a> (koja je rasprostranjeni leukocitni antigen), ti molekuli aktiviraju glavne biohemijske puteve u <a href="/wiki/Citosol" title="Citosol">citosolu</a> T<sub>h</sub> ćelija. Ti putevi su poznati kao <i>Signal 1</i> T ćelijske aktivacije, jer je to prvi i primarni pro-aktivacioni signal u T<sub>h</sub> ćelije. Pri naknadnim suočavanjima sa datim antigenom, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorijske_T_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorijske T ćelije (stranica ne postoji)">memorijske T ćelije</a> se re-aktiviraju koristeći iste TCR puteve. </p><p>Vezivanje antigen-MHC para sa TCR kompleksom i CD4 takođe pomaže ćelijsku adheziju APC i T<sub>h</sub> ćelija tokom T<sub>h</sub> ćelijske aktivacije. Protein integrin <a href="/w/index.php?title=LFA-1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="LFA-1 (stranica ne postoji)">LFA-1</a> na T ćelijama i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercelularni_adhezioni_molekul&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Intercelularni adhezioni molekul (stranica ne postoji)">ICAM</a> na APC ćelijama su primarni molekuli adhezije te ćelijske interakcije. </p><p>Uloga glomaznog ektracelularnog CD45 regiona u ćelijskoj interakciji nije poznata. CD45 ima više izoformi koje menjaju veličinu u zavisnosti od T<sub>h</sub> ćelijske aktivacije i statusa maturacije. Na primer, CD45 dužina se smanjuje nakon T<sub>h</sub> aktivacije (CD45RA<sup>+</sup> u CD45RO<sup>+</sup>). Nije poznato da li ta promena dužine ima uticaja na aktivaciju. Bilo je predloženo da duži CD45RA+ mogu da umanje pristupnost T ćelijskim receptorima za antigen-MHC molekule, čime se uslovljava potreba za porastom afiniteta (i specifičnosti) T ćelije da bi došlo do aktivacije. Kad jednom dođe do aktivacije, CD45 se skraćuje, što olakšava interakcije i aktivaciju efektorskih T pomoćnih ćelija.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verifikacija_(Signal_2)"><span id="Verifikacija_.28Signal_2.29"></span>Verifikacija (Signal 2)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Verifikacija (Signal 2)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Verifikacija (Signal 2)"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nakon prvog TcR/CD3 signala, naivne T ćelije mogu da aktiviraju drugi nezavisni biohemijski put, koji je poznat kao <i>Signal 2</i>. Ovaj verifikacioni korak je zaštitna mera kojom se osigurava da T ćelija odgovara na strani antigen. Ako ovaj drugi signal nije prisutan tokom inicijalnog izlaganja antigenu, T ćelija predpostavlja da je auto-reaktivna. To rezultira u njenoj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anergija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anergija (stranica ne postoji)">anergijskoj</a> reakciji (do anergije dovode nezaštićene biohemijske promene Signala 1). Anergijske ćelije nisu responzivne na antigene, čak i ako su oba signal kasnije prisutna. Za te ćelije se smatra da besciljno cirkulišu kroz telo do ne podlegnu <a href="/wiki/Apoptoza" title="Apoptoza">apoptozi</a> na kraju njihovog životnog veka. </p><p>Drugi signal obuhvata interakciju između <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD28&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD28 (stranica ne postoji)">CD28</a> na CD4<sup>+</sup> T ćeliji i proteina <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD80 (stranica ne postoji)">CD80</a> (B7.1) ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD86 (stranica ne postoji)">CD86</a> (B7.2) na profesionalnim APC ćelijama. Oba CD80 i CD86 aktiviraju CD28 receptor. Ti proteini su takođe poznati kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostimulacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kostimulacija (stranica ne postoji)">kostimulatorni</a> molekuli. </p><p>Mada je verifikacioni stupanj neophodan za aktivaciju naivnih pomoćnih T ćelija, važnost tog stupnja je najbolje demonstrirana tokom sličnog aktivacionog mehanizma CD8<sup>+</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citotoksi%C4%8Dne_T_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Citotoksične T ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">citotoksičnih T ćelija</a>. Kako naivne CD8<sup>+</sup> T ćelije nemaju urođenu sklonost prema stranim izvorima, te T ćelije su zavisne od CD28 aktivacije za potvrdu da one prepoznaju strani antigen (CD80/CD86 su samo izraženi na aktivnim APC ćelijama). CD28 igra važnu ulogu u umanjenju rizika od T ćelijske auto-imunosti protiv antiagenata domaćina. </p><p>Kad su jednom oba puta naivnih T ćelija aktivirana, biohemijske promene indukovane signalom 1 se modifikuju, čime se omogućava ćelijska aktivacija umesto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anergija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anergija (stranica ne postoji)">anergije</a>. Drugi signal onda postaje nevažan; samo je prvi signal neophodan za buduću aktivaciju. To takođe važi za memorijske T ćelije, što je jedan od primera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ste%C4%8Deni_imunitet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stečeni imunitet (stranica ne postoji)">stečene imunosti</a>. Brži odgovor se javlja nakon reinfekcije zato što su memorijske T ćelije već prošle kroz potvrdni stupanj i mogu da proizvedu efektorske ćelije mnogo brže. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proliferacija">Proliferacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Proliferacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Proliferacija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kad je jednom dvo-signalna aktivacija kompletna T pomoćne ćelije (T<sub>h</sub>) se <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86elijske_rast&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ćelijske rast (stranica ne postoji)">proliferiraju</a>. To je omogućeno oslobađanjem potentnog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_rast_T_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor rast T ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">faktora rasta T ćelija</a> <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">interleukin 2</a> (IL-2), koji dejstvuje u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autokrin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Autokrin (stranica ne postoji)">autokrinom</a> maniru. Aktivirane T ćelije takođe proizvode <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa_pod-jedinica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa pod-jedinica (stranica ne postoji)">alfa pod-jedinicu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=IL-2_receptor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IL-2 receptor (stranica ne postoji)">IL-2 receptora</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=CD25&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD25 (stranica ne postoji)">CD25</a> ili IL-2R), čime osposobljavaju potpuno funkcionalni receptor koji se može vezati sa IL-2.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturacija">Maturacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Maturacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Maturacija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nakon više ćelijskih generacija, T<sub>h</sub> ćelijski progenitori se diferenciraju u <b>efektorske T<sub>h</sub></b> ćelije, <b>memorijske T<sub>h</sub></b> ćelije, i <b>regulatorne T<sub>h</sub> ćelije</b>. </p> <ul><li>Efektorske T<sub>h</sub> ćelije izlučuju <a href="/wiki/Citokin" title="Citokin">citokine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteini</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Peptid" title="Peptid">peptide</a> koji stimulišu ili interaguju sa drugim <a href="/wiki/Leukocit" title="Leukocit">leukocitima</a>, uključujuće T<sub>h</sub> ćelije.</li></ul> <ul><li>Memorijske T<sub>h</sub> ćelije zadržavaju antigenski afinitet originalno aktiviranih T ćelija. One dejstvuju tokom drugog imunskog odgovora (npr. ako dođe do naknadne reinfekcije domaćina).</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatorna_T_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulatorna T ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">Regulatorne T ćelije</a> ne promovišu imunsku funkciju, nego dejstvuje da je umanje. Uprkos njihovoj niskoj zastupljenosti tokom infekcije, za njh se smatra da imaju važnu ulogu u samo-ograničavanju imunskog sistema. Za njih je bilo pokazano da sprečavaju razvoj raznih <a href="/wiki/Autoimune_bolesti" title="Autoimune bolesti">autoimunih bolesti</a>.</li></ul> <p>Produkcija IL-2 od strane pomoćnih T ćelija je takođe neophodna za proliferaciju aktiviranih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citotoksi%C4%8Dne_T_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Citotoksične T ćelije (stranica ne postoji)">CD8<sup>+</sup> T ćelija</a>. Bez interakcije sa pomoćnim T ćelijama, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD8 (stranica ne postoji)">CD8</a><sup>+</sup> T ćelije ne razvijaju efektorsku funkciju, i eventualno podležu <a href="/wiki/Apoptoza" title="Apoptoza">apoptozi</a>. Ova uzajamna zavisnost od pomoćnih T ćelija je još jedan način na koji imunski sistem pokušava da spreči T ćelijama posredovane <a href="/wiki/Autoimune_bolesti" title="Autoimune bolesti">autoimune bolesti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determinacija_odgovora_efektorskih_T_ćelija"><span id="Determinacija_odgovora_efektorskih_T_.C4.87elija"></span>Determinacija odgovora efektorskih T ćelija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Determinacija odgovora efektorskih T ćelija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Determinacija odgovora efektorskih T ćelija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pomoćne T ćelije imaju sposobnost vršenja uticaja na niz imunskih ćelija. Proizvedeni T ćelijski respons (što obuhvate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstracelularni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstracelularni (stranica ne postoji)">ekstracelularne</a> signale kao što su <a href="/wiki/Citokin" title="Citokin">citokini</a>) može biti esencijalan za uspešni ishod odgovora na infekciju. Da bi bile efektivne pomoćne T ćelije moraju da ustanove koji citokini će omogućiti imunskom sistemu da bude najkoristniji za domaćina. Detaljno razumevanje načina na koji pomoćne T ćelije odgovaraju na imunske izazove je jedan od glavnih interesa u <a href="/wiki/Imunologija" title="Imunologija">imunološkim</a> istraživanjima. Razumevanje njihovih odgovora može biti veoma korisno u lečenju <a href="/wiki/Bolest" title="Bolest">bolesti</a> u povećanju efikasnosti <a href="/wiki/Vakcinacija" title="Vakcinacija">vakcinacije</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Th1/Th2_model_za_pomoćne_T_ćelije"><span id="Th1.2FTh2_model_za_pomo.C4.87ne_T_.C4.87elije"></span>T<sub>h</sub>1/T<sub>h</sub>2 model za pomoćne T ćelije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Th1/Th2 model za pomoćne T ćelije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Th1/Th2 model za pomoćne T ćelije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proliferirajuće pomoćne T ćelije koje mogu da se razviju u efektorske T ćelije se diferenciraju u dva glavan podtipa ćelija poznata kao T<sub>h</sub>1 i T<sub>h</sub>2 ćelije (ili Tip 1 i Tip 2 pomoćne T ćelije). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Lymphocyte_activation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lymphocyte_activation.png/400px-Lymphocyte_activation.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lymphocyte_activation.png/600px-Lymphocyte_activation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Lymphocyte_activation.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>T<sub>h</sub>1/T<sub>h</sub>2 Model za pomoćne T ćelije. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigen_prezentuju%C4%87a_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigen prezentujuća ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">APC</a> ćelije konzumiraju i obrađuju antigen. Te ćelije prezentiraju fragmente antigena T ćelijama. T<sub>h</sub>0, su pomoćne T ćelije. Fragment je prezentiran T ćelijama putem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glavni_histokompatibilni_kompleks_2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glavni histokompatibilni kompleks 2 (stranica ne postoji)">MHC2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang223_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang223-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> IFN-γ, <a href="/wiki/Interferon-gama" title="Interferon-gama">interferon γ</a>; TGF-β, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformiraju%C4%87i_faktor_rasta_%CE%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transformirajući faktor rasta β (stranica ne postoji)">transformirajući faktor rasta β</a>; mø, <a href="/wiki/Makrofag" title="Makrofag">makrofaga</a>; IL-2, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">interleukin 2</a>; IL-4, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">interleukin 4</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><b>Tip 1/ T<sub>h</sub>1</b></td> <td><b>Tip 2/ T<sub>h</sub>2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ćelijski tip glavnog partnera</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makrofag" title="Makrofag">Makrofag</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=B_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="B ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">B ćelija</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proizvedeni citokini</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interferon-gama" title="Interferon-gama">interferon-γ</a> i <a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekroze_tumora-beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Faktor nekroze tumora-beta">faktor nekroze tumora-beta</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">Interleukin 2</a> je bio klasično asociran sa T<sub>h</sub>1 ćelijama, ali ta asocijacija možda unosi zabunu; IL-2 proizvode sve pomoćne T ćelije u ranom periodu njihove aktivacije.)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">interleukin 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">interleukin 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">interleukin 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">interleukin 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">interleukin 13</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Promovisana imunska stimulacija</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86elijski-posredovana_imunost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ćelijski-posredovana imunost (stranica ne postoji)">Ćelijski imunski sistem</a>. Maksimizira efikasnost <a href="/wiki/Makrofag" title="Makrofag">makrofagnog</a> ubijanja i proliferaciju citotoksičnih <a href="/w/index.php?title=CD8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CD8 (stranica ne postoji)">CD8</a><sup>+</sup> T ćelija. Takođe proizvodi <a href="/wiki/Opsonin" title="Opsonin">opsoninska</a> antitela</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humoralni_imunski_sistem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Humoralni imunski sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Humoralni imunski sistem</a>. Stimuliše <a href="/w/index.php?title=B_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="B ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">B ćelije</a> u proliferaciju, indukciju B-ćelijske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promena_klase_antitela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Promena klase antitela (stranica ne postoji)">promene klase antitela</a>, i povišenje proizvodnje neutralizujućih <a href="/wiki/Antitelo" title="Antitelo">antitela</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Druge funkcije</td> <td>Tip 1 citokin <a href="/wiki/Interferon-gama" title="Interferon-gama">IFN-γ</a> povišava produkciju <a href="/w/index.php?title=IL12&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="IL12 (stranica ne postoji)">interleukin-12</a> dendritskih ćelija i makrofaga, i putem pozitivne povratne sprege, IL-12 stimuliše produkciju <a href="/wiki/Interferon-gama" title="Interferon-gama">IFN-γ</a> u pomoćnim T ćelijama, čime se promoviše T<sub>h</sub>1 profil. IFN-gama takođe inhibira produkciju citokina kao što su <a href="/wiki/IL4" class="mw-redirect" title="IL4">interleukin-4</a>, koji je važan citokin vezan za Tip 2 respons, i na taj način radi na očuvanju sopstvenog responsa.</td> <td>Tip 2 respons promoviše svoj profil koristeći dva citokina. <a href="/wiki/IL4" class="mw-redirect" title="IL4">Interleukin-4</a> dejstvuje na pomoćne T ćelije da promoviše produkciju T<sub>h</sub>2 citokina (što obuhvata auto-regulatorno dejstvo), dok <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">interleukin 10</a> (IL-10) inhibira niz citokina uključujući <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">interleukin 2</a> i <a href="/wiki/Interferon-gama" title="Interferon-gama">IFN-γ</a> u pomoćnim T ćelijama i <a href="/wiki/IL-12" class="mw-disambig" title="IL-12">IL-12</a> u <a href="/wiki/Dendritska_%C4%87elija" title="Dendritska ćelija">dendritskim</a> ćelijama i <a href="/wiki/Makrofag" title="Makrofag">makrofagama</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidi_isto">Vidi isto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Vidi isto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vidi isto"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T_pomo%C4%87ne_17_%C4%87elije" title="T pomoćne 17 ćelije">T pomoćne 17 ćelije</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cd4%2B_T_%C4%87elije_i_antitumorski_imunitet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cd4+ T ćelije i antitumorski imunitet (stranica ne postoji)">Cd4+ T ćelije i antitumorski imunitet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KubyImmunology6th-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-KubyImmunology6th_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Thomas J. Kindt, Richard A. Goldsby, Barbara Anne Osborne, Janis Kuby&#32;(2006).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcs.whfreeman.com/immunology6e/default.asp?s=&amp;n=&amp;i=&amp;v=&amp;o=&amp;ns=0&amp;uid=0&amp;rau=0"><i>Kuby Immunology</i></a>&#32;(6 izd.).&#32;New York:&#32;W H Freeman and company.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-4292-0211-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-4292-0211-4">1-4292-0211-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kuby+Immunology&amp;rft.aulast=Thomas+J.+Kindt%2C+Richard+A.+Goldsby%2C+Barbara+Anne+Osborne%2C+Janis+Kuby&amp;rft.au=Thomas+J.+Kindt%2C+Richard+A.+Goldsby%2C+Barbara+Anne+Osborne%2C+Janis+Kuby&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=6&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=W+H+Freeman+and+company&amp;rft.isbn=1-4292-0211-4&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcs.whfreeman.com%2Fimmunology6e%2Fdefault.asp%3Fs%3D%26n%3D%26i%3D%26v%3D%26o%3D%26ns%3D0%26uid%3D0%26rau%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">de Jong R, Brouwer M, Miedema F, van Lier RA&#32;(April 1991).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/abstract/146/7/2088">„Human CD8+ T lymphocytes can be divided into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ cells with different requirements for activation and differentiation”</a>.&#32;<i>J. Immunol.</i>&#32;<b>146</b>&#32;(7): 2088–94.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1826015">1826015</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Human+CD8%2B+T+lymphocytes+can+be+divided+into+CD45RA%2B+and+CD45RO%2B+cells+with+different+requirements+for+activation+and+differentiation&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Immunol.&amp;rft.aulast=de+Jong+R%2C+Brouwer+M%2C+Miedema+F%2C+van+Lier+RA&amp;rft.au=de+Jong+R%2C+Brouwer+M%2C+Miedema+F%2C+van+Lier+RA&amp;rft.date=April+1991&amp;rft.volume=146&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=2088%E2%80%9394&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/1826015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimmunol.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F146%2F7%2F2088&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Mire-Sluis, Anthony R.; Thorpe, Robin, ur.&#32;(1998).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780124983403"><i>Cytokines (Handbook of Immunopharmacology)</i></a>.&#32;Boston:&#32;Academic Press.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-12-498340-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-12-498340-5">0-12-498340-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cytokines+%28Handbook+of+Immunopharmacology%29&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-498340-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Fbook%2F9780124983403&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rang223-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rang223_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Rang, H. P.&#32;(2003).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9788181479174"><i>Pharmacology</i></a>.&#32;Edinburgh:&#32;Churchill Livingstone.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-443-07145-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-443-07145-4">0-443-07145-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pharmacology&amp;rft.aulast=Rang%2C+H.+P.&amp;rft.au=Rang%2C+H.+P.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.place=Edinburgh&amp;rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&amp;rft.isbn=0-443-07145-4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9788181479174&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> Page 223</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T_pomo%C4%87ne_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcells.org/scientific/helper/">T-ćelije</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101018220240/http://www.tcells.org/scientific/helper/">Arhivirano</a> 2010-10-18 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p>&lt;!Lymphocytes&gt; </p> <div class="navbox-styles 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title="Razgovor o šablonu:Imunski sistem"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";background:#efefef;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Imunski_sistem&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Uredite šablon" style=";background:#efefef;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imunski_sistem_/_Imunologija" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imunski_sistem" title="Imunski sistem">Imunski sistem</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imunologija" title="Imunologija">Imunologija</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGreen">Sistemi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptivni_imunski_sistem" title="Adaptivni imunski sistem">Adaptivni</a> vs. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uro%C4%91eni_imunski_sistem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Urođeni imunski sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Urođeni</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humoralna_imunost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Humoralna imunost (stranica ne postoji)">Humoralna</a> vs. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86elijski-posredovanja_imunost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ćelijski-posredovanja imunost (stranica ne postoji)">Ćelijska</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komplementni_sistem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komplementni sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Komplementni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anafilatoksin" title="Anafilatoksin">Anafilatoksini</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unutra%C5%A1nja_imunost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unutrašnja imunost (stranica ne postoji)">Unutrašnja</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGreen">Limfoidni</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antigeni" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: LightGreen"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Antigeni</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">Antigen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superantigen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Superantigen (stranica ne postoji)">Superantigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen">Alergen</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapten&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hapten (stranica ne postoji)">Hapten</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Epitop" title="Epitop">Epitop</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linearni_epitop&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Linearni epitop (stranica ne postoji)">Linearni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konformacioni_epitop&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konformacioni epitop (stranica ne postoji)">Konformacioni</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimotop&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimotop (stranica ne postoji)">Mimotop</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: LightGreen"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Antitela</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antitelo" title="Antitelo">Antitelo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monoklonalna_antitela" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoklonalna antitela">Monoklonalna antitela</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poliklonalna_antitela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poliklonalna antitela (stranica ne postoji)">Poliklonalna antitela</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoantitelo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoantitelo (stranica ne postoji)">Autoantitelo</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odgovor_poliklonalnih_B_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Odgovor poliklonalnih B ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">Odgovor poliklonalnih B ćelija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunoglobulinski_alotip&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunoglobulinski alotip (stranica ne postoji)">Alotip</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotip_(imunologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Izotip (imunologija) (stranica ne postoji)">Izotip</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiotip&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Idiotip (stranica ne postoji)">Idiotip</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunski_kompleks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunski kompleks (stranica ne postoji)">Imunski kompleks</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paratop&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paratop (stranica ne postoji)">Paratop</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: LightGreen"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Imunost vs.<br /> tolerancija</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>akcija:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunitet_(medicina)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunitet (medicina) (stranica ne postoji)">Imunitet</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoimunitet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoimunitet (stranica ne postoji)">Autoimunitet</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aloimunitet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aloimunitet (stranica ne postoji)">Aloimunitet</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Alergija" title="Alergija">Alergija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hipersenzitivnost" title="Hipersenzitivnost">Hipersenzitivnost</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Zapaljenje" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapaljenje">Inflamacija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kros-reaktivnost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kros-reaktivnost (stranica ne postoji)">Kros-reaktivnost</a><br /><i>neaktivnost:</i> <a href="/wiki/Imunska_tolerancija" class="mw-redirect" title="Imunska tolerancija">Tolerancija</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centralna_tolerancija" title="Centralna tolerancija">Centralna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periferna_tolerancija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Periferna tolerancija (stranica ne postoji)">Periferna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klonalna_anergija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klonalna anergija (stranica ne postoji)">Klonalna anergija</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klonalno_brisanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klonalno brisanje (stranica ne postoji)">Klonalno brisanje</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunka_tolerancija_u_trudno%C4%87i&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunka tolerancija u trudnoći (stranica ne postoji)">Tolerancija u trudnoći</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Imunodeficijencija" title="Imunodeficijencija">Imunodeficijencija</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: LightGreen"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunogenetika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunogenetika (stranica ne postoji)">Imunogenetika</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somatska_hipermutacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Somatska hipermutacija (stranica ne postoji)">Somatska hipermutacija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/V(D)J_rekombinacija" title="V(D)J rekombinacija">V(D)J rekombinacija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sastavna_raznovrsnost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sastavna raznovrsnost (stranica ne postoji)">Sastavna raznovrsnost</a> &#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promena_imunoglobulinske_klase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Promena imunoglobulinske klase (stranica ne postoji)">Promena imunoglobulinske klase</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glavni_histokompatibilni_kompleks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glavni histokompatibilni kompleks (stranica ne postoji)">MHC</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ljudski_leukocitni_antigen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ljudski leukocitni antigen (stranica ne postoji)">HLA</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGreen">Imunske ćelije/<br /><a href="/wiki/Bela_krvna_zrnca" class="mw-redirect" title="Bela krvna zrnca">Bela krvna zrnca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Limfoid</b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=T_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="T ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">T ćelija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=B_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="B ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">B ćelija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elije_ubice" title="Ćelije ubice">NK ćelija</a> <p><b>Mijeloid</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mast_%C4%87elija" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast ćelija">Mast ćelija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazofil_granulocit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bazofil granulocit (stranica ne postoji)">Bazofil</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Eozinofil" title="Eozinofil">Eozinofil</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <b><a href="/wiki/Fagocit" title="Fagocit">Fagociti</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Neutrofil" title="Neutrofil">Neutrofil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makrofag" title="Makrofag">Makrofag</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Retikuloendotelni_sistem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Retikuloendotelni sistem (stranica ne postoji)">Retikuloendotelni sistem</a>) </p> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigen-prezentiraju%C4%87e_%C4%87elije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigen-prezentirajuće ćelije (stranica ne postoji)">APC</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Dendritska_%C4%87elija" title="Dendritska ćelija">Dendritska ćelija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Makrofag" title="Makrofag">Makrofag</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=B_%C4%87elija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="B ćelija (stranica ne postoji)">B ćelija</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGreen">Supstance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Citokin" title="Citokin">Citokini</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Opsonin" title="Opsonin">Opsonin</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citolizin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Citolizin (stranica ne postoji)">Citolizin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGreen"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limfopoeza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Limfopoeza (stranica ne postoji)">Limfopoeza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limfoblast&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Limfoblast (stranica ne postoji)">Limfoblast</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolimfocit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolimfocit (stranica ne postoji)">Prolimfocit</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timocit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Timocit (stranica ne postoji)">Timocit</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGreen">Drugi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dijagnosti%C4%8Dka_imunologija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dijagnostička imunologija (stranica ne postoji)">Dijagnostička imunologija</a> &#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otpornost_na_biljne_bolesti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Otpornost na biljne bolesti (stranica ne postoji)">Otpornost na biljne bolesti</a> &#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimikrobni_odbrambeni_sistem_respiratorni_trakta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimikrobni odbrambeni sistem respiratorni trakta (stranica ne postoji)">Antimikrobni odbrambeni sistem respiratorni trakta</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:LightGreen;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:LightGreen;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Medicina_navs-lat" title="Šablon:Medicina navs-lat">M</a>: <a href="/wiki/Limfociti" class="mw-redirect" title="Limfociti">LMC</a> </p> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:white;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Limfociti-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Limfociti-lat (stranica ne postoji)">ćelije</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Imunski_sistem-lat" title="Šablon:Imunski sistem-lat">fis</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Autoantigeni-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Autoantigeni-lat (stranica ne postoji)">auag</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Autoantitela-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Autoantitela-lat (stranica ne postoji)">auab</a> </p> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:silver;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Limfoid_i_komplement_imunodeficit-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Limfoid i komplement imunodeficit-lat (stranica ne postoji)">imdf</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Imunoproliferativni_imunoglobulinski_poreme%C4%87aji-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Imunoproliferativni imunoglobulinski poremećaji-lat (stranica ne postoji)">ipig</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Hipersenzitivnost_i_autoimune_bolesti-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Hipersenzitivnost i autoimune bolesti-lat (stranica ne postoji)">hyps</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Limfoidna_malignost-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Limfoidna malignost-lat (stranica ne postoji)">tumr</a> </p> </div></td><td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:#ccf;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Hemi%C4%8Dne/limfati%C4%8Dne_precedure-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Hemične/limfatične precedure-lat (stranica ne postoji)">proc</a>, lek (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Imunostimulanti-lat" title="Šablon:Imunostimulanti-lat">L3</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Imunosupresanti-lat" title="Šablon:Imunosupresanti-lat">4</a>) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41348688"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ćelijska_komunikacija:_Citokini" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556979"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r41556873"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Citokini-lat" title="Šablon:Citokini-lat"><abbr title="Pogledajte šablon" style=";background:#e7dcc3;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Citokini-lat" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Citokini-lat"><abbr title="Razgovarajte o šablonu" style=";background:#e7dcc3;background:none 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukin</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/IL-1" class="mw-disambig" title="IL-1">IL-1</a> superfamilija</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" title="Interleukin 1">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antagonist_interleukin-1_receptora" title="Antagonist interleukin-1 receptora">1Ra</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_18" title="Interleukin 18">18</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_33" title="Interleukin 33">33</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">poput <a href="/wiki/IL-6" class="mw-disambig" title="IL-6">IL-6</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein_130" title="Glikoprotein 130">gp130</a> koristeći</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">6</a> &#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_11" title="Interleukin 11">11</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_27" title="Interleukin 27">27</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_30" title="Interleukin 30">30</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_31" title="Interleukin 31">31</a> (+ne IL <a href="/wiki/Onkostatin_M" title="Onkostatin M">Onkostatin M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibitorni_faktor_leukemije" title="Inhibitorni faktor leukemije">Inhibitorni faktor leukemije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilijarni_neurotrofni_faktor" title="Cilijarni neurotrofni faktor">Cilijarni neurotrofni faktor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kardiotrofin_1" title="Kardiotrofin 1">Kardiotrofin 1</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/IL-10" class="mw-disambig" title="IL-10">IL-10</a> familija</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">10</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_19" title="Interleukin 19">19</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_20" title="Interleukin 20">20</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_22" title="Interleukin 22">22</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_24" title="Interleukin 24">24</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_26" title="Interleukin 26">26</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_tip_III" title="Interferon tip III">Interferon tip III</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_28" title="Interleukin 28">28</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_29" title="Interleukin 29">29</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Zajedni%C4%8Dki_gama_lanac" class="mw-redirect" title="Zajednički gama lanac">Zajednički γ-lanac</a> familija</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_15" title="Interleukin 15">15</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_3" title="Interleukin 3">3</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">4</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_7" title="Interleukin 7">7</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_9" title="Interleukin 9">9</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">13</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_21" title="Interleukin 21">21</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/IL-12" class="mw-disambig" title="IL-12">IL-12</a> familija</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12B" title="Interleukin 12B">B</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">23</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_27" title="Interleukin 27">27</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_35" title="Interleukin 35">35</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Drugi</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">5</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">8</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_14" title="Interleukin 14">14</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_16" title="Interleukin 16">16</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">17</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_25" title="Interleukin 25">25</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17A" title="Interleukin 17A">A</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_32" title="Interleukin 32">32</a> &#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_34" title="Interleukin 34">34</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hemokini" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemokini">Hemokini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">CCL</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/CCL1" title="CCL1">1</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL2" title="CCL2">2</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Makrofagni_inflamatorni_protein" title="Makrofagni inflamatorni protein">3</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL4" title="CCL4">4</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL5" title="CCL5">5</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL6" title="CCL6">6</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL7" title="CCL7">7</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL8" title="CCL8">8</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL9" title="CCL9">9</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL9" title="CCL9">10</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL11" title="CCL11">11</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL12" title="CCL12">12</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL13" title="CCL13">13</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL14" title="CCL14">14</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL15" title="CCL15">15</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL16" title="CCL16">16</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL17" title="CCL17">17</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL18" title="CCL18">18</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL19" title="CCL19">19</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL20" title="CCL20">20</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL21" title="CCL21">21</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL22" title="CCL22">22</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL23" title="CCL23">23</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL24" title="CCL24">24</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL25" title="CCL25">25</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL26" title="CCL26">26</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL27" title="CCL27">27</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CCL28" title="CCL28">28</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">CXCL</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/CXCL1" title="CXCL1">1</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL2" title="CXCL2">2</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL3" title="CXCL3">3</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Trombocit_faktor_4" title="Trombocit faktor 4">4</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL5" title="CXCL5">5</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL6" title="CXCL6">6</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL7" title="CXCL7">7</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">8</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL9" title="CXCL9">9</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL10" title="CXCL10">10</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL11" title="CXCL11">11</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL12" title="CXCL12">12</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL13" title="CXCL13">13</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL14" title="CXCL14">14</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL15" title="CXCL15">15</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL16" title="CXCL16">16</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CXCL17" title="CXCL17">17</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">CX3CL</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/CX3CL1" title="CX3CL1">1</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">XCL</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/XCL1" title="XCL1">1</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/XCL2" title="XCL2">2</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Faktori_nekroze_tumora" title="Faktori nekroze tumora">TNF</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Glavni</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekroze_tumora-alfa" title="Faktor nekroze tumora-alfa">TNF-alfa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">TNF (<a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biohemija)" title="Ligand (biohemija)">ligand</a>) superfamilija</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/4-1BB_ligand" title="4-1BB ligand">4-1BB ligand</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Faktor_aktivacije_B-%C4%87elija" title="Faktor aktivacije B-ćelija">Faktor aktivacije B-ćelija</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Fas_ligand" title="Fas ligand">FAS ligand</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Limfotoksin" title="Limfotoksin">Limfotoksin</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/OX40L" title="OX40L">OX40L</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">RANKL</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/TRAIL" title="TRAIL">TRAIL</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Klaster_diferencijacije" title="Klaster diferencijacije">Klaster diferencijacije</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/CD70" title="CD70">CD70</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CD153" title="CD153">CD153</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/CD154" title="CD154">CD154</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_tip_I" title="Interferon tip I">I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">alfa ( <a href="/wiki/Pegilirani_interferon_alfa-2a" title="Pegilirani interferon alfa-2a">Pegilirani 2a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegilirani_interferon_alfa-2b" title="Pegilirani interferon alfa-2b">Pegilirani 2b</a>), beta (<a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta-1a" title="Interferon beta-1a">1a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta-1b" title="Interferon beta-1b">1b</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_tip_II" title="Interferon tip II">II</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-gama" title="Interferon-gama">Gama</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_tip_III" title="Interferon tip III">III</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_28" title="Interleukin 28">IL-28</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_29" title="Interleukin 29">IL-29</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Drugi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Monokin" title="Monokin">Monokin</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Limfokin" title="Limfokin">Limfokin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Limfotoksin" title="Limfotoksin">Limfotoksin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faktor_transfera" title="Faktor transfera">Faktor transfera</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Faktor_rasta" title="Faktor rasta">Faktor rasta</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hematopoeza" title="Hematopoeza">Hematopoeza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faktor_stem_%C4%87elija" title="Faktor stem ćelija">Faktor stem ćelija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faktor_stimulacije_kolonije" title="Faktor stimulacije kolonije">Faktor stimulacije kolonije</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/GPI_(gen)" title="GPI (gen)">Faktor autokrinog motiliteta</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/Osteopontin" title="Osteopontin">Osteopontin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Po funkciji</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Proinflamatorni_citokin" title="Proinflamatorni citokin">proinflamatorni citokin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" title="Interleukin 1">IL-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekroze_tumora-alfa" title="Faktor nekroze tumora-alfa">TNF-alfa</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>T<sub>h</sub>1</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Interferon-gama" title="Interferon-gama">INF-gama</a> i <a href="/wiki/Faktor_nekroze_tumora-beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Faktor nekroze tumora-beta">TNF-beta</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>T<sub>h</sub>2</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">IL-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a>)&#160;&#8226;&#32; <a href="/wiki/T_pomo%C4%87ne_17_%C4%87elije" title="T pomoćne 17 ćelije"><i>T<sub>h</sub>17</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">IL-17</a>,<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_22" title="Interleukin 22">IL-22</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Biohemija_metanavs-lat" title="Šablon:Biohemija metanavs-lat">B</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Prenos_signala-lat" title="Šablon:Prenos signala-lat">trdu</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Intercelularni_signalni_peptidi_i_proteini-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Intercelularni signalni peptidi i proteini-lat (stranica ne postoji)">peptidi</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Neuropeptidi-lat" title="Šablon:Neuropeptidi-lat">nrpl</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Faktori_rasta-lat" title="Šablon:Faktori rasta-lat">grfl</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Citokini-lat" title="Šablon:Citokini-lat">cytl</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Hormoni-lat" title="Šablon:Hormoni-lat">horl</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Receptori_%C4%87elijske_povr%C5%A1ine-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Receptori ćelijske površine-lat (stranica ne postoji)">receptori</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Ligand-kontrolisani_jonski_kanali-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Ligand-kontrolisani jonski kanali-lat (stranica ne postoji)">lgic</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Enzim-vezani_receptori-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Enzim-vezani receptori-lat (stranica ne postoji)">enzr</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:G_protein_spregnuti_receptori-lat" title="Šablon:G protein spregnuti receptori-lat">gprc</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Imunoglobulinska_superfamilija_imunskih_receptora-lat" title="Šablon:Imunoglobulinska superfamilija imunskih receptora-lat">igsr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Integrini-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Integrini-lat (stranica ne postoji)">intg</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Neuropeptidni_receptori-lat" title="Šablon:Neuropeptidni receptori-lat">nrpr</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Receptori_faktora_rasta-lat" title="Šablon:Receptori faktora rasta-lat">grfr</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Citokinski_receptori-lat" class="mw-redirect" title="Šablon:Citokinski receptori-lat">cytr</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Intracelularni_signalni_peptidi_i_proteini-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Intracelularni signalni peptidi i proteini-lat (stranica ne postoji)">itra</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Adapterski_proteini-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Adapterski proteini-lat (stranica ne postoji)">adap</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Regulatori_GTP-vezuju%C4%87ih_proteina-lat" title="Šablon:Regulatori GTP-vezujućih proteina-lat">gbpr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Aktivacija_MAP_kinaze-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Aktivacija MAP kinaze-lat (stranica ne postoji)">mapk</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Kalcjiumska_signalizacija-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Kalcjiumska signalizacija-lat (stranica ne postoji)">calc</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Lipidna_signalizacija-lat" title="Šablon:Lipidna signalizacija-lat">lipd</a>, signalni putevi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Hedgehog_signalni_put-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Hedgehog signalni put-lat (stranica ne postoji)">hedp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Wnt_signalni_put-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Wnt signalni put-lat (stranica ne postoji)">wntp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:TGF_beta_signalizacija-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:TGF beta signalizacija-lat (stranica ne postoji)">tgfp</a>+<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:MAPK_ERK_signalni_put-lat" title="Šablon:MAPK ERK signalni put-lat">mapp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Notch_signalni_put-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Notch signalni put-lat (stranica ne postoji)">notp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:JAK-STAT_signalni_put-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:JAK-STAT signalni put-lat (stranica ne postoji)">jakp</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Apoptozni_signalni_put-lat" title="Šablon:Apoptozni signalni put-lat">fsap</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Hippo_signalni_put-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:Hippo signalni put-lat (stranica ne postoji)">hipp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:TLR_signalni_put-lat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Šablon:TLR signalni put-lat (stranica ne postoji)">tlrp</a>)</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐5fd4fc67fd‐vsl5n Cached time: 20241104225127 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.383 seconds Real time usage: 0.458 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6313/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 172322/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 23149/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17627/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.108/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1770684/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 316.889 1 -total 84.79% 268.686 9 Šablon:Navbox 45.84% 145.250 1 Šablon:Imunski_sistem-lat 31.15% 98.702 1 Šablon:Reflist 25.56% 81.004 6 Šablon:Navbox_subgroup 14.57% 46.172 1 Šablon:Citokini-lat 13.98% 44.296 4 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