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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Major_circles_of_latitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_circles_of_latitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Major circles of latitude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_circles_of_latitude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major circles of latitude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_circles_of_latitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Equator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Polar circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropical_circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical_circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tropical circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical_circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_of_the_Tropical_and_Polar_Circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_of_the_Tropical_and_Polar_Circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Movement of the Tropical and Polar Circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_of_the_Tropical_and_Polar_Circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Other planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_parallels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_parallels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other notable parallels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_parallels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Elevation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Circle of latitude</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="دائرة العرض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دائرة العرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralelu" title="Paralelu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paralelu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE" title="অক্ষরেখা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্ষরেখা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Параллель – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Параллель" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Паралель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паралель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Паралель – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паралель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Паралел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паралел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralela_(geografija)" title="Paralela (geografija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paralela (geografija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paral%C2%B7lel" title="Paral·lel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paral·lel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Параллель – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Параллель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovnob%C4%9B%C5%BEka" title="Rovnoběžka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rovnoběžka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breddekreds" title="Breddekreds – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Breddekreds" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitenkreis" title="Breitenkreis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Breitenkreis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0yrinowy_krejz" title="Šyrinowy krejz – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Šyrinowy krejz" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralleel" title="Paralleel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paralleel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Παράλληλος κύκλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παράλληλος κύκλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralelo" title="Paralelo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paralelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirklo_de_latitudo" title="Cirklo de latitudo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cirklo de latitudo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralelo_(geografia)" title="Paralelo (geografia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paralelo (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="مدار (جغرافیا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدار (جغرافیا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parall%C3%A8le_(g%C3%A9ographie)" title="Parallèle (géographie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parallèle (géographie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geografy)" title="Parallel (geografy) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Parallel (geografy)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralelo" title="Paralelo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paralelo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%84%A0" title="위선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%27irar_Latitud" title="Da'irar Latitud – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Da'irar Latitud" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Զուգահեռական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զուգահեռական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अक्षांश वृत्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अक्षांश वृत्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%9Brokostnik" title="Šěrokostnik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Šěrokostnik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralela_(zemljopis)" title="Paralela (zemljopis) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paralela (zemljopis)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkulo_ti_latitud" title="Sirkulo ti latitud – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sirkulo ti latitud" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelo_(geografia)" title="Parallelo (geografia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parallelo (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%92_(%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94)" title="חוג (גאוגרפיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוג (גאוגרפיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პარალელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარალელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudo" title="Latitudo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Latitudo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Параллель – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Параллель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulus_parallelus" title="Circulus parallelus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circulus parallelus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paral%C4%93le" title="Paralēle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paralēle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breetekrees" title="Breetekrees – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Breetekrees" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralel" title="Paralel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Paralel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9less%C3%A9gi_k%C3%B6r" title="Szélességi kör – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szélességi kör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Напоредник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Напоредник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अक्षवृत्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अक्षवृत्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulatan_latitud" title="Bulatan latitud – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bulatan latitud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geografie)" title="Parallel (geografie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parallel (geografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A" title="緯線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="緯線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parall%C3%A8l_(geografia)" title="Parallèl (geografia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Parallèl (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel" title="Parallel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parallel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="د عرض البلد دایره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د عرض البلد دایره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3wnole%C5%BCnik" title="Równoleżnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Równoleżnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralelo" title="Paralelo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paralelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Параллель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Параллель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Circle of latitude" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovnobe%C5%BEka_(geografia)" title="Rovnobežka (geografia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rovnobežka (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzporednik" title="Vzporednik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzporednik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Упоредник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Упоредник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralela_(geografija)" title="Paralela (geografija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paralela (geografija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveyspiiri" title="Leveyspiiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leveyspiiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breddgrad" title="Breddgrad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Breddgrad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabilugan_ng_latitud" title="Kabilugan ng latitud – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabilugan ng latitud" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலநேர்க்கோட்டு வட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலநேர்க்கோட்டு வட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94" title="วงกลมละติจูด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงกลมละติจูด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlem_dairesi" title="Enlem dairesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enlem dairesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Паралель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паралель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="دائرۃ العرض – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرۃ العرض" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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title="Longitude">Longitude</a> (λ)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> Lines of longitude appear <a href="/wiki/Vertical_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical direction">vertical</a> with varying curvature in this projection, but are actually halves of great ellipses, with identical radii at a given latitude.</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbffee; text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">Latitude</a> (φ)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> Lines of latitude appear <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal plane">horizontal</a> with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a <a class="mw-selflink selflink">circle of latitude</a>.</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;;padding-bottom:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_with_equator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/World_map_with_equator.svg/80px-World_map_with_equator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/World_map_with_equator.svg/120px-World_map_with_equator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/World_map_with_equator.svg/160px-World_map_with_equator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The <b><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a></b> divides the planet into a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, and has a latitude of 0°.</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globe_Atlantic.svg/180px-Globe_Atlantic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globe_Atlantic.svg/240px-Globe_Atlantic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geodesy" title="History of geodesy">History</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distance" title="Geographical distance">Geographical distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">Geoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">Figure of the Earth</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">circumference</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_coordinates" title="Geodetic coordinates">Geodetic coordinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">Geodetic datum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic" title="Geodesic">Geodesic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_position_representation" title="Horizontal position representation">Horizontal position representation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">Latitude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">Longitude</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_ellipsoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference ellipsoid">Reference ellipsoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_geodesy" title="Satellite geodesy">Satellite geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_reference_system" title="Spatial reference system">Spatial reference system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_relation" title="Spatial relation">Spatial relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_position" title="Vertical position">Vertical positions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Pos. System (GPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS <span style="font-size:85%;">(Russia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou (BDS) <span style="font-size:85%;">(China)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Europe)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">NAVIC <span style="font-size:85%;">(India)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS) <span style="font-size:85%;">(Japan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_Global_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete Global Grid">Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards (history)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Level Datum of 1929">NGVD 29</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Sea Level Datum 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/OSGB36" class="mw-redirect" title="OSGB36">OSGB36</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/SK-42_reference_system" title="SK-42 reference system">SK-42</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Systema Koordinat 1942 goda</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/ED50" title="ED50">ED50</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> European Datum 1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/South_American_Datum#SAD69" title="South American Datum">SAD69</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> South American Datum 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/GRS_80" class="mw-redirect" title="GRS 80">GRS 80</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Geodetic Reference System 1980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">ISO 6709</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Geographic point coord. 1983</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Datum#North_American_Datum_of_1983" title="North American Datum">NAD 83</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> North American Datum 1983</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">WGS 84</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> World Geodetic System 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">NAVD 88</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> N. American Vertical Datum 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989" title="European Terrestrial Reference System 1989">ETRS89</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China" title="Restrictions on geographic data in China">GCJ-02</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Chinese obfuscated datum 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">Geo URI</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Internet link to a point 2010</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Terrestrial_Reference_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Terrestrial Reference System">International Terrestrial Reference System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRID" class="mw-redirect" title="SRID">Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system" title="Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system">Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geodesy" title="Template:Geodesy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geodesy" title="Template talk:Geodesy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geodesy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geodesy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg/220px-Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg/330px-Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg/440px-Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2984" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> of a <a href="/wiki/World_map" title="World map">world map</a>. The angles are untrue for area, especially at <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">high latitudes</a>. Also note increasing distances between the latitudes towards the poles and the parallel <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">lines of longitude</a>. The only true world map is the <a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">globe</a>. The Mercator projection comes from a globe inside a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder" title="Cylinder">cylinder</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usgs_map_mercator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Usgs_map_mercator.svg/220px-Usgs_map_mercator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Usgs_map_mercator.svg/330px-Usgs_map_mercator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Usgs_map_mercator.svg/440px-Usgs_map_mercator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> and its use on a world map. This projection first came into use in the 16th century by the Dutch.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>circle of latitude</b> or <b>line of latitude</b> on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is an abstract <a href="/wiki/East" title="East">east</a>–<a href="/wiki/West" title="West">west</a> <a href="/wiki/Small_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Small circle">small circle</a> connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>) at a given <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate line">coordinate line</a>. </p><p>Circles of latitude are often called <b>parallels</b> because they are <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> to each other; that is, planes that contain any of these circles never <a href="/wiki/Intersection" title="Intersection">intersect</a> each other. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>. Circles of latitude are unlike circles of longitude, which are all <a href="/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circles</a> with the centre of Earth in the middle, as the circles of latitude get smaller as the distance from the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> increases. Their length can be calculated by a common <a href="/wiki/Sine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine">sine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosine">cosine</a> function. For example, the <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_north" title="60th parallel north">60th parallel north</a> or <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">south</a> is half as long as the Equator (disregarding Earth's minor <a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">flattening</a> by 0.335%), stemming from <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos(60^{\circ })=0.5}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mn>60</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos(60^{\circ })=0.5}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/093c510e5662b49931917654d4e6fc5e2a0df159" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.37ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos(60^{\circ })=0.5}"></span>. On the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> or on the <a href="/wiki/Gall-Peters_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall-Peters projection">Gall-Peters projection</a>, a circle of latitude is perpendicular to all <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the ellipsoid or on spherical projection, all circles of latitude are <a href="/wiki/Rhumb_line" title="Rhumb line">rhumb lines</a>, except the Equator. </p><p>The latitude of the circle is approximately the <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a> between the Equator and the circle, with the angle's <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)" title="Vertex (geometry)">vertex</a> at Earth's centre. The Equator is at 0°, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> are at 90° north and 90° south, respectively. The Equator is the longest circle of latitude and is the only circle of latitude which also is a great circle. As such, it is perpendicular to all meridians. </p><p>There are 89 <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integral</a> (whole <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree</a>) circles of latitude between the Equator and the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poles</a> in each <a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">hemisphere</a>, but these can be divided into more precise measurements of latitude, and are often represented as a decimal degree (e.g. 34.637° N) or with <a href="/wiki/Minute_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of arc">minutes and seconds</a> (e.g. 22°14'26" S). </p><p>On a map, the circles of latitude may or may not be parallel, and their spacing may vary, depending on which <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">projection</a> is used to map the surface of the Earth onto a plane. On an <a href="/wiki/Equirectangular_projection" title="Equirectangular projection">equirectangular projection</a>, centered on the equator, the circles of latitude are horizontal, parallel, and equally spaced. On other cylindrical and pseudocylindrical projections, the circles of latitude are horizontal and parallel, but may be spaced unevenly to give the map useful characteristics. For instance, on a <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> the circles of latitude are more widely spaced near the poles to preserve local scales and shapes, while on a <a href="/wiki/Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection" title="Gall–Peters projection">Gall–Peters projection</a> the circles of latitude are spaced more closely near the poles so that comparisons of area will be accurate. On most non-cylindrical and non-pseudocylindrical projections, the circles of latitude are neither straight nor parallel. </p><p>Arcs of circles of latitude are sometimes used as boundaries between countries or regions where distinctive natural borders are lacking (such as in deserts), or when an artificial border is drawn as a "line on a map", which was made in massive scale during the 1884 <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a>, regarding huge parts of the African continent. North American nations and states have also mostly been created by straight lines, which are often parts of circles of latitudes. For instance, the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> is at <a href="/wiki/41%C2%B0_N" class="mw-redirect" title="41° N">41° N</a> while the southern border is at <a href="/wiki/37%C2%B0_N" class="mw-redirect" title="37° N">37° N</a>. Roughly half the length of the border between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> follows <a href="/wiki/49%C2%B0_N" class="mw-redirect" title="49° N">49° N</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_circles_of_latitude">Major circles of latitude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major circles of latitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_with_major_latitude_circles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/World_map_with_major_latitude_circles.svg/300px-World_map_with_major_latitude_circles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/World_map_with_major_latitude_circles.svg/450px-World_map_with_major_latitude_circles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/World_map_with_major_latitude_circles.svg/600px-World_map_with_major_latitude_circles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>The five major circles of latitude shown on an <a href="/wiki/Equirectangular_projection" title="Equirectangular projection">equirectangular projection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg/400px-Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg/600px-Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg/800px-Axial_tilt_vs_tropical_and_polar_circles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Relationship of Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles</figcaption></figure> <p>There are five major circles of latitude, listed below from north to south. The position of the Equator is fixed (90 degrees from Earth's axis of rotation) but the latitudes of the other circles depend on the tilt of this axis relative to the plane of Earth's orbit, and so are not perfectly fixed. The values below are for 23 November 2024:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> (66°33′50.2″ N)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> (23°26′09.8″ N)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> (0° latitude)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> (23°26′09.8″ S)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> (66°33′50.2″ S)</li></ul> <p>These circles of latitude, excluding the Equator, mark the divisions between the five principal <a href="/wiki/Geographical_zone" title="Geographical zone">geographical zones</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equator">Equator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Equator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a></div> <p>The equator is the circle that is equidistant from the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. It divides the Earth into the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. Of the parallels or circles of latitude, it is the longest, and the only '<a href="/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circle</a>' (a circle on the surface of the Earth, centered on Earth's center). All the other parallels are smaller and centered only on Earth's axis. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_with_equator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/World_map_with_equator.svg/300px-World_map_with_equator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/World_map_with_equator.svg/450px-World_map_with_equator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/World_map_with_equator.svg/600px-World_map_with_equator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="651" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polar_circles">Polar circles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Polar circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polar_circle" title="Polar circle">Polar circle</a></div> <p>The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the Sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at the <a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June</a> and <a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstices</a> respectively). Similarly, the Antarctic Circle marks the northernmost latitude in the Southern Hemisphere at which the Sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at the <a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_Solstice" class="mw-redirect" title="June Solstice">June Solstices</a> respectively). </p><p>The latitude of the polar circles is equal to 90° minus the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_with_arctic_circle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/World_map_with_arctic_circle.svg/300px-World_map_with_arctic_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/World_map_with_arctic_circle.svg/450px-World_map_with_arctic_circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/World_map_with_arctic_circle.svg/600px-World_map_with_arctic_circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="651" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20px;">  </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_with_antarctic_circle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_map_with_antarctic_circle.svg/300px-World_map_with_antarctic_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_map_with_antarctic_circle.svg/450px-World_map_with_antarctic_circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_map_with_antarctic_circle.svg/600px-World_map_with_antarctic_circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="651" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropical_circles">Tropical circles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tropical circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a></div> <p>The Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn mark the northernmost and southernmost latitudes at which the Sun may be seen directly overhead at the <a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June solstice</a> and <a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstice</a> respectively. </p><p>The latitude of the tropical circles is equal to the Earth's axial tilt. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg/300px-World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg/450px-World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg/600px-World_map_with_tropic_of_cancer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="651" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20px;">  </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_with_tropic_of_capricorn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/World_map_with_tropic_of_capricorn.svg/300px-World_map_with_tropic_of_capricorn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/World_map_with_tropic_of_capricorn.svg/450px-World_map_with_tropic_of_capricorn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/World_map_with_tropic_of_capricorn.svg/600px-World_map_with_tropic_of_capricorn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="651" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_of_the_Tropical_and_Polar_Circles">Movement of the Tropical and Polar Circles<span class="anchor" id="Movement_of_the_Tropical_and_Polar_circles"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Movement of the Tropical and Polar Circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div> <p>By definition, the positions of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> all depend on the <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">tilt of the Earth's axis</a> relative to the plane of its orbit around the Sun (the "obliquity of the ecliptic"). If the Earth were "upright" (its axis at right angles to the orbital plane) there would be no Arctic, Antarctic, or Tropical circles: at the poles the Sun would always circle along the horizon, and at the equator the Sun would always rise due east, pass directly overhead, and set due west. </p><p>The positions of the Tropical and Polar Circles are not fixed because the axial tilt changes slowly – a complex motion determined by the superimposition of many different cycles (some of which are described below) with short to very long periods. At noon of January 1st 2000 AD, the mean value of the tilt was 23° 26′ 21.406″ (according to IAU 2006, theory P03), the corresponding value being 23° 26′ 10.633" at noon of January 1st 2023 AD. </p><p>The main long-term cycle causes the axial tilt to fluctuate between about 22.1° and 24.5° with a period of 41,000 years. Currently, the <i>average</i> value of the tilt is decreasing by about 0.468″ per year. As a result (approximately, and on average), the Tropical Circles are drifting towards the equator (and the Polar Circles towards the poles) by 15 m per year, and the area of the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropics</a>, defined astronomically, is decreasing by 1,100 km<sup>2</sup> (420 sq mi) per year. (However, the tropical belt as defined based on atmospheric conditions is expanding due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The Earth's axial tilt has additional shorter-term variations due to <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_nutation" title="Astronomical nutation">nutation</a>, of which the main term, with a period of 18.6 years, has an <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> of 9.2″ (corresponding to almost 300 m north and south).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many smaller terms, resulting in varying daily shifts of some metres in any direction. </p><p>Finally, the Earth's rotational axis is not exactly fixed in the Earth, but undergoes small fluctuations (on the order of 15 m) called <a href="/wiki/Polar_motion" title="Polar motion">polar motion</a>, which have a small effect on the Tropics and Polar Circles and also on the Equator. </p><p>Short-term fluctuations over a matter of days do not directly affect the location of the extreme latitudes at which the Sun may appear directly overhead, or at which 24-hour day or night is possible, except when they actually occur at the time of the solstices. Rather, they cause a theoretical shifting of the parallels, that would occur if the given axis tilt were maintained throughout the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_planets">Other planets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These circles of latitude can be defined on other planets with axial inclinations relative to their orbital planes. Objects such as <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> with tilt angles greater than 45 degrees will have the tropic circles closer to the poles and the polar circles closer to the equator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_notable_parallels">Other notable parallels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other notable parallels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(surveying)" title="Baseline (surveying)">Baseline (surveying)</a></div> <p>A number of sub-national and international <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a> were intended to be defined by, or are approximated by, parallels. Parallels make convenient borders in the northern hemisphere because astronomic latitude can be roughly measured (to within a few tens of metres) by sighting the <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">North Star</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Parallel</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr valign="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/81st_parallel_north" title="81st parallel north">81°N</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">In <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the northern and southern limits of the area comprised by the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a> of 9 February 1920. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/74th_parallel_north" title="74th parallel north">74°N</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_north" title="70th parallel north">70°N</a> </td> <td>On <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Island (Canada)">Victoria Island</a>, Canada, two sections of the border between <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_north" title="60th parallel north">60°N</a> </td> <td>In Canada, the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> with the northern border of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>; the southern border of Northwest Territories with the northern borders of British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>; and the southern border of mainland Nunavut with the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, leading to the expression "north of sixty" for the territories. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_54%C2%B040%E2%80%B2_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel 54°40′ north">54°40'N</a> </td> <td>The border between 19th century Russian territories to the north and conflicting American and British land claims in western North America. The conflicting claims led to the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a> between Britain and the United States, giving rise to the slogan "Fifty-four forty or fight." </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/52nd_parallel_north" title="52nd parallel north">52°N</a> </td> <td>In Canada, part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_north" title="51st parallel north">51°N</a> </td> <td>The southern limit of <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> from 1799 to 1821. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49°N</a> </td> <td>Much of <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">the border</a> between Canada and the United States, from British Columbia to Manitoba; "49th parallel" is a common expression for the border, though the majority of Canada's population actually lives south of the parallel. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/48th_parallel_north" title="48th parallel north">48°N</a> </td> <td>In Canada, part of the border between Quebec and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46°N</a> </td> <td>In the United States, part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_north" title="45th parallel north">45°N</a> </td> <td>Approximates the portion of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a> between <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (Canada) and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> (US). Also approximates most of the border between <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=43%C2%B030%27_parallel_north&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="43°30' parallel north (page does not exist)">43°30'N</a> </td> <td>In the US, the border between <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43°N</a> </td> <td>In the US, much of the border between <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=42%C2%B030%27_parallel_north&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="42°30' parallel north (page does not exist)">42°30'N</a> </td> <td>In the US, the border between <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42°N</a> </td> <td>Originally the northward limit of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. In the US, the southern borders of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> where they meet the northern borders of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. The parallel also defines much of the border between <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/41st_parallel_north" title="41st parallel north">41°N</a> </td> <td>In the US, part of the border between Wyoming and Utah, the border between Wyoming and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, and part of the border between Nebraska and Colorado. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40°N</a> </td> <td>In the US, the border between Nebraska and <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. The parallel was originally chosen for the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>, but the line was moved several miles south to avoid bisecting the city of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38°N</a> </td> <td>The boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">American</a> occupation zones in Korea, and later between <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, from 1945 until the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953). </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37°N</a> </td> <td>In the US, the southern border of Utah with the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. The southern border of Colorado with the northern borders of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. The southern border of Kansas with the northern border of Oklahoma. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/36%C2%B030%27_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="36°30' parallel north">36°30'N</a> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_Compromise_Line.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Missouri_Compromise_Line.svg/100px-Missouri_Compromise_Line.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Missouri_Compromise_Line.svg/150px-Missouri_Compromise_Line.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Missouri_Compromise_Line.svg/200px-Missouri_Compromise_Line.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>The historic <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> line (the historic division between slave and free states). In the US, defines part of the border between Oklahoma and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, most of the border between <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. Geographically it is a Westward extension of the border between <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/36th_parallel_north" title="36th parallel north">36°N</a> </td> <td>In the US, a short section of the border between the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Bootheel" title="Missouri Bootheel">Missouri Bootheel</a> and Arkansas. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">35°N</a> </td> <td>In the US, the southern border of Tennessee, which meets <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. Also, part of the border between North Carolina and Georgia. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/33rd_parallel_north" title="33rd parallel north">33°N</a> </td> <td>In the US, the southern border of Arkansas, which meets the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, is approximated by the parallel. Historically, it defined the southern border of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/32nd_parallel_north" title="32nd parallel north">32°N</a> </td> <td>In the US, part of the border between New Mexico and Texas. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=31%C2%B020%27_parallel_north&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="31°20' parallel north (page does not exist)">31°20'N</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between the US and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>); the southern border of Arizona and the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Bootheel" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico Bootheel">New Mexico Bootheel</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/31st_parallel_north" title="31st parallel north">31°N</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. In the US, part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_parallel_north" title="28th parallel north">28°N</a> </td> <td>In Mexico, the border between <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_parallel_north" title="26th parallel north">26°N</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> (claimed by <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_parallel_north" title="25th parallel north">25°N</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between Mauritania and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_parallel_north" title="22nd parallel north">22°N</a> </td> <td>Much of the border between <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, partly disputed (see also <a href="/wiki/Hala%27ib_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala'ib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a>). </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_parallel_north" title="20th parallel north">20°N</a> </td> <td>A short section of the border between <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and Sudan, and within Sudan, the northern border of the <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> region. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17°N</a> </td> <td>The division between Republic of Vietnam (<a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>) and Democratic Republic of Vietnam (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_parallel_north" title="15th parallel north">15°N</a> </td> <td><i>de facto</i> maritime border between <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=13%C2%B005%27_parallel_north&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13°05' parallel north (page does not exist)">13°05'N</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, over a stretch of 41.6 km, partly in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_north" title="10th parallel north">10°N</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_parallel_north" title="8th parallel north">8°N</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_parallel_north" title="1st parallel north">1°N</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_parallel_south" title="1st parallel south">1°S</a> </td> <td>Most of the border between <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and a very short section of the border between <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and Tanzania in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_parallel_south" title="7th parallel south">7°S</a> </td> <td>A short section of the border between <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_parallel_south" title="8th parallel south">8°S</a> </td> <td>Two short sections of the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_south" title="10th parallel south">10°S</a> </td> <td>A short section of the border between <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_parallel_south" title="13th parallel south">13°S</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between Angola and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_parallel_south" title="16th parallel south">16°S</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_parallel_south" title="22nd parallel south">22°S</a> </td> <td>A short section of the border between <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, and parts of the border between <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_parallel_south" title="26th parallel south">26°S</a> </td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the border between <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, and part of the border between South Australia and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_parallel_south" title="28th parallel south">28°S</a> </td> <td>In Argentina, the border between <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Province" title="Chaco Province">Chaco Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Province" title="Santa Fe Province">Santa Fe Province</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_south" title="29th parallel south">29°S</a> </td> <td>In Australia, much of the border between Queensland and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_south" title="35th parallel south">35°S</a> </td> <td>In Argentina, part of the border between <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Pampa_Province" title="La Pampa Province">La Pampa Province</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/36th_parallel_south" title="36th parallel south">36°S</a> </td> <td>In Argentina, part of the border between <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province" title="Mendoza Province">Mendoza Province</a> and La Pampa Province, and part of the border between <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Province" title="San Luis Province">San Luis Province</a> and La Pampa Province. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_south" title="42nd parallel south">42°S</a> </td> <td>In Argentina, the border between <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Negro_Province" title="Río Negro Province">Río Negro Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_south" title="46th parallel south">46°S</a> </td> <td>In Argentina, the border between Chubut Province and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Province_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)">Santa Cruz Province</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/52nd_parallel_south" title="52nd parallel south">52°S</a> </td> <td>Part of the border between Argentina and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60°S</a> </td> <td>The northern boundary of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> for the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/FlareGenesis/Antarctica/1999/pictures/antarctica_pol_map.jpg">map</a>). The northern boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elevation">Elevation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Elevation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circle_of_latitude_elevation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Circle_of_latitude_elevation.svg/256px-Circle_of_latitude_elevation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Circle_of_latitude_elevation.svg/384px-Circle_of_latitude_elevation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Circle_of_latitude_elevation.svg/512px-Circle_of_latitude_elevation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>The features of the <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a> cross-section (orange) in this image are exaggerated with respect to those of the Earth.</figcaption></figure> <p>Normally the circles of latitude are defined at zero <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>. Elevation has an effect on a location with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">plane</a> formed by a circle of latitude. Since (in the <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">geodetic system</a>) altitude and depth are determined by the <a href="/wiki/Surface_normal" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface normal">normal</a> to the Earth's surface, locations sharing the same latitude—but having different elevations (i.e., lying along this normal)—no longer lie within this plane. Rather, all points sharing the same latitude—but of varying elevation and longitude—occupy the surface of a truncated <a href="/wiki/Conical_surface" title="Conical surface">cone</a> formed by the rotation of this normal around the Earth's axis of rotation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_a_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Circles of a sphere">Circles of a sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circles_of_latitude" title="List of circles of latitude">List of circles of latitude</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKher" class="citation web cs1">Kher, Aparna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/geography/longitude-latitude.html">"What Are Longitudes and Latitudes?"</a>. <i>timeanddate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=What+Are+Longitudes+and+Latitudes%3F&rft.aulast=Kher&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fgeography%2Flongitude-latitude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircle+of+latitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/a/googleproductforums.com/forum/?fromgroups#!msg/gec-geology-moderated/CMXesn-SROc/mEqdXT1LaLoJ">"<i>Trópico en movimiento</i> (in Spanish)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tr%C3%B3pico+en+movimiento+%28in+Spanish%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fa%2Fgoogleproductforums.com%2Fforum%2F%3Ffromgroups%23%21msg%2Fgec-geology-moderated%2FCMXesn-SROc%2FmEqdXT1LaLoJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircle+of+latitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuanHoerlingPerlwitzDiaz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Quan, Xiao-Wei; Hoerling, Martin P.; Perlwitz, Judith; Diaz, Henry F.; Xu, Taiyi (March 1, 2014). "How Fast Are the Tropics Expanding?". <i>Journal of Climate</i>. <b>27</b> (5): 1999–2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FJCLI-D-13-00287.1">10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00287.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&rft.atitle=How+Fast+Are+the+Tropics+Expanding%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1999-2013&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2FJCLI-D-13-00287.1&rft.aulast=Quan&rft.aufirst=Xiao-Wei&rft.au=Hoerling%2C+Martin+P.&rft.au=Perlwitz%2C+Judith&rft.au=Diaz%2C+Henry+F.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Taiyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircle+of+latitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf2-1.php#nutation">"Basics of Space Flight, Chapter 2"</a>. <i>Jet Propulsion Laboratory</i>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA. October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Basics+of+Space+Flight%2C+Chapter+2&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fbasics%2Fbsf2-1.php%23nutation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircle+of+latitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042116/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/120/13746.pdf">"Maritime Delimitation between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/120/13746.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+Delimitation+between+Nicaragua+and+Honduras+in+the+Caribbean+Sea+%28Nicaragua+v.+Honduras%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F120%2F13746.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircle+of+latitude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_latitude&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/SunApprox.php">U.S. Naval Observatory – mean obliquity of the ecliptic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012021011/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/SunApprox.php">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geographical_coordinates" title="Template:Geographical coordinates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geographical_coordinates" title="Template talk:Geographical coordinates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical_coordinates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical coordinates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Circles_of_latitude_/_meridians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circles of latitude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="padding: 2.5em 9em 0em 3em; margin:0 auto; text-align:left; width:720px;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 720px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthmap720x360_grid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Earthmap720x360_grid.jpg" decoding="async" width="720" height="360" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:66px; top:172px"><b><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Equator</span></a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:66px; top:125.128px"><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Tropic of Cancer</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:66px; top:218.872px"><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Tropic of Capricorn</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:66px; top:38.872px"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Arctic Circle</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:66px; top:305.128px"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Antarctic Circle</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:462px; top:172px"><b><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Equator</span></a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:462px; top:125.128px"><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Tropic of Cancer</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:462px; top:218.872px"><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Tropic of Capricorn</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:462px; top:38.872px"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Arctic Circle</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:462px; top:305.128px"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Antarctic Circle</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:721.2px; top:172px"><b><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:721.2px; top:125.128px"><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:721.2px; top:218.872px"><a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:721.2px; top:38.872px"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:721.2px; top:305.128px"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:350.4px; top:-11.6px"><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">W</a><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">0°</a><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">E</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:415.2px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/30th_meridian_east" title="30th meridian east">30°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:476.4px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/60th_meridian_east" title="60th meridian east">60°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:534px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/90th_meridian_east" title="90th meridian east"><b>90°</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:591.6px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/120th_meridian_east" title="120th meridian east">120°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:652.8px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/150th_meridian_east" title="150th meridian east">150°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:714px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian"><b>180°</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:296.4px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/30th_meridian_west" title="30th meridian west">30°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:235.2px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/60th_meridian_west" title="60th meridian west">60°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:174px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/90th_meridian_west" title="90th meridian west"><b>90°</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:112.8px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/120th_meridian_west" title="120th meridian west">120°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:53.4px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/150th_meridian_west" title="150th meridian west">150°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-6px; top:-13.04px"><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian"><b>180°</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:368.4px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/5th_meridian_east" title="5th meridian east">5°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:386.4px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/15th_meridian_east" title="15th meridian east">15°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:408px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/25th_meridian_east" title="25th meridian east">25°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:426px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/35th_meridian_east" title="35th meridian east">35°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:444px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/45th_meridian_east" title="45th meridian east">45°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:465.6px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/55th_meridian_east" title="55th meridian east">55°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:487.2px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/65th_meridian_east" title="65th meridian east">65°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:505.2px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/75th_meridian_east" title="75th meridian east">75°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:526.8px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/85th_meridian_east" title="85th meridian east">85°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:544.8px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/95th_meridian_east" title="95th meridian east">95°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:562.8px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/105th_meridian_east" title="105th meridian east">105°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:584.4px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/115th_meridian_east" title="115th meridian east">115°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:602.4px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/125th_meridian_east" title="125th meridian east">125°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:624px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/135th_meridian_east" title="135th meridian east">135°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:642px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/145th_meridian_east" title="145th meridian east">145°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:663.6px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/155th_meridian_east" title="155th meridian east">155°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:681.6px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/165th_meridian_east" title="165th meridian east">165°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:703.2px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/175th_meridian_east" title="175th meridian east">175°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:346.8px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/5th_meridian_west" title="5th meridian west">5°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:325.2px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/15th_meridian_west" title="15th meridian west">15°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:307.2px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/25th_meridian_west" title="25th meridian west">25°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:285.6px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/35th_meridian_west" title="35th meridian west">35°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:264px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/45th_meridian_west" title="45th meridian west">45°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/55th_meridian_west" title="55th meridian west">55°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:224.4px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/65th_meridian_west" title="65th meridian west">65°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:206.4px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/75th_meridian_west" title="75th meridian west">75°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:184.8px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/85th_meridian_west" title="85th meridian west">85°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:166.8px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/95th_meridian_west" title="95th meridian west">95°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:145.2px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/105th_meridian_west" title="105th meridian west">105°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:123.6px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/115th_meridian_west" title="115th meridian west">115°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/125th_meridian_west" title="125th meridian west">125°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:84px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/135th_meridian_west" title="135th meridian west">135°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:62.4px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/145th_meridian_west" title="145th meridian west">145°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:44.4px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/155th_meridian_west" title="155th meridian west">155°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:22.8px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/165th_meridian_west" title="165th meridian west">165°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:4.8px; top:-22.4px"><a href="/wiki/175th_meridian_west" title="175th meridian west">175°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:375.6px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/10th_meridian_east" title="10th meridian east">10°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:397.2px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/20th_meridian_east" title="20th meridian east">20°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:433.2px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/40th_meridian_east" title="40th meridian east">40°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:454.8px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/50th_meridian_east" title="50th meridian east">50°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:494.4px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/70th_meridian_east" title="70th meridian east">70°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:516px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/80th_meridian_east" title="80th meridian east">80°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/100th_meridian_east" title="100th meridian east">100°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:573.6px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/110th_meridian_east" title="110th meridian east">110°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:613.2px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/130th_meridian_east" title="130th meridian east">130°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:634.8px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/140th_meridian_east" title="140th meridian east">140°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:674.4px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/160th_meridian_east" title="160th meridian east">160°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:692.4px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/170th_meridian_east" title="170th meridian east">170°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:336px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/10th_meridian_west" title="10th meridian west">10°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:318px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/20th_meridian_west" title="20th meridian west">20°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:274.8px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/40th_meridian_west" title="40th meridian west">40°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:253.2px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/50th_meridian_west" title="50th meridian west">50°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:217.2px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/70th_meridian_west" title="70th meridian west">70°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:195.6px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/80th_meridian_west" title="80th meridian west">80°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:152.4px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/100th_meridian_west" title="100th meridian west">100°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134.4px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/110th_meridian_west" title="110th meridian west">110°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:94.8px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/130th_meridian_west" title="130th meridian west">130°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:73.2px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/140th_meridian_west" title="140th meridian west">140°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:33.6px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/160th_meridian_west" title="160th meridian west">160°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:12px; top:-11.6px"><a href="/wiki/170th_meridian_west" title="170th meridian west">170°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:175.6px"><b><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">0°</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:154px"><a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_north" title="10th parallel north">10°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:136px"><a href="/wiki/20th_parallel_north" title="20th parallel north">20°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:114.4px"><a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_north" title="30th parallel north">30°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:96.4px"><a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:74.8px"><a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_north" title="50th parallel north">50°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:56.8px"><a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_north" title="60th parallel north">60°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:35.2px"><a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_north" title="70th parallel north">70°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:13.6px"><a href="/wiki/80th_parallel_north" title="80th parallel north">80°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:-4.4px"><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">90°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:197.2px"><a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_south" title="10th parallel south">10°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:215.2px"><a href="/wiki/20th_parallel_south" title="20th parallel south">20°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:236.8px"><a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_south" title="30th parallel south">30°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:254.8px"><a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_south" title="40th parallel south">40°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:276.4px"><a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_south" title="50th parallel south">50°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:294.4px"><a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:316px"><a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_south" title="70th parallel south">70°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:337.6px"><a href="/wiki/80th_parallel_south" title="80th parallel south">80°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-13.2px; top:355.6px"><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">90°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:164.08px"><a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_north" title="5th parallel north">5°</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">N</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:146.8px"><a href="/wiki/15th_parallel_north" title="15th parallel north">15°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:125.2px"><a href="/wiki/25th_parallel_north" title="25th parallel north">25°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:103.6px"><a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">35°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:85.6px"><a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_north" title="45th parallel north"><b>45°</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:65.8px"><a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_north" title="55th parallel north">55°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:44.2px"><a href="/wiki/65th_parallel_north" title="65th parallel north">65°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:24.4px"><a href="/wiki/75th_parallel_north" title="75th parallel north">75°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:4.6px"><a href="/wiki/85th_parallel_north" title="85th parallel north">85°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:186.4px"><a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_south" title="5th parallel south">5°</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">S</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:204.4px"><a href="/wiki/15th_parallel_south" title="15th parallel south">15°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:226px"><a href="/wiki/25th_parallel_south" title="25th parallel south">25°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_south" title="35th parallel south">35°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:265.6px"><a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_south" title="45th parallel south"><b>45°</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:283.6px"><a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_south" title="55th parallel south">55°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:305.2px"><a href="/wiki/65th_parallel_south" title="65th parallel south">65°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:326.8px"><a href="/wiki/75th_parallel_south" title="75th parallel south">75°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-27.6px; top:344.8px"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">85°</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:170.4px; top:85.6px"><a href="/wiki/45%C3%9790_points" title="45×90 points"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">45x90</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:530.4px; top:85.6px"><a href="/wiki/45%C3%9790_points" title="45×90 points"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">45x90</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:170.4px; top:265.6px"><a href="/wiki/45%C3%9790_points" title="45×90 points"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">45x90</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:530.4px; top:265.6px"><a href="/wiki/45%C3%9790_points" title="45×90 points"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">45x90</span></a></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_astronomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Template:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_astronomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaonice" title="Aglaonice">Aglaonice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_(astronomer)" title="Agrippa (astronomer)">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Cyrrhus" title="Andronicus of Cyrrhus">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristyllus" title="Aristyllus">Aristyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_of_Rhodes" title="Attalus of Rhodes">Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleostratus" title="Cleostratus">Cleostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euctemon" title="Euctemon">Euctemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicetas" title="Hicetas">Hicetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meton_of_Athens" title="Meton of Athens">Meton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_the_Peripatetic" title="Sosigenes the Peripatetic">Sosigenes the Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis">Timocharis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest"><i>Almagest</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ptolemy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi"><i>Catasterismi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Eratosthenes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens"><i>On the Heavens</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristotle)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callippic_cycle" title="Callippic cycle">Callippic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circle of latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchic_cycle" title="Hipparchic cycle">Hipparchic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">Inferior and superior planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaeteris" title="Octaeteris">Octaeteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a 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