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href="#Percy_Frost-Smith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Percy Frost-Smith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percy_Frost-Smith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hallford-Stevens_and_Dennis-Stevens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hallford-Stevens_and_Dennis-Stevens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hallford-Stevens and Dennis-Stevens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hallford-Stevens_and_Dennis-Stevens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tilling-Stevens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tilling-Stevens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tilling-Stevens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tilling-Stevens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trolleybuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trolleybuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trolleybuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trolleybuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goods_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goods_vehicles"> <div 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href="#Petrol_Electric_engines_and_their_Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Petrol Electric engines and their Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petrol_Electric_engines_and_their_Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Driving_a_Petrol-Electric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Driving_a_Petrol-Electric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Driving a Petrol-Electric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Driving_a_Petrol-Electric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former British commercial vehicle manufacturer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilling-Stevens_Ltd._1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tilling-Stevens_Ltd._1950.jpg/220px-Tilling-Stevens_Ltd._1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tilling-Stevens_Ltd._1950.jpg/330px-Tilling-Stevens_Ltd._1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tilling-Stevens_Ltd._1950.jpg/440px-Tilling-Stevens_Ltd._1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3282" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption>Preference Share of the Tilling-Stevens Ltd., issued 25. September 1950</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tilling-Stevens</b> was a British manufacturer of buses and other commercial vehicles, based in <a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. Originally established in 1897, it became a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Petrol-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol-electric">petrol-electric</a> vehicles. It continued as an independent manufacturer until 1950, when it was acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes Group</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W_A_Stevens_of_Maidstone">W A Stevens of Maidstone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: W A Stevens of Maidstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southdown_bus_67_(CD_4867),_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%285%29.jpg/220px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%285%29.jpg/330px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%285%29.jpg/440px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>Tilling-Stevens bus chassis 1923<br />generator (red) traction motor (grey)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>W.A. Stevens</b> was established in Maidstone in 1897 by William Arthur Stevens and had by 1906 built its first petrol-electric vehicle using designs patented by Percival (Percy) Frost-Smith. A <a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">petrol engine</a> was connected to an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a> and the current produced passed to a <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motor</a> which drove the rear wheels. W.A. Stevens also patented a system for converting conventional petrol buses for either battery-electric or petrol-electric propulsion, patent GB190820210.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Percy_Frost-Smith">Percy Frost-Smith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Percy Frost-Smith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Percival Harry Frost-Smith was Managing Director of Tilling-Stevens Ltd in 1915/1916 and he obtained several patents for improvements to motor vehicles between 1908 and 1918. These included: </p> <ul><li>With William Arthur Stevens, <i>Worm drive for vehicles</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>With Francis Edwin Brown, <i>Improvements in and relating to Worm Drive for Mechanically Propelled Vehicles</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>With Victor Snow Robinson, <i>Improvements in and connected with the Electric Lighting of Vehicles</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>With Tilling-Stevens Ltd, <i>Improved Means of Control for Petrol Electric Vehicles</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Francis Edwin Brown was a son of David Brown, of <a href="/wiki/David_Brown_Ltd." title="David Brown Ltd.">David Brown Ltd.</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buses">Buses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thames_Valley_bus_152_(MO_9324),_2006_Worthing_bus_rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Thames_Valley_bus_152_%28MO_9324%29%2C_2006_Worthing_bus_rally.jpg/220px-Thames_Valley_bus_152_%28MO_9324%29%2C_2006_Worthing_bus_rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Thames_Valley_bus_152_%28MO_9324%29%2C_2006_Worthing_bus_rally.jpg/330px-Thames_Valley_bus_152_%28MO_9324%29%2C_2006_Worthing_bus_rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Thames_Valley_bus_152_%28MO_9324%29%2C_2006_Worthing_bus_rally.jpg/440px-Thames_Valley_bus_152_%28MO_9324%29%2C_2006_Worthing_bus_rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Thames Valley bus delivered 1927</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hallford-Stevens_and_Dennis-Stevens">Hallford-Stevens and Dennis-Stevens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hallford-Stevens and Dennis-Stevens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The petrol-electric transmission was fitted to chassis built by <a href="/wiki/J_%26_E_Hall" title="J & E Hall">J & E Hall</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Dartford" title="Dartford">Dartford</a> who used the trade name "Hallford" so these were known as "Hallford-Stevens". Transmissions were also supplied to <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Specialist_Vehicles" title="Dennis Specialist Vehicles">Dennis Bros</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a> these vehicles were named "Dennis-Stevens". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tilling-Stevens">Tilling-Stevens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tilling-Stevens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autobuses_de_Madrid_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Autobuses_de_Madrid_1922.jpg/220px-Autobuses_de_Madrid_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Autobuses_de_Madrid_1922.jpg/330px-Autobuses_de_Madrid_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Autobuses_de_Madrid_1922.jpg/440px-Autobuses_de_Madrid_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3457" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption>Share of the S.G. de Autobuses de Madrid, issued 14. September 1922; it shows a petrol-electric Tilling-Stevens bus</figcaption></figure> <p>An arrangement was agreed with a large bus operator, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Tilling">Thomas Tilling</a>, who wanted to produce their own vehicles named <b>Tilling-Stevens</b>. The ease of driving and soundness of construction of these vehicles soon led to the company supplying chassis to many bus operators in the UK, and several abroad as well. According to the website of the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Museum_Wythall" title="Transport Museum Wythall">Transport Museum Wythall</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the simpler to operate <a href="/wiki/Petrol-electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol-electric transmission">petrol-electric transmission</a> was popular among bus drivers rather than the conventional crash gearbox (in the days before <a href="/wiki/Synchromesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchromesh">synchromesh</a>) as few bus staff had previously driven motor vehicles. Tilling-Stevens Motors Ltd was obliged to consolidate its position with bus operators during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> because the Army considered their petrol-electric chassis were not suitable for use in France. The low-mounted electrical items were considered vulnerable. </p><p>Many men were trained to drive during the War on vehicles with conventional gearboxes and developments in gearbox design made their vehicles quieter, more reliable and lighter, resulting in better economy. All this combined to lead to a decline in popularity of the Tilling-Stevens' and other Petrol Electric systems. By the 1930s, TS chassis were being produced with conventional petrol/diesel engines, gearboxes and transmission. </p><p>Tilling-Stevens split from Thomas Tilling in 1930 and renamed itself T S Motors Ltd (TSM) in 1932, but were again renamed Tilling-Stevens in 1937, before World War II had broken out. </p><p>Tilling-Stevens was still manufacturing buses after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with a large order built in 1947/1948 for export to Hong Kong (China Motor Bus (108) & Kowloon Motor Bus (50)).<sup id="cite_ref-KM090312_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KM090312-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TS was eventually purchased by Rootes Group in 1950 and a long-under-development three-cylinder two-stroke engine was extensively used in Rootes' Group's Commer lorries.(See below) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trolleybuses">Trolleybuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trolleybuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tilling-Stevens also produced <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolleybuses">trolleybuses</a>. An existing customer in respect of petrol-electric buses, <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> Corporation, decided to replace <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a> with trolleybuses on one route of their <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_Corporation_Tramways" title="Wolverhampton Corporation Tramways">Corporation Tramway</a> and asked Tilling to supply them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumb124_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumb124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was an adapted version of the hybrid <i>TS6</i> model with electrical components by BTH of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>, and body by Christopher Dodson. The first six entered service in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumb124_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumb124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further orders followed from <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a> Corporation<sup id="cite_ref-Lumb124_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumb124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1924 the general manager of the Teesside Railless Traction Board designed a trolleybus chassis which was built by Tilling-Stevens. This chassis (designated <i>PERC1</i>) could use a petrol engine to drive the dynamo and power the traction motor as well as being able to take overhead power.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumb124_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumb124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company subsequently purchased the rights to the Teesside design after receiving enquiries from abroad but domestic production ceased after 1927. Following the initial split from Thomas Tilling, the company produced one further new chassis which was exhibited at the 1930 Scottish Motor Show. Only one sale was made, to <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumb124_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumb124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goods_vehicles">Goods vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Goods vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1914_Tilling-Stevens_TSB3_tipper_(5984034922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1914_Tilling-Stevens_TSB3_tipper_%285984034922%29.jpg/220px-1914_Tilling-Stevens_TSB3_tipper_%285984034922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1914_Tilling-Stevens_TSB3_tipper_%285984034922%29.jpg/330px-1914_Tilling-Stevens_TSB3_tipper_%285984034922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1914_Tilling-Stevens_TSB3_tipper_%285984034922%29.jpg/440px-1914_Tilling-Stevens_TSB3_tipper_%285984034922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>1914 TSB3 tipper</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilling-Stevens_petrol-electric_searchlight_lorry_(Manual_of_Driving_and_Maintenance).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WW2 military searchlight lorry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tilling-Stevens_petrol-electric_searchlight_lorry_%28Manual_of_Driving_and_Maintenance%29.jpg/220px-Tilling-Stevens_petrol-electric_searchlight_lorry_%28Manual_of_Driving_and_Maintenance%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tilling-Stevens_petrol-electric_searchlight_lorry_%28Manual_of_Driving_and_Maintenance%29.jpg/330px-Tilling-Stevens_petrol-electric_searchlight_lorry_%28Manual_of_Driving_and_Maintenance%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tilling-Stevens_petrol-electric_searchlight_lorry_%28Manual_of_Driving_and_Maintenance%29.jpg/440px-Tilling-Stevens_petrol-electric_searchlight_lorry_%28Manual_of_Driving_and_Maintenance%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>petrol-electric searchlight lorry</figcaption></figure> <p>Tilling-Stevens also produced goods chassis available with either petrol-electric or conventional gearbox transmissions and built many trucks during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Their cast aluminium radiators were distinctive, with "Tilling-Stevens" cast into the top and either "Petrol-Electric" or "Maidstone" into the bottom tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, they failed to invest in updating their products and ended up building mainly buses. Tilling-Stevens therefore acquired <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(motor_vehicles)" title="Vulcan (motor vehicles)">Vulcan Trucks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> in 1938 to extend their range (and use Vulcan petrol engines). Production stayed at Maidstone, and Vulcan's production was also relocated there.<sup id="cite_ref-truck82_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truck82-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unusual electric transmission became less of an advantage as other makers developed their simpler mechanical transmissions to be reliable and easier to drive. Tilling-Stevens specialised in some unusual markets where the transmission could offer a particular advantage, by also using it as a generator. Some early <a href="/wiki/Turntable_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntable ladder">turntable ladder</a> fire engines were produced where <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamps</a> for lighting and the electric motors to raise the ladder could be powered by it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s the lorries also lost the large cast radiators in favour of first a thinner cast aluminium shell and then a cheaper steel pressed bonnet and a small diamond-shaped "TSM" badge. </p><p>Leading up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> they specialised in the searchlight trucks for which they are probably still best known today.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rootes_Group">Rootes Group</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rootes Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulcan_lorry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vulcan_lorry.JPG/220px-Vulcan_lorry.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vulcan_lorry.JPG/330px-Vulcan_lorry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vulcan_lorry.JPG/440px-Vulcan_lorry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>1949 Vulcan truck fitted with <a href="/wiki/Perkins_Engines" title="Perkins Engines">Perkins</a> diesel engine. On show at <a href="/wiki/Bromyard" title="Bromyard">Bromyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1950, the company was sold to <a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes Group</a>. Complete vehicle production ceased in 1953, as Rootes' own truck brands had developed heavier trucks themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-truck82_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truck82-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant continued to produce light commercial engines (particularly the iconic <a href="/wiki/Commer_TS3" title="Commer TS3">Commer TS3</a> two-stroke diesel, which had been intended for introduction by Tilling-Stevens in 1954<sup id="cite_ref-truck82_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truck82-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and vehicle bodies, before finally closing in the 1970s, some years after the group had been acquired by <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factory">Factory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Factory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tilling-Stevens factory was situated in St Peter's St, Maidstone. The factory buildings, built in the 1920s in the Daylight style, survive as of 2012. They were <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Listed as Grade II</a> in July 2011. It is described as "one few buildings of this style not to have undergone significant alteration from the original".<sup id="cite_ref-KM090312_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KM090312-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petrol_Electric_engines_and_their_Legacy">Petrol Electric engines and their Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Petrol Electric engines and their Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tilling-Stevens petrol-electric bus is interesting as an early example of a petrol engined road vehicle using electric rather than mechanical transmission. It is distinct from a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a>, as it has no direct engine propulsion or <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">battery storage</a>; the electric dynamo and motor operate only as a replacement for the gearbox in a conventional internal combustion engine driven vehicle. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southdown_bus_67_(CD_4867),_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%288%29.jpg/220px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%288%29.jpg/330px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%288%29.jpg/440px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>generator 1923</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southdown_bus_67_(CD_4867),_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%289%29.jpg/220px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%289%29.jpg/330px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%289%29.jpg/440px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>traction motor 1923</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southdown_bus_67_(CD_4867),_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%283%29.jpg/220px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%283%29.jpg/330px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%283%29.jpg/440px-Southdown_bus_67_%28CD_4867%29%2C_2009_Amberley_Bus_Day_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="3288" /></a><figcaption>back axle 1923</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As the petrol engine ran continuously and its chassis weight with a large, heavy motor/dynamo pair was much higher than a mechanical gearbox, it was less <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficient</a> than a competing mechanical transmission chassis type. Once mechanical gearbox transmissions were developed enough to become reliable, quiet and easy enough to use, this inefficiency contributed to its demise. Another reason was the simple and fairly inefficient electrical control system, the best that could be achieved in the absence of "modern" electronics. However hybrid petrol-electric cars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>, are now seen as being a partial solution towards cutting <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions and reducing the risks of damaging <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. </p><p>Many Tilling Stevens Petrol Electric vehicles ended their days as mobile caravans or lorries with travelling fairs and showground people, where the electrical generation could be useful for other things than merely to move the vehicle. Some chassis survived beyond being direct road transport to become generator trailers for these fairs. This helped maintain a stock of dynamo and motor units and even chassis, making restorations possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Driving_a_Petrol-Electric">Driving a Petrol-Electric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Driving a Petrol-Electric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worthing_Motor_Services_(later_Southdown_Motor_Services)_1914_Tilling_Stevens_TS3_Petrol_Electric.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Worthing_Motor_Services_%28later_Southdown_Motor_Services%29_1914_Tilling_Stevens_TS3_Petrol_Electric.jpg/220px-Worthing_Motor_Services_%28later_Southdown_Motor_Services%29_1914_Tilling_Stevens_TS3_Petrol_Electric.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Worthing_Motor_Services_%28later_Southdown_Motor_Services%29_1914_Tilling_Stevens_TS3_Petrol_Electric.jpg/330px-Worthing_Motor_Services_%28later_Southdown_Motor_Services%29_1914_Tilling_Stevens_TS3_Petrol_Electric.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Worthing_Motor_Services_%28later_Southdown_Motor_Services%29_1914_Tilling_Stevens_TS3_Petrol_Electric.jpg/440px-Worthing_Motor_Services_%28later_Southdown_Motor_Services%29_1914_Tilling_Stevens_TS3_Petrol_Electric.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>New Chassis from 1914 with Secondhand pre 1908 body by Newman of London as first combined in 1914.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the electrical generator (a large dynamo) for the motor permanently connected to the petrol engine, the early petrol electric controls available were a sprung return throttle pedal (with a hand-operated variable latching throttle to set and adjust the idle speed), a brake pedal, a means of steering (wheel, etc.) and two usually column mounted levers. One centre off lever operated a three position changeover switch to permit running in either direction, and the other lever operated a wiper across a bank of large high current wire wound resistances which affected the motor and dynamo fields, to give the electrical effect of gearing. It was very important to set the minimum possible idle speed, or when engaging the direction switch excess load on the system and possible unwanted movement will occur. The resistance "gear" lever is then set to max torque, and then the direction lever set to (say) forward. On releasing the handbrake and pressing the throttle pedal a little the vehicle will glide away smoothly. Giving more throttle and gradually altering the resistance lever will then produce higher speed, with none of the jerking and pauses in acceleration of a gearbox. To stop, the throttle pedal is released, the resistance lever is brought back to "slow speed", the brake applied and as rest is achieved the forward/reverse lever moved to neutral and handbrake applied. There is however NO engine braking available as from a mechanical drive changed into a lower gear, so the system relies totally on the mechanical wheel brakes, which on early chassis applied to the rear axle only. </p><p>Apart from the Throttle, engine management controls were usually only a Choke lever and Ignition Advance/Retard for starting the hand cranked engine. On magneto ignition models there would be a simple switch to short the magneto and so stop the engine running.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leyland_L60" title="Leyland L60">Leyland L60</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilling-Stevens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=190820210A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=3&date=19090722&DB=&locale=en_EP#">"Espacenet - Original document"</a>. <i>worldwide.espacenet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldwide.espacenet.com&rft.atitle=Espacenet+-+Original+document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2ForiginalDocument%3FCC%3DGB%26NR%3D190820210A%26KC%3DA%26FT%3DD%26ND%3D3%26date%3D19090722%26DB%3D%26locale%3Den_EP%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=CA&NR=117734A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=3&date=19090413&DB=&locale=en_EP#">"Espacenet - Original document"</a>. <i>worldwide.espacenet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldwide.espacenet.com&rft.atitle=Espacenet+-+Original+document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldwide.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2ForiginalDocument%3FCC%3DGB%26NR%3D104819A%26KC%3DA%26FT%3DD%26ND%3D3%26date%3D19170322%26DB%3D%26locale%3Den_EP%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Francis_Edwin_Brown">"Francis Edwin Brown"</a>. <i>www.gracesguide.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gracesguide.co.uk&rft.atitle=Francis+Edwin+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracesguide.co.uk%2FFrancis_Edwin_Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wythall.org.uk/vehicles/vo9926.asp">"Tilling Stevens O 9926 at the Transport Museum Wythall"</a>. <i>www.wythall.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wythall.org.uk&rft.atitle=Tilling+Stevens+O+9926+at+the+Transport+Museum+Wythall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wythall.org.uk%2Fvehicles%2Fvo9926.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KM090312-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KM090312_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KM090312_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Saved in the nick of time!". <i>Kent Messenger</i>. No. 9 March 2012. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kent+Messenger&rft.atitle=Saved+in+the+nick+of+time%21&rft.issue=9+March+2012&rft.pages=12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lumb124-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lumb124_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lumb124_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lumb124_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lumb124_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lumb124_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumb1995" class="citation book cs1">Lumb, Geoff (1995). <i>British Trolleybuses: 1911–1972</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan Publishing</a>. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0711023476" title="Special:BookSources/0711023476"><bdi>0711023476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Trolleybuses%3A+1911%E2%80%931972&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0711023476&rft.aulast=Lumb&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccmv.fotopic.net/p62733034.html">"1924 Tilling-Stevens TS3A petrol-electric lorry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1924+Tilling-Stevens+TS3A+petrol-electric+lorry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccmv.fotopic.net%2Fp62733034.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-truck82-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-truck82_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-truck82_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-truck82_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="truck82" class="citation journal cs1">Baldwin, Nick (May 1982). Kennett, Pat (ed.). "Vintage: Persistance Unrewarded". <i>TRUCK</i>. London, UK: FF Publishing Ltd: 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TRUCK&rft.atitle=Vintage%3A+Persistance+Unrewarded&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1982-05&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldclassiccar.co.uk/tilling-stevens.htm">"Tilling-Stevens fire engine in New Zealand"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tilling-Stevens+fire+engine+in+New+Zealand.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldclassiccar.co.uk%2Ftilling-stevens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccmv.fotopic.net/p60470040.html">"Tilling Stevens TS20 searchlight lorry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tilling+Stevens+TS20+searchlight+lorry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccmv.fotopic.net%2Fp60470040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATilling-Stevens" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southdown Omnibus Trust, Amberley Museum, West Sussex, England</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rootes_Group" title="Template:Rootes Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rootes_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rootes Group (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rootes_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rootes Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rootes_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Europe" title="Chrysler Europe">Chrysler Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rootes_Group.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rootes_Group.png/70px-Rootes_Group.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rootes_Group.png/105px-Rootes_Group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rootes_Group.png/140px-Rootes_Group.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="310" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries / brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Australia" title="Rootes Australia">Rootes Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commer" title="Commer">Commer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillman" title="Hillman">Hillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Limited" title="Humber Limited">Humber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrier" title="Karrier">Karrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singer_Motors" title="Singer Motors">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Motor_Car_Company" title="Sunbeam Motor Car Company">Sunbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam-Talbot" title="Sunbeam-Talbot">Sunbeam-Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot" title="Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tilling-Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Arrow" title="Rootes Arrow">Rootes Arrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryton_plant" title="Ryton plant">Ryton plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Rootes,_1st_Baron_Rootes" title="William Rootes, 1st Baron Rootes">William E. Rootes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(founder)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Geoffrey_Rootes" title="William Geoffrey Rootes">William G. Rootes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._E._Merritt" title="H. E. Merritt">H. E. Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Garrad" title="Ian Garrad">Ian Garrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rootes_Group" title="Category:Rootes Group">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rootes_Group" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rootes Group">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Automotive industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Automotive industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive industry in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Companies and<br /><a href="/wiki/Marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marque">marques</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Commercialvehicleproducers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Commercial<br />vehicle<br />producers</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dennis" title="Alexander Dennis">Alexander Dennis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaxton" title="Plaxton">Plaxton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_(company)" title="Arrival (company)">Arrival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEDEO" title="BEDEO">BEDEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Eagle" title="Dennis Eagle">Dennis Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBC_Vehicles" title="IBC Vehicles">IBC Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)" title="JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)">JCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland_Trucks" title="Leyland Trucks">Leyland Trucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWD_Trucks" title="AWD Trucks">Multidrive Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Electric_Vehicle_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Electric Vehicle Company">London Electric Vehicle Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellor_Coachcraft" title="Mellor Coachcraft">Mellor Coachcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optare" class="mw-redirect" title="Optare">Optare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REE_Automotive" title="REE Automotive">REE Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrightbus" title="Wrightbus">Wrightbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Equipment_Company" title="Associated Equipment Company">AEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Motors" title="Albion Motors">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Chassis_Engineering" title="Alternative Chassis Engineering">Alternative Chassis Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aveling-Barford" title="Aveling-Barford">Aveling-Barford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWD_Trucks" title="AWD Trucks">AWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Vehicles" title="Bedford Vehicles">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Bristol Commercial Vehicles">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_United_Traction" title="British United Traction">British United Traction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Works" title="Carlyle Works">Carlyle Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H_Roe" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H Roe">Charles H Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clough,_Smith" title="Clough, Smith">Clough, Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commer" title="Commer">Commer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossley_Motors" title="Crossley Motors">Crossley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Specialist_Vehicles" title="Dennis Specialist Vehicles">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duple_Coachbuilders" title="Duple Coachbuilders">Duple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lancashire_Coachbuilders" title="East Lancashire Coachbuilders">East Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coach_Works" title="Eastern Coach Works">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERF_(truck_manufacturer)" title="ERF (truck manufacturer)">ERF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foden_Trucks" title="Foden Trucks">Foden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Southampton_plant" title="Ford Southampton plant">Southampton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Motors" title="Guy Motors">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda_UK_Manufacturing" title="Honda UK Manufacturing">Honda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_%26_E_Hall" title="J & E Hall">Hallford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jensen_Motors" title="Jensen Motors">Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrier" title="Karrier">Karrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDV_Group" title="LDV Group">LDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland_Bus" title="Leyland Bus">Leyland Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland_DAF" title="Leyland DAF">Leyland DAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyland_Motors" title="Leyland Motors">Leyland Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Taxi_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Taxi Company">London Taxi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwell_Green_Coachworks" title="Longwell Green Coachworks">Longwell Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Bus" title="Marshall Bus">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudslay_Motor_Company" title="Maudslay Motor Company">Maudslay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Cammell_Weymann" title="Metro Cammell Weymann">Metro Cammell Weymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modec" title="Modec">Modec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison-Electricar" title="Morrison-Electricar">Morrison-Electricar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Counties_Motor_%26_Engineering_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Counties Motor & Engineering Company">Northern Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Royal_Vehicles" title="Park Royal Vehicles">Park Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeve_Burgess" title="Reeve Burgess">Reeve Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scammell" class="mw-redirect" title="Scammell">Scammell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seddon_Atkinson" title="Seddon Atkinson">Seddon Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelvoke_%26_Drewry" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelvoke & Drewry">Shelvoke & Drewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Electric_Vehicles" title="Smith Electric Vehicles">Smith EV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Vehicles" title="Stevens Vehicles">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straker-Squire" title="Straker-Squire">Straker-Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Sunbeam Commercial Vehicles">Sunbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornycroft" title="Thornycroft">Thornycroft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tilling-Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(motor_vehicles)" title="Vulcan (motor vehicles)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadham_Stringer" title="Wadham Stringer">Wadham Stringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_Edwards" title="Wales & Edwards">Wales & Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alexander_Coachbuilders" title="Walter Alexander Coachbuilders">Walter Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowbrook_(bus_manufacturer)" title="Willowbrook (bus manufacturer)">Willowbrook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Motorsport in the United Kingdom">Motorsport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Engine_Research" title="Advanced Engine Research">Advanced Engine Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_F1_Team" title="Alpine F1 Team">Alpine F1 Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_in_Formula_One" title="Aston Martin in Formula One">AMR GP Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Motorsport" title="Arena Motorsport">Arena Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlin_Motorsport" title="Carlin Motorsport">Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Racing_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron Racing Cars">Chevron Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosworth" title="Cosworth">Cosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Morrison_(driver)" title="Phil Morrison (driver)">Driftworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_(engine)" title="Judd (engine)">Engine Developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_World_Rally_Team" title="Ford World Rally Team">Ford World Rally Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortec_Motorsport" title="Fortec Motorsport">Fortec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Technology" title="Gibson Technology">Gibson Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewland" title="Hewland">Hewland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahn_Design" title="Kahn Design">Kahn Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmor" title="Ilmor">Ilmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Cars" title="Lola Cars">Lola Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaren" title="McLaren">McLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains" title="Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains">Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One" title="Mercedes-Benz in Formula One">Mercedes AMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Sport" title="M-Sport">M-Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchi%27s_Ford_World_Rally_Team" title="Munchi's Ford World Rally Team">Munchi's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodrive" title="Prodrive">Prodrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Sportscars" title="Radical Sportscars">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing" title="Red Bull Racing">Red Bull Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodin_Motorsport" title="Rodin Motorsport">Rodin Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RML_Group" title="RML Group">RML Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Dowson_Engineering" title="Roger Dowson Engineering">Roger Dowson Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_Power" title="Sumo Power">Sumo Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Dynamics" title="Team Dynamics">Team Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Eight_Racing" title="Triple Eight Racing">Triple Eight Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen" title="Van Diemen">Van Diemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams Grand Prix Engineering">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirth_Research" title="Wirth Research">Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xtrac" class="mw-redirect" title="Xtrac">Xtrac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom">Passenger car<br />producers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Motor_Company" title="Ariel Motor Company">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagonda" title="Lagonda">Lagonda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentley_Crewe" title="Bentley Crewe">Crewe plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_(marque)" title="Mini (marque)">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Oxford" title="Plant Oxford">Oxford plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_Steel_Company" title="Pressed Steel Company">Swindon plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodwood_plant" title="Goodwood plant">Goodwood plant</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Automotive_Company" title="Briggs Automotive Company">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Cars" title="Caterham Cars">Caterham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_Automotive" title="David Brown Automotive">David Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_Cars" title="Ginetta Cars">Ginetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover" title="Jaguar Land Rover">Jaguar Land Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly" title="Castle Bromwich Assembly">Castle Bromwich plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover_Gaydon_Centre" title="Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre">Gaydon Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover_Halewood" title="Jaguar Land Rover Halewood">Halewood plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solihull_plant" title="Solihull plant">Solihull plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_plant" title="Whitley plant">Whitley Engineering Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Car_Company" title="Lightning Car Company">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaren_Automotive" title="McLaren Automotive">McLaren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McLaren_Technology_Centre" title="McLaren Technology Centre">McLaren Technology Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAIC_Motor_UK" title="SAIC Motor UK">SAIC Motor UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MG_Motor" title="MG Motor">MG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDV_Group" title="LDV Group">Eco Concept</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Motor_Company" title="Morgan Motor Company">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Manufacturing_UK" title="Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK">Nissan UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Automotive" title="Noble Automotive">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfinch" title="Overfinch">Overfinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Sportscars" title="Radical Sportscars">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyker_Cars" title="Spyker Cars">Spyker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Manufacturing_UK" title="Toyota Manufacturing UK">Toyota UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVR" title="TVR">TVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Ellesmere_Port" title="Vauxhall Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Sportscars" title="Westfield Sportscars">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenos_Cars" title="Zenos Cars">Zenos</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Kit_car" title="Kit car">Kit cars</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Cars" title="Caterham Cars">Caterham</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Davrian" title="Davrian">Davrian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/GKD_sports_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="GKD sports cars">GKD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/GTM_Cars" title="GTM Cars">GTM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JBA_Motors" title="JBA Motors">JBA Motors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marc_Nordon_Racing" title="Marc Nordon Racing">Marc Nordon Racing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Sports_Cars" title="Onyx Sports Cars">Onyx</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Sports_Cars" title="Quantum Sports Cars">Quantum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylva_Autokits" title="Sylva Autokits">Sylva</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ultima_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultima Sports">Ultima Sports</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Sportscars" title="Westfield Sportscars">Westfield</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allard_Motor_Company" title="Allard Motor Company">Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvis_Car_and_Engineering_Company" title="Alvis Car and Engineering Company">Alvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley" title="Armstrong Siddeley">Armstrong Siddeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascari_Cars" title="Ascari Cars">Ascari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin-Healey" title="Austin-Healey">Austin-Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsize_Motors" title="Belsize Motors">Belsize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp%27s_Commercials" title="Sharp's Commercials">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabham_Automotive" title="Brabham Automotive">Brabham Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cars" title="Bristol Cars">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">BMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings" title="British Motor Holdings">BMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">British Leyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caparo_Vehicle_Technologies" title="Caparo Vehicle Technologies">Caparo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment-Talbot" title="Clément-Talbot">Clément-Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Cars" title="Eagle Cars">Eagle Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Car_Corporation" title="Electric Car Corporation">Electric Car Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenix_Automotive" title="Fenix Automotive">Fenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazer_Nash" title="Frazer Nash">Frazer Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbern" title="Gilbern">Gilbern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jensen_Motors" title="Jensen Motors">Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowett_Cars" title="Jowett Cars">Jowett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester_Motor_Company" title="Lanchester Motor Company">Lanchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lister_Motor_Company" title="Lister Motor Company">Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Engineering" title="Marcos Engineering">Marcos Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Melling" title="Al Melling">Melling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MG_Rover_Group" title="MG Rover Group">MG Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MG_Motor" title="MG Motor">MG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longbridge_plant" title="Longbridge plant">Longbridge plant</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Motors" title="Morris Motors">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_Engineering_Company" title="Peel Engineering Company">Peel Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliant_Motors" title="Reliant Motors">Reliant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_Motor" title="Riley Motor">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryton_plant" title="Ryton plant">Ryton plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_Company" title="Rover Company">Rover Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_Group" title="Rover Group">Rover Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Motor_Company" title="Standard Motor Company">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Motor_Car_Company" title="Sunbeam Motor Car Company">Sunbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam-Talbot" title="Sunbeam-Talbot">Sunbeam-Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company" title="Triumph Motor Company">Triumph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(automobile)" title="Trojan (automobile)">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Motors" title="Wolseley Motors">Wolseley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Suppliers and<br />consultancies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosworth" title="Cosworth">Cosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummins_UK" title="Cummins UK">Cummins UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Tyres" title="Dunlop Tyres">Dunlop Tyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKN" title="GKN">GKN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GKN_Driveline" class="mw-redirect" title="GKN Driveline">GKN Driveline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_Thermal_Systems" title="Grayson Thermal Systems">Grayson Thermal Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahn_Design" title="Kahn Design">Kahn Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars#Lotus_Engineering" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbrook_Proving_Ground" title="Millbrook Proving Ground">Millbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Industry_Research_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Industry Research Association">MIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Engines" title="Perkins Engines">Perkins Engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilkington" title="Pilkington">Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaife" title="Quaife">Quaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo plc">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel_Europe" title="Tata Steel Europe">Tata Steel Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickford" title="Tickford">Tickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory" title="Transport Research Laboratory">Transport Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unipart" title="Unipart">Unipart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMG,_University_of_Warwick" title="WMG, University of Warwick">WMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipac" title="Wipac">Wipac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zytek_Automotive" title="Zytek Automotive">Zytek Automotive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Panels" title="Abbey Panels">Abbey Panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caparo_Vehicle_Technologies" title="Caparo Vehicle Technologies">Caparo Vehicle Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferodo" title="Ferodo">Ferodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_Gardner_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="L Gardner & Sons">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Spicer" title="Hardy Spicer">Hardy Spicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Meadows" title="Henry Meadows">Henry Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laycock_Engineering" title="Laycock Engineering">Laycock Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Industries" title="Lucas Industries">Lucas Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LucasVarity" title="LucasVarity">LucasVarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomkins_plc" title="Tomkins plc">Tomkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Poppe" title="White and Poppe">White and Poppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dealerships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Clark_Automobiles" title="Arnold Clark Automobiles">Arnold Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcraft" title="Carcraft">Carcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Retail_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Retail Group">Ford Retail Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_Automotive" title="Group 1 Automotive">Group 1 Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchcape_plc" title="Inchcape plc">Inchcape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jardine_Motors_Group" title="Jardine Motors Group">Jardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCT600" title="JCT600">JCT600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookers" title="Lookers">Lookers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.R._Owen" title="H.R. Owen">H.R. Owen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barclay_Bentley" title="Jack Barclay Bentley">Jack Barclay Bentley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrys_Motor_Sales" title="Perrys Motor Sales">Perrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSA_Group#United_Kingdom" title="PSA Group">Robins & Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneacre_Motor_Group" title="Stoneacre Motor Group">Stoneacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sytner_Group" title="Sytner Group">Sytner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertu_Motors" title="Vertu Motors">Vertu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATS_Euromaster" title="ATS Euromaster">ATS Euromaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoglass">Autoglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Windscreens" title="Auto Windscreens">Auto Windscreens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Vehicle_Rental_and_Leasing_Association" title="British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association">British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_Automotive_Group" title="Constellation Automotive Group">Constellation Automotive Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Flag" title="Green Flag">Green Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfords_Autocentre" title="Halfords Autocentre">Halfords Autocentre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfords" title="Halfords">Halfords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiQ_(tyres)" title="HiQ (tyres)">HiQ (tyres)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwik_Fit" title="Kwik Fit">Kwik Fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeasePlan" title="LeasePlan">LeasePlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Autolease" title="Lex Autolease">Lex Autolease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbrook_Proving_Ground" title="Millbrook Proving Ground">Millbrook Proving Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tyres_and_Autocare" title="National Tyres and Autocare">National Tyres and Autocare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Technologies" title="Pinewood Technologies">Pinewood Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAC_Limited" title="RAC Limited">RAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_AA" title="The AA">The AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Buy_Any_Car" title="We Buy Any Car">We Buy Any Car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government and<br />regulatory bodies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_Council_UK" title="Automotive Council UK">Automotive Council UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_%26_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency" 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