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mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мізафобія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мізафобія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysofobie" title="Mysofobie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mysofobie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysophobie" title="Mysophobie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mysophobie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misofobia" title="Misofobia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Misofobia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آلوده‌هراسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلوده‌هراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysophobie" title="Mysophobie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mysophobie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%EB%B2%BD%EC%A6%9D" title="결벽증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="결벽증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Միզոֆոբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միզոֆոբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizofobija" title="Mizofobija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mizofobija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misofobia" title="Misofobia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Misofobia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misofobia" title="Misofobia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Misofobia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="מיזופוביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיזופוביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мизофобия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мизофобия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misofobia" title="Misofobia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Misofobia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smetvrees" title="Smetvrees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smetvrees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%94%E7%99%96" title="潔癖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="潔癖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriofobiya" title="Bakteriofobiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bakteriofobiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizofobia" title="Mizofobia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mizofobia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misofobia" title="Misofobia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Misofobia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misofobie" title="Misofobie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Misofobie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мизофобия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мизофобия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мизофобија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мизофобија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillskr%C3%A4ck" title="Bacillskräck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bacillskräck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தூய்மையின்மை அச்சம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூய்மையின்மை அச்சம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizofobi" title="Mizofobi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mizofobi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мізофобія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мізофобія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_s%E1%BB%A3_b%E1%BA%A9n" title="Hội chứng sợ bẩn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Germophobia" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">Anti-German sentiment</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mycophobia" class="extiw" title="wikt:mycophobia">Mycophobia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the hatred of sound, see <a href="/wiki/Misophonia" title="Misophonia">Misophonia</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Mysophobia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Germophobia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Psychology</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mysophobia</b>, also known as <b>verminophobia</b>, <b>germophobia</b>, <b>germaphobia</b>, <b>bacillophobia</b> and <b>bacteriophobia</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">pathological fear</a> of contamination and <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">germs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is classified as a type of specific <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">phobia</a>, meaning it is evaluated and diagnosed based on the experience of high levels of fear and anxiety beyond what is reasonable when exposed to or in anticipation of exposure to stimuli related to the particular concept (in this case germs or contamination).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a> first coined the term in 1879 when describing a case of <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (OCD) exhibited in repeatedly washing one's hands.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common symptoms associated with mysophobia include abnormal behaviours such as excessive handwashing, wearing gloves or covering commonly used items to prevent contamination (without due reason), and avoiding social interaction or public spaces to avoid exposure to germs. Physical symptoms include common symptoms of anxiety such as light-headedness, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and/or shaking in the presence of germs/contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many specific phobias, the exact causes of mysophobia are unknown. Both <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_disease" title="Environmental disease">environmental</a> factors may play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a> model posits that specific phobias are formed when an otherwise neutral event occurs simultaneously with a traumatic one, creating a long-term emotional association between the neutral subject and negative emotions, including fear and anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has demonstrated an association between mysophobia and diagnosis of other mental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (February 2024)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other research has suggested that mysophobia is associated with poor understanding of microbes and a lack of time spent in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment options for mysophobia include therapies such as <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive-behavioural therapy</a> (CBT) to gain control on the thought processes regarding the phobia, and <a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">exposure therapy</a> which involves repeatedly exposing the patient to the specific object of the phobia to habituate them and relieve anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmaceutical treatment options include the prescription of <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> to mitigate phobia-related <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">panic attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptoms_and_diagnosis">Symptoms and diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysophobia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Symptoms and diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with mysophobia may display abnormal behaviours including:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>excessive hand-washing</li> <li>an avoidance of locations that might contain a high presence of germs</li> <li>a fear of physical contact, even with loved ones</li> <li>excessive effort dedicated to cleaning and sanitizing one's environment</li> <li>taking several showers daily</li> <li>sanitizing one's hands after any contact with an unknown surface</li></ul> <p>In addition to the above abnormal behaviours, anxiety-related physical symptoms of mysophobia include:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>brain fog</li> <li>frequent crying</li> <li>increased irritability</li> <li>light-headedness</li> <li>rapid heartbeat</li> <li>restlessness</li> <li>shaking</li> <li>sweating</li></ul> <p>As mysophobia is categorized under the umbrella of specific phobias in the DSM-V, the formal diagnosis of mysophobia is based on the presence of the following key features:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a distinct association between the specific object/situation and negative emotions such as fear and anxiety</li> <li>the object/situation consistently produces fear and anxiety immediately upon exposure</li> <li>the fear and/or anxiety associated with the object/situation is unreasonable given the actual danger posed and the sociocultural context</li> <li>the object/situation is intentionally avoided or only endured with significant fear and anxiety</li> <li>the fear, and anxiety, and/or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impedes proper functioning socially, occupationally, or otherwise</li> <li>the negative emotions or avoidance of the object/situation persists over time, typically for more than six months</li> <li>the above symptoms are not better explained by another mental disorder</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysophobia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though there has been no formal evaluation of the prevalence of mysophobia in the general population, mysophobia has been associated with other anxiety disorders including OCD.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study conducted by Bajwa, Chaudhry, and Saeed has found an association between pre-diagnosed mental illness and higher rates of severe phobias including mysophobia in women.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another study, Robinson, Cameron, and Jorgensen argue that immune disorders may have become more common in recent times in part due to a lack of exposure to normal levels of dirt in the household among infants. This means that germaphobia has likely become more prevalent in the past few years, particularly with the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a specific phobia, the exact causes of mysophobia are unknown though many factors are thought to potentially contribute to the development of the condition. One commonly accepted theory known as the Classical Conditioning Model posits that specific phobias are formed when an otherwise neutral event occurs simultaneously with a traumatic one, creating a long-term emotional association between the neutral subject and negative emotions, including fear and anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robinson, Cameron, and Jorgensen found in their study associations between microbe literacy and time spent in nature with positive attitudes towards microbes, suggesting that a lack of the aforementioned factors might contribute to mysophobia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysophobia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment for mysophobia typically includes therapy such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), which involves gaining control of cognitive process to reduce anxiety related to the phobia, or exposure therapy, which helps people gradually confront and overcome their fear through gradually exposing the individual to their phobia to allow them to become habituated. General stress reduction techniques such as yoga and meditation are useful for reducing anxiety associated with mysophobia, though these are not meant to treat or cure mysophobia directly.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other therapeutic treatments for specific phobias include virtual therapy, hypnosis, family therapy, and supportive therapy, all of which aim to help the patient realize that the object of their phobia is not dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of pharmaceutical treatments, beta-blockers and benzodiazepines may be prescribed in severe cases to mitigate panic attacks associated with mysophobia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysophobia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>mysophobia</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> μύσος (<i>musos</i>), "uncleanness"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and φόβος (<i>phobos</i>), "fear".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysophobia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some well-known people who are reputed to have (or had) mysophobia include <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Stern" title="Howard Stern">Howard Stern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howie_Mandel" title="Howie Mandel">Howie Mandel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysophobia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phobias" title="List of phobias">List of phobias</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysophobia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22436-mysophobia-germophobia">"Mysophobia (Germophobia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment"</a>. <i>Cleveland Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Putnam's sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurological+contributions&rft.pub=New+York%2C+G.+P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=William+Alexander&rft.au=Morton%2C+William+J.+%28William+James%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneurologicalcon00mortgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMysophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajwaChaudhrySaeed2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bajwa, Munaza; Chaudhry, Kalsoom; Saeed, Ramsha (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aseanjournalofpsychiatry.org/articles/prevalence-and-factors-associated-with-phobias-among-women.pdf">"PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHOBIAS AMONG WOMEN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 140–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASEAN+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=PREVALENCE+AND+FACTORS+ASSOCIATED+WITH+PHOBIAS+AMONG+WOMEN&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=140-145&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Bajwa&rft.aufirst=Munaza&rft.au=Chaudhry%2C+Kalsoom&rft.au=Saeed%2C+Ramsha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aseanjournalofpsychiatry.org%2Farticles%2Fprevalence-and-factors-associated-with-phobias-among-women.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMysophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonCameronJorgensen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Jake M.; Cameron, Ross; Jorgensen, Anna (2021-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8278522">"Germaphobia! Does Our Relationship With and Knowledge of Biodiversity Affect Our Attitudes Toward Microbes?"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>12</b>: 678752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.678752">10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678752</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8278522">8278522</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34276497">34276497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Germaphobia%21+Does+Our+Relationship+With+and+Knowledge+of+Biodiversity+Affect+Our+Attitudes+Toward+Microbes%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=678752&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8278522%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34276497&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.678752&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jake+M.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Ross&rft.au=Jorgensen%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8278522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMysophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmu%2Fsos1">μύσος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224152545/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmu%2Fsos1">Archived</a> 2021-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfo%2Fbos">φόβος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023745/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfo%2Fbos">Archived</a> 2021-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/mind-brain/maybe-its-no-coincidence-hitler-was-a-germaphobe/">"It's No Coincidence That Hitler Was a Germaphobe"</a>. <i>Big Think</i>. 31 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Think&rft.atitle=It%27s+No+Coincidence+That+Hitler+Was+a+Germaphobe&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigthink.com%2Fmind-brain%2Fmaybe-its-no-coincidence-hitler-was-a-germaphobe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMysophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar2006" class="citation news cs1">MacFarquhar, Neil (30 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/30/world/middleeast/30saddam.html">"Saddam Hussein, defiant dictator who ruled Iraq with violence and fear, dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221130004/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/30/world/middleeast/30saddam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saddam+Hussein%2C+defiant+dictator+who+ruled+Iraq+with+violence+and+fear%2C+dies&rft.date=2006-12-30&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F30%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F30saddam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMysophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2014" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Sarah (2014-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhpr.org/post/famous-germaphobes">"Famous Germaphobes"</a>. <i>NHPR</i>. New Hampshire Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114231805/https://www.nhpr.org/post/famous-germaphobes">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHPR&rft.atitle=Famous+Germaphobes&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhpr.org%2Fpost%2Ffamous-germaphobes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMysophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippman2019" class="citation news cs1">Lippman, Daniel (July 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/07/donald-trump-germaphobe-1399258">"The Purell presidency: Trump aides learn the president's real red line"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125032758/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/07/donald-trump-germaphobe-1399258">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=The+Purell+presidency%3A+Trump+aides+learn+the+president%27s+real+red+line&rft.date=2019-07-07&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2019%2F07%2F07%2Fdonald-trump-germaphobe-1399258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMysophobia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysophobia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baysidepsychotherapy.com.au/blog/germ-phobias-ebola-and-human-relationships">Mysophobia and the Ebola Virus</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Obsessive–compulsive_disorder" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_Obsessive-Compulsive_Scale" title="Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale">Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale%E2%80%93Brown_Obsessive_Compulsive_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale">Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCD_Awareness_Week" title="OCD Awareness Week">OCD Awareness Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Biology of obsessive–compulsive disorder">Biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neuroanatomy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuroanatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">Basal ganglia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">Orbitofrontal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">Cingulate cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">Brain-derived neurotrophic factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Receptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">5-HT<sub>1D</sub>β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT<sub>2C</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ Opioid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">NK<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusive thoughts">Obsessions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">associative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">diagnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">injurious</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">pathogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_obsessions" title="Sexual obsessions">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrupulosity" title="Scrupulosity">scrupulous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">Compulsions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Impulse_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse (psychology)">impulses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">Thought suppression</a> (<a href="/wiki/Experiential_avoidance" title="Experiential avoidance">Experiential avoidance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding" title="Hoarding">Hoarding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Animal_hoarding" title="Animal hoarding">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hoarding" title="Digital hoarding">data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_disorder" title="Hoarding disorder">possessions</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Serotonergics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">Phenelzine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inositol" title="Inositol">Inositol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation" title="Deep brain stimulation">Deep brain stimulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavioral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exposure_and_response_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure and response prevention">Exposure and response prevention</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inference-based_therapy" title="Inference-based therapy">Inference-based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">Metacognitive therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Matchstick_Men" title="Matchstick Men">Matchstick Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyushkin" title="Plyushkin">Plyushkin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenocide" title="Xenocide">Xenocide</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Everything_in_Its_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="Everything in Its Place">Everything in Its Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Just_Checking:_Scenes_From_the_Life_of_an_Obsessive-Compulsive" title="Just Checking: Scenes From the Life of an Obsessive-Compulsive">Just Checking</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/As_Good_as_It_Gets" title="As Good as It Gets">As Good as It Gets</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)" title="The Aviator (2004 film)">The Aviator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matchstick_Men" title="Matchstick Men">Matchstick Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Monk" title="Adrian Monk">Adrian Monk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_(British_TV_series)" title="Pure (British TV series)">Pure</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/$pringfield_(or,_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_Legalized_Gambling)" title="$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)">$pringfield</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Straight_Up_(2019_film)" title="Straight Up (2019 film)">Straight Up</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Category:Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt (emotion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_control" title="Illusion of control">Illusion of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessional_jealousy" title="Obsessional jealousy">Obsessional jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primarily_Obsessional_OCD" class="mw-redirect" title="Primarily Obsessional OCD">Primarily Obsessional OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder">Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida_Obsessive%E2%80%93Compulsive_Disorder_Program" title="University of Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Program">University of Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423683#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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