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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ertse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ertse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ertse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ertse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magmatiese_ertse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magmatiese_ertse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Magmatiese ertse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magmatiese_ertse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ertse_uit_pegmatiete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ertse_uit_pegmatiete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ertse uit pegmatiete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ertse_uit_pegmatiete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrotermale_ertsafsettings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrotermale_ertsafsettings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hidrotermale ertsafsettings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrotermale_ertsafsettings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hipotermale_ertse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hipotermale_ertse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hipotermale ertse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hipotermale_ertse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesotermale_ertsafsettings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesotermale_ertsafsettings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mesotermale ertsafsettings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesotermale_ertsafsettings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epitermale_ertsafsettings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epitermale_ertsafsettings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epitermale ertsafsettings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epitermale_ertsafsettings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teletermale_afsettings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teletermale_afsettings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Teletermale afsettings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teletermale_afsettings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xenotermale_ertsafsettings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xenotermale_ertsafsettings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Xenotermale ertsafsettings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xenotermale_ertsafsettings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontakmetamorfiese_ertsafseftings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontakmetamorfiese_ertsafseftings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kontakmetamorfiese ertsafseftings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontakmetamorfiese_ertsafseftings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sedimentêre_ertsafsettings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sedimentêre_ertsafsettings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sedimentêre ertsafsettings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sedimentêre_ertsafsettings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ertse_deur_verwering_gevorm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ertse_deur_verwering_gevorm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ertse deur verwering gevorm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ertse_deur_verwering_gevorm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brandstowwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandstowwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Brandstowwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandstowwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ander_delfstowwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ander_delfstowwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Ander delfstowwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ander_delfstowwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Delfstowwe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Hierdie artikel bestaan slegs in hierdie taal. 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class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Delfstowwe" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Delfstowwe" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label 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href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Delfstowwe"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Delfstowwe" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Delfstowwe" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&oldid=2631813" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Delfstowwe&id=2631813&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDelfstowwe"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDelfstowwe"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Delfstowwe"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Delfstowwe&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q65304148" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><p><b>Delfstowwe</b> is gesteentes en <a href="/wiki/Minerale" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerale">minerale</a> wat tot nut van die mensdom aangewend kan word en ekonomies voordelig ontgin kan word. Daar word op talle uiteenlopende gebiede van delfstowwe gebruik gemaak, onder andere in die boubedryf, en as brandstowwe en as grondstowwe in verskeie nywerhede. Of 'n bepaalde nuttige gesteente of mineraal ekonomies ontgin kan word, hang af van die waarde van die delfstof, die hoeveelheid en konsentrasie, die geologiese voorkoms, die geografiese ligging en die politieke en sosiaal-ekonomiese omstandighede in die land of streek waar dit gevind is. Hoewel die term delfstof die indruk kan wek dat slegs vaste materiale wat werklik "gedelf" kan word, daaronder verstaan word, word hierdie term ook gebruik vir vloeibare en gasvormige benutbare stowwe soos aardolie, <a href="/wiki/Aardgas" title="Aardgas">aardgas</a> en selfs water. </p><p>In feitlik alle groepe gesteentes kom daar nuttige materiale voor wat ekonomies ontgin kan word. In sommige gevalle is daar selfs byna geen bewerking nodig nie, soos in die geval van bouklip, waar blokke uit graniet of basalt (stollingsgesteentes), <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>- of kalkklip (afsettingsgesteentes) of marmer (<a href="/wiki/Metamorfiese_gesteente" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorfiese gesteente">metamorfiese</a> gesteentes) gekap word en direk gebruik kan word. In die meeste gevalle moet die gesteentes egter wel die een of ander vorm van bewerking ondergaan. Dit geld vir feitlik alle belangrike groepe delfstowwe; soos ertse, brandstowwe, soute en <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ertse">Ertse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Ertse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ertse"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gesteentes en minerale waaruit nuttige stowwe in gunstige omstandighede en op 'n ekonomies verantwoordbare manier gehaal kan word, word ertse genoem. Dit geld veral vir metale, maar oor vir metallode (halfmetale). Erts kan op wyd uiteenlopende maniere ontstaan, maar is eers werklik bruikbaar as dit in groot konsentrasies, die sogenaamde ertsafsettings, voorkom. Die meeste soorte erts het gevorm tydens die stolling van <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> (vloeibare vulkaangesteente uit die binneste van die aarde) uit die magmatiese vloeistowwe of gasse. </p><p>Aangesien magma op verskillende maniere die boonste gesteentes kan binne dring en dan op wyd uiteenlopende plekke kan stol, word daar in hierdie proses verskillende soorte erts gevorm: magmatiese ertse, ertse uit pegmatiete, hidrotermale ertse (wat in drie groepe onderverdeel kan word), teletermale en xenotermale ertse. As gevolg van die hitte van die binnedringende magma kan die omringende gesteente in so 'n mate verander dat die sogenaamde kontakmetamorfiese ertse ontstaan. Sommige stowwe kan ook op bepaalde plekke gekonsentreer word as gevolg van sedimentasie, terwyl bestaande afsettings deur verwering of <a href="/wiki/Diagenese" title="Diagenese">diagenese</a> (die verandering van ŉ sediment nadat dit reeds gevorm is) verryk of aangevul kan word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magmatiese_ertse">Magmatiese ertse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Magmatiese ertse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Magmatiese ertse"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magmatiese erts ontstaan as gevolg van die groot verskille in die verskeidenheid van stowwe waaruit die magma saamgestel is. Die verskillende minerale het verskillende stollingspunte en sekere gedeeltes bly dus langer vloeibaar en dring die rotslae op ander plekke binne. Voorbeelde van erts wat direk uit so 'n ertsmagma gekristalliseer het, is die chroomerts van <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a> en Noordoos-Kuba, en die <a href="/wiki/Titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium">titanium</a> wat byvoorbeeld in die Kanadese provinsie <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> gevind word, waarin die mineraal <a href="/wiki/Ilmeniet" title="Ilmeniet">ilmeniet</a> (FeTiO<sub>3</sub>) aanwesig is. Die baie bekende magnetiet-ystererts (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), wat in die distrik Kiruna in Noord-Swede gevind word, behoort ook tot hierdie groep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ertse_uit_pegmatiete">Ertse uit pegmatiete</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Ertse uit pegmatiete" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ertse uit pegmatiete"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Met pegmatiete word bedoel 'n uiters growwe kristalgesteente, wat gestol het uit die laaste (relatief vlugtige) oorblyfsels van die magma. Hierdie pegmatitiese ertse is as't ware in die omringende gesteentes ingespuit en ingepers om gange of lense te vorm. Hierdie ertsgange bevat dikwels seldsame minerale met onder andere die elemente <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berillium" title="Berillium">berillium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantaal" title="Tantaal">tantaal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titaan" title="Titaan">titaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirkonium" title="Sirkonium">sirkonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uraan" title="Uraan">uraan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a>, litium, borium, wolfram, <a href="/wiki/Molibdeen" title="Molibdeen">molibdeenen</a> <a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">koper</a> en seldsame aardmetale soos serium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, erbium en ytterbium. Hierdie elemente word onder andere ontgin in Ytterby (Midde-Swede) en Petaca (Nieu-Mexiko, VSA). Mika word ook uit pegmatiete verkry en die ontginningsgebiede lê in die Pre-Kambriese skilde van <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> en <a href="/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië">Namibië</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hidrotermale_ertsafsettings">Hidrotermale ertsafsettings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Hidrotermale ertsafsettings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Hidrotermale ertsafsettings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die laaste oorblyfsels van die ongestolde magma, wat die vlugtigste bestanddele en ook 'n aansienlike persentasie water bevat, vorm ŉ soort magmatiese waterstroom, wat deur die lae gesteentes na bo styg. Dit bevat baie opgeloste metale. Die ertse wat uit hierdie "waterstroom" neerslaan, word hidrotermale ertse genoem. Op grond van die temperatuur en druk tydens die vorming van hierdie ertse kan daar 'n verdere onderskeid gemaak word, naamlik tussen hipo-, meso- en epitermale ertse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hipotermale_ertse">Hipotermale ertse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Hipotermale ertse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Hipotermale ertse"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hipotermale ertse is op die grootste dieptes en by die hoogste temperatuur (300-500°C) gevorm. Daar word aanvaar dat daar by die ontstaan van hierdie ertse geen verbinding bestaan het met die oppervlakte en dat ander sirkulerende waterstrome nie 'n belangrike rol gespeel het nie. Die goudneerslae by Morro Velho (Brasilië). die lood-, sink- en silwerertse van Broken Hili (Nieu-SuidWallis, Australië) en die nikkelerts van Sudbury (Ontario, Kanada) is vorme van dié soort ertse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesotermale_ertsafsettings">Mesotermale ertsafsettings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Mesotermale ertsafsettings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Mesotermale ertsafsettings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die mesotermale ertse is by 'n effens laer temperatuur (200-300 °C) en op 'n kleiner diepte gevorm. Die minerale wat hierin voorkom, word ook in die hipo- en epitermale afsettings aangetref en is dus nie kenmerkend vir dié soort ertsafsetting nie. Dit is 'n gevolg van die arbitrêre of nie te duidelike grense tussen hierdie ertse vanweë die geleidelike afname van druk (diepte) en temperatuur. Koper, lood, sink, silwer en goud word uit die mesotermale afsettings ontgin. Die belangrikste koperreserwe ter wêreld, dié in die omgewing van Chuquicamata in Chili, is gevorm deur mesotermale koperertse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epitermale_ertsafsettings">Epitermale ertsafsettings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Epitermale ertsafsettings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Epitermale ertsafsettings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epitermale ertse is relatief vlak en by ŉ nog laer temperatuur (100-200 °C) gevorm. Dit bevat onder meer baie gesogte "bonanza"-silwer en -goud. Bekende bonanza-ertse is die goudare van die Nevada-goudvelde in die VSA en Hauraki in Nieu Seeland. Die Mexikaanse silwerertse, die kwikertse by Almadén (Spanje) en die Chinese antimoonertse behoort tot dié groep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teletermale_afsettings">Teletermale afsettings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Teletermale afsettings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Teletermale afsettings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weens die groot afstand (tele- beteken "ver") van die oorspronklike magmatiese bron af, het die res van die vloeistowwe hulle hitte en feitlik alle reaksievermoë met die omringende gesteentes verloor. Hierdie laaste oorblyfsels van die magma het volledig vermeng met ander vloeistowwe wat in die gesteentes sirkuleer, soos konnaatwater, wat in die porieë tussen die korrels voorkom. Deur teletermale afsettings kan sink- en loodsulfiede, koper- en ystersulfiede, suiwer koperen die oksiede van uraan, vanadium (Colorado-plato, VSA) en koper voorkom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xenotermale_ertsafsettings">Xenotermale ertsafsettings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Xenotermale ertsafsettings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Xenotermale ertsafsettings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die xenotermale ertse word gekenmerk deur die gesamentlike voorkoms van minerale wat eintlik kenmerkend is vir hoë en vir lae temperature. Daar word aangeneem dat hierdie ertse gevorm is tydens die vlak intrusies van stollingsgesteentes, waarna dit abnormaal gou afgekoel het. Hierdie ertse word in die Ikumo-Akenobedistrik in Japan gevind, waar goud, silwer, lood, sink, koper, tin, wolfram, bismut en arseen ontgin word. Ander neerslae (veral tin) word in Bolivia en Tasmanië aangetref. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kontakmetamorfiese_ertsafseftings">Kontakmetamorfiese ertsafseftings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Kontakmetamorfiese ertsafseftings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kontakmetamorfiese ertsafseftings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As gevolg van die intrusie van warm magma het daar in die omringende gesteentes veranderinge ontstaan, waardeur konsentrasies van sekere kontakmetamorfiese ertsminerale gevorm is. Die rykste neerslae is dié wat in kalkklip en skalie voorkom. Goeie voorbeelde van hierdie soort ertsafsettings is die sink-, lood-, koper-en ystererts wat in Utah en Nieu-Mexiko, en in die omgewing van Oslo voorkom. Wolfram en scheeliet (CaW04 ) kom in China en in die westelike dele van die VSA voor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sedimentêre_ertsafsettings"><span id="Sediment.C3.AAre_ertsafsettings"></span>Sedimentêre ertsafsettings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Sedimentêre ertsafsettings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Sedimentêre ertsafsettings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alle soorte ertsmineraal is onderhewig aan verwering en erosie. Deur sekere gunstige omstandighede tydens die wegvervoering, natuurlike rangskikking of sortering en afsetting van die erosiestowwe kan konsentrasies van die ertsmateriaal ontstaan. Hierdie sedimentêre ertse kan dus op ‘n meganiese manier ontstaan, maar ook as chemiese neerslae gevorm word. Meganiese opeenhopings ontstaan meestal deur die verskil in die soortlike gewig van die ertsminerale, waardeur dié met 'n hoër soortlike gewig gewoonlik van die ander geskei word. </p><p>Op die manier ontstaan die sogenaamde spoelertsafsettings van suiwer metale soos goud en platinum. Konsentrasies van swaar metale soos sirkoon (ZrSi04), kassiteriet (Sn02), chromiet (FeCr204)' wolframiet ((FeMn)W04), rutiel (Ti02) en magnetiet (Fea04)kom op die manier ook in ekonomies ontginbare hoeveelhede voor. Edelgesteentes kan ook dikwels in hierdie soort neerslae gevind word. Bekende spoelertsafsettings is die gouderts van die Witwatersrand in Suid-Afrika en die tinerts op die eiland Billiton in Indonesië en in Maleisië. </p><p>Veral yster, mangaan, koper, sink, lood, uraan en vanadium, en die seldsame aardmetale wat veral geassosieer word met die swart skalies en fosforiet, ontstaan as chemiese neerslag. Voorbeelde van chemiese ertsafsettings is die Duitse "Kupferschiefer" met koper-, sinken loodsulfiede, die ysterformasies van Lake Superior in die VSA, die itabiriet (hematiethoudende ystererts) by Minas Gerais in Brasilië en die mangaanryke sedimente van die Oeral. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ertse_deur_verwering_gevorm">Ertse deur verwering gevorm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Ertse deur verwering gevorm" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ertse deur verwering gevorm"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na langdurige verwering kan bodems van aansienlike dikte ontstaan. Afhangende van die aard van die gesteentes en die klimaat kan daar veranderinge plaasvind wat konsentrasies van bepaalde elemente soos aluminium, yster, mangaan en nikkel veroorsaak. </p><p>Deur latere verryking kan platinum en osmium ekonomies ontginbare delfstowwe word. Van hierdie sogenaamde "fossiele" bodems is die bauxiethoudende bodems ekonomies die aantreklikste. <a href="/wiki/Bauxiet" title="Bauxiet">Bauxiet</a> is omtrent die enigste grondstof waaruit aluminium vervaardig kan word. Die gesteente bestaan veral uit aluminiumhidroksiede en -oksiede. Verder bevat dit ook nog kwarts. ysteroksiede en kaoliniet. Kaoliniet kan, mits dit in 'n suiwer vorm aangetref word, as grondstof dien vir die keramiekbedryf. Bauxiet word op groot skaal in onder andere Australië en Jamaika ontgin. </p><p>Ertse tydens diagenese gevorm </p><p>Mangaanknolle, wat groot dele van die seebodem bedek, is nog nie ekonomies ontginbaar nie, maar kom in geweldige groot hoeveelhede voor en het ekonomies tog groot potensiaal. Tans is die belangrikste diagnetiese ertse koper-, lood- , sink- en silwersulfiede wat onder suurstoflose omstandighede gevorm is. In Chili (Chanarcilio) word sulke silwerafsettings aangetref en in Arizona soortgelyke koperafsettings. Ook die bekende pirietiese erts (ystersulfiede) van die Rio Tinto-myne in Spanje is op die manier gevorm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brandstowwe">Brandstowwe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Brandstowwe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Brandstowwe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die loop van die geologiese geskiedenis het enorme getalle plante en diere geleef waarvan die organiese materiaal in enkele uitsonderlike gevalle nie verrot het nie maar wel behoue gebly het (al het dit dikwels groot veranderinge ondergaan). Opeen hopings en konsentrasies van hierdie materiaal vorm die organiese afsettingsgesteentes wat die "fossielbrandstof" vorm waarop feitlik die hele wêreld vir sy energiebehoeftes aangewese is. </p><p>Die belangrikheid van hierdie delfstowwe kan nouliks onderskat word deels as gevolg van die politieke implikasies van die besit van sulke delfstowwe en deels as gevolg van die ekonomiese implikasies van 'n gebrek aan sulke delfstowwe. In ŉ energiehonger wêreld word die delfstowwe al hoe belangriker. Twee groot groepe kan onderskei word, naamlik dié wat hoofsaaklik uit dier-oorblyfsels bestaan en dié wat hoofsaaklik uit plant-oorblyfsels bestaan. Aardolie behoort tot die eerste groep, en <a href="/wiki/Bruinkool" title="Bruinkool">bruinkool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool">steenkool</a> en <a href="/wiki/Antrasiet" title="Antrasiet">antrasiet</a> tot die tweede groep. Aardgas kan uit sowel aardolie as steenkool ontstaan . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ander_delfstowwe">Ander delfstowwe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Ander delfstowwe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ander delfstowwe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aangesien byna alle materiaal op aarde wel vir die een of ander doel gebruik kan word, is die aantal delfstowwe besonder groot. Daar moet dus hier volstaan word met die noem van net dié delfstowwe wat van werklike ekonomiese belang is. Verskillende soorte edelstene word ontgin weens hul skoonheid en, vir nywerheidsdoeleindes, omdat hulle so hard is. Sout, wat ontstaan het deur die verdamping van die vroeëre vlak oseane in die droë, warm, klimate, word gedelf vir direkte verbruik en as grondstof vir die chemiese nywerheid. </p><p>Nog 'n "delfstof" wat al hoe belangriker word , is water. Daar bestaan geweldige groot gebiede op aarde waar 'n gebrek aan water die dringendste lewensprobleem is. Tekorte aan water kan veroorsaak word deur droogte, versouting of die besoedeling van bestaande water. Selfs in waterryke gebiede kan besoedeling drinkwaterprobleme veroorsaak. Oral, maar veral in die subtropiese droë gebiede, word daar probeer om die watertekort aan te vul deur steeds meer intensief na ondergrondse waterare wat "ontgin" kan word, te soek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bron">Bron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Bron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Bron"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldspektrum" title="Wêreldspektrum">Wêreldspektrum</a>, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0908409451" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0908409451</a> band</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&oldid=2631813">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delfstowwe&oldid=2631813</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Kategorie:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 24 November 2023 om 18:15 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. 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