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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biblical account</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biblical_account-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biblical account subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biblical_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elijah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elijah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Elijah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elijah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Attempted kidnapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naboth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naboth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Naboth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naboth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jezebel_spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jezebel_spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jezebel spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jezebel_spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jezebel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9)" title="إيزابل (ملكة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيزابل (ملكة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izevel" title="Izevel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Izevel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezabel" title="Jezabel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jezabel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jez%C3%A1bel" title="Jezábel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jezábel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezabel" title="Jezabel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jezabel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isebel" title="Isebel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isebel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Ιεζάβελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιεζάβελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezabel_(Biblia)" title="Jezabel (Biblia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jezabel (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izebel" title="Izebel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Izebel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezabel" title="Jezabel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jezabel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ایزابل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزابل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9zabel" title="Jézabel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jézabel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iz%C3%A9bel_(bibelsk_persoan)" title="Izébel (bibelsk persoan) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Izébel (bibelsk persoan)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B8%EB%B2%A8" title="이세벨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이세벨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Հեզաբել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեզաբել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izebel" title="Izebel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Izebel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezabele" title="Gezabele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gezabele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%91%D7%9C" title="איזבל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איזבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezebeli" title="Yezebeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yezebeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezabel" title="Iezabel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iezabel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezabel%C4%97" title="Jezabelė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jezabelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezabel" title="Jezabel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Jezabel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izebel" title="Izebel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Izebel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezebela" title="Jezebela – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jezebela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izebel" title="Izebel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Izebel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="イゼベル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イゼベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesabel" title="Jesabel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jesabel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izebel" title="Izebel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izebel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezabel" title="Jezabel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jezabel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izabela" title="Izabela – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Izabela" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Иезавель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иезавель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جیزبل – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جیزبل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezabel" title="Jezabel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jezabel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Језавеља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Језавеља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isebel" title="Isebel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isebel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisebel" title="Jisebel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jisebel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5" title="เยเซเบล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เยเซเบล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zebel" title="İzebel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İzebel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Єзавель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єзавель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جیزبل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیزبل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jezebel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E6%B4%97%E5%88%A5" title="耶洗別 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="耶洗別" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E6%B4%97%E5%88%A5" title="耶洗別 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶洗別" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q721295#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jezabel" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/The_Jezabels" title="The Jezabels">The Jezabels</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jezebel (disambiguation)">Jezebel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Jezebel<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אִיזֶ֗בֶל</span>‎</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Liston_Byam_Shaw_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Liston_Byam_Shaw_003.jpg/220px-John_Liston_Byam_Shaw_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Liston_Byam_Shaw_003.jpg/330px-John_Liston_Byam_Shaw_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Liston_Byam_Shaw_003.jpg/440px-John_Liston_Byam_Shaw_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">19th-century painting of Jezebel by <a href="/wiki/John_Liston_Byam_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="John Liston Byam Shaw">John Liston Byam Shaw</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 852 BCE<br /><a href="/wiki/Tel_Jezreel" title="Tel Jezreel">Tel Jezreel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">King <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a>?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_I" title="Ithobaal I">Ithobaal I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jezebel</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-ipa_en_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipa_en-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_I" title="Ithobaal I">Ithobaal I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and the wife of <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">King of Israel</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Book of Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/1_Kings_16" title="1 Kings 16">1 Kings 16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2016:31&version=nrsv">1 Kings 16:31</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the biblical narrative, Jezebel replaced <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> worship and was responsible for <a href="/wiki/Naboth" title="Naboth">Naboth</a>’s death. This caused irreversible damage to the reputation of the <a href="/wiki/Omrides" title="Omrides">Omride dynasty</a>, who were already unpopular among the Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these offences, Jezebel was <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">defenestrated</a> and devoured by dogs, under <a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a>'s orders, which Elijah prophesied (<a href="/wiki/2_Kings_9" title="2 Kings 9">2 Kings 9</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#9:33" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">2 Kings 9:33–37</a>). </p><p>Later, in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, the name Jezebel is contemptuously attributed to a prophetic woman of <a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a>, whom the author, through the voice of the risen Christ, accuses of leading her followers into fornication (idolatry). For refusing to repent, she is threatened with sexualized punishment ("throw[n] on a bed") and the death of her children.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_of_name">Meaning of name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meaning of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jezebel is the Anglicized transliteration of the Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%91%D7%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:איזבל">אִיזֶבֶל</a></span>‎</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾIzeḇel</i></span>. <i>The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible</i> states that the name is "best understood as meaning 'Where is the Lord?'" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֵיזֶה בַּעַל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾēze baʿal</i></span>), a ritual cry from worship ceremonies in honor of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> during periods of the year when the god was considered to be <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid#Death" title="Dumuzid">in the underworld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, a feminine <a href="/wiki/Punic" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic">Punic</a> name noted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>: <span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤁𐤏𐤋𐤀𐤆𐤁𐤋</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Phoenician-language romanization"><i lang="phn-Latn">bʿlʾzbl</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may have been a cognate to the original form of the name, as the Israelites were known to often alter personal names which invoked the names of foreign gods (cf. instances for Baal, <a href="/wiki/Mephibosheth" title="Mephibosheth">Mephibosheth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_account">Biblical account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leighton,_Frederic_-_Jezabel_and_Ahab_-_c.1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Leighton%2C_Frederic_-_Jezabel_and_Ahab_-_c.1863.jpg/250px-Leighton%2C_Frederic_-_Jezabel_and_Ahab_-_c.1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Leighton%2C_Frederic_-_Jezabel_and_Ahab_-_c.1863.jpg/330px-Leighton%2C_Frederic_-_Jezabel_and_Ahab_-_c.1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Leighton%2C_Frederic_-_Jezabel_and_Ahab_-_c.1863.jpg/500px-Leighton%2C_Frederic_-_Jezabel_and_Ahab_-_c.1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Jezabel and Ahab</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1863</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton" title="Frederic Leighton">Frederic Leighton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jezebel is introduced into the biblical narrative as a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> princess, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_I" title="Ithobaal I">Ithobaal I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2016:31&version=nrsv">1 Kings 16:31</a> says she was "Sidonian", which is a biblical term for Phoenicians in general).<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to genealogies given in <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and other classical sources, she was the great-aunt of <a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a>, Queen of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the daughter of Ithobaal I, she was also the sister of <a href="/wiki/Baal-Eser_II" title="Baal-Eser II">Baal-Eser II</a>. Jezebel eventually married King <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">northern kingdom of Israel</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> scholar Charles R. Krahmalkov proposed that <a href="/wiki/Psalm_45" title="Psalm 45">Psalm 45</a> records the wedding ceremony of Ahab and Jezebel,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other scholars cast doubt on this association.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marriage was the culmination of the friendly relations existing between Israel and Phoenicia during Omri's reign, and possibly cemented important political designs of Ahab. Jezebel, like the foreign wives of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, required facilities for carrying on her form of worship, so Ahab made a Baalist altar in the house of Baal, which he had built in Samaria.<sup id="cite_ref-je_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Geoffrey Bromiley</a> points out that it was Phoenician practice to install a royal woman as a priestess of <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, thus she would have a more active role in temple and palace relations than was customary in the Hebrew monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromiley_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elijah">Elijah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elijah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jezabel-and-Ahab-Meeting-Elijah-in-Naboth-s-Vineyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coloured illustration of a bearded prophet confronting a luxuriously dressed king and queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jezabel-and-Ahab-Meeting-Elijah-in-Naboth-s-Vineyard.jpg/250px-Jezabel-and-Ahab-Meeting-Elijah-in-Naboth-s-Vineyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jezabel-and-Ahab-Meeting-Elijah-in-Naboth-s-Vineyard.jpg/330px-Jezabel-and-Ahab-Meeting-Elijah-in-Naboth-s-Vineyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jezabel-and-Ahab-Meeting-Elijah-in-Naboth-s-Vineyard.jpg/500px-Jezabel-and-Ahab-Meeting-Elijah-in-Naboth-s-Vineyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption><i>Jezebel and Ahab meeting Elijah</i>, print by Sir <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bernard_Dicksee" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Bernard Dicksee">Francis Dicksee</a> (1853–1928)</figcaption></figure> <p>Her coronation as queen upset the balance of power between <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MillerAhab_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerAhab-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As queen, Jezebel institutionalized Baalism and killed Yahwist prophets, which most likely included the priests of <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> cult,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and desecrated their altars.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kandelmwin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandelmwin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_(1_Kings)" title="Obadiah (1 Kings)">Obadiah</a>, a pro-Yahwist figure in Ahab's royal court, secretly protected the survivors of these purges in a cave.<sup id="cite_ref-je_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kandelmwin_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandelmwin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern commentators observe that Jezebel's desecration of <a href="/wiki/Altar_(Bible)" title="Altar (Bible)">Yahwist altars</a> would have normally been condoned since they were built outside of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, which contravened the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomic_Code" title="Deuteronomic Code">Deuteronomic Code</a>. However, they were overlooked due to Elijah's piety or Jezebel's 'improper' motives.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, some scholars argue that the Deuteronomic Code promotes laicization and considers all of Israel to be Yahweh's "sacred space". Theologians likewise argue that the "sacred space" is any place where Yahweh "manifested" to humans, according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2020:24&version=nrsv">Exodus 20:24</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> invited Jezebel's prophets of Baal and Asherah to a challenge at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandelmwin_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandelmwin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merecz_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merecz-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clarke" title="Adam Clarke">Adam Clarke</a> believes these prophets were royal chaplains and that the Baalist prophets had more jurisdiction over Samaria during Jezebel's reign than the Asherah prophets, who were always indigenous to Samaria.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The challenge was to see which god, Yahweh or Baal, would burn a bull sacrifice on an altar. Jezebel's prophets failed to summon Baal in burning the bull sacrifice, despite their cries and cutting themselves. Elijah, however, succeeded when he summoned Yahweh, impressing the Israelites. He then ordered the people to seize and kill the prophets of Baal and Asherah at the <a href="/wiki/Kishon_River" title="Kishon River">Kishon River</a>. In response, Jezebel vows to kill Elijah.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kandelmwin_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandelmwin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merecz_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merecz-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elijah fled to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he mourned the <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-je_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbe_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbe-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_kidnapping">Attempted kidnapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attempted kidnapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After these events, <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Ben-Hadad</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a>, besieged Israel and threatened to capture Ahab's wives, including Jezebel. Ahab refused and defeated him in battle. However, he spared Ben-Hadad's life, an act that was denounced by an unnamed prophet. The prophet also declared that Israel would be ravaged by the Arameans as punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naboth">Naboth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Naboth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 855–856 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jezebel resolved a failed business deal between Ahab and a civilian named <a href="/wiki/Naboth" title="Naboth">Naboth</a>, concerning a vineyard. To do this, she ordered the execution of Naboth and his sons,<sup id="cite_ref-je2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under false charges of blasphemy against God and the king. Commentators observe that the execution was performed according to the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty in the Bible">Biblical guidelines</a> so that suspicions of foul play could be minimized.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Naboth's death, his corpse was licked by stray dogs. His execution was criticized by Elijah, who prophesized doom for Jezebel's family as punishment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:097.The_Death_of_Jezebel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of Jezebel being thrown out of a window to waiting mounted troops and dogs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/097.The_Death_of_Jezebel.jpg/310px-097.The_Death_of_Jezebel.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/097.The_Death_of_Jezebel.jpg/465px-097.The_Death_of_Jezebel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/097.The_Death_of_Jezebel.jpg/620px-097.The_Death_of_Jezebel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption><i>The Death of Jezebel</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Three years later, Ahab died in battle. Jezebel's son <a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a> inherited the throne, but died as the result of an accident and was succeeded by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a> later usurped the throne<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and killed Jehoram, and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah</a>, who was the son of Jehoram's possible sister <a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a> and her Judahite husband <a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a>. He later approached Jezebel at the royal palace in Jezreel. </p><p>Anticipating his arrival, Jezebel put on make-up and a formal wig with adornments and looked out of a window and taunted him. Bromiley says that it should be looked at less as an attempt at seduction and more as the public defiance of the queen mother, invested with the authority of the royal house and cult to confront a rebellious commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromiley_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his two-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Asimov%27s_Guide_to_the_Bible" title="Asimov's Guide to the Bible">Guide to the Bible</a></i> (1967 and 1969), <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> describes Jezebel's last act: dressing in all her finery, make-up, and jewelry, as deliberately symbolic, indicating her <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a>, royal status, and determination to go out of this life as a queen.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jehu, however, remained unfazed and ordered Jezebel's <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> servants to <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">throw her from the window</a>. Her blood splattered on the wall and horses, and Jehu's horse trampled her corpse. He entered the palace where, after he ate and drank, he ordered Jezebel's body to be taken for burial. However, only her skull, her feet, and the palms of her hands remained—her flesh had been eaten by stray dogs, just as the prophet Elijah had prophesied.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._Thiele" title="Edwin R. Thiele">Edwin R. Thiele</a> dates Jezebel's death <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Celesti_-_Queen_Jezabel_Being_Punished_by_Jehu_-_WGA4622.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of Jezebel's dead body being consumed by dogs as Jehu gestures at her body in triumph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Andrea_Celesti_-_Queen_Jezabel_Being_Punished_by_Jehu_-_WGA4622.jpg/250px-Andrea_Celesti_-_Queen_Jezabel_Being_Punished_by_Jehu_-_WGA4622.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Andrea_Celesti_-_Queen_Jezabel_Being_Punished_by_Jehu_-_WGA4622.jpg/330px-Andrea_Celesti_-_Queen_Jezabel_Being_Punished_by_Jehu_-_WGA4622.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Andrea_Celesti_-_Queen_Jezabel_Being_Punished_by_Jehu_-_WGA4622.jpg/500px-Andrea_Celesti_-_Queen_Jezabel_Being_Punished_by_Jehu_-_WGA4622.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><i>Queen Jezebel Being Punished by Jehu</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Celesti" title="Andrea Celesti">Andrea Celesti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a>, the marriage of King Ahab to the daughter of the ruler of the Phoenician empire was a sign of the power and prestige of Ahab and the northern Kingdom of Israel. He termed it a "brilliant stroke of international diplomacy".<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He says that the inconsistencies and anachronisms in the biblical stories of Jezebel and Ahab mean that they must be considered "more of a historical novel than an accurate historical chronicle".<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these inconsistencies, <a href="/wiki/1_Kings_20" title="1 Kings 20">1 Kings 20</a> states that "<a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Ben-Hadad</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram</a>" invaded Samaria during Ahab's reign, but this event did not take place until later in the history of Israel, and "Ben-Hadad" was the title of the ruler of Aram-Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-FinkelsteinSilberman2002_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinkelsteinSilberman2002-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finkelstein also states that the biblical accounts are "obviously influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomic_Code" title="Deuteronomic Code">theology</a> of the seventh century BCE writers".<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were hostile to polytheism and viewed Samaria as a rival to Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dr J. Bimson, of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Bristol" title="Trinity College, Bristol">Trinity College, Bristol</a> 1 and 2 Kings are not "a straightforward history but a history which contains its own theological commentary". He points to verses like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2014:19&version=nrsv">1 Kings 14:19</a> that show the author of Kings was drawing on other earlier sources.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book mixes the annals of history with legends, folktales, miracle stories and "fictional constructions",<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and presentation of earlier sources is heavily edited to fit the Deuteronomist agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Janet Howe Gaines likewise finds the narratives implausible, especially the narrative of Naboth being betrayed by an entire Israelite town.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Christian Frevel argues that the biblical narrative subtly alludes to the Omrides' historical role in introducing Yahwism to Judah, which was obfuscated by anti-Omride Judeans. For example, Ahab gave his children theophoric names during his years of expansion in the northern territories and Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars propose that the Baal worshipped by Ahab and Jezebel was the "<a href="/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud_inscriptions" title="Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions">YHWH of Samaria</a>", which was opposed as Yahwist heresy by the Judean priests,<sup id="cite_ref-lipinski_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipinski-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some disagree based on archaeological evidence and extrabiblical records on Jezebel's upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian R. Doak believes the narratives are historically plausible because of the historicity of Omri and Ahab, evidence for widespread paganism among Israelites, international marriages for political purposes and competition between religious professionals during periods of "political unrest or social change". In addition, other contemporary sources, including sources written by Phoenicians, face similar issues in terms of being unverified by third-party sources.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A seal from the 9th century BCE, discovered in 1964, has a partially damaged inscription of "<a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Y</a><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Z</a><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">B</a><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">L</a>" which could have once read, "belonging to Jezebel". However, there are some issues with this theory. Whereas on the seal it appears the inscription begins with the letter <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a>, Jezebel's name starts with an <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a>, which is lacking on the seal; furthermore, the possessive <a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">lamedh</a> which would translate to the predicate "belonging to ..." is also missing from the seal. However, it is entirely possible these letters simply could have been located where the seal is now <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">damaged</a>. The seal includes motifs associated with both Egyptian and Israelite royalty, such as the <a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a> cobra, which is commonly found on pharaonic artifacts, and symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">winged sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">ankh</a>, which are found on numerous other Israelite royal seals from the 8th century BCE and onwards. Regardless, scholars do not agree on whether the seal is evidence for the historicity of the biblical character. Some scholars have said that the size and intricacy of the seal could mean it was used by royalty. If the seal truly represents Jezebel, then she most likely represented '<a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> as queen, who was the wife of the <a href="/wiki/Baal#Baʿal" title="Baal">Ugaritic Baal</a>. This aligns with Phoenician royal tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_symbol">Cultural symbol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jezabel_-_L%C3%A9on_Auguste_Perrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jezabel_-_L%C3%A9on_Auguste_Perrey.jpg/250px-Jezabel_-_L%C3%A9on_Auguste_Perrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jezabel_-_L%C3%A9on_Auguste_Perrey.jpg/330px-Jezabel_-_L%C3%A9on_Auguste_Perrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jezabel_-_L%C3%A9on_Auguste_Perrey.jpg/500px-Jezabel_-_L%C3%A9on_Auguste_Perrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Jezabel</i> by Léon Auguste Perrey</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bromiley" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Bromiley">Geoffrey Bromiley</a>, the depiction of Jezebel as "the incarnation of Canaanite cultic and political practices, detested by Israelite prophets and loyalists, has given her a literary life far beyond the existence of a ninth-century Tyrian princess."<sup id="cite_ref-Bromiley_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the centuries, the name <i>Jezebel</i> came to be associated with false prophets. By the early 20th century, it was also associated with fallen or abandoned women.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s and 1960s, the figures of Jezebel in 1 and 2 Kings and the Jezebel of Revelation began to be conflated and became "a trope for women".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Christian lore, a comparison to Jezebel suggested that a person was a <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostate</a> masquerading as a servant of God. By manipulation and seduction, she misled the saints of God into sins of idolatry and sexual immorality.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Christians associated Jezebel with <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a> and the usurpation of male authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> which Jezebel applied before her death also led some Christians to associate makeup with vice, although, as Isaac Asimov points out in his <i>Guide to the Bible</i>, such cosmetics—used on ceremonial occasions by royalty and priestesses—could be interpreted as the desire of a proud woman to meet her last moments in a manner and attire becoming a Queen. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> criticised <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Isabella of Angoulême">Isabella of Angoulême</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a> of <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a>, by writing that she was "more Jezebel than Isabel".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jezebel_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezebel stereotype">Jezebel stereotype</a> is an oppressive image and was used as a justification for sexual assault and sexual servitude during the eras of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">colonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern usage, the name of Jezebel is sometimes used as a synonym for sexually promiscuous or controlling women.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In feminist interpretations and Bible scholarship, Jezebel is re-examined and, for example, seen as unfairly framed<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or her story altered,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as a resource for womanist theology.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jezebel_spirit">Jezebel spirit <span class="anchor" id="Jezebel_spirit"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jezebel spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In American Christian <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">spiritual warfare</a> contexts, particularly popular among <a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">neo-Charismatic</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a> (NAR), the Jezebel spirit is considered one of multiple named demons or <a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit" title="Territorial spirit">territorial spirits</a> and is "near [ubiquitous] in spiritual warfare literature".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a powerful demon representing an "apocalyptic threat to American life, one whose demonic reign [is] hastening US moral decline and who thus [has] to be both guarded against and dethroned and replaced, spiritually and politically, if the nation [is] to evade divine judgement".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The story of Jezebel so permeates NAR culture", states religion journalist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Clarkson" title="Frederick Clarkson">Frederick Clarkson</a>, that prophetic art has been made by one of the movement's apostles "depicting the scene when she's devoured by dogs."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the senior editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Charisma_(magazine)" title="Charisma (magazine)">Charisma</a></i> magazine claimed that the 2016 US presidential election removed the spirit of Jezebel present in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAR <a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">apostles and prophets</a> have used the term in reference to American politics. NAR apostle <a href="/wiki/Lance_Wallnau" title="Lance Wallnau">Lance Wallnau</a> has stated US Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> is guided by an "<a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> spirit", the Spirit of Jezebel";<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAR pastor <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9_Ahn" title="Ché Ahn">Ché Ahn</a> prayed at a January 5, 2021 rally that the Jezebel spirit upon the 2020 US presidential election would be thrown out to allow Christians to "rule and reign through <a href="/wiki/President_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="President Trump">President Trump</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahn has also invoked Jezebel in reference to Harris, decreeing that she would be "cast out" by Trump in 2024, who he sees as a Jehu figure, and "lose in Jesus's name".<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">politically violent</a> implications of such messaging, and lack of significant media coverage, have been criticized by Clarkson and others.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, a candidate for lieutenant governor in the US state of Indiana referred to the race as being between Republican "strength and godly boldness" and the "Jezebel spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others who have been identified with the demonic Jezebel spirit include singer <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, pastor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Driscoll" title="Mark Driscoll">Mark Driscoll</a> criticized the <a href="/wiki/James_River_Church" title="James River Church">James River Church</a> Stronger Men's Conference for being opened by "the Jezebel spirit" following a sword-swallowing act.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="close up photo of classic film actress with "Bette Davis' written across the bottom of the image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer_1.jpg/250px-Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer_1.jpg/330px-Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer_1.jpg/500px-Bette_Davis_in_Jezebel_trailer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> as Julie in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(1938_film)" title="Jezebel (1938 film)">Jezebel</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> starred in the 1938 romantic drama <i><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(1938_film)" title="Jezebel (1938 film)">Jezebel</a></i>. </p><p>The American gospel vocal group <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Quartet" title="Golden Gate Quartet">Golden Gate Quartet</a> released a single called "Jezebel" in 1941 which narrates the story of Jezebel.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Laine" title="Frankie Laine">Frankie Laine</a> recorded "<a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(Frankie_Laine_song)" title="Jezebel (Frankie Laine song)">Jezebel</a>" (1951), written by <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shanklin" title="Wayne Shanklin">Wayne Shanklin</a>, which became a hit song.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song begins: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>If ever the Devil was born without a pair of horns<br /> It was you, Jezebel, it was you<br /> If ever an angel fell<br /> Jezebel, it was you, Jezebel, it was you!<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Paulette_Goddard" title="Paulette Goddard">Paulette Goddard</a> starred as Jezebel in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Sins_of_Jezebel" title="Sins of Jezebel">Sins of Jezebel</a></i> (1953).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Claude_Demetrius" title="Claude Demetrius">Claude Demetrius</a> references Jezebel in the fourth verse of the No. 1 hit single, <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Headed_Woman" title="Hard Headed Woman">Hard Headed Woman</a></i> released as a single (1958) by <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Faces_(band)" title="Faces (band)">Faces</a> 1971 song "<a href="/wiki/Stay_with_Me_(Faces_song)" title="Stay with Me (Faces song)">Stay with Me</a>" includes the line, "I hear you're a mean old Jezebel". </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a>'s 1981 album <i>My Life in the Bush of Ghosts</i> includes the song "<a href="/wiki/The_Jezebel_Spirit" title="The Jezebel Spirit">The Jezebel Spirit</a>", featuring clips of the exorcism of a Jezebel spirit. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i> (1985) and its <a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)" title="The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)">Hulu adaptation</a>, Jezebels are women forced to work as prostitutes after they are sterilized for the totalitarian and theocratic Republic of Gilead and are named after the biblical figure of the same name. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sade_(band)" title="Sade (band)">Sade's</a> 1985 album <a href="/wiki/Promise_(Sade_album)" title="Promise (Sade album)"><i>Promise</i></a> includes the track "Jezebel", written by <a href="/wiki/Sade_(singer)" title="Sade (singer)">Sade Adu</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Merchant" title="Natalie Merchant">Natalie Merchant</a> song "Jezebel" was released on the <a href="/wiki/10,000_Maniacs" title="10,000 Maniacs">10,000 Maniacs</a> 1992 album <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Time_in_Eden" title="Our Time in Eden">Our Time in Eden</a></i> and later performed acoustically on the 1993 live album <i><a href="/wiki/MTV_Unplugged_(10,000_Maniacs_album)" title="MTV Unplugged (10,000 Maniacs album)">MTV Unplugged</a></i> (10,000 Maniacs album). </p><p>The 1995 <a href="/wiki/KMFDM" title="KMFDM">KMFDM</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Juke_Joint_Jezebel" class="mw-redirect" title="Juke Joint Jezebel">Juke Joint Jezebel</a>" is the band's most well-known song with around 3 million copies sold. </p><p>The underground rapper <a href="/wiki/Dizzee_Rascal" title="Dizzee Rascal">Dizzee Rascal</a> in his 2003 album <i>boy in da corner</i> features a song named "Jezebel". </p><p>The popular historian <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Hazleton" title="Lesley Hazleton">Lesley Hazleton</a> wrote a revisionist account, <i>Jezebel: The Untold Story of the Bible's Harlot Queen</i> (2004), presenting Jezebel as a sophisticated queen engaged in mortal combat with the fundamentalist prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iron_%26_Wine" title="Iron & Wine">Iron & Wine</a> included a song "Jezebel" on his 2005 EP <i><a href="/wiki/Woman_King" title="Woman King">Woman King</a></i>. It contains many references to the biblical Jezebel, in particular the dogs associated with her death.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Jezabels" title="The Jezabels">The Jezabels</a> is an Australian indie rock band founded in 2007. The band's name is based on the biblical character, whom one band member describes as "misunderstood or misrepresented" and "an example of how women are really wrongly presented".<sup id="cite_ref-Cherrie_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherrie-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lam2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lam2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kid_Harpoon" title="Kid Harpoon">Kid Harpoon</a> 2022 song "<a href="/wiki/Little_Freak_(Harry_Styles_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Freak (Harry Styles song)">Little Freak</a>" released by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Styles" title="Harry Styles">Harry Styles</a> includes the line, "Little freak, Jezebel". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> sent a song by the name "<a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(The_Rasmus_song)" title="Jezebel (The Rasmus song)">Jezebel</a>" to the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Eurovision Song Contest 2022</a>. </p><p>In the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Barbie_(film)" title="Barbie (film)">Barbie Movie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Will_Ferrell" title="Will Ferrell">Mattel CEO</a> calls Barbie a "Jezebel" while trying to force her back into her toy box. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnard, Megan (2023). <i>Jezebel</i>. Penguin Random House.</li> <li>Beach, Eleanor Ferris (2005). <i>The Jezebel Letters: religion and politics in ninth-century Israel</i>. Fortress Press.</li> <li>Bellis, Alice Ogden (2007). <i>Helpmates, harlots, and heroes: Women's stories in the Hebrew Bible</i>. Westminster John Knox Press.</li> <li>Everhart, Janet S. (2010). "Jezebel: Framed by eunuchs?" <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i> 72, no. 4: 688-698.</li> <li>Garrett, Ginger (2013). <i>Reign: The Chronicles of Queen Jezebel</i>, Book #3 in the Lost Loves of the Bible Series. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/143-4-7659-62" title="Special:BookSources/143-4-7659-62">143-4-7659-62</a></li> <li>Hazleton, Lesley (2009). <i>Jezebel: The Untold Story of the Bible's Harlot Queen</i></li> <li>Jackson, Melissa (2015). "Reading Jezebel from the 'Other' Side: Feminist Critique, Postcolonialism, and Comedy". <i>Review & Expositor</i> 112, no. 2: 239-255.</li> <li>Lomax, Tamura (2018). <i>Jezebel unhinged: Loosing the Black Female Body in religion and culture</i>. Duke University Press,.</li> <li>Mokoena, Lerato (2021). "Reclaiming Jezebel and Mrs Job: Challenging Sexist Cultural Stereotypes and the Curse of Invisibility" in <i>Transgression and transformation: Feminist, postcolonial and queer Biblical interpretation as creative interventions</i>.</li> <li>Moran, Michelle (2003). <i>Die Phönizierin</i>, München: Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag (Random House Group). (Original title <i>Jezebel</i>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-442-35775-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-442-35775-6">3-442-35775-6</a></li> <li>Quick, Catherine S. (1993). "Jezebel's last laugh: the rhetoric of wicked women." <i>Women and Language</i> 16, no. 1: 44-49.</li> <li>Snyder, J. B. (2012). "Jezebel and her Interpreters". <i>Women's Bible Commentary: Twentieth–Anniversary Edition</i>. Louisville, KY. pp. 180–183.</li> <li>Wyatt, Stephanie (2012). "Jezebel, Elijah, and the widow of Zarephath: A ménage à trois that estranges the holy and makes the holy the strange". <i>Journal for the Study of the Old Testament</i> 36, no. 4: 435-458.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ipa_en-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipa_en_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (Second ed.). 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505122805/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Jezebel">"Jezebel"</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Jezebel">"Jezebel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Oxford Dictionaries</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Jezebel">the original</a> on 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jezebel&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FJezebel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/jezebel">"Jezebel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Jezebel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fjezebel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Jezebel">"Jezebel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Jezebel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FJezebel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אִיזֶבֶל</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾĪzével</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾĪzeḇel</i></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Knowles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Jezebel.html">"Jezebel"</a>, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</i>, OUP 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/micah/6-16.htm">"Micah 6:16"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Micah+6%3A16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fmicah%2F6-16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/2_chronicles/21-6.htm">"2 Chronicles 21:6"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Chronicles+21%3A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2F2_chronicles%2F21-6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/2_kings/8-18.htm">"2 Kings 8:18"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Kings+8%3A18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2F2_kings%2F8-18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFISHDA1975" class="citation journal cs1">ISHDA, T. (1975). "The House of Ahab". <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>25</b> (2/3): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925509">27925509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+House+of+Ahab&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27925509%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=ISHDA&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Shanell T. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bZOzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">"Female Agency in New Testament Texts"</a>. In Dunning, Benjamin H. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of New Testament, Gender, and Sexuality</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">168–</span>169, 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021340-4"><bdi>978-0-19-021340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Female+Agency+in+New+Testament+Texts&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Testament%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E169%2C+513&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021340-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Shanell+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbZOzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStreete1997" class="citation book cs1">Streete, Gail Corrington (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MoXi1cWbSPMC&pg=PA154"><i>The Strange Woman: Power and Sex in the Bible</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25622-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25622-7"><bdi>978-0-664-25622-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Woman%3A+Power+and+Sex+in+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25622-7&rft.aulast=Streete&rft.aufirst=Gail+Corrington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMoXi1cWbSPMC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHackett2004" class="citation book cs1">Hackett, Jo Ann (2004). Metzger, Bruce M; Coogan, Michael D (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amlXOOaSuLMC&q=The+Oxford+Guide+to+People+%26+Places+of+the+Bible."><i>The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">150–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517610-0"><bdi>978-0-19-517610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+People+%26+Places+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517610-0&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Jo+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamlXOOaSuLMC%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BGuide%2Bto%2BPeople%2B%2526%2BPlaces%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBible.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CorpusInscriptionumSemiticarumI1/page/n227/mode/2up"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum I</i></a>. 1926. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Semiticarum+I&rft.pages=209&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCorpusInscriptionumSemiticarumI1%2Fpage%2Fn227%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000), <i>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar</i>, page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogersonMcKay1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Rogerson" title="John W. Rogerson">Rogerson, J. W.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_William_McKay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John William McKay (page does not exist)">McKay, John William</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwY4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA213"><i>Psalms 1–50</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29160-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29160-6"><bdi>978-0-521-29160-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psalms+1%E2%80%9350&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29160-6&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=McKay%2C+John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmwY4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-je_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8675-jezebel">"JEZEBEL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=JEZEBEL&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F8675-jezebel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromiley-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1979" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (28 August 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&q=jezebel+bible&pg=PA1058"><i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3782-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1979-08-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3782-0&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyklDk6Vv0l4C%26q%3Djezebel%2Bbible%26pg%3DPA1058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEakin1965" class="citation journal cs1">Eakin, Frank E. (1965). "Yahwism and Baalism before the Exile". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>84</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">407–</span>414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3264867">10.2307/3264867</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3264867">3264867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Yahwism+and+Baalism+before+the+Exile&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3264867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3264867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eakin&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerAhab-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MillerAhab_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1967" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, J. M. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/vt/17/3/article-p307_4.xml">"The Fall of the House of Ahab"</a>. <i>Vetus Testamentum</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">307–</span>324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853367X00042">10.1163/156853367X00042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+the+House+of+Ahab&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853367X00042&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fvt%2F17%2F3%2Farticle-p307_4.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211024756/https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_kings/18.htm">"1 Kings 18 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges"</a>. <i>Biblehub.com</i>. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_kings/18.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub.com&rft.atitle=1+Kings+18+Cambridge+Bible+for+Schools+and+Colleges&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fcambridge%2F1_kings%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mare, Leonard P. "" Twice as much of your Spirit": Elijah, Elisha, and the Spirit of God." Ekklesiastikos Pharos 91.1 (2009): 72-81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandelmwin-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kandelmwin_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandelmwin_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandelmwin_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandelmwin_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayor, Conrad Kandelmwin. "The Alienation of Jezebel: Reading the Deuteronomic Historian's Portrait of Jezebel in the Contemporary Global Context." (2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/benson/1_kings/19.htm">"1 Kings 19:10 Benson Commentary"</a>. <i>Biblehub</i>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub&rft.atitle=1+Kings+19%3A10+Benson+Commentary&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fbenson%2F1_kings%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlatt-Gilad2019" class="citation web cs1">Glatt-Gilad, David (21 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103023709/https://www.thetorah.com/article/was-elijah-permitted-to-make-an-offering-on-mount-carmel">"Was Elijah Permitted to Make an Offering on Mount Carmel?"</a>. <i>TheTorah.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/was-elijah-permitted-to-make-an-offering-on-mount-carmel">the original</a> on 3 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=Was+Elijah+Permitted+to+Make+an+Offering+on+Mount+Carmel%3F&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft.aulast=Glatt-Gilad&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fwas-elijah-permitted-to-make-an-offering-on-mount-carmel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlster2014" class="citation web cs1">Alster, Baruch (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418042836/https://www.thetorah.com/article/deuteronomy-religious-centralization-or-decentralization">"Deuteronomy: Religious Centralization or Decentralization?"</a>. <i>TheTorah.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/deuteronomy-religious-centralization-or-decentralization">the original</a> on 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=Deuteronomy%3A+Religious+Centralization+or+Decentralization%3F&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Alster&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fdeuteronomy-religious-centralization-or-decentralization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/exodus/20.htm">"Exodus 20:24 Gill's Exposition"</a>. <i>Biblehub.com</i>. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Exodus+20%3A24+Gill%27s+Exposition&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fgill%2Fexodus%2F20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merecz-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merecz_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merecz_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMereczn.d." class="citation journal cs1">Merecz, Robert J. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42614902">"Jezebel's Oath (1 Kgs 19,2)"</a>. <i>Biblica</i>. <b>90</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-0887">0006-0887</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42614902">42614902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=Jezebel%27s+Oath+%281+Kgs+19%2C2%29&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42614902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0006-0887&rft.aulast=Merecz&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42614902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211025138/https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/acc/1-kings-18.html#verse-19">"1 Kings 18 Clarke's Commentary"</a>. <i>StudyLight.org</i>. 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/acc/1-kings-18.html#verse-19">the original</a> on 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StudyLight.org&rft.atitle=1+Kings+18+Clarke%27s+Commentary&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcommentaries%2Feng%2Facc%2F1-kings-18.html%23verse-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Micah 6:16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a19.htm#8">1 Kings 19:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbe-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbe_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromiley2009" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2009). <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3785-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3785-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-3785-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3785-1&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%2020:3–43">1 Kings 20:3–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThiele1965" class="citation book cs1">Thiele, Edwin R. (1965). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Numbers_of_the_Hebrew_Kings" title="The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings">The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings</a></i> (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mysterious+Numbers+of+the+Hebrew+Kings&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Thiele&rft.aufirst=Edwin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%2016:29">1 Kings 16:29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-je2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11263-naboth">Hirsch, Emil G. and Seligsohn, M., "Naboth", <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/bcc/1-kings-21.html#verse-11">"1 Kings 21: Coffman's Commentaries on the Bible"</a>. <i>StudyLight.org</i>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StudyLight.org&rft.atitle=1+Kings+21%3A+Coffman%27s+Commentaries+on+the+Bible&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcommentaries%2Feng%2Fbcc%2F1-kings-21.html%23verse-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/kad/1_kings/21.htm">"1 Kings 21: Keil and Delitzsch OT Commentary"</a>. <i>Biblehub</i>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub&rft.atitle=1+Kings+21%3A+Keil+and+Delitzsch+OT+Commentary&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fkad%2F1_kings%2F21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1988" class="citation book cs1">Asimov, Isaac (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asimovsguidetobi00asim"><i>Asimov's Guide to the Bible: Two Volumes in One, the Old and New Testaments</i></a></span> (reprint ed.). Wings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-34582-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-34582-5"><bdi>978-0-517-34582-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asimov%27s+Guide+to+the+Bible%3A+Two+Volumes+in+One%2C+the+Old+and+New+Testaments&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Wings&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-517-34582-5&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasimovsguidetobi00asim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#9:35" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">2 Kings 9:35–36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/jezebel-midrash-and-aggadah">jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/jezebel-midrash-and-aggadah</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Thiele, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Numbers_of_the_Hebrew_Kings" title="The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings">The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings</a></i>, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-3825-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-3825-X">0-8254-3825-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a>; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). <i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i>. Simon and Schuster. pp. <span class="nowrap">169–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4"><bdi>978-0-684-86912-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86912-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinkelsteinSilberman2002-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinkelsteinSilberman2002_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsrael_FinkelsteinNeil_Asher_Silberman2002" class="citation book cs1">Israel Finkelstein; Neil Asher Silberman (6 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&pg=PA176"><i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Sacred+Texts&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6&rft.au=Israel+Finkelstein&rft.au=Neil+Asher+Silberman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>IVP New Bible Commentary</i> (21st Century Edition), p. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_D._Nelson1987" class="citation book cs1">Richard D. Nelson (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCgUvQOIvD0C&q=%22fictional+constructions%22&pg=PA1"><i>Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching: First and Second Kings</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22084-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22084-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpretation%3A+A+Bible+Commentary+for+Teaching+and+Preaching%3A+First+and+Second+Kings&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22084-6&rft.au=Richard+D.+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCgUvQOIvD0C%26q%3D%2522fictional%2Bconstructions%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFretheim1997" class="citation book cs1">Fretheim, Terence E (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ODLAo9QouEC"><i>First and Second Kings</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25565-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25565-7"><bdi>978-0-664-25565-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+and+Second+Kings&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25565-7&rft.aulast=Fretheim&rft.aufirst=Terence+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ODLAo9QouEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">Van Seters, John</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-skPdXtewwC&pg=PA406"><i>In search of history: historiography in the ancient world and the origins of biblical history</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-013-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-013-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+history%3A+historiography+in+the+ancient+world+and+the+origins+of+biblical+history&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-013-2&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-skPdXtewwC%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaines2023" class="citation web cs1">Gaines, Janet Howe (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211025417/https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/how-bad-was-jezebel/">"How Bad Was Jezebel?"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/how-bad-was-jezebel/">the original</a> on 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.atitle=How+Bad+Was+Jezebel%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Janet+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fpeople-cultures-in-the-bible%2Fpeople-in-the-bible%2Fhow-bad-was-jezebel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrevel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Frevel, Christian (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/8776">"When and from Where did YHWH Emerge? Some Reflections on Early Yahwism in Israel and Judah"</a>. <i>Entangled Religions</i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.8776">10.46586/er.12.2021.8776</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F84039">2263/84039</a></span> – via RUB.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entangled+Religions&rft.atitle=When+and+from+Where+did+YHWH+Emerge%3F+Some+Reflections+on+Early+Yahwism+in+Israel+and+Judah&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F84039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.8776&rft.aulast=Frevel&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fer.ceres.rub.de%2Findex.php%2FER%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStahl2023" class="citation web cs1">Stahl, Michael J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418044706/https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/yahweh-or-baal-who-was-the-god-of-northern-israel/">"Yahweh or Baal- Who Was the God of Northern Israel?"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/yahweh-or-baal-who-was-the-god-of-northern-israel/">the original</a> on 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Yahweh+or+Baal-+Who+Was+the+God+of+Northern+Israel%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Farticle%2Fyahweh-or-baal-who-was-the-god-of-northern-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lipinski-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lipinski_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Lipiński "Studia z dziejów i kultury starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu" Nomos Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7688-156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7688-156-0">978-83-7688-156-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorpel2008" class="citation web cs1">Korpel, Marjo C. A. (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/uncategorized/fit-for-a-queen-jezebels-royal-seal">"Fit for a Queen: Jezebel's Royal Seal"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fit+for+a+Queen%3A+Jezebel%27s+Royal+Seal&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Korpel&rft.aufirst=Marjo+C.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Funcategorized%2Ffit-for-a-queen-jezebels-royal-seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrill F. Unger, <i>Unger’s Bible Dictionary</i> (Chicago: Moody Press, 1977) 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoak2020" class="citation book cs1">Doak, Brian R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/33589/chapter/288065678"><i>Ancient Israel's Neighbors</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190690632" title="Special:BookSources/9780190690632"><bdi>9780190690632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%27s+Neighbors&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780190690632&rft.aulast=Doak&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F33589%2Fchapter%2F288065678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cook, Stanley Arthur (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jezebel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jezebel">"Jezebel" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jezebel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=411&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArcher2022" class="citation journal cs1">Archer, Melissa L. (25 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/pneu/44/2/article-p159_2.xml">"The S/spirit of Jezebel and the Spirit of Prophecy: A Pentecostal Reading of Revelation 2:18–29: SPS Presidential Address 2022"</a>. <i>Pneuma</i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700747-bja10068">10.1163/15700747-bja10068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-0965">0272-0965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pneuma&rft.atitle=The+S%2Fspirit+of+Jezebel+and+the+Spirit+of+Prophecy%3A+A+Pentecostal+Reading+of+Revelation+2%3A18%E2%80%9329%3A+SPS+Presidential+Address+2022&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700747-bja10068&rft.issn=0272-0965&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Melissa+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fpneu%2F44%2F2%2Farticle-p159_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=REV%202:20-23&version=ESV"><i><span></span></i>The New Testament, Book of Revelation<i><span></span></i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%2C+Book+of+Revelation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DREV%25202%3A20-23%26version%3DESV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span>, Ch. 2, vs. 20-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Vincent 'John's Jezebel' 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonovanWilliams2002" class="citation journal cs1">Donovan, Roxanne & Williams, Michelle (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254379185">"Living at the intersection: The effects of racism and sexism on Black rape survivors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Women & Therapy</i>. <b>25</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ015v25n03_07">10.1300/J015v25n03_07</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143180295">143180295</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Minneapolis: Broadleaf Books. pp. 112, 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-9778-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-9778-5"><bdi>978-1-5064-9778-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+violent+take+it+by+force%3A+the+Christian+movement+that+is+threatening+our+democracy&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=112%2C+135&rft.pub=Broadleaf+Books&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-9778-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerman2024" class="citation news cs1">Herman, Alice (19 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/19/christian-nationalists-violence-concerns">"Why experts say Christian nationalists' rhetoric may spur violence"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(18 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/whats-a-jezebel-spirit-some-christians-use-the-term-to-paint-kamala-harris-with-a-demonic-brush">"What's a 'Jezebel spirit'? Some Christians use the term to paint Kamala Harris with a demonic brush"</a>. <i>PBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2025</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+News&rft.atitle=What%27s+a+%27Jezebel+spirit%27%3F+Some+Christians+use+the+term+to+paint+Kamala+Harris+with+a+demonic+brush&rft.date=2024-10-18&rft.aulast=Volmert&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rft.au=Smith%2C+Michelle+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fpolitics%2Fwhats-a-jezebel-spirit-some-christians-use-the-term-to-paint-kamala-harris-with-a-demonic-brush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGomez" class="citation web cs1">Gomez, Julia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/04/15/pastor-mark-driscoll-kicked-off-state-christian-conference/73331462007/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Jezebel spirit': Pastor kicked off stage at Christian conference in Missouri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_TODAY" class="mw-redirect" title="USA TODAY">USA TODAY</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=%27Jezebel+spirit%27%3A+Pastor+kicked+off+stage+at+Christian+conference+in+Missouri&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2024%2F04%2F15%2Fpastor-mark-driscoll-kicked-off-state-christian-conference%2F73331462007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1997" class="citation book cs1">Young, Alan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dus_CgzkkhIC&q=%22golden+gate+quartet%22+jezebel&pg=PA50"><i>Woke Me Up This Morning: Black Gospel Singers and the Gospel Life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87805-943-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87805-943-1"><bdi>0-87805-943-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woke+Me+Up+This+Morning%3A+Black+Gospel+Singers+and+the+Gospel+Life&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87805-943-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDus_CgzkkhIC%26q%3D%2522golden%2Bgate%2Bquartet%2522%2Bjezebel%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/song/jezebel-mt0032224718">Jezebel</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meantime-jp.com/EditorsPick/Yakame/Data/FrankieLaine.html">Frankie Laine's hits in the years 1947-1952</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106022655/http://www.meantime-jp.com/EditorsPick/Yakame/Data/FrankieLaine.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219045746/http://www.metrolyrics.com/jezebel-lyrics-frankie-laine.html">"Jezebel lyrics"</a>. <i>Frankie Laine lyrics</i>. Metro Lyrics. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frankie+Laine+lyrics&rft.atitle=Jezebel+lyrics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrolyrics.com%2Fjezebel-lyrics-frankie-laine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2IQuAAAAIBAJ&pg=3263,4699346&dq=sins+of+jezebel&hl=en">"At The Imperial: 'Jezebel' Color Spectacle Stars Paulette Goddard In Title Role"</a>. <i>The News and Eastern Townships Advocate</i>. 14 January 1954<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+and+Eastern+Townships+Advocate&rft.atitle=At+The+Imperial%3A+%27Jezebel%27+Color+Spectacle+Stars+Paulette+Goddard+In+Title+Role&rft.date=1954-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D2IQuAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3263%2C4699346%26dq%3Dsins%2Bof%2Bjezebel%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/lesley-hazleton/jezebel/">"Jezebel: The Untold Story of the Bible's Harlot Queen, by Lesley Hazleton"</a>. Kirkus reviews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jezebel%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Bible%27s+Harlot+Queen%2C+by+Lesley+Hazleton&rft.pub=Kirkus+reviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Flesley-hazleton%2Fjezebel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeahey2012" class="citation web cs1">Leahey, Andrew (9 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/04/iron-wine-jezebel/">"Iron & Wine, 'Jezebel'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. americansongwriter.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iron+%26+Wine%2C+%27Jezebel%27&rft.pub=americansongwriter.com&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft.aulast=Leahey&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americansongwriter.com%2F2012%2F04%2Firon-wine-jezebel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cherrie-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cherrie_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCherrie" class="citation web cs1">Cherrie, Chrysta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-jezabels-mn0002189231">"The Jezabels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Rovi_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovi Corporation">Rovi Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Jezabels&rft.aulast=Cherrie&rft.aufirst=Chrysta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fthe-jezabels-mn0002189231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lam2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lam2_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLam2009" class="citation news cs1">Lam, Lana (20 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115000403/http://digitaledition.expressadvocate.com.au/?iid=25424&startpage=page0000035%23folio=34">"The Jezabels"</a>. <i>Central Coast Express Advocate</i>. <a href="/wiki/News_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="News Limited">News Limited</a> (<a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a>). p. 35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitaledition.expressadvocate.com.au/?iid=25424&startpage=page0000035#folio=34">the original</a> on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Coast+Express+Advocate&rft.atitle=The+Jezabels&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Lana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitaledition.expressadvocate.com.au%2F%3Fiid%3D25424%26startpage%3Dpage0000035%23folio%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJezebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jezebel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jezebel">Jezebel</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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talk:Rulers of ancient Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_ancient_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of ancient Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel<br />(united monarchy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel<br />(northern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel" title="Nadab of Israel">Nadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel" title="Baasha of Israel">Baasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elah_(king)" title="Elah (king)">Elah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimri_(king)" title="Zimri (king)">Zimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibni" title="Tibni">Tibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jezebel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Israel" title="Jehoahaz of Israel">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Israel" title="Jehoash of Israel">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Israel" title="Zechariah of Israel">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallum_of_Israel" title="Shallum of Israel">Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem" title="Menahem">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekahiah" title="Pekahiah">Pekahiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekah" title="Pekah">Pekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshea" title="Hoshea">Hoshea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah<br />(southern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah" title="Amaziah of Judah">Amaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Judea<br />(Hasmonean dynasty)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Revelation251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template talk:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Revelation251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_1" title="Revelation 1">Revelation 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_2" title="Revelation 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_3" title="Revelation 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_4" title="Revelation 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_5" title="Revelation 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_6" title="Revelation 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_7" title="Revelation 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_8" title="Revelation 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_9" title="Revelation 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_10" title="Revelation 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_11" title="Revelation 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_12" title="Revelation 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_13" title="Revelation 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_14" title="Revelation 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_15" title="Revelation 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_16" title="Revelation 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_17" title="Revelation 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_18" title="Revelation 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_19" title="Revelation 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_20" title="Revelation 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_21" title="Revelation 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_22" title="Revelation 22">22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balak" title="Balak">Balak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah (biblical person)">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben (biblical person)">Reuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon (Hebrew Bible)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a>/<br />Terms/ Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon/Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Life" title="Book of Life">Book of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramorph" title="Tetramorph">Four Living Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Fire">Lake of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_trumpets" title="Seven trumpets">Seven trumpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">Son of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormwood_(Bible)" title="Wormwood (Bible)">Wormwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Historicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foxe%27s_apocalyptic_thought" title="John Foxe's apocalyptic thought">by John Foxe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Textual variants in the Book of Revelation">Textual variants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">Papyrus 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_24" title="Papyrus 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_43" title="Papyrus 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_47" title="Papyrus 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_85" title="Papyrus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_98" title="Papyrus 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_115" title="Papyrus 115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Aramaic_New_Testament_manuscript" title="Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript">Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Αποκάλυψις Ιωάννου">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Apocalips" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Apocalips">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Revelation">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Revelation">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q721295#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1262" style="padding:3px"><table 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000451627110">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57409395">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118710893">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17077899c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17077899c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2010607657&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4580298">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007272666605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118710893">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/100808786">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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