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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mechanism of electron transfer</div> <p><b>Outer sphere</b> refers to an <a href="/wiki/Electron_transfer" title="Electron transfer">electron transfer</a> (ET) event that occurs between chemical species that remain separate and intact before, during, and after the ET event.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, for <a href="/wiki/Inner_sphere_electron_transfer" title="Inner sphere electron transfer">inner sphere electron transfer</a> the participating <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> sites undergoing ET become connected by a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bridge</a>. Because the ET in outer sphere electron transfer occurs between two non-connected species, the electron is forced to move through space from one <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> center to the other. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marcus_theory">Marcus theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_sphere_electron_transfer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Marcus theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main theory describing the rates of outer sphere electron transfer was developed by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a> in the 1950s, for which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus1992_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus1992-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major aspect of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_theory" title="Marcus theory">Marcus theory</a> is the dependence of the electron transfer rate on the thermodynamic driving force (difference in the redox potentials of the electron-exchanging sites). For most reactions, the rates increase with increased driving force. A second aspect is that the rate of outer sphere electron-transfer depends inversely on the "reorganizational energy." Reorganization energy describes the changes in bond lengths and angles that are required for the <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reductant</a> to switch their <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a>. This energy is assessed by measurements of the self-exchange rates (see below). </p><p>Outer sphere electron transfer is the most common type of electron transfer, especially in <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, where redox centers are separated by several (up to about 11) <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstroms</a> by intervening <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. In biochemistry, there are two main types of outer sphere ET: ET between two separate biological molecules or fixed distance electron transfer, in which the electron transfers within a <i>single</i> biomolecule (e.g., intraprotein).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_sphere_electron_transfer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-exchange">Self-exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_sphere_electron_transfer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Self-exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outer sphere electron transfer can occur between chemical species that are identical except for their <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is termed self-exchange. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_energy_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Degenerate energy level">degenerate</a> reaction between the <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedral</a> ions <a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">permanganate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganate" title="Manganate">manganate</a>: </p> <dl><dd>[MnO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup> + [Mn*O<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> → [MnO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> + [Mn*O<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">octahedral</a> <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">metal complexes</a>, the rate constant for self-exchange reactions correlates with changes in the population of the e<sub>g</sub> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">orbitals</a>, the population of which most strongly affects the length of metal-ligand bonds: </p> <ul><li>For the [Co(<a href="/wiki/Bipy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipy">bipy</a>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup>/[Co(bipy)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> pair, self exchange proceeds at 10<sup>9</sup> M<sup>−1</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>. In this case, the electron configuration changes from Co(I): (t<sub>2g</sub>)<sup>6</sup>(e<sub>g</sub>)<sup>2</sup> to Co(II): (t<sub>2g</sub>)<sup>5</sup>(e<sub>g</sub>)<sup>2</sup>.</li> <li>For the [Co(bipy)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>/[Co(bipy)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> pair, self exchange proceeds at 18 M<sup>−1</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>. In this case, the electron configuration changes from Co(II): (t<sub>2g</sub>)<sup>5</sup>(e<sub>g</sub>)<sup>2</sup> to Co(III): (t<sub>2g</sub>)<sup>6</sup>(e<sub>g</sub>)<sup>0</sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron-sulfur_proteins">Iron-sulfur proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_sphere_electron_transfer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iron-sulfur proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outer sphere ET is the basis of the biological function of the <a href="/wiki/Iron-sulfur_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-sulfur protein">iron-sulfur proteins</a>. The Fe centers are typically further <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteinyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>. The [Fe<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>] electron-transfer proteins ([Fe<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>] <a href="/wiki/Ferredoxin" title="Ferredoxin">ferredoxins</a>) may be further subdivided into low-potential (bacterial-type) and <a href="/wiki/HIPIP" class="mw-redirect" title="HIPIP">high-potential (HiPIP) ferredoxins</a>. Low- and high-potential ferredoxins are related by the following redox scheme: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FdRedox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FdRedox.png/500px-FdRedox.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FdRedox.png/750px-FdRedox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FdRedox.png/1000px-FdRedox.png 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the small structural differences between the individual redox states, ET is rapid between these clusters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_sphere_electron_transfer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_sphere_electron_transfer" title="Inner sphere electron transfer">Inner sphere electron transfer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_sphere_electron_transfer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/O04351.html">Article: outer-sphere electron transfer</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold book">Gold book</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus1992-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marcus1992_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1992/marcus/facts/">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i>. 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1992&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1992%2Fmarcus%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuter+sphere+electron+transfer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. J. Lippard, J. M. Berg “Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry” University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA; 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-73-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-935702-73-3">0-935702-73-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. G. Wilkins Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complexes, 2nd Edition, VCH, Weinheim, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56081-125-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56081-125-0">1-56081-125-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_reaction_mechanisms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reaction_mechanisms" title="Template:Reaction mechanisms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reaction_mechanisms" title="Template talk:Reaction mechanisms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reaction_mechanisms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reaction mechanisms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_reaction_mechanisms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Reaction_mechanism" title="Reaction mechanism">reaction mechanisms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution" title="Nucleophilic substitution">Nucleophilic substitutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SN1_reaction" title="SN1 reaction">Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN2_reaction" title="SN2 reaction">Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_aromatic_substitution" title="Nucleophilic aromatic substitution">Nucleophilic aromatic substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>Ar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNi" title="SNi">Nucleophilic internal substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>i)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_acyl_substitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleophilic acyl substitution">Nucleophilic acyl substitution</a> (S<sub>N</sub>Acyl)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrophilic_substitution" title="Electrophilic substitution">Electrophilic substitutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution" title="Electrophilic aromatic substitution">Electrophilic aromatic substitution</a> (S<sub>E</sub>Ar)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elimination_reaction" title="Elimination reaction">Elimination reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E1_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="E1 elimination">Unimolecular elimination</a> (E1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E1cB-elimination_reaction" title="E1cB-elimination reaction">E1cB-elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="E2 elimination">Bimolecular elimination</a> (E2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ei_mechanism" title="Ei mechanism">E<sub>i</sub> elimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addition_reaction" title="Addition reaction">Addition reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrophilic_addition" title="Electrophilic addition">Electrophilic addition</a> (A<sub>E</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_addition" title="Nucleophilic addition">Nucleophilic addition</a> (A<sub>N</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-radical_addition" title="Free-radical addition">Free-radical addition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloaddition" title="Cycloaddition">Cycloaddition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_addition" title="Oxidative addition">Oxidative addition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unimolecular reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intramolecular_reaction" title="Intramolecular reaction">Intramolecular reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">Isomerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">Photodissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindemann%E2%80%93Hinshelwood_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism">Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRKM_theory" title="RRKM theory">RRKM theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electron_transfer" title="Electron transfer">Electron/Proton transfer</a> reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Redox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon_reaction" title="Harpoon reaction">Harpoon reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotthuss_mechanism" title="Grotthuss mechanism">Grotthuss mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_theory" title="Marcus theory">Marcus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_sphere_electron_transfer" title="Inner sphere electron transfer">Inner sphere electron transfer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Outer sphere electron transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_effects" title="Solvent effects">Solvent effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_effect" title="Cage effect">Cage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_isolation" title="Matrix isolation">Matrix isolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_reaction" title="Elementary reaction">Elementary reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_dynamics" title="Reaction dynamics">Reaction dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_intermediate" title="Reactive intermediate">Reactive intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">Radical (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecularity" title="Molecularity">Molecularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_theory" title="Collision theory">Collision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_pushing" title="Arrow pushing">Arrow pushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_energy_surface" title="Potential energy surface">Potential energy surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_O%27Ferrall%E2%80%93Jencks_plot" title="More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot">More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rate_equation" title="Rate equation">Rate equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">Equilibrium constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate-determining_step" title="Rate-determining step">Rate-determining step</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_coordinate" title="Reaction coordinate">Reaction coordinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_profile_(chemistry)" title="Energy profile (chemistry)">Energy profile (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_state_theory" title="Transition state theory">Transition state theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_energy" title="Activation energy">Activation energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_complex" title="Activated complex">Activated complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_equation" title="Arrhenius equation">Arrhenius equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyring_equation" title="Eyring equation">Eyring equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-controlled_reaction" title="Diffusion-controlled reaction">Diffusion-controlled reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outer_sphere_electron_transfer&oldid=1251752832">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outer_sphere_electron_transfer&oldid=1251752832</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_chemistry" 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