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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization of the work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_the_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overarching_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overarching_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overarching themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overarching_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overarching themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overarching_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_as_a_quest_for_a_common_purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_as_a_quest_for_a_common_purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History as a quest for a common purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_as_a_quest_for_a_common_purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recurrent_conquest_of_civilization_by_nomads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recurrent_conquest_of_civilization_by_nomads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recurrent conquest of civilization by nomads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recurrent_conquest_of_civilization_by_nomads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_free_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_free_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Development of free intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_free_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection_of_racial_or_cultural_superiority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_of_racial_or_cultural_superiority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rejection of racial or cultural superiority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_of_racial_or_cultural_superiority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omitted_aspects_of_world_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omitted_aspects_of_world_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Omitted aspects of world history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omitted_aspects_of_world_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_of_the_work" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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G. Wells</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_history" title="Outline of history">Outline of history</a> or <a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_the_World_(Wells_book)" title="A Short History of the World (Wells book)">A Short History of the World (Wells book)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Outline of History <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outline+of+History&rft.author=%5B%5BH.+G.+Wells%5D%5D&rft.date=1919%E2%80%9320&rft.pub=George+Newnes"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Outline_of_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Wells_Outline_of_History.jpg/260px-Wells_Outline_of_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Wells_Outline_of_History.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="284" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Book cover of <i>The Outline of History</i> [The Making of Our World] (first edition, 1920)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illustrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._F._Horrabin" title="J. F. Horrabin">J. F. Horrabin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">George Newnes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1919–20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Outline_of_History" class="extiw" title="s:The Outline of History">The Outline of History</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Outline of History</b></i>, subtitled either "The Whole Story of Man" or "Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind", is a work by <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> chronicling the history of the world from the origin of the Earth to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. It appeared in an illustrated version of 24 fortnightly installments beginning on 22 November 1919 and was published as a single volume in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sold more than two million copies, was translated into many languages, and had a considerable impact on the teaching of history in institutions of higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells modelled the <i>Outline</i> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revised_editions">Revised editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Revised editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many revised versions were published during Wells's lifetime, and the author kept notes on factual corrections which he received from around the world. The last revision which was published during his lifetime was published in 1937. </p><p>In 1949, an expanded version was produced by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Postgate" title="Raymond Postgate">Raymond Postgate</a>, who extended the narrative so it could include the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, and later, he published another version which extended the narrative up to 1969. Postgate wrote that "readers wish to hear the views of Wells, not those of Postgate," and he endeavoured to preserve Wells's voice throughout the narrative. In later editions <a href="/wiki/G._P._Wells" title="G. P. Wells">G. P. Wells</a>, the author's son, updated the early chapters about <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> in order to make them reflect current theories: previous editions had, for instance, given credence to <a href="/wiki/Piltdown_Man" title="Piltdown Man">Piltdown Man</a> before it was exposed as a <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>. The final edition appeared in 1971, but earlier editions are still in print. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_of_the_work">Organization of the work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization of the work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third revised and rearranged edition is organized in chapters whose subjects are as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Ch. 1–2: The origins of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li>Ch. 3–6: <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of life</li> <li>Ch. 7: <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human origins</a></li> <li>Ch. 8: <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> Age</li> <li>Ch. 9: The later <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> Age</li> <li>Ch. 10: The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Age</li> <li>Ch. 11: Early (prelinguistic) thought</li> <li>Ch. 12: <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Races</a></li> <li>Ch. 13: <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Languages</a></li> <li>Ch. 14: The first civilizations</li> <li>Ch. 15: Sea voyages and trading</li> <li>Ch. 16: Writing</li> <li>Ch. 17: Organized religion</li> <li>Ch. 18: Social classes</li> <li>Ch. 19: The <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li>Ch. 20: Aryan-speaking (or <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European-speaking</a>) peoples</li> <li>Ch. 21–23: The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a></li> <li>Ch. 24: <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li>Ch. 25: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Ch. 26–28: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li>Ch. 29: <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li>Ch. 30: Asia (50 BC – AD 650)</li> <li>Ch. 31: <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li>Ch. 32: The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li>Ch. 33: The <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></li> <li>Ch. 34: <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">The Renaissance</a> in Western Europe</li> <li>Ch. 35: Political developments, including that of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a></li> <li>Ch. 36: The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a> revolutions</li> <li>Ch. 37: <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li>Ch. 38: The Nineteenth century</li> <li>Ch. 39: The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a></li> <li>Ch. 40: The Next Stage of History.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overarching_themes">Overarching themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overarching themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_as_a_quest_for_a_common_purpose">History as a quest for a common purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History as a quest for a common purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times (12,000–10,000 years ago, by Wells's estimation) "[t]he history of mankind . . . is a history of more or less blind endeavours to conceive a common purpose in relation to which all men may live happily, and to create and develop a common stock of knowledge which may serve and illuminate that purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recurrent_conquest_of_civilization_by_nomads">Recurrent conquest of civilization by nomads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recurrent conquest of civilization by nomads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wells was uncertain whether to place "the beginnings of settled communities living in towns" in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was equally unsure whether to consider the development of civilization as something that arose from "the widely diffused Heliolithic Neolithic culture" or something that arose separately.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the nomadic cultures that originated in the Neolithic Age and the settled civilizations to the south, he discerned that "for many thousands of years there has been an almost rhythmic recurrence of conquest of the civilizations by the nomads."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wells, this dialectical antagonism reflected not only a struggle for power and resources, but a conflict of values: "Civilization, as this outline has shown, arose as a community of obedience, and was essentially a community of obedience. But . . . [t]here was a continual influx of masterful will from the forests, parklands, and steppes. The human spirit had at last rebelled altogether against the blind obedience of the common life; it was seeking . . . to achieve a new and better sort of civilization that should also be a community of will."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells regarded the democratic movements of modernity as an aspect of this movement.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_free_intelligence">Development of free intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development of free intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wells saw in the <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> who were, he believed, common to all the "Aryan-speaking peoples" an important "consequence of and a further factor in [the] development of spoken language which was the chief factor of all the human advances made in Neolithic times. . . . they mark a new step forward in the power and range of the human mind," extending the temporal horizons of the human imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw in the ancient Greeks another definitive advance of these capacities, "the beginnings of what is becoming at last nowadays a dominant power in human affairs, the 'free intelligence of mankind'."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first individual he distinguishes as embodying free intelligence is the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew prophets and the tradition they founded he calls "a parallel development of the free conscience of mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much later, he singles out <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> as a precursor of "a great movement in Europe . . . toward reality" that contributed to the development of "intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But "[i]t was only in the eighties of the nineteenth century that this body of inquiry began to yield results to impress the vulgar mind. Then suddenly came <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electric light and electric traction</a>, and the transmutation of forces, the possibility of sending <i>power</i> . . . began to come through to the ideas of ordinary people."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejection_of_racial_or_cultural_superiority">Rejection of racial or cultural superiority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rejection of racial or cultural superiority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a few passages in <i>The Outline of History</i> reflect <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racialist</a> thinking, Wells firmly rejected all theories of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial</a> and civilizational superiority. On the subject of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, Wells writes that "Mankind from the point of view of a biologist is an animal species in a state of arrested differentiation and possible admixture . . . [A]ll races are more or less mixed.".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the claim that Western minds are superior, he states that upon examination "this generalization . . . dissolves into thin air."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Omitted_aspects_of_world_history">Omitted aspects of world history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Omitted aspects of world history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of themes are downplayed in <i>The Outline of History</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> figure among these. Others are altogether absent, in spite of Wells's own intellectual attachment to some of them: <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_of_the_work">Composition of the work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Composition of the work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wells's_methodology"><span id="Wells.27s_methodology"></span>Wells's methodology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wells's methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years leading up to the writing of <i>The Outline of History</i>, Wells was increasingly preoccupied by history, as many works testify. (See, for example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Machiavelli" title="The New Machiavelli">The New Machiavelli</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_(novel)" title="Marriage (novel)">Marriage</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Englishman_Looks_at_the_World" title="An Englishman Looks at the World">An Englishman Looks at the World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wife_of_Sir_Isaac_Harman" title="The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman">The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Britling_Sees_It_Through" title="Mr. Britling Sees It Through">Mr. Britling Sees It Through</a></i>, etc.) During World War I, he tried to promote a world history to be sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Union" title="League of Nations Union">League of Nations Union</a>, of which he was a member. But no professional historian would commit to undertake it, and Wells, in a financially sound position thanks to the success of <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Britling_Sees_It_Through" title="Mr. Britling Sees It Through">Mr. Britling Sees It Through</a></i> and believing that his work would earn little, resolved to devote a year to the project. His wife Catherine (Jane) agreed to be his collaborator in typing, research, organization, correspondence, and criticism. Wells relied heavily on the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed., 1911), and standard secondary texts. He made use of the <a href="/wiki/London_Library" title="London Library">London Library</a>, and enlisted as critical readers "a team of advisers for comment and correction, chief among them <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Barker" title="Ernest Barker">Ernest Barker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston" title="Harry Johnston">Harry Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._Ray_Lankester" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Ray Lankester">E. Ray Lankester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Murray" title="Gilbert Murray">Gilbert Murray</a>. The sections were then rewritten and circulated for further discussion until Wells judged that they had reached a satisfactory standard."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of the work was written between October 1918 and November 1919. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejected_allegations_of_plagiarism">Rejected allegations of plagiarism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rejected allegations of plagiarism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deeks_v_Wells" title="Deeks v Wells">Deeks v Wells</a></div> <p>In 1927 a Canadian, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Deeks" title="Florence Deeks">Florence Deeks</a>, sued Wells for infringement of copyright and breach of trust. She claimed that he had plagiarized much of the content of <i>The Outline of History</i> from her work, <i>The Web of the World's Romance</i>. She had submitted her manuscript to the Canadian publisher Macmillan Canada, which was Wells's Canadian publisher. Macmillan Canada had the manuscript for nearly nine months before rejecting it. </p><p>At trial in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ontario" title="Supreme Court of Ontario">Supreme Court of Ontario</a>, Deeks called called three literary academics as experts, who testified that the content and structure of the two books showed that Wells must have relied on Deeks's manuscript in writing <i>The Outline of History</i>. Wells testified, and denied that he had ever seen Deeks's manuscript, while representatives from Macmillan testified that the manuscript had never left Canada. The trial judge rejected Deeks's expert evidence and dismissed the case.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An appeal to the Ontario Appellate Division was dismissed,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was a final appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at that time the highest court of appeal for the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnusson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnusson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._B._McKillop" title="A. B. McKillop">A. B. McKillop</a></span> a professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, wrote a book entitled <i>The Spinster & the Prophet: Florence Deeks, H. G. Wells, and the Mystery of the Purloined Past</i>, which examined the legal case brought by Deeks. McKillop's thesis was that Deeks did not receive fair treatment from the courts, which he argued heavily favoured men at that time, both in Canada and in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004 Denis N. Magnusson, professor emeritus in the Faculty of Law, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, published an article on <i>Deeks v. Wells</i> in the <i>Queen's Law Journal</i>. He took issue with McKillop's position, arguing that Deeks had a weak case that was not well presented, and though she may have met with <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> from her lawyers, she did receive a fair trial. He argued that the law applied in the case was essentially the same law that would be applied to a similar case in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnusson_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnusson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Outline of History</i> has inspired responses from the serious to the parodic. </p> <ul><li>In 1921 <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Round_Table" title="Algonquin Round Table">Algonquin Round Table</a> member <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ogden_Stewart" title="Donald Ogden Stewart">Donald Ogden Stewart</a> achieved his first success with a satire entitled <i>A Parody Outline of History</i>.</li> <li><i>The Outline of History</i> was praised on publication by <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shanks" title="Edward Shanks">Edward Shanks</a> described <i>The Outline</i> as "a wonderful book". However, he also criticized what he saw as Wells's "impatience" and stated "it is an unfortunate fact that Mr. Wells often seems to find himself in the position of scold to the entire human race".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>American historians <a href="/wiki/James_Harvey_Robinson" title="James Harvey Robinson">James Harvey Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Becker" title="Carl L. Becker">Carl Becker</a> lauded the <i>Outline</i> and hailed Wells as "a formidable ally".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1925 <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Everlasting_Man" title="The Everlasting Man">The Everlasting Man</a></i>, a critique of <i>The Outline of History</i> from a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1926 <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> wrote "A Companion to Mr. Wells's <i>Outline of History</i>". A devout Catholic, Belloc was deeply offended by Wells's treatment of Christianity in <i>The Outline of History</i>. Wells wrote a short book in rebuttal called <i>Mr. Belloc Objects to "The Outline of History".</i> In 1926, Belloc published his reply, <i>Mr. Belloc Still Objects</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1934 <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> dismissed the criticism of <i>The Outline of History</i> and praised Wells's work in his <i><a href="/wiki/A_Study_of_History" title="A Study of History">A Study of History</a></i>: <blockquote><p>Mr. H. G. Wells's <i>The Outline of History</i> was received with unmistakable hostility by a number of historical specialists. . . . They seemed not to realize that, in re-living the entire life of Mankind as a single imaginative experience, Mr. Wells was achieving something which they themselves would hardly have dared to attempt ... In fact, the purpose and value of Mr. Wells's book seem to have been better appreciated by the general public than by the professional historians of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> Toynbee went on to refer to <i>The Outline</i> several times in <i>A Study of History</i>, offering his share of criticism but maintaining a generally positive view of the book.</li> <li>Also in 1934 <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> stated that <i>The Outline of History</i> was a major influence on his own work, <i><a href="/wiki/Glimpses_of_World_History" title="Glimpses of World History">Glimpses of World History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After Wells's death <i>The Outline</i> was still the object of admiration from historians <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> (who called it "the best" general survey of history) and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a>, who praised Wells for largely avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Eurocentric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> attitudes of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In his autobiography <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood" title="Christopher Isherwood">Christopher Isherwood</a> recalled that when he and <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> encountered <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s tomb on a 1922 school trip to France, their first reaction was to quote <i>The Outline's</i> negative assessment of the French ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malham_Wakin" title="Malham Wakin">Malham Wakin</a>, head of the philosophy department at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a>, encouraged his students to consider and challenge a statement made by Wells in <i>The Outline of History</i>: "The professional military mind is by necessity an inferior and unimaginative mind; no man of high intellectual quality would willingly imprison his gifts in such a calling."<sup id="cite_ref-Integrity_First_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Integrity_First-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-People_1975_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People_1975-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Censorship">Censorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Outline of History</i> was one of the first of Wells' books to be <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Censorship in Nazi Germany">banned in Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a>'s 1930 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(novel)" title="The Maltese Falcon (novel)">The Maltese Falcon</a></i> Casper Gutman says, "These are facts, historical facts, not schoolbook history, not Mr. Wells's history, but history nevertheless."</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>'s posthumously published 1941 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Acts" title="Between the Acts">Between the Acts</a></i> the character Lucy Swithin reads a book entitled <i>The Outline of History</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>'s 1941 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(1941_film)" title="The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)">The Maltese Falcon</a></i> Kasper Gutman played by <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Greenstreet" title="Sydney Greenstreet">Sydney Greenstreet</a> says "These are facts, historical facts, not schoolbook history, not Mr. Wells's history, but history nevertheless."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Brown" title="Fredric Brown">Fredric Brown</a>'s 1949 science-fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/What_Mad_Universe" title="What Mad Universe">What Mad Universe</a></i> the protagonist finds himself transported to an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate universe</a>. Finding a copy of Wells's <i>Outline of History</i>, it turns out to be identical to the one he knows until 1903, at which point the alternate Wells records the invention of <a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">anti-gravity</a>, a fast human expansion into space, a brutal war for the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> which Wells strongly denounces, followed by a titanic conflict with <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>'s 1959 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Apu" title="The World of Apu">The World of Apu</a></i> the book, wrapped in a white cloth cover with only the title visible, is seen on the bookshelf of the protagonist Apurba Roy.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a>'s 1961 story "<a href="/wiki/Pigeon_Feathers_(short_story)" title="Pigeon Feathers (short story)">Pigeon Feathers</a>" the young protagonist finds a copy of <i>Outline of History</i> and is surprised and disturbed by Wells's descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. Updike describes Wells's account of Jesus as:</li></ul> <blockquote><p>He had been an obscure political agitator, a kind of hobo, in a minor colony of the Roman Empire. By an accident impossible to reconstruct, he (the small h horrified David) survived his own <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> and presumably died a few weeks later. A religion was founded on the freakish incident. The credulous imagination of the times retrospectively assigned miracles and supernatural pretensions to Jesus; a myth grew, and then a church, whose theology at most points was in direct contradiction of the simple, rather communistic teachings of the Galilean.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a> used Wells's description of the Neanderthals as a basis in creating his own Neanderthal tribe in his 1955 novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Inheritors_(William_Golding)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inheritors (William Golding)"><i>The Inheritors</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_the_World_(Wells_book)" title="A Short History of the World (Wells book)"><i>A Short History of the World</i> (Wells book)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs, and Steel</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1920" class="citation book cs1">Wells, H.G. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/outlineofhistory01welluoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind</i></a>. Vol. I (1 ed.). New York: Macmillan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outline+of+History%3A+Being+a+Plain+History+of+Life+and+Mankind&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Foutlineofhistory01welluoft%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Outline+of+History" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1920" class="citation book cs1">Wells, H.G. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/outlineofhistory02welluoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind</i></a>. Vol. II (1 ed.). New York: Macmillan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outline+of+History%3A+Being+a+Plain+History+of+Life+and+Mankind&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Foutlineofhistory02welluoft%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Outline+of+History" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Sherborne, <i>H.G. Wells: Another Kind of Life</i> (Peter Owen, 2010), p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Sherborne, <i>H.G. Wells: Another Kind of Life</i> (Peter Owen, 2010), p. 252-53; David C. Smith, <i>H.G. Wells: Desperately Mortal: A Biography</i> (Yale University Press, 1986), pp. 258–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>World Brain</i>, Garden City, Doubleday Doran, 1938 (p. 20).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 104 (Ch. XI, §6).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 131 (Ch. XIV, §1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), pp. 131–32 (Ch. XIV, §1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 246 (Ch. XX, §3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 843 (Ch. XXVI, §5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), pp. 842–43 (Ch. XXVI, §5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 243 (Ch. XX, §2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 204 (Ch. XVIII, §3) (emphasis in original).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 202 (Ch. XVIII, §3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 234 (Ch. XIX, §4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), pp. 729–33 (Ch. XXXIV, §6).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 927 (Ch. XXXVIII, §1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 110 (Ch. XII, §§1–2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, <i>The Outline of History</i>, 3rd ed. rev. (NY: Macmillan, 1921), p. 556 (Ch. XXX, §8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Sherborne, <i>H.G. Wells: Another Kind of Life</i> (Peter Owen, 2010), p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/on/onsc/doc/1930/1930canlii786/1930canlii786.html"><i>Deeks v. Wells</i>, 1930 CanLII 786, 167 [1930] 4 D.L.R. 513 (Ont. S.C.).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/1931/1931canlii157/1931canlii157.html"><i>Deeks v. Wells</i>, 1931 CanLII 157, [1931] 4 D.L.R. 533 (Ont. S.C. App.Div.).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Deeks v Wells</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1932/1932_66.html">[1932] UKPC 66</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/ukjcpc/doc/1932/1932canlii315/1932canlii315.html">1932 CanLII 315, [1933] 1 DLR 353.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnusson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magnusson_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magnusson_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Magnusson, Denis N. (Spring 2004). "Hell Hath No Fury: Copyright Lawyers' Lessons from Deeks v. Wells". <i>Queen's Law Journal</i>. <b>29</b>: 680, 684.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Queen%27s+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Hell+Hath+No+Fury%3A+Copyright+Lawyers%27+Lessons+from+Deeks+v.+Wells&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=680%2C+684&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Denis+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Outline+of+History" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.B. McKillop, <i>The Spinster and the Prophet</i> (Four Walls Eight Windows, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Sherborne, <i>H.G. Wells: Another Kind of Life</i> (Peter Owen, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Shanks, "The Work of Mr. H.G. Wells". <i><a href="/wiki/London_Mercury" title="London Mercury">London Mercury</a></i>, March–April 1922. Reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Parrinder" title="Patrick Parrinder">Patrick Parrinder</a>, <i>H.G. Wells : The Critical Heritage</i>. London; Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415159105" title="Special:BookSources/0415159105">0415159105</a> (p.255-257)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Sherborne, <i>H.G. Wells: Another Kind of Life</i> (Peter Owen, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dale, Alzina Stone, <i>The Outline of Sanity : A Biography of G.K. Chesterton</i> Grand Rapids, Mich. : Eerdmans, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802835505" title="Special:BookSources/9780802835505">9780802835505</a> (p. 248)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Sherborne, <i>H.G. Wells: Another Kind of Life</i> (Peter Owen, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toynbee, A.J. <i>A Study of History</i>, Vol I, Oxford University Press, 1934.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nehru, Jawaharlal. <i>Glimpses of World History</i>, vii. New York City: John Day Company, 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Sherborne, <i>H.G. Wells: Another Kind of Life</i> (Peter Owen, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isherwood, Christopher, <i>Lions and Shadows</i>, 1938. New English Library edition, 1974, pg. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Integrity_First-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Integrity_First_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakin2000" class="citation book cs1">Wakin, Malham (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kImuH80_6CcC&q=Integrity+First%3A+Reflections+of+a+Military+Philosopher"><i>Integrity First: Reflections of a Military Philosopher</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0739101706" title="Special:BookSources/0739101706"><bdi>0739101706</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrity+First%3A+Reflections+of+a+Military+Philosopher&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0739101706&rft.aulast=Wakin&rft.aufirst=Malham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkImuH80_6CcC%26q%3DIntegrity%2BFirst%253A%2BReflections%2Bof%2Ba%2BMilitary%2BPhilosopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Outline+of+History" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-People_1975-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-People_1975_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/archive/a-gallery-of-great-professors-agree-that-an-interested-student-is-what-their-job-is-about-vol-4-no-15/">"A Gallery of Great Professors Agree That An Interested Student Is What Their Job Is About"</a>. <i>People</i>. 13 October 1975<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=A+Gallery+of+Great+Professors+Agree+That+An+Interested+Student+Is+What+Their+Job+Is+About&rft.date=1975-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Farchive%2Fa-gallery-of-great-professors-agree-that-an-interested-student-is-what-their-job-is-about-vol-4-no-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Outline+of+History" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Alex.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/nazis-book-burning-hemingway-hg-wells-freud-the-book-list-a8480811.html">"From Hemingway to HG Wells: The books banned and burnt by the Nazis"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 8 August 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033870/quotes">IMDb: The Maltese Falcon (1941) – Memorable quotes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpdike2003" class="citation book cs1">Updike, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cCm29iOlwYC&pg=PA14"><i>The Early Stories 1953–1975</i></a>. New York: Random House. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-46336-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-46336-6"><bdi>0-345-46336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Stories+1953%E2%80%931975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-345-46336-6&rft.aulast=Updike&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cCm29iOlwYC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Outline+of+History" class="Z3988"></span> Note, however, that Wells does not assert (at least in the 3rd revised edition of <i>The Outline of History</i>) that Jesus "survived his own crucifixion and presumably died a few weeks later"; rather, Wells says that after Jesus's death and burial "presently came a whisper among [the disciples] and stories, rather discrepant stories . . ." (see Ch. XXIX, §4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OqZaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA47">The Art of William Golding</a></i>, p. 47, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dawson, Christopher. "H. G. Wells and the Outline of History" <i>History Today</i> (Oct 1951) 1#10 pp 28–32</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outline_of_History&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Outline_of_History" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/The Outline of History">The Outline of History</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/sherwood/Wells-Outline/Outline_of_History.htm">Full text of the 1920 edition of <i>The Outline of History</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> versions of the 1971 edition of the text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hgwellsoutlinehistoryvol1">Volume One</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hgwellsoutlinehistoryvol2">Volume Two</a> via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45368/45368-h/45368-h.htm#Footnote_515_515">The Outline of History</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/books/review/2002/11/07/mckillip/">Salon.com's review</a> of A. B. McKillop's examination of the Deeks/Wells plagiarism case, <i>The Spinster and the Prophet</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="H._G._Wells" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:H._G._Wells" title="Template:H. G. Wells"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:H._G._Wells" title="Template talk:H. G. Wells"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:H._G._Wells" title="Special:EditPage/Template:H. G. Wells"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="H._G._Wells" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells_bibliography" title="H. G. Wells bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Visit" title="The Wonderful Visit">The Wonderful Visit</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_Doctor_Moreau" title="The Island of Doctor Moreau">The Island of Doctor Moreau</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wheels_of_Chance" title="The Wheels of Chance">The Wheels of Chance</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man" title="The Invisible Man">The Invisible Man</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sleeper_Awakes" title="The Sleeper Awakes">When the Sleeper Wakes</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_and_Mr_Lewisham" title="Love and Mr Lewisham">Love and Mr Lewisham</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Men_in_the_Moon" title="The First Men in the Moon">The First Men in the Moon</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Lady" title="The Sea Lady">The Sea Lady</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Food_of_the_Gods_and_How_It_Came_to_Earth" title="The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth">The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kipps" title="Kipps">Kipps</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_Utopia" title="A Modern Utopia">A Modern Utopia</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Days_of_the_Comet" title="In the Days of the Comet">In the Days of the Comet</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_in_the_Air" title="The War in the Air">The War in the Air</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tono-Bungay" title="Tono-Bungay">Tono-Bungay</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veronica" title="Ann Veronica">Ann Veronica</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Mr_Polly" title="The History of Mr Polly">The History of Mr Polly</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sleeper_Awakes" title="The Sleeper Awakes">The Sleeper Awakes</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Machiavelli" title="The New Machiavelli">The New Machiavelli</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_(novel)" title="Marriage (novel)">Marriage</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passionate_Friends:_A_Novel" title="The Passionate Friends: A Novel">The Passionate Friends</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wife_of_Sir_Isaac_Harman" title="The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman">The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Set_Free" title="The World Set Free">The World Set Free</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bealby" title="Bealby">Bealby</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boon_(novel)" title="Boon (novel)">Boon</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Research_Magnificent" title="The Research Magnificent">The Research Magnificent</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Britling_Sees_It_Through" title="Mr. Britling Sees It Through">Mr. Britling Sees It Through</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_a_Bishop" title="The Soul of a Bishop">The Soul of a Bishop</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joan_and_Peter" title="Joan and Peter">Joan and Peter</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Undying_Fire_(Wells_novel)" title="The Undying Fire (Wells novel)">The Undying Fire</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Places_of_the_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret Places of the Heart">The Secret Places of the Heart</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_Like_Gods" title="Men Like Gods">Men Like Gods</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_(novel)" title="The Dream (novel)">The Dream</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christina_Alberta%27s_Father" title="Christina Alberta's Father">Christina Alberta's Father</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_William_Clissold" title="The World of William Clissold">The World of William Clissold</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meanwhile_(novel)" title="Meanwhile (novel)">Meanwhile</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Blettsworthy_on_Rampole_Island" title="Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island">Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Autocracy_of_Mr._Parham" title="The Autocracy of Mr. Parham">The Autocracy of Mr. Parham</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulpington_of_Blup" title="The Bulpington of Blup">The Bulpington of Blup</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Things_to_Come" title="The Shape of Things to Come">The Shape of Things to Come</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Croquet_Player" title="The Croquet Player">The Croquet Player</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brynhild_(novel)" title="Brynhild (novel)">Brynhild</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Begotten" title="Star Begotten">Star Begotten</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Camford_Visitation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Camford Visitation">The Camford Visitation</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apropos_of_Dolores" class="mw-redirect" title="Apropos of Dolores">Apropos of Dolores</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brothers (novel)">The Brothers</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Terror_(Wells_novel)" title="The Holy Terror (Wells novel)">The Holy Terror</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babes_in_the_Darkling_Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Babes in the Darkling Wood">Babes in the Darkling Wood</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Aboard_for_Ararat" title="All Aboard for Ararat">All Aboard for Ararat</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Can%27t_Be_Too_Careful" class="mw-redirect" title="You Can't Be Too Careful">You Can't Be Too Careful</a></i> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anticipations" title="Anticipations">Anticipations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Certain_Personal_Matters" title="Certain Personal Matters">Certain Personal Matters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crux_Ansata" title="Crux Ansata">Crux Ansata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_the_Future" title="The Discovery of the Future">The Discovery of the Future</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Englishman_Looks_at_the_World" title="An Englishman Looks at the World">An Englishman Looks at the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experiment_in_Autobiography" title="Experiment in Autobiography">Experiment in Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fate_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fate of Man">The Fate of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_and_Last_Things" title="First and Last Things">First and Last Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Floor_Games" title="Floor Games">Floor Games</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_in_America" title="The Future in America">The Future in America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_the_Invisible_King" title="God the Invisible King">God the Invisible King</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Fourth_Year" title="In the Fourth Year">In the Fourth Year</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Wars" title="Little Wars">Little Wars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_in_the_Making" title="Mankind in the Making">Mankind in the Making</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mind_at_the_End_of_Its_Tether" title="Mind at the End of Its Tether">Mind at the End of Its Tether</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Belloc_Objects_to_%22The_Outline_of_History%22" title="Mr. Belloc Objects to "The Outline of History"">Mr. Belloc Objects to "The Outline of History"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_America:_The_New_World" title="The New America: The New World">The New America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_World_Order_(Wells_book)" title="The New World Order (Wells book)">The New World Order</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_for_Old_(Wells_book)" title="New Worlds for Old (Wells book)">New Worlds for Old</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Conspiracy" title="The Open Conspiracy">The Open Conspiracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Outline of History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Shadows" title="Russia in the Shadows">Russia in the Shadows</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Science_of_Life" title="The Science of Life">The Science of Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_the_World_(Wells_book)" title="A Short History of the World (Wells book)">A Short History of the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Great_Schoolmaster" title="The Story of a Great Schoolmaster">The Story of a Great Schoolmaster</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Misery_of_Boots" title="This Misery of Boots">This Misery of Boots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Travels_of_a_Republican_Radical_in_Search_of_Hot_Water" title="Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water">Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_and_the_Future" title="War and the Future">War and the Future</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_the_World_Is_Going" title="The Way the World Is Going">The Way the World Is Going</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work,_Wealth_and_Happiness_of_Mankind" title="The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind">The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_Brain" title="World Brain">World Brain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Year_of_Prophesying" title="A Year of Prophesying">A Year of Prophesying</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_of_the_Blind_and_Other_Stories" title="The Country of the Blind and Other Stories">The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plattner_Story_and_Others" title="The Plattner Story and Others">The Plattner Story and Others</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Select_Conversations_with_an_Uncle" title="Select Conversations with an Uncle">Select Conversations with an Uncle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stolen_Bacillus_and_Other_Incidents" title="The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents">The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Space_and_Time" title="Tales of Space and Time">Tales of Space and Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Stories_and_a_Dream" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Stories and a Dream">Twelve Stories and a Dream</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/%C3%86pyornis_Island" title="Æpyornis Island">Æpyornis Island</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Argonauts_of_the_Air" title="The Argonauts of the Air">The Argonauts of the Air</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Beautiful_Suit" title="The Beautiful Suit">The Beautiful Suit</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chronic_Argonauts" title="The Chronic Argonauts">The Chronic Argonauts</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cone" title="The Cone">The Cone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Country_of_the_Blind" title="The Country of the Blind">The Country of the Blind</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Egg" title="The Crystal Egg">The Crystal Egg</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Deal_in_Ostriches" title="A Deal in Ostriches">A Deal in Ostriches</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_Maker" title="The Diamond Maker">The Diamond Maker</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Door_in_the_Wall_(short_story)" title="The Door in the Wall (short story)">The Door in the Wall</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Dream_of_Armageddon" title="A Dream of Armageddon">A Dream of Armageddon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Ants" title="Empire of the Ants">The Empire of the Ants</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Abyss" title="In the Abyss">In the Abyss</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Land_Ironclads" title="The Land Ironclads">The Land Ironclads</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mr._Ledbetter%27s_Vacation" title="Mr. Ledbetter's Vacation">Mr. Ledbetter's Vacation</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Dynamos" title="The Lord of the Dynamos">The Lord of the Dynamos</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Could_Work_Miracles_(short_story)" title="The Man Who Could Work Miracles (short story)">The Man Who Could Work Miracles</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_New_Accelerator" title="The New Accelerator">The New Accelerator</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Pearl_of_Love" title="The Pearl of Love">The Pearl of Love</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Plattner_Story" title="The Plattner Story">The Plattner Story</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Queer_Story_of_Brownlow%27s_Newspaper" title="The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper">The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Red_Room_(short_story)" title="The Red Room (short story)">The Red Room</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Raiders" title="The Sea Raiders">The Sea Raiders</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Wells_short_story)" title="The Star (Wells short story)">The Star</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Stolen_Body" title="The Stolen Body">The Stolen Body</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Story_of_the_Days_to_Come" title="A Story of the Days to Come">A Story of the Days to Come</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Story_of_the_Stone_Age" title="A Story of the Stone Age">A Story of the Stone Age</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Triumphs_of_a_Taxidermist" title="Triumphs of a Taxidermist">Triumphs of a Taxidermist</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Truth_About_Pyecraft" title="The Truth About Pyecraft">The Truth About Pyecraft</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Vision_of_Judgment" title="A Vision of Judgment">A Vision of Judgment</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Things_to_Come" title="Things to Come">Things to Come</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Could_Work_Miracles" title="The Man Who Could Work Miracles">The Man Who Could Work Miracles</a></i> (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_H._G._Wells" title="Political views of H. G. Wells">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._P._Wells" title="G. P. Wells">G. P. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_West_(author)" title="Anthony West (author)">Anthony West (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wells_(cricketer)" title="Joseph Wells (cricketer)">Joseph Wells (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wells" title="Simon Wells">Simon Wells (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells_Society" title="H. G. Wells Society">H. G. Wells Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells_(crater)" title="H. G. Wells (crater)">Lunar crater</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_After_Time_(1979_film)" title="Time After Time (1979 film)">Time After Time</a></i> (1979 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/21px-Trumpet01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/32px-Trumpet01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/42px-Trumpet01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="170" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1920s" title="Portal:1920s">1920s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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