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12s4.4771525 10 10 10 10-4.4771525 10-10S17.5228475 2 12 2z"> </path> </svg> </button> </form> </div> <div class="content"> <main class="main rows-gap margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" class="rank-math-breadcrumb"><p><a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com">Cosmos</a><span class="separator"> » </span><a href="/earth/water/">Water</a></p></nav> <section class="article-container cols-4 md-cols-1 cols-gap-1 padding-bottom-4 greenlight-project"> <article class="col col-span-3 post-296420 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-water category-australia category-earth category-greenlight-project category-my-cosmos category-news tag-australian-water-issues tag-desalination tag-greenlight-project tag-groundwater tag-water"> <header class="rows rows-gap"> <h1 class="entry-title row">The Australian water industry is undergoing profound change</h1> <div class="row primary-image has-featured-image " data-featured-image="GettyImages-507211665.-Credit-JohnCarnemolla-1200.jpg"> <img width="1200" height="675" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMjAwIDY3NSIgd2lkdGg9IjEyMDAiIGhlaWdodD0iNjc1IiBkYXRhLXU9IiUyRndwLWNvbnRlbnQlMkZ1cGxvYWRzJTJGMjAyNCUyRjAyJTJGR2V0dHlJbWFnZXMtNTA3MjExNjY1Li1DcmVkaXQtSm9obkNhcm5lbW9sbGEtMTIwMC5qcGciIGRhdGEtdz0iMTIwMCIgZGF0YS1oPSI2NzUiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" class="feature-image wp caption" alt="Photograph of pipes pumbing water out of a bore in the outback" decoding="async" loading="eager" fetchpriority="high" /><noscript data-spai="1"><img width="1200" height="675" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GettyImages-507211665.-Credit-JohnCarnemolla-1200.jpg" data-spai-egr="1" class="feature-image wp caption" alt="Photograph of pipes pumbing water out of a bore in the outback" decoding="async" loading="eager" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GettyImages-507211665.-Credit-JohnCarnemolla-1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GettyImages-507211665.-Credit-JohnCarnemolla-1200-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GettyImages-507211665.-Credit-JohnCarnemolla-1200-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GettyImages-507211665.-Credit-JohnCarnemolla-1200-300x169.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /></noscript> <div class="caption feature">Artesian bore in outback Queensland, Australia. Credit: JohnCarnemolla/GettyImages</div> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content cols-6 md-cols-1 cols-gap-1 margin-top-1"> <div class="content-left-sidebar cols-1 col"> <section class="contributors md-cols-1 rows-gap"> <div class="row post-date"> <span class="published-date">February 12, 2024</span> </div> <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/glenn-morrison/" class="author row md-hide"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA0MDAgNDAwIiB3aWR0aD0iNDAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjQwMCIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRmNvc21vc21hZ2F6aW5lLmNvbSUyRndwLWNvbnRlbnQlMkZ0aGVtZXMlMkZjb3Ntb3MlMkZkaXN0JTJGaW1hZ2VzJTJGcGxhY2Vob2xkZXItY29udHJpYnV0b3Iuc3ZnJTNGdiUzRGFkNGJkYjZlIiBkYXRhLXc9IjQwMCIgZGF0YS1oPSI0MDAiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="Cosmos Magazine" width="200" height="200" /><noscript data-spai="1"><img src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/ret_img/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/themes/cosmos/dist/images/placeholder-contributor.svg?v=ad4bdb6e" data-spai-egr="1" alt="Cosmos Magazine" width="200" height="200" /></noscript> <div class="bio"> <h3>Glenn Morrison</h3> <p>Dr Glenn Morrison is an award-winning journalist, researcher, and author who has written of Australia’s Centre and North for more than 25 years. He has degrees in Science, Engineering and a PhD in media and cultural studies. He is general editor of Borderlands, a literary journal of the Northern Territory. </p> </div> </a> <div id="author-name" class="hide"> <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/glenn-morrison/" class="bio"> By Glenn Morrison </a> </div> <div class="favourite__wrapper row cols"> <button class="showDialog simplefavorite-button" aria-label="Favourite button"> </button> </div> </section> </div> <div class="primary-content cols-1 col-span-5 col"> <div class="flexible-content "> <div class="copy"> <div class="above-content-area"><div class="logo"><img decoding="async" width="100%" height="70" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMDc4IDI2NyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwNzgiIGhlaWdodD0iMjY3IiBkYXRhLXU9Imh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGY29zbW9zbWFnYXppbmUuY29tJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnRoZW1lcyUyRmNvc21vcyUyRnJlc291cmNlcyUyRmFzc2V0cyUyRmltYWdlcyUyRmdyZWVubGlnaHQtbG9nby5zdmciIGRhdGEtdz0iMTA3OCIgZGF0YS1oPSIyNjciIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="Greenlight logo" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 1"><noscript data-spai="1"><img decoding="async" width="100%" height="70" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/ret_img/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/themes/cosmos/resources/assets/images/greenlight-logo.svg" data-spai-egr="1" alt="Greenlight logo" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 1"></noscript></div></div> <p class="has-drop-cap"><strong>Australians have worried about running out of water since before colonisation. </strong></p> <p>Back then, coastal Aboriginal people turned to rivers, streams and lakes for drinking water; those inland, perhaps a mound spring or well-charged rock hole. Others may have had to collect dew, scoop water from a claypan after rain, or dig a soak in a dry sandy riverbed.</p> <p>As earth’s second driest continent, <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/akamai/https-redirect.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australia’s annual rainfall</a> totals just 474mm (averaged across the nation for 2021-22). Only Antarctica receives less. It’s no surprise then that “will we have enough water?” remains a question for postcolonial Australia as well.</p> <p>Today, as the availability of surface water shifts under climate change, modern water authorities are searching for new sources of water, ways to save it, or the means to make its systems of capture, storage and delivery more efficient.</p> <p>On the coasts—where 80% of us live—surface water sources still rule. For inland Australia, groundwater remains king. But such well-drawn lines are blurring under climate change.</p> <p>According to <a href="https://soe.dcceew.gov.au/inland-water/outlook-and-impacts" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Australia: State of the Environment 2021</em></a>, there has been “increased dependence on groundwater and an increase in widespread water restrictions in many regions of Australia”.</p> <div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i0p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <p>In response, the Australian water industry is undergoing profound change. To see just how profound, and for a taste of how Australia’s water future might look, consider our south-west Corner.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-my-cosmos-dark-color has-text-color">When rainfall dries up</h2> <p>Since 1975, the <a href="https://www.wa.gov.au/service/natural-resources/water-resources/rebalancing-our-groundwater" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">average inflow to Perth’s drinking water dams</a> has plummeted from 420 GL (gigalitres or billion litres) each year to a currently anticipated 25 GL.</p> <p>Rainfall declined 10-25% over the time, causing groundwater levels to fall in the <a href="https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/energy/province-sedimentary-basin-geology/petroleum/offshore-southwest-australia/perth-basin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perth Basin</a>, the water-bearing geological structures underlying the region.</p> <p>“At first the decline in the western area was thought to be natural variability,” say WA researchers investigating the phenomena and published in the <a href="https://www.rswa.org.au/publications/journal/103/RSWA%20103%20p9-27%20McFarlane%20et%20al.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia</em></a>.</p> <p>“It was not until the mid-1990s, when runoff into the dams that supply Perth became unreliable, that climate change was considered a factor.</p> <div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i1p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <p>“Climate projections indicate a continuing drying trend is likely with increased temperatures and possibly a greater proportion of annual rainfall, and therefore flood risks, in summer.”</p> <p>If correct, the predictions for the south-west mean water yields in WA dams and aquifers will continue to decline. Such findings, as well as earlier measurements and research, have driven WA water planners to carefully reexamine the region’s groundwater sources to stem the loss.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-left has-my-cosmos-dark-color has-text-color"> <p>Seawater and recycled water form part of a shift in thinking on water.</p> </blockquote> <p>The sedimentary aquifers of the Perth Basin extend along the Swan Coastal Plain from regional Busselton about 220km southwest of Perth to north of Geraldton, and constitute the state’s biggest and most important source of fresh water.</p> <p>More than 85% of the state’s population live above. And groundwater now meets 70% of their water needs. But desalinated seawater and recycled water are also in play, and in ways you might not expect.</p> <p>In 2023, Cosmos put questions on water planning under climate change to the WA Department of Water and Environmental Regulation (DWER), which manages and regulates the State’s water resources. Experts from the department responded in writing from a spokesperson.</p> <div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i2p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <p>“Over the past two decades,” the spokesperson writes, “planning for water supply security in Western Australia’s South-West land division has reflected the effects of reducing rainfall due to climate change on decreasing availability of surface water and groundwater resources and the growth of the State’s population and economy.</p> <p>“Seawater desalination can now meet almost half of the total water needs for Greater Perth’s potable water supplies.”</p> <p>The seawater and recycled water form part of a shift in thinking on water.</p> <p>In late November, the WA Government launched its <a href="https://www.wa.gov.au/service/environment/environment-information-services/western-australian-climate-change-policy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Western Australian Climate Policy</a>, aiming for “a climate-resilient community and a prosperous low-carbon future”. At the same time, it launched <a href="https://www.wa.gov.au/service/natural-resources/water-resources/rebalancing-our-groundwater" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rebalancing our Groundwater</a> to “invest in sustainable, climate–resilient water sources”.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-my-cosmos-dark-color has-text-color">What is climate-resilient water?</h2> <p>In 2020, at the Sydney University conference <em>Running Out of Water</em>, former NSW Water Minister Melinda Pavey told the audience that (in) regional New South Wales 12% of the total water supply is derived from recycled water.</p> <div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i3p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-left has-my-cosmos-dark-color has-text-color"> <p>I think there’s a greater understanding and respect of water within our regional communities.</p> <cite>Melinda Pavey</cite></blockquote> <p>“I think there’s a greater understanding and respect of water within our regional communities,” she says.</p> <p>“Whether it’s from our farming practices, [or] a lot of people still get their water from their own personal tanks, [it] has given us an opportunity to take some of those learnings and have those conversations with the city.”</p> <p>Pavey was flagging a shift in thinking on water, something brewing among water scientists and planners for some time. One such shift is the idea of climate-resilient water.</p> <p>The Bureau of Meteorology defines sources of climate-resilient water as those on which “variation in rainfall and temperature has little or no influence”.</p> <p>In 2015, the BOM launched its <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/water/crews/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Climate Resilient Water Sources</a> web portal to provide a national snapshot of where such sources might be found. By definition, the mapping includes only desalinated and recycled water sources.</p> <a href="https://link.cosmosmagazine.com/OP59" class="newsletter-cta" data-device="mobile"> <img decoding="async" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzMDAgMjUwIiB3aWR0aD0iMzAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjI1MCIgZGF0YS11PSIlMkZ3cC1jb250ZW50JTJGdXBsb2FkcyUyRjIwMjQlMkYwMyUyRldlZWtseS1DYXRjaHVwLTMwMHgyNTAtMS5wbmciIGRhdGEtdz0iMzAwIiBkYXRhLWg9IjI1MCIgZGF0YS1iaXA9IiI+PC9zdmc+" data-spai="1" alt="Newsletter" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 2"><noscript data-spai="1"><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Weekly-Catchup-300x250-1.png" data-spai-egr="1" alt="Newsletter" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 2"></noscript> </a><div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i4p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <p>But online portals aside, and as Pavey intimates, Australia’s regions are where much of the bricks and mortar innovation in climate resilience can be found.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-my-cosmos-dark-color has-text-color">Can aquifers save the day?</h2> <p>Australia boasts three major groundwater basins. The Great Artesian Basin waters one-fifth of the continent’s dry interior, the alluvial aquifers of the Murray–Darling Basin support Australia’s major food bowl, and Perth Basin provides water to Perth and regions.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-left has-my-cosmos-dark-color has-text-color"> <p>Groundwater then is not—in and of itself—a panacea for the problems water resources managers face.</p> </blockquote> <p>Smaller aquifers sustain communities and economies elsewhere across the country. Surface water flows, especially from big storm events, usually recharge our groundwater storages; so if they decline, groundwater levels suffer.</p> <div class="in-content-area related-box-wrapper content-third content-right margin-bottom-1"> <div class="gradient-title">Read More</div> <ul class="related-box article-listing"> <li class="cols"> <div class="article article-post"> <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/caves-climate-warning-groundwater-at-800-year-low/" class="thumbnail ar-16-9" aria-label="Article link"> <span data-spai-bg-on="1" class="image" style="background-image: url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMjAwIDczMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEyMDAiIGhlaWdodD0iNzMxIiBkYXRhLXU9Imh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGY29zbW9zbWFnYXppbmUuY29tJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDIzJTJGMDklMkZMYWtlX0NhdmVfZWRpdC5qcGciIGRhdGEtdz0iMTIwMCIgZGF0YS1oPSI3MzEiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==)"></span> </a> <div class="article-content has-very-light-grey-background-color"> <a href="/earth/"> <span class="category earth-color"> Earth </span> </a> <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/caves-climate-warning-groundwater-at-800-year-low/"> <h3>Caves’ climate warning to south-west: groundwater at 800-year low</h3> </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <p>Groundwater then is not—in and of itself—a panacea for the problems water resources managers face. Threats to our groundwater resources are many, including fragmented regulation, a lack of planning, and threats from mining, all on top of physicochemical issues like salinity and contaminants.</p> <p>Pumping from aquifers causes water tables to fall, which can affect groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs), neighbouring users, flows in nearby rivers, and levels of salinity.</p> <div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i5p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <p>Furthermore, <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=D&q=https://www.csiro.au/en/research/natural-environment/water/Water-Book/Groundwater&ust=1706703420000000&usg=AOvVaw1hdRD6xBKJg3mHEV4P5d3h&hl=en-GB&source=gmail" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">over-pumping of groundwater</a> may not be detected for several decades due to the geologically slow rates at which groundwater flows and recharges. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://gnangara.dwer.wa.gov.au/plan/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" width="850" height="638" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA4NTAgNjM4IiB3aWR0aD0iODUwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYzOCIgZGF0YS11PSIlMkZ3cC1jb250ZW50JTJGdXBsb2FkcyUyRjIwMjQlMkYwMiUyRjIxMTExOS1HbmFuZ2FyYS1kcmFmdC1wbGFuLWxhdW5jaF9Mb2NoTWNOZXNzX0wtUi1NaWtlLUhhbW1vbmQtTWluaXN0ZXItS2VsbHktMS04NTAuanBnIiBkYXRhLXc9Ijg1MCIgZGF0YS1oPSI2MzgiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="Two men stand on a board walk next to a lake" class="wp-image-296643" style="aspect-ratio:1.3322884012539185;width:839px;height:auto" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 3"><noscript data-spai="1"><img decoding="async" width="850" height="638" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/211119-Gnangara-draft-plan-launch_LochMcNess_L-R-Mike-Hammond-Minister-Kelly-1-850.jpg" data-spai-egr="1" alt="Two men stand on a board walk next to a lake" class="wp-image-296643" style="aspect-ratio:1.3322884012539185;width:839px;height:auto" srcset="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/211119-Gnangara-draft-plan-launch_LochMcNess_L-R-Mike-Hammond-Minister-Kelly-1-850.jpg 850w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/211119-Gnangara-draft-plan-launch_LochMcNess_L-R-Mike-Hammond-Minister-Kelly-1-850-600x450.jpg 600w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/211119-Gnangara-draft-plan-launch_LochMcNess_L-R-Mike-Hammond-Minister-Kelly-1-850-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/211119-Gnangara-draft-plan-launch_LochMcNess_L-R-Mike-Hammond-Minister-Kelly-1-850-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 3"></noscript></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Gnangara draft plan launch, Loch McNess in WA. L-R Mike Hammond, Minister Kelly. Credit: supplied</figcaption></figure> <p>Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, or <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/explainer-what-are-pfas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> from firefighting foam, has contaminated some groundwater supplies, particularly air force bases.</p> <p>Over the past year alone, Cosmos reported on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/news/scientists-call-for-urgent-groundwater-management/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a call from Australian scientists</a> for better management of our groundwater, an <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/caves-climate-warning-groundwater-at-800-year-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">800-year low in aquifers</a> of our south-west, falling levels of <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023WR035036" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">groundwater in bores across the nation</a>, and a similar result from recent <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10040-023-02723-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computer modelling of the Murray Darling Basin.</a></p> <p>Fortunately, several clever techniques are on hand.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-my-cosmos-dark-color has-text-color">Managed aquifer recharge</h2> <p>A <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13241583.2022.2144115" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technique proving successful in the Murray Darling Basin</a> is the purposeful recharge of aquifers as insurance against drought. This can be for environmental purposes, or to save water from a good season, for one when conditions are dry.</p> <div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i6p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <p>Called <a href="https://research.csiro.au/mar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">managed aquifer recharge</a>, the method stores water underground in natural reservoirs. Also sometimes called <a href="https://research.csiro.au/mar/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2022/06/22-00174_AF_INFOGRAPHIC_WaterBanking-DroughtMission_WEB_220525.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water banking</a>, the alternative handle can refer to water for agriculture.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-left has-my-cosmos-dark-color has-text-color"> <p>Called managed aquifer recharge, the method stores water underground in natural reservoirs.</p> </blockquote> <p>MAR techniques use <a href="http://nwrm.eu/measure/infiltration-basins" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infiltration ponds</a> to recharge unconfined aquifers, or <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328890253_Artificial_Recharge_of_Groundwater_by_Injection_Wells_Case_Study" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">injection wells </a>to recharge deeper confined aquifers. The techniques can store natural surface or groundwater, recycled water (stormwater, industrial or wastewater) or desalinated seawater.</p> <p>CSIRO has developed a <a href="https://research.csiro.au/mar/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2022/06/22-00174_AF_INFOGRAPHIC_WaterBanking-DroughtMission_WEB_220525.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">map of water banking projects</a> in regional locations around the country. One site—Australia’s first full-scale <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au/news/brains-behind-australias-first-groundwater-replenishment-scheme/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Groundwater Replenishment Scheme</a>—is also in Perth.</p> <p>Says the DWER spokesperson: “In 2017, the <a href="https://www.makwater.com.au/case/beenyup-advanced-water-recycling-plant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beenyup Groundwater Replenishment Scheme</a> started injecting highly treated wastewater into Perth’s deep aquifers for subsequent abstraction.</p> <p>“The State Government also applies strict permanent demand management measures, including a total sprinkler ban over winter in some parts of the state, including the Perth area.”</p> <div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i7p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <p>Purified beyond drinking water standards, the treated wastewater recharges the groundwater, bolstering water security.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="850" height="583" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA4NTAgNTgzIiB3aWR0aD0iODUwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjU4MyIgZGF0YS11PSIlMkZ3cC1jb250ZW50JTJGdXBsb2FkcyUyRjIwMjQlMkYwMiUyRk1hbmFnZWQtYXF1aWZlci1yZWNoYXJnZS1kaWFncmFtLi04NTAucG5nIiBkYXRhLXc9Ijg1MCIgZGF0YS1oPSI1ODMiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="Managed aquifer recharge diagram. 850" class="wp-image-296637" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 4"><noscript data-spai="1"><img decoding="async" width="850" height="583" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Managed-aquifer-recharge-diagram.-850.png" data-spai-egr="1" alt="Managed aquifer recharge diagram. 850" class="wp-image-296637" srcset="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Managed-aquifer-recharge-diagram.-850.png 850w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Managed-aquifer-recharge-diagram.-850-600x412.png 600w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Managed-aquifer-recharge-diagram.-850-768x527.png 768w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Managed-aquifer-recharge-diagram.-850-300x206.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 4"></noscript><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Managed aquifer recharge diagram DWER MAR policy 2020: An example of managed aquifer recharge from the WA Department of Water and Environmental Regulation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another site of improved water security is the Manjimup-Pemberton area. In August, after investigating a <a href="https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/Southern%20Forests%20Irrigation%20Reference%20Group%20Report.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">January 2023 report </a>by the Southern Forests Irrigation Scheme Group, the WA Government pledged $15m to improve water security there for horticultural growers.</p> <p>The report recommended water security in the region be managed at the individual farm level, which meant directing funding to enlarge existing dams and improve stream monitoring, rather than promote large infrastructure.</p> <p>A water banking scheme was also investigated to allow water entitlement holders to store unused water allocations for the following season.</p> <p>Historically speaking, Perth was also host to Australia’s first <a href="https://www.watercorporation.com.au/Our-water/Desalination/Perth-Seawater-Desalination-Plant" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large-scale seawater desalination plant</a>, completed in November 2006, a forerunner to more than 30 plants now operating across the country.</p> <div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i8p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="850" height="638" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA4NTAgNjM4IiB3aWR0aD0iODUwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYzOCIgZGF0YS11PSIlMkZ3cC1jb250ZW50JTJGdXBsb2FkcyUyRjIwMjQlMkYwMiUyRkVsbGVuLWFuZC1UcmFjeS1JcnJpZ2F0aW9uLUF1c3RyYWxpYS1hdC1IYXJ0ZmllbGQtUGFyay1wcm9tb3Rpbmctd2F0ZXJ3aXNlLWlycmlnYXRpb24tdG8taW5kdXN0cnktdGhyb3VnaC10aGlzLWRlbW9uc3RyYXRpb24tc2l0ZS04NTAuanBnIiBkYXRhLXc9Ijg1MCIgZGF0YS1oPSI2MzgiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="Two women stand next to a large sign outside, which demonstrates waterwise irrigation" class="wp-image-296640" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 5"><noscript data-spai="1"><img decoding="async" width="850" height="638" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Ellen-and-Tracy-Irrigation-Australia-at-Hartfield-Park-promoting-waterwise-irrigation-to-industry-through-this-demonstration-site-850.jpg" data-spai-egr="1" alt="Two women stand next to a large sign outside, which demonstrates waterwise irrigation" class="wp-image-296640" srcset="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Ellen-and-Tracy-Irrigation-Australia-at-Hartfield-Park-promoting-waterwise-irrigation-to-industry-through-this-demonstration-site-850.jpg 850w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Ellen-and-Tracy-Irrigation-Australia-at-Hartfield-Park-promoting-waterwise-irrigation-to-industry-through-this-demonstration-site-850-600x450.jpg 600w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Ellen-and-Tracy-Irrigation-Australia-at-Hartfield-Park-promoting-waterwise-irrigation-to-industry-through-this-demonstration-site-850-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/q_lossy+ret_img+to_auto/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Ellen-and-Tracy-Irrigation-Australia-at-Hartfield-Park-promoting-waterwise-irrigation-to-industry-through-this-demonstration-site-850-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px" title="the australian water industry is undergoing profound change 5"></noscript><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Ellen and Tracy, Irrigation Australia, at Hartfield Park in WA promoting waterwise irrigation to industry through this demonstration site. Credit: supplied</figcaption></figure> <p>The result, DWER advises, is that around 9,000 businesses and industries and 200,000 households now self-supply about 650 gigalitres per year of groundwater via their own bores and infrastructure.</p> <p>More than 1,000 gigalitres per year of water is used across the Basin, comprising about 200 gigalitres of surface water, 145 gigalitre from seawater desalination, and 25 gigalitres of recycled wastewater.</p> <p>By recharging aquifers and diversifying its sources, Perth has moved from a water crisis to smoother sailing. And others are doing similarly, including MAR schemes at inland <a href="https://www.ga.gov.au/about/projects/water/broken-hill-managed-aquifer-recharge" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Broken Hill</a>, NSW and urban <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11783-017-0937-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salisbury</a>, SA. Stormwater also has great potential, <a href="https://www.waterra.com.au/project/update-to-stormwater-quality-knowledge-for-agwr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">including for drinking water</a>.</p> <p>So. Will we run out of water?</p> <p>Not while science holds sway.</p> <div class="advert ad-in-content ad-mobile auh-250"><div id="adn-00000000001fc2ca-i9p0" style="display: none"></div></div> <img id="cosmos-post-tracker" width='1' height='1' style="opacity:0; height:1px!important; width:1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" aria-label="Syndication Tracker" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=296420&title=The+Australian+water+industry+is+undergoing+profound+change" loading="lazy">  <div class="share-syndicate-wrapper margin-top-1"> <div id="cosmos-link-back">  <p>Originally published by <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com" style="font-style:italic;">Cosmos</a> as <a title="The Australian water industry is undergoing profound change" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/water/the-australian-water-industry-is-undergoing-profound-change/" id="cosmos-post-url">The Australian water industry is undergoing profound change</a></p> 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