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[o]" accesskey="o"> Ingia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Historia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muundo_jumla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muundo_jumla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Muundo jumla </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Muundo_jumla-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Muundo jumla subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Muundo_jumla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waisoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waisoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Waisoma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waisoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zwiterioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zwiterioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Zwiterioni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zwiterioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matukio_na_kazi_katika_bayokemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matukio_na_kazi_katika_bayokemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Matukio na kazi katika bayokemia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Matukio_na_kazi_katika_bayokemia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Matukio na kazi katika bayokemia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Matukio_na_kazi_katika_bayokemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asidi_amino_za_kawaida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asidi_amino_za_kawaida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Asidi amino za kawaida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asidi_amino_za_kawaida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asidi_amino_zisizo_za_kawaida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asidi_amino_zisizo_za_kawaida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Asidi amino zisizo za kawaida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asidi_amino_zisizo_za_kawaida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katika_lishe_ya_binadamu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katika_lishe_ya_binadamu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Katika lishe ya binadamu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katika_lishe_ya_binadamu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazi_zisizo_za_protini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazi_zisizo_za_protini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Kazi zisizo za protini </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazi_zisizo_za_protini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matumizi_katika_teknolojia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matumizi_katika_teknolojia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Matumizi katika teknolojia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Matumizi_katika_teknolojia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Matumizi katika teknolojia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Matumizi_katika_teknolojia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maumbile_jeni_yaliyopanuliwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maumbile_jeni_yaliyopanuliwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Maumbile jeni yaliyopanuliwa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maumbile_jeni_yaliyopanuliwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miundo_msingi_ya_kemikali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miundo_msingi_ya_kemikali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Miundo msingi ya kemikali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miundo_msingi_ya_kemikali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastiki_zinazoweza_kuvundishwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastiki_zinazoweza_kuvundishwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Plastiki zinazoweza kuvundishwa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastiki_zinazoweza_kuvundishwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miitikio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miitikio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Miitikio </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Miitikio-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Miitikio subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Miitikio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usanisi_wa_kemikali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usanisi_wa_kemikali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Usanisi wa kemikali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usanisi_wa_kemikali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuundwa_kwa_kiunganishi_cha_Peptidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuundwa_kwa_kiunganishi_cha_Peptidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Kuundwa kwa kiunganishi cha Peptidi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuundwa_kwa_kiunganishi_cha_Peptidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosanisi_na_ukataboli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosanisi_na_ukataboli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Biosanisi na ukataboli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosanisi_na_ukataboli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifa_za_kemikali_za_asidi_amino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifa_za_kemikali_za_asidi_amino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sifa za kemikali za asidi amino </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sifa_za_kemikali_za_asidi_amino-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sifa za kemikali za asidi amino subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sifa_za_kemikali_za_asidi_amino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orodha_ya_vifupisho_na_sifa_za_asidi_amino_za_kawaida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orodha_ya_vifupisho_na_sifa_za_asidi_amino_za_kawaida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Orodha ya vifupisho na sifa za asidi amino za kawaida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orodha_ya_vifupisho_na_sifa_za_asidi_amino_za_kawaida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanbihi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanbihi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tanbihi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanbihi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Marejeo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viungo_vya_nje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Viungo vya nje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Asidi amino</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 110 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" > Lugha 110 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosuur" title="Aminosuur – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aminosuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="حمض أميني – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض أميني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%99_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="এমিন’ এছিড – Kiassam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এমিন’ এছিড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Kiassam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cidu" title="Aminoácidu – Kiasturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aminoácidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Kiasturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amintur%C5%9Fular" title="Aminturşular – Kiazerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aminturşular" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Kiazerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آمینو اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمینو اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidong_amino" title="Asidong amino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asidong amino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Амінакіслоты – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амінакіслоты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Амінакісьлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амінакісьлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аминокиселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="অ্যামিনো অ্যাসিড – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যামিনো অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina – Kibosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aminokiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Kibosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A0cid" title="Aminoàcid – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aminoàcid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ترشی ئەمینی – Kikurdi cha Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترشی ئەمینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi cha Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokyselina" title="Aminokyselina – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aminokyselina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Аминойӳçек – Kichuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аминойӳçек" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Kichuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino – Kiwelisi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asid amino" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Kiwelisi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aminosyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aminosäuren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Αμινοξέα – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμινοξέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacido" title="Aminoacido – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aminoacido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aminoácido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohapped" title="Aminohapped – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aminohapped" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aminoazido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آمینو اسید – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمینو اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohapot" title="Aminohapot – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aminohapot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%BDra" title="Aminosýra – Kifaroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aminosýra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Kifaroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_amin%C3%A9" title="Acide aminé – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide aminé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%BCren" title="Aminosüren – Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aminosüren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%ADonaig%C3%A9ad" title="Aimíonaigéad – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aimíonaigéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido – Kigalisi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aminoácido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Kigalisi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – Kihausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Kihausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94n-k%C3%AE-s%C3%B4n" title="Ôn-kî-sôn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ôn-kî-sôn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="חומצת אמינו – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצת אמינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अमीनो अम्ल – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमीनो अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aminokiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_amine" title="Asid amine – Kihaiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asid amine" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kihaiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosavak" title="Aminosavak – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aminosavak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ամինաթթու – Kiarmenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամինաթթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Kiarmenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacido" title="Aminoacido – Kiintalingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aminoacido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Kiintalingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam amino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacido" title="Aminoacido – Kiido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aminoacido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Kiido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%ADn%C3%B3s%C3%BDra" title="Amínósýra – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amínósýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amminoacido" title="Amminoacido – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amminoacido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="アミノ酸 – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アミノ酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asem_amino" title="Asem amino – Kijava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asem amino" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Kijava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ამინომჟავები – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამინომჟავები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokislotalar" title="Aminokislotalar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aminokislotalar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аминқышқылдар – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аминқышқылдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81" title="អាស៊ីតអាមីនេ – Kikambodia" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាស៊ីតអាមីនេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kikambodia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ಅಮಿನೊ ಆಮ್ಲ – Kikannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮಿನೊ ಆಮ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kikannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0" title="아미노산 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아미노산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%90%DA%88" title="اَمَینو ایسِڈ – Kikashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَمَینو ایسِڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kikashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%AEda_am%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Asîda amînî – Kikurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asîda amînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Амин кычкылдыктары (аминокислота) – Kikyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Амин кычкылдыктары (аминокислота)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kikyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacidum" title="Aminoacidum – Kilatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aminoacidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Kilatini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosaier" title="Aminosaier – Kilasembagi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aminosaier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Kilasembagi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminozoer" title="Aminozoer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aminozoer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminuacid" title="Aminuacid – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aminuacid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminor%C5%ABg%C5%A1tys" title="Aminorūgštys – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aminorūgštys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosk%C4%81bes" title="Aminoskābes – Kilatvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aminoskābes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Kilatvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина – Kimacedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аминокиселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Kimacedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="അമിനോ അമ്ലം – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമിനോ അമ്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Амин хүчил – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амин хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अमिनो आम्ल – Kimarathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमिनो आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Kimarathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid amino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminozuur" title="Aminozuur – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aminozuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aminosyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aminosyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino-aside" title="Amino-aside – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Amino-aside" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacid" title="Aminoacid – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aminoacid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoo_Asidii" title="Aminoo Asidii – Kioromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aminoo Asidii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Kioromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਅਮੀਨੋ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ – Kipunjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮੀਨੋ ਤਿਜ਼ਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Kipunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokwasy" title="Aminokwasy – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aminokwasy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="امینو ایسڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امینو ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="امينو اسيد – Kipashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امينو اسيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Kipashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido" title="Aminoácido – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aminoácido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacid" title="Aminoacid – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aminoacid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Аминокислоты – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аминокислоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosivra" title="Aminosivra – Kisami cha Kaskazini" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aminosivra" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Kisami cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aminokiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD" title="ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල – Kisinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇමයිනෝ අම්ල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Kisinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokyselina" title="Aminokyselina – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aminokyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokislina" title="Aminokislina – Kislovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aminokislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Kislovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacidet" title="Aminoacidet – Kialbania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aminoacidet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Kialbania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина – Kiserbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аминокиселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminos%C3%BC%C3%BCren" title="Aminosüüren – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aminosüüren" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino – Kisunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asam amino" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Kisunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminosyror" title="Aminosyror – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aminosyror" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அமினோ அமிலம் – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமினோ அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఎమైనో ఆమ్లాలు – Kitelugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎమైనో ఆమ్లాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Kitelugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Аминокислотаҳо – Kitajiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аминокислотаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Kitajiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="กรดอะมิโน – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดอะมิโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidong_amino" title="Asidong amino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asidong amino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_asit" title="Amino asit – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amino asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Амінокислоти – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амінокислоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%88" title="امینو ایسڈ – Kiurdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امینو ایسڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Kiurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminokislotalar" title="Aminokislotalar – Kiuzbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aminokislotalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Kiuzbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminozuur" title="Aminozuur – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aminozuur" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoasido" title="Aminoasido – Kiwaray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aminoasido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Kiwaray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90-%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="אמינא-זייערס – Kiyiddi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אמינא-זייערס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Kiyiddi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_Amino_acid" title="Àwọn Amino acid – Kiyoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Amino acid" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Kiyoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-ki-sng" title="An-ki-sng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="An-ki-sng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氨基酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8066#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Asidi_amino" title="Onyesha kurasa zilizopo [c]" accesskey="c">Makala</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Majadiliano:Asidi_amino" rel="discussion" title="Mazungumzo kuhusu makala [t]" accesskey="t">Majadiliano</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Badilisha lahaja ya lugha" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Kiswahili </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mitazamo"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Asidi_amino">Soma</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit" title="Hariri ukurasa huu na VisualEditor [v]" accesskey="v">Hariri</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit" title="Hariri chanzo msimbo za ukurasa huu [e]" accesskey="e">Hariri chanzo</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=history" title="Mapitio ya awali ya ukurasa huu [h]" accesskey="h">Fungua historia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Zana za ukurasa"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zana" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Zana </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Zana</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Vitendo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Asidi_amino">Soma</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit" title="Hariri ukurasa huu na VisualEditor [v]" accesskey="v">Hariri</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit" title="Hariri chanzo msimbo za ukurasa huu [e]" accesskey="e">Hariri chanzo</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=history">Fungua historia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Kijumla </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:VingoViungavyoUkurasahuu/Asidi_amino" title="Orodha ya kurasa zote za Wiki zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [j]" accesskey="j">Viungo viungavyo ukurasa huu</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:RecentChangesLinked/Asidi_amino" rel="nofollow" title="Mabadiliko ya karibuni ya katika kurasa zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [k]" accesskey="k">Mabadiliko husika</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sw" title="Pakia picha, video, au sauti [u]" accesskey="u">Pakia faili</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:KurasaMaalum" title="Orodha ya kurasa zote maalumu [q]" accesskey="q">Kurasa maalumu</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&oldid=1313799" title="Kiungo cha daima cha kufikisha pitio hili la ukurasa">Kiungo cha daima</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=info" title="More information about this page">Maelezo ya ukurasa</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Help-translate.svg/120px-Help-translate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Help-translate.svg/160px-Help-translate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="144" /> </pre> Makala hii ina dalili ya kutungwa kwa kutegemea programu ya kompyuta kama vile "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate" class="extiw" title="en:Google Translate">Google translation</a>" au "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation" class="extiw" title="en:Special:ContentTranslation">wikimedia special:content translation</a>" bila masahihisho ya kutosha. Watumiaji wanaombwa kuchunguza tena lugha, viungo na muundo wake. Wakiridhika na hali yake wanaweza kuondoa kigezo hiki kinachoonekana kwenye dirisha la kuhariri juu ya matini ya makala kwa kutumia alama za {{tafsiri kompyuta}} . </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:AminoAcidball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg/200px-AminoAcidball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg/300px-AminoAcidball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AminoAcidball.svg/400px-AminoAcidball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Mfumo wa jumla wa asidi amino alfa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Table of Amino Acids." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg/440px-Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="569" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg/660px-Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg/880px-Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Asidi amino zinazopatikana katika yukaryoti, ambazo zimepangwa kulingana na 'pKa za minyororo yao ya upande na chaji katika pH 7.4 ya kimwili</figcaption></figure> Asidi amino ni <a href="/wiki/Molekyuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekyuli">molekyuli</a> zilizo na kikundi cha amaini, kikundi cha asidi ya kaboksili na mnyororo wa upande ambao unatofautiana katika asidi amino mbalimbali. Molekyuli hizi zina vipengele muhimu vya <a href="/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni">kaboni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidrojeni" title="Hidrojeni">hidrojeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a> na <a href="/wiki/Nitrojeni" title="Nitrojeni">nitrojeni</a>. Molekyuli hizi ni muhimu sana hasa katika <a href="/wiki/Biokemia" title="Biokemia">biokemia</a>, ambapo neno hili kwa kawaida huashiria asidi amino alfa zilizo na fomula ya jumla H2NCHRCOOH, ambapo R ni kibadala cha kiogani.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Katika asidi amino alfa, kikundi cha amino kimeunganishwa na atomu ya <a href="/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni">kaboni</a> kinachopakana na kikundi cha kaboksili (kaboni ya α), lakini kumbuka kwamba aina nyingine za asidi amino huwepo wakati kikundi cha amino kimeunganishwa kwa atomu nyingine ya kaboni (kwa mfano, katika asidi za amino za gama kama vile asidi amino butireti ya gama atomu ya kaboni ambapo kikundi cha amino hujiunga hujitenga kutoka kwa kikundi cha kaboksili na atomu zingine mbili). Amino asisi za alfa zinatofautiana katika upande ambao mnyororo (kikundi R) unapounganishwa na kaboni yao ya alfa na hizi zinaweza kutofautiana kwa ukubwa kutoka kwa atomu moja tu <a href="/wiki/Hidrojeni" title="Hidrojeni">hidrojeni</a> katika glaisini au kikundi cha methili katika alanini, hadi kwa kundi kubwa la heterosaikliki katika triptofani. Asidi amino ni muhimu kwa <a href="/wiki/Uhai" title="Uhai">uhai</a>, na huwa na majukumu mengi katika <a href="/wiki/Umetaboli" class="mw-redirect" title="Umetaboli">umetaboli</a>. Kazi muhimu hasa ni kutumika kama miundo msingi ya ujenzi wa <a href="/wiki/Protini" title="Protini">protini</a>, ambayo ni minyororo tu ya asidi amino. Kila protini hufafanuliwa kikemikali kwa mpangilio wa mabaki ya asidi amino, muundo msingi na hii, kwa upande wake, huamua muundo wao wa sekondari (kwa mfano sifa zilizoelezewa vizuri kama vile helisi alfa au <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karatasi_beta_za_mkunjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karatasi beta za mkunjo (bado haujaandikwa)">karatasi beta za mkunjo</a>), mfumo wa tatu (umbo la protini binafsi, kwa mfano umbo la tufe kama katika <a href="/wiki/Kimeng%27enya" title="Kimeng'enya">kimeng'enya</a> au kama safu katika kolajeni) au muundo wa nne (sura jumla ya changamano ya protini iwapo monoma zimepangwa kwa pamoja, kama katika mchangamo wahimoglobini, ambayo inajumuisha monoma nne ambazo zimeshikiliwa pamoja na vifungo vya hidrojeni ambavyo vina uwezo wa kuja pamoja wakati moja au zaidi yazo inapoifunga molekuli nyingine kwa mfano <a href="/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni">oksijeni</a> ). Kama vile herufi za alfabeti zinaweza kuwekwa pamoja na kuunda orodha isyo na mwisho ya maneno, asidi amino inaweza kuunganishwa pamoja kwa utaratibu tofauti na kuunda aina nyingi ya protini.<a href="#cite_note-NIGMS-2">[2]</a> Asidi amino ni muhimu pia katika molekuli nyingine nyingi za bayolojia , kwa mfano huwa na majukumu muhimu katika vimeng'enya mwenza kama vile S adenosilmethionini. Kutokana na majukumu yao muhimu katika biokemi, asidi amino ni muhimu sana katika lishe na ni kawaida kutumiwa katika teknolojia ya chakula na viwanda. Kwa mfano, monosodiamu glutamati ni kiimarisha ladha cha kawaida ambacho hupatia vyakula ladha iitwayo umami. Pia hutumika katika sekta ya viwanda ambapo matumizi ni pamoja na uzalishaji wa plastiki bayochungulika, madawa ya kulevya na vichocheo vya chirali. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Asidi amino za kwanza ziligunduliwa mapema miaka ya 1800. Katika 1806, na wanakemia wa Kifaransa Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin na Pierre Jean Robiquet waliutenga mchanganyiko katika asparaga ambayo ilipatikana kuwa asparagini, na kuwa asidi amino ya kwanza kugunduliwa.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anfinsen-4">[4]</a> Asidi amino nyingine iliyogunduliwa mapema karne ya 19 ilikuwa sistini, katika 1810,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> ingawa monoma yake, sisteini, ilikuja kugunduliwa miaka mingi baadaye, katika 1884.<a href="#cite_note-Anfinsen-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Leucine Glycine na pia ziligunduliwa katika wakati huu, katika 1820.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Matumizi ya neno "amino acid" katika lugha ya Kiingereza ni kutoka <a href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muundo_jumla">Muundo jumla</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Muundo jumla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Muundo jumla">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Lysine_fisher_struct_num.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Lysine_fisher_struct_num.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption>Alt = Lisini ina atomi dioksidi sita. Atomi ya kati ya dioksidi iliyounganishwa na makundi ya amino na kaboksili na imelezewa kwa ishara alfa. Atomi nne za dioksidi katika mlolongo wake wa laini wa upande umepewa majina kutoka beta (karibu na dioksidi ya kati), gama, delta, hadi kwa dioksidi Epsilon mwisho wa mnyororo na mbali kutoka dioksidi ya kati.</figcaption></figure> Katika muundo ulioonyeshwa katika sehemu ya juu ya ukurasa, R inawakilisha upande wa mnyororo maalum kwa kila asidi amino. Atomu <a href="/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni">ya kaboni</a> karibu na kikundi cha kabonili inaitwa α-kaboni na asidi amino na mnyororo upande bonded na dioksidi hii inajulikana kama asidi amino alpha. Hii ndio miundo inayopatikana sana katika maumbile. Katika asidi amino ya alfa, kaboni-α ni atomu ya kaboni chirali , isipokuwa ile ya glaisini.<a href="#cite_note-Creighton-9">[9]</a> Katika asidi amino ambazo zina mnyororo wa kaboni iliyoshikana na kaboni-α (kama vile laisini, imeonyesha kulia) kaboni zimepewa majina yafuatavyo α, β, γ; δ, na kadhalika.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Katika asidi amino fulani, kikundi cha amino kimeshikana na β au γ-kaboni, na hizi kwa hiyo zinajulikana kama asidi amino za beta au gamma . Asidi amino ni kwa kawaida zimegawanishwa kwa asili mnyororo yao ya upande katika makundi manne. Mnyororo wa upande unaweza kufanya asidi amino iwe asidi dhaifu au besi dhaifu, na iwe hidrofili kama mnyororo wa upande ni ncha au hidrofobi kama si ncha.<a href="#cite_note-Creighton-9">[9]</a> Mifumo ya kemikali ishirini na mbili za asidi amino za kawaida, pamoja na sifa zao za kemikali, zimeelezewa zaidi katika makala ya asidi amino za proteinojeniki. Maneno ya "asidi amino yenye matawi" au BCAA yanahusu asidi amino yenye minyororo upande alifatiki usio kwenye laini , hizi ni liusini, isolusini, na valini. Prolini ni asidi amino ya proteinojeniki tu ambayo kundi lake la kando limeungana na kikundi cha amino-α, hivyo, pia ni asidi amino ya proteinojeniki ambayo ina amino ya pili katika nafasi hii.<a href="#cite_note-Creighton-9">[9]</a> Kemikali, proline basi ni asidi imino kwani inakosa kikundi cha amino ya msingi,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> ingawa bado inaorodhwashwa kama asidi amino utaratibu wa majina wa sasa, <a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> na pia inaweza kuitwa "asidi amino alfa yenye alikali-N".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:D%2BL-Alanine.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Animation of two mirror image molecules rotating around a central axis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/D%2BL-Alanine.gif/220px-D%2BL-Alanine.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/D%2BL-Alanine.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Isoma mbili za kuonekana za alanini, D-Alanini na L-Alanini</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waisoma">Waisoma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Hariri sehemu: Waisoma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Waisoma">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Kwa asidi amino-α za kawaida, zote ila glaisini zinaweza kuwepo kwa aidha ya isoma zionekanazo mbili, ziitwazo asidi amino L au D , ambazo ni zinafanana kama shilingi kwa ya pili (tazama pia Chirality). Wakati asidi L-amino zinawakilisha asidi amino zote zinazopatikana kwa <a href="/wiki/Protini" title="Protini">protini</a> ya wakati wa tafsiri ya ribosomu, asidi amino D ni protini ambazo hupatikana katika baadhi ya protini zilizotayarishwa na vimeng'enya wakati baada ya kutafsiriwa kimuundo baada ya kutafsiriwa na kuchukuliwa na hadi kwa endoplasmu retikulamu kama katika viumbe wa baharini wa kipekee kama vile konokono koni.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Pia ni sehemu nyingi za ukuta wa seli wa peptidoglikani za <a href="/wiki/Bakteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteria">bakteria.</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> na serini-D huweza kutendakazi kama nyurotransmita katika ubongo.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Mpangilio wa L na D kwa muundo wa asidi amino hairejelei jinsi asidi inavyoonekana, bali kwa kuzunguka kwa macho kwa aisoma ya gliseralidehidi ambayo asidi amino ambayo inaweza kinadharia kutengezwa kutoka kwayo(gliseraldehidi-D ni deksitrorotari, L - glyceraldehidi ni levorotari). Vinginevyo, viashiria vya (S) na R) (hutumiwa kuonyesha stereokemia kamili. Takriban asidi amino zote katika protini ni (S) katika kaboni α, huku sistini ikiwa (R) na glisini siyo chirali.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Sistini si ya kawaida kwani ina chembe ya <a href="/wiki/Sulfuri" title="Sulfuri">sulfuri</a> katika nafasi ya kwanza katika mnyororo wake wa upande, ambayo ina uzani mkubwa wa <a href="/wiki/Uzani_atomia" title="Uzani atomia">atomia</a> kuliko makundi yaliyoshikana na kaboni α katika asidi nyingine, hivyo (R) badala ya (S ). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zwiterioni">Zwiterioni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Hariri sehemu: Zwiterioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Zwiterioni">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Asidi amino inaamaini naasidi ya kaboksili vikundi vya kazi na kwa hiyo wote ni <a href="/wiki/Asidi" title="Asidi">asidi</a> na besi wakati huo huo.<a href="#cite_note-Creighton-9">[9]</a> Katika baadhi ya <a href="/wiki/Thamani_pH" title="Thamani pH">pH</a> inayojulikana kama ncha ya isoelektriki na asidi kwa ujumla haina chaji, kwa vile idadi ya vikundi vya amonia vilivyo na protoni (chaji chanya) na vikundi vya kaboksili zisizo na protoni(bila chaji chanya) ni sawa.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Asidi amino zote zina ncha tofauti za ki-isoelektriki. Ayoni zinazozalishwa katika ncha ya isoelektriki huwa na chaji chanya na chaji hasi na hujulikana kama zwitterioni, ambayo huja kutoka neno la Kijerumani Zwitter maana "huntha" au "mchanganyiko".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Asidi amino inaweza kupatikana kama zwiterioni katika mango na ufumbuzi kama vile maji, lakini si katika awamu ya gesi.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Zwiterioni huwa na umumunyifu mdogo katika ncha yake ya kielektriki na asidi amino na inawezakutengwa kwa kutumia kutuama kutoka kwa maji kwa kubadilisha PH yake hadi kwa ncha yake hasa ya elektriki. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matukio_na_kazi_katika_bayokemia">Matukio na kazi katika bayokemia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Hariri sehemu: Matukio na kazi katika bayokemia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Matukio na kazi katika bayokemia">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Protein_primary_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A protein depicted as a long unbranched string of linked circles each representing amino acids. One circle is magnified, to show the general structure of an amino acid. This is a simplified model of the repeating structure of protein, illustrating how amino acids are joined together in these molecules." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Protein_primary_structure.svg/300px-Protein_primary_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Protein_primary_structure.svg/450px-Protein_primary_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Protein_primary_structure.svg/600px-Protein_primary_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption> Polipeptidi ni mnyororo ambao hauna matawi ya asidi amino.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asidi_amino_za_kawaida">Asidi amino za kawaida</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Hariri sehemu: Asidi amino za kawaida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Asidi amino za kawaida">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Asidi amino ni viungo msingi vya kutengeneza protini. Hujiunga pamoja na kuunda minyororo mifupi ya polima ziitwazo peptidi au minyororo mirefu iitwayo aidha polipeptidi au <a href="/wiki/Protini" title="Protini">protini</a>. Polima hizi ni zenye matawi na za mistari, na kila asidi amino ndani ya mnyororo imeshikana na asidi amino mbili jirani. Mchakato wa kutengeneza protini huitwa tafsiri na unahusu kuongezwa hatua kwa hatua kwa aidha asidi amino kwa mnyororo unaokuwa wa protini na ribozaimu iitwayo ribosomu.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Utaratibu ambao asidi amino zinaongezwa nao unasomwa kutoka kwa programu ya maumbile kutoka kwa programu ya jeni ya mRNA, ambayo ni nakala ya RNA ya jeni ya moja ya kiumbe. Asidi amino ishirini na mbili kiasili zimejumuishwa katika polipeptidi na huitwa proteinojeniki au asidi amino za kawaida.<a href="#cite_note-Creighton-9">[9]</a> Kati ya hizi 22 ishirini, ishirini zimejumuishwa moja kwa moja na kanuni kuu ya maumbile. Zilizosalia mbili, selenosistini na pirolisini, hujumuishwa katika protini kwa utaratibu kusanisi wa kipekee. Selenosistini hujumuishwa wakati mRNA inapokuwa ikitafsiriwa ikiwa na kipengele SECIS, ambayo husababisha kodoni ya UGA kuweka Selenosistini badala ya kodoni ya kusimama.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Pirolisini hutumiwa na baadhi methanojeni <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">echea</a> katika vimeng'enya vinavyotumika kuzalisha methani. Imewekwa kwa kanuni pamoja na kodoni ya UAG, ambayo kwa kawaida huwa ni kodoni ya kusimama katika viumbe wengine.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The structure of selenocysteine, this differs from the lead image by having the R group (the side chain) replaced by a carbon atom with two hydrogen and a selenium attached." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png/220px-L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png/330px-L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png/440px-L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Asidi amino selenosisteini</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asidi_amino_zisizo_za_kawaida">Asidi amino zisizo za kawaida</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Hariri sehemu: Asidi amino zisizo za kawaida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Asidi amino zisizo za kawaida">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Mbali na asidi amino za msingi ishirini na mbili, kuna idadi kubwa ya "asidi amino zisizo za kawaida". Hizi asidi amino zisizo za kawaida zinazopatikana kwa protini huundwa kwa mabadiliko baada ya kutafsiriwa, ambayo ni kubadilishwa baada ya tafsiri katika protini ya awali. Mabadiliko haya mara nyingi ni muhimu kwa ajili ya utendajikazi au udhibiti wa protini, kwa mfano, ukabsilishaji wa glutamati unaruhusu kushikilia vizuri kwa kashoni za kalsiamu,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> na hidroksilesheni ya prolini ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kudumisha tishu zilizoshikana.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Mfano mwingine ni uundaji wa hipusini katika kuanzishwa kwa kipengele tafsiri cha EIF5A, kwa kubadilishwa kwa mabaki ya laisini.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Mabadiliko kama hayo yanaweza pia kuamua ujanibishaji wa protini, kwa mfano, nyongeza ya makundi marefu ya kukwepamaji kunaweza kusababisha protini kujifunga kwa utando wa fosfolidi.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Beta_alanine_comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Comparison of the structures of alanine and beta alanine. In alanine the side chain is a methyl group, in beta alanine the side chain contains a methylene group connected to an amino group and the alpha carbon lacks an amino group. The two amino acids therefore have the same formulae but different structures." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Beta_alanine_comparison.png/250px-Beta_alanine_comparison.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Beta_alanine_comparison.png 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption> β-alanini na isoma yake α-alanini</figcaption></figure> Mifano ya asidi amino zisizo za kawaida na hazipatikani kwa protini ni pamoja na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthionini,asidi-aminoisobutiri_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthionini,asidi-aminoisobutiri 2 (bado haujaandikwa)">lanthionini,asidi-aminoisobutiri 2</a> , dehidroalanini na nyurotransmita asidi ya gama-aminobutiriki. Asidi amino zisizo za kawaida mara nyingi hutokea baina ya njia za metaboli kwa asidi amino za kawaida- kwa mfano orinithini na sitrulini hutokea katika mzunguko wa urea, sehemu ya ukataboli wa asidi amino (angalia hapo chini).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Tofauti ya nadra kwa kutawala kwa asidi amino α katika biolojia ni asidi amino β beta alanini (asidi aminopropanu 3), ambayo hutumiwa na mimea na vidubini katika uundaji wa asidi pantotheni (vitamini B 5), sehemu ya kimeng'enya pacha A.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katika_lishe_ya_binadamu">Katika lishe ya binadamu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Hariri sehemu: Katika lishe ya binadamu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Katika lishe ya binadamu">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Baada ya kupelekwa katika mwili wa binadamu kutoka kwa chakula, aina 22 za asidi amino hutumiwa kutengeza protini na bayomolekuli nyingine au huoksidishwa na kuwa urea na kaboni dioksidi kama chanzo cha nishati.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Njia ya uoksidishaji huanza na kuondolewa kwa kikundi cha amino na transaminasi, kundi la amino basi huongezwa katika mzunguko wa urea. Bidhaa nyingine za transamidesheni ni asidi keto ambayo inaingia mzunguko wa asidi sitriki.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Asidi amino Glukojeniki pia inaweza kugeuzwa kuwa glukosi, kupitia glukoneojenesi.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Pirolisini bainishi iko kwa vijiumbe maradhi kadhaa, na kiumbe kimoja tu kina Pyl na Sec. Kati ya asidi amino ishirini na mbili, nane huitwa asidi amino muhimu kwa sababu mwili wa binadamu hauwezi kuzitengeza kutoka <a href="/wiki/Kampaundi" title="Kampaundi">misombo</a> mingine katika ngazi inayohitajika kwa ajili ya ukuaji wa kawaida, hivyo ni lazima zipatikane kutoka kwa vyakula.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Hata hivyo, hali ni ya kuchanganya kwani sistini, taurini, tirosini, histidini na arginini ni asidi amino muhimu kiasi kwa watoto, kwa sababu njia za metaboli za kutengeza asidi amino hizi hazijaumbika kikamilifu.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Kiasi kinachohitajika pia hutegemea umri na afya ya mtu binafsi, hivyo ni vigumu kutoa taarifa ya jumla kuhusu mahitaji ya malazi ya baadhi ya asidi amino. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Muhimu </th> <th>Zisizo Muhimu </th></tr> <tr> <td>Isoleusini </td> <td>Alanini </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leusini </td> <td>Asparajini </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lisini </td> <td>Asidi Aspariti </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methionini </td> <td>Sisteini * </td></tr> <tr> <td>fenilalanini </td> <td>Asidi Glutamiki </td></tr> <tr> <td>Threonini </td> <td>Glutamini * </td></tr> <tr> <td>Triptofani </td> <td>Glisini * </td></tr> <tr> <td>Valini </td> <td>Prolini * </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Selenosistini * </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Serini * </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Tirosini * </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Arginini * </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Histidini * </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ornithini * </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Taurini * </td></tr></tbody></table> (*) Muhimu katika kesi fulani tu.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazi_zisizo_za_protini">Kazi zisizo za protini</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Hariri sehemu: Kazi zisizo za protini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Kazi zisizo za protini">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Kwa binadamu, asidi amino zisizo protini pia zina majukumu muhimu kama viungo vya kati vya metaboli, kama vile katika biosanisi ya nyeurotransmita ya asidi gama aminobutiriki. Asidi amino nyingi hutumiwa katika usanisi wa molekuli nyingine, kwa mfano: <ul><li>Triptofani ni mtangulizi wa nyeurotransmita serotonini.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Glisini ni mtangulizi wa porifirini kama vile heme.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>Arginini ni mtangulizi wa oksidi nitriki.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Ornithini na S-adenosilmethionini ni tangulizi kwa poliamini.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Aspartate, glisini na glutamini ni tangulizi kwa nukleotidi.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>Fenilalanini ni mtangulizi wa Fenipropanoidi mbalimbali ambayo ni muhimu katika metaboli ya mimea.</li></ul> Hata hivyo, si kazi zote za asidi amino nyingi zisizo za kawaida zinajulikana, kwa mfano taurini ni asidi amino kubwa katika misuli na tishu ya ubongo, lakini ingawa kazi nyingi zimependekezwa, wajibu wake hasa katika mwili bado haujatambuliwa.<a href="#cite_note-Brosnan-43">[43]</a> Baadhi ya asidi amino zisizo za kawaida hutumika katika mimea kama kinga dhidi ya wanyama walao mimea.<a href="#cite_note-Hylin1969-44">[44]</a> Kwa mfano kanavanini ni mfano wa argininiambayo hupatikana katika mimea ya jamii ya <a href="/wiki/Jamii_kunde" title="Jamii kunde">kunde</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Turner1967-45">[45]</a> na kwa kiasi kikubwa hasa katika Kanavalia gladiata (maharage upanga ).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Hii asidi amino hulinda mimea kutoka waporaji kama vile <a href="/wiki/Wadudu" title="Wadudu">wadudu</a> na inaweza kusababisha ugonjwa kwa watu kama aina fulani ya kunde ni kuliwa bila ya usindikaji.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Asidi amino isiyo protini mimosini hupatikana katika aina nyingine ya kunde, hasa Leucaena leucocephala. Mchanganyiko huu ni mfano wa tairosini na inaweza kuwa sumu kwa wanyama wanaolishwa na mimea hiyo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matumizi_katika_teknolojia">Matumizi katika teknolojia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Hariri sehemu: Matumizi katika teknolojia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Matumizi katika teknolojia">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Asidi amino hutumika kwa njia nyingi tofauti viwandani lakini matumizi yao makuu ni kama viziada vyachakula cha mifugo. Hii ni muhimu kwani sehemu kuu ya vyakula hivi, kama vile <a href="/wiki/Soya" title="Soya">soya</a>, aidha ina viwango vya chini au hukosa baadhi ya asidi amino muhimu: lisini, methionini, threonini, na triptofani ni muhimu katika uzalishaji wa vyakula hivi.<a href="#cite_note-Leuchtenberger2005-48">[48]</a> Sekta ya chakula pia ni mtumizi mkubwa wa asidi amino, hasa asidi glutamiki, ambayo hutumiwa kama kiongeza ladha,<a href="#cite_note-Garattini-49">[49]</a> na Aspartami (aspartili-fanilalanini-1-methili esta) kama kiongeza tamu bandia cha kalori kidogo.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Uzalishaji uliosalia wa asidi amino hutumika katika usanisi wa madawa na vipodozi.<a href="#cite_note-Leuchtenberger2005-48">[48]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Minyambuliko ya asidi Amino </th> <th>Matumizi ya Dawa </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5-HTP (5-hidroksitriptofani) </td> <td align="center">Majaribio ya matibabu ya unyogovu.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">L-dopa (L-dihidroksifenilalanini) </td> <td align="center">Matibabu kwa Pakinsoni.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Eflornithini </td> <td align="center">Dawa inayozuia dekaboksilasi ya ornithini na hutumiwa katika matibabu ya ugonjwa<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulala (bado haujaandikwa)">kulala</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maumbile_jeni_yaliyopanuliwa">Maumbile jeni yaliyopanuliwa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Hariri sehemu: Maumbile jeni yaliyopanuliwa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Maumbile jeni yaliyopanuliwa">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Tangu mwaka wa 2001, asidi amino 40 zisizo za kiasili zimeongezwa kwa protini kwa kujenga kodoni ya kipekee (kubadilisha) na uhamisho unaombatana wa jozi ya RNA: aminoacyl - tRNA-sinthetesi jozi kwa usimbaji wa mwili na kemikali tofauti na tabia ya kibayolojia ili kutumika kama chombo cha kuchunguza mfumo wa protini na kazi au kutengeneza mkusanyiko wa protini zilzoimarishwa.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16260173-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19318213-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miundo_msingi_ya_kemikali">Miundo msingi ya kemikali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Hariri sehemu: Miundo msingi ya kemikali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Miundo msingi ya kemikali">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Asidi amino ni muhimu kama viambajengo vya gharama ya chini. Misombo hii inatumika katika bwawa la chirali husaidia kujenga miundo mbinu yenye molekuli zenye <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chirali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chirali (bado haujaandikwa)">chirali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hanessian1993-56">[56]</a> Asidi amino zimechunguzwa kama kitangulizi cha kichocheo chirali, kwa mfano kwa mrundikano wa atomu zisopacha katika hidrojenesheni, ingawa hakuna matumizi yaliyomo kwa sasa.<a href="#cite_note-Blaser1992-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastiki_zinazoweza_kuvundishwa">Plastiki zinazoweza kuvundishwa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Hariri sehemu: Plastiki zinazoweza kuvundishwa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Plastiki zinazoweza kuvundishwa">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Asidi amino zinaundwa kama sehemu ya polima nyingi zinazoweza kuvundishwa. Vifaa na maombi kama zisizo na madhara ya ufungaji wa mazingira na madawa katika utoaji wa madawa na ujenzi wa uwekaji wa viungo bandia. Polima hizi ni pamoja na polipeptidi poliamidi, poliesta, polisulfuri na polietheni amabzo zina asidi asidi amino kama sehemu ya minyororo yao kuu au imeshikana kama minyororo ya upande. Mabadiliko haya hugeuza maumbile ya polima hizi pamoja na mrundikano wao wa atomu.<a href="#cite_note-Sanda1999-58">[58]</a> Mfano mzuri wa nyenzo hizi ni poliaspartati, polima ambayo inaweza kuyeyuka kwa maji na pia inaweza kuvundishwa na bakteria na inaweza kutumika katika utengezaji wa nepi za kutupwa na kilimo.<a href="#cite_note-Gross2002-59">[59]</a> Kutokana na umumunyifu wake na uwezo wa kushikana na molekuli zaidi ya moja za metali, poliaspartati pia hutumika kama ajenti inayoweza kuvundishwa na ya kuzuia ubambuzi.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thombre2005-61">[61]</a> Aidha, asidi amino ya kunukia tirosini inaundwa kama iweze kuwa badala ya kwa fenoli zenye sumu kama vile bisfenoli A katika utengenezaji wa polikaboni.<a href="#cite_note-Bourke2003-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miitikio">Miitikio</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Hariri sehemu: Miitikio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Miitikio">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Kwa kuwa asidi amino ina kikundi cha msingi cha kaboksili na amino, hizi kemikali zinaweza kuwa na athari zinazohusiana na makundi hayo. Hizi ni pamoja na kuongeza nukleofiliki, kutengeza kiunganishi cha amaidi na kutengezwa kwa imini kwa kikundi cha amaini na uundaji wa esterasi, uundaji wa kiunganishi cha amaidi na udikaboksishaji kwa kikundi cha asidi ya kaboksili.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Minyororo mingi ya upande ya asidi amino inaweza pia kuwa na miitikio ya kemikali.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Aina ya hizi athari huamuliwa na kwa makundi haya kwenye minyororo ya upande na kwa hivyo ni tofauti kati ya aina mbalimbali za asidi amino. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Strecker_Amino_Acid_Synthesis_Scheme.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Strecker_Amino_Acid_Synthesis_Scheme.png/400px-Strecker_Amino_Acid_Synthesis_Scheme.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Strecker_Amino_Acid_Synthesis_Scheme.png/600px-Strecker_Amino_Acid_Synthesis_Scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Strecker_Amino_Acid_Synthesis_Scheme.png/800px-Strecker_Amino_Acid_Synthesis_Scheme.png 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Alt = kwa hatua katika mmenyuko, angalia maandishi.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usanisi_wa_kemikali">Usanisi wa kemikali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Hariri sehemu: Usanisi wa kemikali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Usanisi wa kemikali">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Mbinu kadhaa zipo za kusanisi asidi amino. Moja ya mbinu kongwe, huanza na kuongezwa kwa bromidikatika kaboni-α ya asidi ya kaboksili. Kubadilisha niuklofili na <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a> nayo hubadilisha alkili bromidi kuwa asidi amino.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Vinginevyo, usanisi wa asidi amino Strecker unahusisha matibabu ya alidehaidi na potasiamu sianidi na amonia, hii hutoa amino nitrili α kama cha kati. Hidrolisisi ya nitrili katika asidi hutoa asidi amino α.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Kutumia amonia au chumvi za amonia katika mmenyuko huu inatoa asidi amino ambazo hazikubadilishana, wakati kubadilisha amini za msingi na upili kutatoa asidi amino zilizobadilishwa.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Kadhalika, kutumia ketoni, badala ya aldehidi, inatoa α, asidi amino α zilizobadilishwa.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Usanisi wa awali unatoa mchanganyiko rasimu wa asidi amino α kama mavuno, lakini taratibu kadhaa mbadala kwa kutumia mbinu saidizi zisopacha <a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> au vichocheo visopacha <a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>vimeundwa.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Kwa sasa njia inayotumika sana ni usanisi kwa kutumia mashine iliyo na nguzo imara (km shanga za polistirini), kwa kutumia makundi ya kulinda la (kwa mfano, t-Boc) na Fmoc na vikundi viamilishaji (mfano DCC na DIC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuundwa_kwa_kiunganishi_cha_Peptidi">Kuundwa kwa kiunganishi cha Peptidi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Hariri sehemu: Kuundwa kwa kiunganishi cha Peptidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kuundwa kwa kiunganishi cha Peptidi">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Peptidformationball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peptidformationball.svg/400px-Peptidformationball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peptidformationball.svg/600px-Peptidformationball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peptidformationball.svg/800px-Peptidformationball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Alt = asidi amino mbili zimeonyeshwa karibu na kila mmoja. Moja hupoteza hidrojeni na oksijeni kutoka kwa kundi lake la kaboksili (COOH) na nyingine hupoteza hidrojeni kutoka kwa kundi lake la amino (NH2). Mmenyuko huu hutoa molekuli ya maji (h2o) na asidi amino mbili zilizounganishwa na kiunganishi peptidi (-CO-NH-). Asidi amino mbili zilizojiunga huitwa dipeptidi.</figcaption></figure> Kwa kuwa vikundi vyote viwili vya asidi ya kaboksili na amaini vya asidi amino vinaweza kuathiriwa na kuunda viunganishi vya amaidi, molekuli moja ya asidi amino inaweza kuathiriwa na nyingine na kujiunga nayo na kuunda muungano wa amaidi. Huu upolimishaji wa asidi amino ni ndio unaounda protini. Huu mtonesho wa kutonesha unazaa kiunganishi cha peptidi na molekuli ya maji. Katika seli, mwitikio huu hautokei moja kwa moja, badala yake asidi amino kwanza huchochewa kwa kufungiliwa kwa molekuli hamishi yaRNA kupitia kwa kiunganishi cha esta. Hii aminoasili tRNA huzalishwa katika mwitikio unaotegemea ATP unaofanywa na asidi amino tRNA sanisifu.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Aminoasili-tRNA hii huwa tena ni sabstreti ya ribosomu, ambayo huchochea ya mashambulizi ya kundi la amino la kurefusha mnyororo wa protini kwa kiunganishi cha esta.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Kutokana na utaratibu huu, protini zote zinazotengezwa na ribosomu husanisiwa kuanzia kituo chao cha N na kusonga kuelekea kituo chao cha C. Hata hivyo, si viunganishi vyote hutengenezwa kwa njia hii. Katika kesi chache, peptidi husanisiwa na vimeng'enya maalum. Kwa mfano, glutathioni tripeptidi ni sehemu muhimu ya ulinzi wa seli dhidi ya dhiki ya uoksidishaji. Peptidi huundwa kutoka katika asidi amino huru kwa hatua mbili.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Katika hatua ya kwanza gamma-glutamilisistini sinthetesi hutonesha sistini na asidi ya glutamiki kupitia kwa kiunganishi cha peptidi kilichoundwa kati ya mnyororo wa upande wa kaboksili wa glutameti(kaboni ya gama ya mnyororo huu) na kundi la amino la sistini. Dipeptidi hii basi hutoneshwa na glisini na sinthetesi glutathioni kuunda glutathioni.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Katika kemia, peptidi husanisiwa kupitia m mbalimbali. Moja kati ya sanisi za peptidi za awamu-mango zinazotumika sana, ambayo inatumia vitu vinavyotokana na oksime ya kunukia ya asidi amino kama vipande vilivyooamilishwa. Hizi huongezwa kwa mlolongo unaokua kwenye mnyororo wa peptidi, ambayo imeshikanishwa na utomvu imara.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Uwezo wa kusanisi idadi kubwa ya peptidi tofauti kwa kubadilisha aina tofauti na utaratibu wa asidi amino (kutumia kemia ya kuunganisha) imefanya usanisi wa peptidi kuwa muhimu katika kujenga maktaba ya peptidi kwa matumizi ya ugunduzi wa madawa kwa njia ya uchunguzi hali ya juu.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosanisi_na_ukataboli">Biosanisi na ukataboli</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Hariri sehemu: Biosanisi na ukataboli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Biosanisi na ukataboli">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Katika mimea, nitrojeni kwanza hulishizwa kwenda kwa misombo ya kikaboni katika mfumo wa glutemeti, hutengenezwa kutoka kwa alfa-ketoglutareti na amonia katika mitokondria. Ili kuunda asidi amino nyingine, mmea hutumia transaminasi kusongesha kikundi cha amino kwenda kwa asidi alfa-keto kaboksili nyingine. Kwa mfano, aminotransferasi aspartati hubadilisha glutameti na oksaloasetati kuwa alfa-ketoglutareti na asparteti.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Viumbe wengine hutumia transaminasi kwa usanisi wa asidi amino pia. Transaminasi pia hushiriki katika kuvunja asidi amino. Udhalilishaji wa asidi amino mara nyingi unahusisha kusongesha kundi lake la amino kwenda kwa alfa-ketoglutareti na kutengeneza glutameti. Katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wengi, kikundi cha amino kisha huondolewa kwa njia ya mzunguko wa urea na kisha kuondolewa mwlilini kwa fomu ya urea. Hata hivyo, uharibifu wa asidi amino unaweza kutoa asidi mkojo au amonia badala yake. Kwa mfano, kiondoa-oksijeni serini hubadilisha serini kuwa piruvati na amonia.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Asidi amino zisizo za kawaida hutengenezwa kwa kubadilishwa kwa asidi amino za kawaida. Kwa mfano, homosisteini hutengezwa kwa kusongeshwa njia ya sulfuri kwa njia ya kutolewa kwa methili kutoka kwa methionini kupitia kwa kimetaboli kati S-adenosili methionini,<a href="#cite_note-Brosnan-43">[43]</a> wakati hidroksiprolini hutengezwa na kubadilishwa kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proline (bado haujaandikwa)">proline</a> baada ya kutafsiriwa ya <a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Vidubini na mimea inaweza kusanisi asidi amino nyingi zisizo za kawaida. Kwa mfano, baadhi ya vijiumbe maradhi hutengeza asidi amino sobutiriki-2 na lanthionini, ambayo imetokana na sulfidi ya alanini. Asidi amino hizi zote mbili zinapatikana katika lantibiotiki peptidi kama vile alamethisini.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Ilihali katika mimea, asidi amino saiklopropani-1-kaboksili ni asidi ndogo iliyobadilishwa ya asidi amino ya mzunguko, ambayo ni muhimu katika uzalishaji homoni kati ya mmea ya ethilini.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifa_za_kemikali_za_asidi_amino">Sifa za kemikali za asidi amino</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Hariri sehemu: Sifa za kemikali za asidi amino" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Sifa za kemikali za asidi amino">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Asidi amino 20 zinazopatikana kiasili zinaweza kugawanywa katika makundi mbalimbali kulingana na sifa zao. Sababu muhimu ni chaji, kiwango cha kupenda maji au kukwepa maji, ukubwa na vikundi vya kazi <a href="#cite_note-Creighton-9">[9]</a> . Hizi sifa ni muhimu kwa mfumo wa protini mwingiliano wa protini na protini. Protini mumunyifu kwa maji zinaelekea kuwa na mabaki yao ya kukwepamaji (Leu, Ile, Val, Phe na Trp) kuzikwa katikati ya protini, ilhali minyororo ya kupendamaji hufunuliwa kwa kiyeyusho cha majimaji. Utando wa muhimu wa protini mara nyingi huwa na pete za asidi amino za kukwepamaji iliyoonyeshwa wazi ambazo huzitia nanga katika rusu mbili ya lipidi ya. Katika sehemu ya kesi kati ya njia mbili tofauti sana, baadhi ya tando za protini za pembeni huwa na kiraka cha asidi amino za kukwepamaji juu ya uso wao ambacho hushikilia kwa utando. Vile vile, protini ambazo hufaa kushikilia kwa molekuli zenye chaji chanya huwa na asidi amino zenye chaji hasi kwenye nyuso zao kama vile glutameti na aspartati, wakati protini zinazofaa kushikilia kwa molekuli zenye chaji hasi huwa na nyuso zenye minyororo chaji chanya kama vile lisini na ajinini. Kuna mizani tofauti ya kukwepamaji ya mabaki ya asidi amino.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Baadhi ya asidi amino huwa na sifa za kipekee kama vile seistini, ambayo huweza kutengeneza kiunganishi chenye kugawanyika cha sulfudi na mabaki mengine ya seistini, prolini ambayo inaunda mzunguko kwa uti wa mgongo wa polipeptidi, na glisini ambayo ni rahisi kubadilika zaidi kuliko asidi amino nyingine. Protini nyingi hupitia mabadliko mengi ya muundo baada ya kutafsiriwa, wakati makundi ya ziada ya kemikali yanaposhikanishwa na asidi amino katika protini. Baadhi ya mabadiliko yanaweza kuzalisha lipoprotini za kukwepamaji,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> au glikoprotini za kupendamaji.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Mabadiliko ya aina hii yaruhusu kulenga kunakoweza kurejeshwa kwa protini kwa utando. Kwa mfano, kuongezwa na kuondolewa kwa asidi yenye mafuta ya asidi ya kiganja kwa mabaki ya seistini katika protini fulani za kuashiria husababisha protini kujiambatanisha na kisha kujitenga kutoka katika utando wa seli.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orodha_ya_vifupisho_na_sifa_za_asidi_amino_za_kawaida">Orodha ya vifupisho na sifa za asidi amino za kawaida</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Hariri sehemu: Orodha ya vifupisho na sifa za asidi amino za kawaida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Orodha ya vifupisho na sifa za asidi amino za kawaida">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Asidi amino </th> <th>3-Herufi<a href="#cite_note-Hausman-88">[88]</a> </th> <th>Herufi-1<a href="#cite_note-Hausman-88">[88]</a> </th> <th>Mnyororo wa upande:Upola <a href="#cite_note-Hausman-88">[88]</a> </th> <th>Chaji ya Mnyororo wa upande (pH 7.4)<a href="#cite_note-Hausman-88">[88]</a> </th> <th>Kielelezo cha Hidropatiki<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </th> <th>Λ Uwezo wa Kufyonza juu(nm)<a href="#cite_note-Freifelder-90">[90]</a> </th> <th>ε katikaλ juu (X10 -3 M-1cm-1)<a href="#cite_note-Freifelder-90">[90]</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Alanini </td> <td>Ala </td> <td>A. </td> <td>iso pola </td> <td>sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Arginini </td> <td>Arg </td> <td>R </td> <td>pola </td> <td>chanya </td> <td>-4.5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Asparagini </td> <td>Asn </td> <td>N </td> <td>pola </td> <td>sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>-3.5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Asidi Aspartiki </td> <td>ASP </td> <td>D </td> <td>pola </td> <td>hasi </td> <td>-3.5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Sisteini </td> <td>Cys </td> <td>C </td> <td>iso pola </td> <td>sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Asidi ya glutamiki </td> <td>Glu </td> <td>E </td> <td>pola </td> <td>hasi </td> <td>-3.5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Glutamini </td> <td>Gln </td> <td>Q </td> <td>pola </td> <td>sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>-3.5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Glisini </td> <td>Gly </td> <td>G </td> <td>iso pola </td> <td>sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>-0.4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Histidini </td> <td>His </td> <td>H </td> <td>pola </td> <td>chanya (10%) zisizobainika (90%) </td> <td>-3.2 </td> <td>211 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Isoleusini </td> <td>Ile </td> <td>I </td> <td>iso pola </td> <td>sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Leusini </td> <td>Leu </td> <td>L </td> <td>iso pola </td> <td>sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Lisini </td> <td>Lys </td> <td>K </td> <td>pola </td> <td>chanya </td> <td>-3.9 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Methionini </td> <td>Met </td> <td>M </td> <td>iso pola </td> <td>sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Fenilalanini </td> <td>Phe </td> <td>F </td> <td>Iso pola </td> <td>sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>257, 206, 188 </td> <td>0.2, 9.3, 60.0 </td> <td> </td> <td> - align="center" </td> <td>Prolini Pro </td> <td>P </td> <td>iso pola sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>-1.6 </td> <td> </td> <td> - align="center" </td> <td>Serini Ser </td> <td>S pola sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>-0.8 </td> <td> </td> <td> - align="center" </td> <td>Threonini </td> <td>Thr </td> <td>T pola sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>-0.7 </td> <td> </td> <td> - align="center" </td> <td>Triptofani </td> <td>Trp W </td> <td>iso pola sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>-0.9 </td> <td>280, 219 </td> <td>5.6, 47.0 </td> <td> </td> <td> - align="center" </td> <td>Tirosini </td> <td>Tyr </td> <td>Y pola sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>−1.3 </td> <td>274, 222, 193 </td> <td>1.4, 8.0, 48.0 </td> <td> </td> <td> - align="center" </td> <td>Valini </td> <td>Val </td> <td>V </td> <td>iso pola sio na sifa zinazobainika </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>) </td></tr></tbody></table> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna asidi amino mbili za ziada ambazo zinajumuishwa kwa kutotilia manaani kodoni za kuacha: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>asidi amino ya 21 na 22 </th> <th>Herufi-3 </th> <th>Herufi-1 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Selenosisteini </td> <td>Sec </td> <td>U </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Pirolisini </td> <td>Pyl </td> <td>O </td></tr></tbody></table> Mbali na mfumo maalum za asidi amino, vishikilia sehemu hutumika katika kesi ambapo uchambuzi wa kemikali au wa chembechembe za peptidi au wa protini hauwezi kuamua kikamilifu utambulisho wa mabaki. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Asidi amino zenye utata </th> <th>Herufi-3 </th> <th>Herufi-1 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Asparagini au asidi aspartiki </td> <td>Asx </td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Glutamini au asidi glutamiki </td> <td>Glx </td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Leusini au Isoleusini </td> <td>Xle </td> <td>J </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Isoelezewa au asidi amino isojulikana </td> <td>Xaa </td> <td>X </td></tr></tbody></table> Unk wakati mwingine hutumiwa badala ya Xaa, lakini si kawaida. Zaidi ya hayo, nyingi zisizo za kawa asidi amino kuwa na mfumo maalum. Kwa mfano, dawa kadhaa za peptidi, kama vile Bortezomibi au MG132 ni zimesanisiwa kibandia na uhifadhi vikundi vyao vya kulinda, ambavyo vina mfumo maalum. Bortezomibi ni Pyz-Phe-boroLeu na MG132 ni Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-al. Zaidi ya hayo, ili kusaidia katika uchambuzi wa mfumo wa protini, mifano ya kuunganisha kwa asidi amino inapatikana. Hizi ni pamoja na fotoleusini (pLeu) na fotomethionini (pMet). <a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanbihi">Tanbihi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Hariri sehemu: Tanbihi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Tanbihi">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Prolini inakinzana na fomula hii ya ujumla. Inakosa kundi la NH 2 kwa sababu ya mzunguko wa mnyororo wa upande na kujulikana kama imino asidi; huwa chini ya kikundi cha muundo wa asidi amino maalum. </li> <li id="cite_note-NIGMS-2"><a href="#cite_ref-NIGMS_2-0">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1346650">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607084902/http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/chapter1.html">"The Structures of Life"</a>. National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/chapter1.html">chanzo</a> mnamo 2014-06-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Structures+of+Life&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+General+Medical+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.nigms.nih.gov%2Fstructlife%2Fchapter1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFVauquelin_LN,_Robiquet_PJ1806" class="citation journal cs1">Vauquelin LN, Robiquet PJ (1806). "The discovery of a new plant principle in Asparagus sativus". Annales de Chimie. 57: 88–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+a+new+plant+principle+in+Asparagus+sativus&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=88-93&rft.date=1806&rft.au=Vauquelin+LN%2C+Robiquet+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anfinsen-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Anfinsen_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anfinsen_4-1">4.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFAnfinsen_CB,_Edsall_JT,_Richards_FM1972" class="citation book cs1">Anfinsen CB, Edsall JT, Richards FM (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancesinprotei26anfi">Advances in Protein Chemistry</a>. New York: Academic Press. ku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancesinprotei26anfi/page/99">99</a>, 103. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-12-034226-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-12-034226-6"><bdi>978-0-12-034226-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Protein+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=99%2C+103&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-12-034226-6&rft.au=Anfinsen+CB%2C+Edsall+JT%2C+Richards+FM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvancesinprotei26anfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFWollaston_WH1810" class="citation journal cs1">Wollaston WH (1810). "On cystic oxide, a new species of urinary calculus". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 100: 223–30. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1810.0015">10.1098/rstl.1810.0015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+cystic+oxide%2C+a+new+species+of+urinary+calculus&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=223-30&rft.date=1810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1810.0015&rft.au=Wollaston+WH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFBaumann_E1884" class="citation journal cs1">Baumann E (1884). "Über cystin und cystein". Z Physiol Chemie. 8: 299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z+Physiol+Chemie&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+cystin+und+cystein&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=299&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Baumann+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFBraconnot_HM1820" class="citation journal cs1">Braconnot HM (1820). "Sur la conversion des matières animales en nouvelles substances par le moyen de l'acide sulfurique". Ann Chim Phys Ser 2. 13: 113–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Chim+Phys+Ser+2&rft.atitle=Sur+la+conversion+des+mati%C3%A8res+animales+en+nouvelles+substances+par+le+moyen+de+l%27acide+sulfurique&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=113-25&rft.date=1820&rft.au=Braconnot+HM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020154535/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=amino">"etymonline.com entry for amino"</a>. www.etymonline.com. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=amino">chanzo</a> mnamo 2012-10-20. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=etymonline.com+entry+for+amino&rft.pub=www.etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Damino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creighton-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_9-0">9.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_9-1">9.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_9-2">9.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_9-3">9.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_9-4">9.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creighton_9-5">9.5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton1993" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Thomas H. (1993). "Chapter 1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proteinsstructur0000crei">Proteins: structures and molecular properties</a>. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7167-7030-5" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7167-7030-5"><bdi>978-0-7167-7030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Proteins%3A+structures+and+molecular+properties&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-7030-5&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproteinsstructur0000crei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html">"Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides"</a>. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+and+Symbolism+for+Amino+Acids+and+Peptides&rft.pub=IUPAC-IUB+Joint+Commission+on+Biochemical+Nomenclature&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.qmul.ac.uk%2Fiupac%2FAminoAcid%2FAA1n2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFJodidi1926" class="citation journal cs1">Jodidi, S. L. (1926-03-01). "The Formol Titration of Certain Amino Acids". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 48 (3): 751–753. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01414a033">10.1021/ja01414a033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Formol+Titration+of+Certain+Amino+Acids&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=751-753&rft.date=1926-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01414a033&rft.aulast=Jodidi&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFLiebecq1992" class="citation book cs1">Liebecq, Claude, mhr. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemicalnomen0000unse">Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents</a> (tol. la 2nd). Portland Press. ku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemicalnomen0000unse/page/39">39</a>–69. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-85578-005-7" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-85578-005-7"><bdi>978-1-85578-005-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemical+Nomenclature+and+Related+Documents&rft.pages=39-69&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Portland+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85578-005-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiochemicalnomen0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Anthony D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4">Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4/page/535">535</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-854768-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-854768-6"><bdi>978-0-19-854768-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37616711">37616711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+dictionary+of+biochemistry+and+molecular+biology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37616711&rft.isbn=978-0-19-854768-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFPisarewicz_K,_Mora_D,_Pflueger_FC,_Fields_GB,_Marí_F2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pisarewicz K, Mora D, Pflueger FC, Fields GB, Marí F (2005). "Polypeptide chains containing D-gamma-hydroxyvaline". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (17): 6207–15. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja050088m">10.1021/ja050088m</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15853325">15853325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Polypeptide+chains+containing+D-gamma-hydroxyvaline&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=6207-15&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja050088m&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15853325&rft.au=Pisarewicz+K%2C+Mora+D%2C+Pflueger+FC%2C+Fields+GB%2C+Mar%C3%AD+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Heijenoort_J2001" class="citation journal cs1">van Heijenoort J (2001). "Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan". Glycobiology. 11 (3): 25R–36R. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fglycob%2F11.3.25R">10.1093/glycob/11.3.25R</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11320055">11320055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glycobiology&rft.atitle=Formation+of+the+glycan+chains+in+the+synthesis+of+bacterial+peptidoglycan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25R-36R&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fglycob%2F11.3.25R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11320055&rft.au=van+Heijenoort+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFWolosker_H,_Dumin_E,_Balan_L,_Foltyn_VN2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wolosker H, Dumin E, Balan L, Foltyn VN (2008). "D-amino acids in the brain: D-serine in neurotransmission and neurodegeneration". The FEBS Journal. 275 (14): 3514–26. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2008.06515.x">10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06515.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18564180">18564180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+FEBS+Journal&rft.atitle=D-amino+acids+in+the+brain%3A+D-serine+in+neurotransmission+and+neurodegeneration&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3514-26&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2008.06515.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18564180&rft.au=Wolosker+H%2C+Dumin+E%2C+Balan+L%2C+Foltyn+VN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHatem2006" class="citation web cs1">Hatem, Salama Mohamed Ali (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2006/3038/index.html">"Gas chromatographic determination of Amino Acid Enantiomers in tobacco and bottled wines"</a>. University of Giessen. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gas+chromatographic+determination+of+Amino+Acid+Enantiomers+in+tobacco+and+bottled+wines&rft.pub=University+of+Giessen&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hatem&rft.aufirst=Salama+Mohamed+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeb.uni-giessen.de%2Fgeb%2Fvolltexte%2F2006%2F3038%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFFennema_OR1996" class="citation book cs1">Fennema OR (1996). Food Chemistry (tol. la 3rd). CRC Press. ku. 327–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-8247-9691-8" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-8247-9691-8"><bdi>0-8247-9691-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=327-8&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8247-9691-8&rft.au=Fennema+OR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons,_William_J.;_Gerhard_Meisenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, William J.; Gerhard Meisenberg (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofmedi0000meis">Principles of medical biochemistry</a>. Mosby Elsevier. uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofmedi0000meis/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-323-02942-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-323-02942-6"><bdi>0-323-02942-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+medical+biochemistry&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Mosby+Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-323-02942-6&rft.au=Simmons%2C+William+J.%3B+Gerhard+Meisenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofmedi0000meis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFRemko_M,_Rode_BM2006" class="citation journal cs1">Remko M, Rode BM (2006). "Effect of metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) and water coordination on the structure of glycine and zwitterionic glycine". The journal of physical chemistry. A. 110 (5): 1960–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp054119b">10.1021/jp054119b</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16451030">16451030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+journal+of+physical+chemistry.+A&rft.atitle=Effect+of+metal+ions+%28Li%2B%2C+Na%2B%2C+K%2B%2C+Mg2%2B%2C+Ca2%2B%2C+Ni2%2B%2C+Cu2%2B%2C+and+Zn2%2B%29+and+water+coordination+on+the+structure+of+glycine+and+zwitterionic+glycine&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1960-7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp054119b&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16451030&rft.au=Remko+M%2C+Rode+BM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFRodnina_MV,_Beringer_M,_Wintermeyer_W2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rodnina MV, Beringer M, Wintermeyer W (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-biochemical-sciences_2007-01_32_1/page/20">"How ribosomes make peptide bonds"</a>. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 32 (1): 20–6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2006.11.007">10.1016/j.tibs.2006.11.007</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17157507">17157507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biochemical+Sciences&rft.atitle=How+ribosomes+make+peptide+bonds&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-6&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2006.11.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17157507&rft.au=Rodnina+MV%2C+Beringer+M%2C+Wintermeyer+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-biochemical-sciences_2007-01_32_1%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll_DM,_Copeland_PR2003" class="citation journal cs1">Driscoll DM, Copeland PR (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-nutrition_2003_23/page/17">"Mechanism and regulation of selenoprotein synthesis"</a>. Annual Review of Nutrition. 23: 17–40. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.nutr.23.011702.073318">10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073318</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12524431">12524431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Mechanism+and+regulation+of+selenoprotein+synthesis&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=17-40&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.nutr.23.011702.073318&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12524431&rft.au=Driscoll+DM%2C+Copeland+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-nutrition_2003_23%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFKrzycki_JA2005" class="citation journal cs1">Krzycki JA (2005). "The direct genetic encoding of pyrrolysine". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 8 (6): 706–12. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2005.10.009">10.1016/j.mib.2005.10.009</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16256420">16256420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+direct+genetic+encoding+of+pyrrolysine&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=706-12&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mib.2005.10.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16256420&rft.au=Krzycki+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFVermeer_C1990" class="citation journal cs1">Vermeer C (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1131186">"Gamma-carboxyglutamate-containing proteins and the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase"</a>. The Biochemical Journal. 266 (3): 625–36. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1131186">1131186</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2183788">2183788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biochemical+Journal&rft.atitle=Gamma-carboxyglutamate-containing+proteins+and+the+vitamin+K-dependent+carboxylase&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=625-36&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1131186%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2183788&rft.au=Vermeer+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1131186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharjee_A,_Bansal_M2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bhattacharjee A, Bansal M (2005). "Collagen structure: the Madras triple helix and the current scenario". IUBMB Life. 57 (3): 161–72. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15216540500090710">10.1080/15216540500090710</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16036578">16036578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUBMB+Life&rft.atitle=Collagen+structure%3A+the+Madras+triple+helix+and+the+current+scenario&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-72&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15216540500090710&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16036578&rft.au=Bhattacharjee+A%2C+Bansal+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFPark_MH2006" class="citation journal cs1">Park MH (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494880">"The post-translational synthesis of a polyamine-derived amino acid, hypusine, in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A)"</a>. Journal of Biochemistry. 139 (2): 161–9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjb%2Fmvj034">10.1093/jb/mvj034</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494880">2494880</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16452303">16452303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=The+post-translational+synthesis+of+a+polyamine-derived+amino+acid%2C+hypusine%2C+in+the+eukaryotic+translation+initiation+factor+5A+%28eIF5A%29&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-9&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2494880%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16452303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjb%2Fmvj034&rft.au=Park+MH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2494880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFBlenis_J,_Resh_MD1993" class="citation journal cs1">Blenis J, Resh MD (1993). 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Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 5 (6): 984–9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0955-0674%2893%2990081-Z">10.1016/0955-0674(93)90081-Z</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8129952">8129952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Subcellular+localization+specified+by+protein+acylation+and+phosphorylation&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=984-9&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0955-0674%2893%2990081-Z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8129952&rft.au=Blenis+J%2C+Resh+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFCuris_E,_Nicolis_I,_Moinard_C2005" class="citation journal cs1">Curis E, Nicolis I, Moinard C; na wenz. (2005). "Almost all about citrulline in mammals". Amino Acids. 29 (3): 177–205. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00726-005-0235-4">10.1007/s00726-005-0235-4</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16082501">16082501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amino+Acids&rft.atitle=Almost+all+about+citrulline+in+mammals&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=177-205&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00726-005-0235-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16082501&rft.au=Curis+E%2C+Nicolis+I%2C+Moinard+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFCoxon_KM,_Chakauya_E,_Ottenhof_HH2005" class="citation journal cs1">Coxon KM, Chakauya E, Ottenhof HH; na wenz. (2005). "Pantothenate biosynthesis in higher plants". Biochemical Society Transactions. 33 (Pt 4): 743–6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0330743">10.1042/BST0330743</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16042590">16042590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Society+Transactions&rft.atitle=Pantothenate+biosynthesis+in+higher+plants&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.pages=743-6&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2FBST0330743&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16042590&rft.au=Coxon+KM%2C+Chakauya+E%2C+Ottenhof+HH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSakami_W,_Harrington_H1963" class="citation journal cs1">Sakami W, Harrington H (1963). "Amino acid metabolism". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 32: 355–98. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.32.070163.002035">10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.002035</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14144484">14144484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Amino+acid+metabolism&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=355-98&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.32.070163.002035&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14144484&rft.au=Sakami+W%2C+Harrington+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFBrosnan_JT2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brosnan JT (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10736367">"Glutamate, at the interface between amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (4S Suppl): 988S–90S. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10736367">10736367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Glutamate%2C+at+the+interface+between+amino+acid+and+carbohydrate+metabolism&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4S+Suppl&rft.pages=988S-90S&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10736367&rft.au=Brosnan+JT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10736367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFYoung_VR,_Ajami_AM2001" class="citation journal cs1">Young VR, Ajami AM (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11533293">"Glutamine: the emperor or his clothes?"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (9 Suppl): 2449S–59S, discussion 2486S–7S. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11533293">11533293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Glutamine%3A+the+emperor+or+his+clothes%3F&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=9+Suppl&rft.pages=2449S-59S%2C+discussion+2486S-7S&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11533293&rft.au=Young+VR%2C+Ajami+AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11533293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFYoung_VR1994" class="citation journal cs1">Young VR (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8064412">"Adult amino acid requirements: the case for a major revision in current recommendations"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 124 (8 Suppl): 1517S–1523S. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8064412">8064412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Adult+amino+acid+requirements%3A+the+case+for+a+major+revision+in+current+recommendations&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=8+Suppl&rft.pages=1517S-1523S&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8064412&rft.au=Young+VR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D8064412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFImura_K,_Okada_A1998" class="citation journal cs1">Imura K, Okada A (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition_1998-01_14_1/page/143">"Amino acid metabolism in pediatric patients"</a>. Nutrition. 14 (1): 143–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0899-9007%2897%2900230-X">10.1016/S0899-9007(97)00230-X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9437700">9437700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition&rft.atitle=Amino+acid+metabolism+in+pediatric+patients&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-8&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0899-9007%2897%2900230-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9437700&rft.au=Imura+K%2C+Okada+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nutrition_1998-01_14_1%2Fpage%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFLourenço_R,_Camilo_ME2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lourenço R, Camilo ME (2002). 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Nutrición Hospitalaria. 17 (6): 262–70. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12514918">12514918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrici%C3%B3n+Hospitalaria&rft.atitle=Taurine%3A+a+conditionally+essential+amino+acid+in+humans%3F+An+overview+in+health+and+disease&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=262-70&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12514918&rft.au=Louren%C3%A7o+R%2C+Camilo+ME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFFürst_P,_Stehle_P2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fürst P, Stehle P (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15173430">"What are the essential elements needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans?"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (6 Suppl): 1558S–1565S. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15173430">15173430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=What+are+the+essential+elements+needed+for+the+determination+of+amino+acid+requirements+in+humans%3F&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=6+Suppl&rft.pages=1558S-1565S&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15173430&rft.au=F%C3%BCrst+P%2C+Stehle+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15173430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFReeds_PJ2000" class="citation journal cs1">Reeds PJ (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10867060">"Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (7): 1835S–40S. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10867060">10867060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Dispensable+and+indispensable+amino+acids+for+humans&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1835S-40S&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10867060&rft.au=Reeds+PJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10867060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSavelieva_KV,_Zhao_S,_Pogorelov_VM2008" class="citation journal cs1">Savelieva KV, Zhao S, Pogorelov VM; na wenz. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2565062">"Genetic disruption of both tryptophan hydroxylase genes dramatically reduces serotonin and affects behavior in models sensitive to antidepressants"</a>. PloS ONE. 3 (10): e3301. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003301">10.1371/journal.pone.0003301</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2565062">2565062</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18923670">18923670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PloS+ONE&rft.atitle=Genetic+disruption+of+both+tryptophan+hydroxylase+genes+dramatically+reduces+serotonin+and+affects+behavior+in+models+sensitive+to+antidepressants&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e3301&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2565062%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18923670&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003301&rft.au=Savelieva+KV%2C+Zhao+S%2C+Pogorelov+VM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2565062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFShemin_D,_Rittenberg_D1946" class="citation journal cs1">Shemin D, Rittenberg D (1 Desemba 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/166/2/621">"The biological utilization of glycine for the synthesis of the protoporphyrin of hemoglobin"</a>. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 166 (2): 621. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20276176">20276176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+biological+utilization+of+glycine+for+the+synthesis+of+the+protoporphyrin+of+hemoglobin&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=621&rft.date=1946-12-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20276176&rft.au=Shemin+D%2C+Rittenberg+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F166%2F2%2F621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|pages=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|page=</code> specified (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFTejero_J,_Biswas_A,_Wang_ZQ2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tejero J, Biswas A, Wang ZQ; na wenz. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586280">"Stabilization and characterization of a heme-oxy reaction intermediate in inducible nitric-oxide synthase"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (48): 33498–507. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M806122200">10.1074/jbc.M806122200</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586280">2586280</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18815130">18815130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Stabilization+and+characterization+of+a+heme-oxy+reaction+intermediate+in+inducible+nitric-oxide+synthase&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=33498-507&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2586280%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18815130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M806122200&rft.au=Tejero+J%2C+Biswas+A%2C+Wang+ZQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2586280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez-Caso_C,_Montañez_R,_Cascante_M,_Sánchez-Jiménez_F,_Medina_MA2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rodríguez-Caso C, Montañez R, Cascante M, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Medina MA (2006). "Mathematical modeling of polyamine metabolism in mammals". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (31): 21799–812. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M602756200">10.1074/jbc.M602756200</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709566">16709566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Mathematical+modeling+of+polyamine+metabolism+in+mammals&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=21799-812&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M602756200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16709566&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Caso+C%2C+Monta%C3%B1ez+R%2C+Cascante+M%2C+S%C3%A1nchez-Jim%C3%A9nez+F%2C+Medina+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFStryer,_Lubert;_Berg,_Jeremy_Mark;_Tymoczko,_John_L.2002" class="citation book cs1">Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2002). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ku. 693–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-7167-4684-0" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-7167-4684-0"><bdi>0-7167-4684-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=693-8&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7167-4684-0&rft.au=Stryer%2C+Lubert%3B+Berg%2C+Jeremy+Mark%3B+Tymoczko%2C+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Brosnan-43">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Brosnan_43-0">43.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brosnan_43-1">43.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFBrosnan_JT,_Brosnan_ME2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16702333">"The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 136 (6 Suppl): 1636S–1640S. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16702333">16702333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=The+sulfur-containing+amino+acids%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=6+Suppl&rft.pages=1636S-1640S&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16702333&rft.au=Brosnan+JT%2C+Brosnan+ME&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16702333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hylin1969-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Hylin1969_44-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHylin1969" class="citation journal cs1">Hylin, John W. 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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 17 (3): 492–6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf60163a003">10.1021/jf60163a003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Toxic+peptides+and+amino+acids+in+foods+and+feeds&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=492-6&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf60163a003&rft.aulast=Hylin&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner1967-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner1967_45-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerHarborne1967" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, B. L.; Harborne, J. B. 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Phytochemistry. 6: 863–66. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2800%2986033-1">10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86033-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+canavanine+in+the+plant+kingdom&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=863-66&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-9422%2800%2986033-1&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=B.+L.&rft.au=Harborne%2C+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_phytochemistry_1967_6%2Fpage%2F863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFEkanayake_S,_Skog_K,_Asp_NG2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ekanayake S, Skog K, Asp NG (2007). "Canavanine content in sword beans (Canavalia gladiata): analysis and effect of processing". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 45 (5): 797–803. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fct.2006.10.030">10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.030</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17187914">17187914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Chemical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Canavanine+content+in+sword+beans+%28Canavalia+gladiata%29%3A+analysis+and+effect+of+processing&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=797-803&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fct.2006.10.030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17187914&rft.au=Ekanayake+S%2C+Skog+K%2C+Asp+NG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal_GA2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenthal GA (2001). 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Amino Acids. 21 (3): 319–30. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007260170017">10.1007/s007260170017</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11764412">11764412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amino+Acids&rft.atitle=L-Canavanine%3A+a+higher+plant+insecticidal+allelochemical&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-30&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs007260170017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11764412&rft.au=Rosenthal+GA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leuchtenberger2005-48">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Leuchtenberger2005_48-0">48.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leuchtenberger2005_48-1">48.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchtenberger_W,_Huthmacher_K,_Drauz_K2005" class="citation journal cs1">Leuchtenberger W, Huthmacher K, Drauz K (2005). 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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 69 (1): 1–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-005-0155-y">10.1007/s00253-005-0155-y</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16195792">16195792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Biotechnological+production+of+amino+acids+and+derivatives%3A+current+status+and+prospects&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-005-0155-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16195792&rft.au=Leuchtenberger+W%2C+Huthmacher+K%2C+Drauz+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Garattini-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Garattini_49-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFGarattini_S2000" class="citation journal cs1">Garattini S (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10736350">"Glutamic acid, twenty years later"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (4S Suppl): 901S–9S. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10736350">10736350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Glutamic+acid%2C+twenty+years+later&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4S+Suppl&rft.pages=901S-9S&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10736350&rft.au=Garattini+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10736350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFStegink_LD1987" class="citation journal cs1">Stegink LD (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3300262">"The aspartame story: a model for the clinical testing of a food additive"</a>. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 46 (1 Suppl): 204–15. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3300262">3300262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=The+aspartame+story%3A+a+model+for+the+clinical+testing+of+a+food+additive&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1+Suppl&rft.pages=204-15&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3300262&rft.au=Stegink+LD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D3300262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFTurner_EH,_Loftis_JM,_Blackwell_AD2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turner EH, Loftis JM, Blackwell AD (2006). 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Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 109 (3): 325–38. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2005.06.004">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.004</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16023217">16023217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Serotonin+a+la+carte%3A+supplementation+with+the+serotonin+precursor+5-hydroxytryptophan&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-38&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2005.06.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16023217&rft.au=Turner+EH%2C+Loftis+JM%2C+Blackwell+AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFKostrzewa_RM,_Nowak_P,_Kostrzewa_JP,_Kostrzewa_RA,_Brus_R2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kostrzewa RM, Nowak P, Kostrzewa JP, Kostrzewa RA, Brus R (2005). 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Amino Acids. 28 (2): 157–64. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00726-005-0162-4">10.1007/s00726-005-0162-4</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15750845">15750845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amino+Acids&rft.atitle=Peculiarities+of+L%3A+-DOPA+treatment+of+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-64&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00726-005-0162-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15750845&rft.au=Kostrzewa+RM%2C+Nowak+P%2C+Kostrzewa+JP%2C+Kostrzewa+RA%2C+Brus+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHeby_O,_Persson_L,_Rentala_M2007" class="citation journal cs1">Heby O, Persson L, Rentala M (2007). 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Amino Acids. 33 (2): 359–66. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00726-007-0537-9">10.1007/s00726-007-0537-9</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17610127">17610127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amino+Acids&rft.atitle=Targeting+the+polyamine+biosynthetic+enzymes%3A+a+promising+approach+to+therapy+of+African+sleeping+sickness%2C+Chagas%27+disease%2C+and+leishmaniasis&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=359-66&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00726-007-0537-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17610127&rft.au=Heby+O%2C+Persson+L%2C+Rentala+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16260173-54"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16260173_54-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFXie_J,_Schultz_PG2005" class="citation journal cs1">Xie J, Schultz PG (2005). 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Chem. Biol. 16 (3): 323–36. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2009.03.001">10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.03.001</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696486">2696486</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318213">19318213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Expanding+the+genetic+code+for+biological+studies&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-36&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2696486%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19318213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2009.03.001&rft.au=Wang+Q%2C+Parrish+AR%2C+Wang+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2696486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanessian1993-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanessian1993_56-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHanessian1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hanessian, S. (1993). "Reflections on the total synthesis of natural products: Art, craft, logic, and the chiron approach". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 65: 1189–204. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199365061189">10.1351/pac199365061189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+total+synthesis+of+natural+products%3A+Art%2C+craft%2C+logic%2C+and+the+chiron+approach&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=1189-204&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac199365061189&rft.aulast=Hanessian&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaser1992-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Blaser1992_57-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFBlaser1992" class="citation journal cs1">Blaser, Hans Ulrich (1992). "The chiral pool as a source of enantioselective catalysts and auxiliaries". Chemical Reviews. 92 (5): 935–52. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr00013a009">10.1021/cr00013a009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+chiral+pool+as+a+source+of+enantioselective+catalysts+and+auxiliaries&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=935-52&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr00013a009&rft.aulast=Blaser&rft.aufirst=Hans+Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanda1999-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanda1999_58-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSandaEndo1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sanda, Fumio; Endo, Takeshi (1999). "Feature Article Syntheses and functions of polymers based on amino acids". Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics. 200: 2651–61. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3935%2819991201%29200%3A12%3C2651%3A%3AAID-MACP2651%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P">10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19991201)200:12<2651::AID-MACP2651>3.0.CO;2-P</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecular+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.atitle=Feature+Article+Syntheses+and+functions+of+polymers+based+on+amino+acids&rft.volume=200&rft.pages=2651-61&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-3935%2819991201%29200%3A12%3C2651%3A%3AAID-MACP2651%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P&rft.aulast=Sanda&rft.aufirst=Fumio&rft.au=Endo%2C+Takeshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross2002-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Gross2002_59-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFGrossKalra2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, R. A.; Kalra, B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/297/5582/803">"Biodegradable Polymers for the Environment"</a>. Science. 297 (5582): 803–807. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.297.5582.803">10.1126/science.297.5582.803</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12161646">12161646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Biodegradable+Polymers+for+the+Environment&rft.volume=297&rft.issue=5582&rft.pages=803-807&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.297.5582.803&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12161646&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Kalra%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F297%2F5582%2F803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFLow1996" class="citation book cs1">Low, K. C. (1996). Commercial poly(aspartic acid) and Its Uses. Advances in Chemistry Series. Juz. la 248. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Chemical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Chemical Society (bado haujaandikwa)">American Chemical Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+poly%28aspartic+acid%29+and+Its+Uses&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Advances+in+Chemistry+Series&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Thombre2005-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Thombre2005_61-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFThombreSarwade2005" class="citation journal cs1">Thombre, S.M.; Sarwade, B.D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/index/718581646.pdf">"Synthesis and Biodegradability of Polyaspartic Acid: A Critical Review"</a> (PDF). Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A. 42 (9): 1299–1315. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10601320500189604">10.1080/10601320500189604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Macromolecular+Science%2C+Part+A&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+Biodegradability+of+Polyaspartic+Acid%3A+A+Critical+Review&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1299-1315&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10601320500189604&rft.aulast=Thombre&rft.aufirst=S.M.&rft.au=Sarwade%2C+B.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informaworld.com%2Findex%2F718581646.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourke2003-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Bourke2003_62-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFBourkeKohn2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bourke, S. L.; Kohn, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169409X03000383">"Polymers derived from the amino acid l-tyrosine: polycarbonates, polyarylates and copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol)"</a>. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 55 (4): 447–466. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-409X%2803%2900038-3">10.1016/S0169-409X(03)00038-3</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12706045">12706045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Drug+Delivery+Reviews&rft.atitle=Polymers+derived+from+the+amino+acid+l-tyrosine%3A+polycarbonates%2C+polyarylates+and+copolymers+with+poly%28ethylene+glycol%29&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-466&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-409X%2803%2900038-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12706045&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Kohn%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0169409X03000383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFElmore,_Donald_Trevor;_Barrett,_G._C.1998" class="citation book cs1">Elmore, Donald Trevor; Barrett, G. C. (1998). Amino acids and peptides. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ku. 48–60. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-521-46827-2" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-521-46827-2"><bdi>0-521-46827-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amino+acids+and+peptides&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=48-60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-46827-2&rft.au=Elmore%2C+Donald+Trevor%3B+Barrett%2C+G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFGutteridge_A,_Thornton_JM2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gutteridge A, Thornton JM (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-biochemical-sciences_2005-11_30_11/page/622">"Understanding nature's catalytic toolkit"</a>. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 30 (11): 622–9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2005.09.006">10.1016/j.tibs.2005.09.006</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16214343">16214343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biochemical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Understanding+nature%27s+catalytic+toolkit&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=622-9&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2005.09.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16214343&rft.au=Gutteridge+A%2C+Thornton+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-biochemical-sciences_2005-11_30_11%2Fpage%2F622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurry1996" class="citation book cs1">McMurry, John (1996). Organic chemistry. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Brooks/Cole. uk. 1064. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-534-23832-7" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-534-23832-7"><bdi>0-534-23832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+chemistry&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.pages=1064&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-534-23832-7&rft.aulast=McMurry&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFStrecker1850" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolph_Strecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolph Strecker (bado haujaandikwa)">Strecker, Adolph</a> (1850). "Ueber die künstliche Bildung der Milchsäure und einen neuen, dem Glycocoll homologen Körper". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 75 (1): 27–45. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18500750103">10.1002/jlac.18500750103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Justus+Liebigs+Annalen+der+Chemie&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+k%C3%BCnstliche+Bildung+der+Milchs%C3%A4ure+und+einen+neuen%2C+dem+Glycocoll+homologen+K%C3%B6rper&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-45&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18500750103&rft.aulast=Strecker&rft.aufirst=Adolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFStrecker1854" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolph_Strecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolph Strecker (bado haujaandikwa)">Strecker, Adolph</a> (1854). "Ueber einen neuen aus Aldehyd - Ammoniak und Blausäure entstehenden Körper". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 91 (3): 349–51. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18540910309">10.1002/jlac.18540910309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Justus+Liebigs+Annalen+der+Chemie&rft.atitle=Ueber+einen+neuen+aus+Aldehyd+-+Ammoniak+und+Blaus%C3%A4ure+entstehenden+K%C3%B6rper&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-51&rft.date=1854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18540910309&rft.aulast=Strecker&rft.aufirst=Adolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFMasumoto_S,_Usuda_H,_Suzuki_M,_Kanai_M,_Shibasaki_M2003" class="citation journal cs1">Masumoto S, Usuda H, Suzuki M, Kanai M, Shibasaki M (2003). "Catalytic enantioselective Strecker reaction of ketoimines". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 125 (19): 5634–5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja034980">10.1021/ja034980</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12733893">12733893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Catalytic+enantioselective+Strecker+reaction+of+ketoimines&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=5634-5&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja034980&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12733893&rft.au=Masumoto+S%2C+Usuda+H%2C+Suzuki+M%2C+Kanai+M%2C+Shibasaki+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1994" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, F. A. (1994). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedron_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrahedron Letters (bado haujaandikwa)">Tetrahedron Letters</a>. 35: 9351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=9351&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFIshitaniKomiyamaHasegawaKobayashi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ishitani, Haruro; Komiyama, Susumu; Hasegawa, Yoshiki; Kobayashi, Shū (2000). 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Journal of the American Chemical Society. 122 (5): 762–6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja9935207">10.1021/ja9935207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Catalytic+Asymmetric+Strecker+Synthesis.+Preparation+of+Enantiomerically+Pure+%CE%B1-Amino+Acid+Derivatives+from+Aldimines+and+Tributyltin+Cyanide+or+Achiral+Aldehydes%2C+Amines%2C+and+Hydrogen+Cyanide+Using+a+Chiral+Zirconium+Catalyst&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=762-6&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja9935207&rft.aulast=Ishitani&rft.aufirst=Haruro&rft.au=Komiyama%2C+Susumu&rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+Yoshiki&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Sh%C5%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHuangCorey2004" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Jinkun; Corey, E. 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Orgic Letters. 62 (6): 5027–9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol047698w">10.1021/ol047698w</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15606127">15606127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orgic+Letters&rft.atitle=A+New+Chiral+Catalyst+for+the+Enantioselective+Strecker+Synthesis+of+%CE%B1-Amino+Acids&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=5027-9&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fol047698w&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15606127&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Jinkun&rft.au=Corey%2C+E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFDuthaler1994" class="citation journal cs1">Duthaler, Rudolf O. 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EMBO Reports. 2 (5): 382–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkve095">10.1093/embo-reports/kve095</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083889">1083889</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11375928">11375928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=The+renaissance+of+aminoacyl-tRNA+synthesis&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=382-7&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1083889%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11375928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkve095&rft.au=Ibba+M%2C+S%C3%B6ll+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fembor%2Fjournal%2Fv2%2Fn5%2Ffull%2Fembor420.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|doi_brokendate=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|doi-broken-date=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFLengyel_P,_Söll_D1969" class="citation journal cs1">Lengyel P, Söll D (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4896351">"Mechanism of protein biosynthesis"</a>. Bacteriological Reviews. 33 (2): 264–301. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC378322">378322</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4896351">4896351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bacteriological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+protein+biosynthesis&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=264-301&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC378322%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4896351&rft.au=Lengyel+P%2C+S%C3%B6ll+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D4896351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFWu_G,_Fang_YZ,_Yang_S,_Lupton_JR,_Turner_ND2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14988435">"Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (3): 489–92. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14988435">14988435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Glutathione+metabolism+and+its+implications+for+health&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=489-92&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14988435&rft.au=Wu+G%2C+Fang+YZ%2C+Yang+S%2C+Lupton+JR%2C+Turner+ND&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14988435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFMeister_A1988" class="citation journal cs1">Meister A (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610200802/https://www.jbc.org/content/263/33/17205.long">"Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (33): 17205–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3053703">3053703</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3053703">chanzo</a> mnamo 2020-06-10. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Glutathione+metabolism+and+its+selective+modification&rft.volume=263&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=17205-8&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3053703&rft.au=Meister+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D3053703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFCarpino1992" class="citation journal cs1">Carpino, Louis A. 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Current Protein & Peptide Science. 9 (5): 447–67. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138920308785915209">10.2174/138920308785915209</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18855697">18855697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Protein+%26+Peptide+Science&rft.atitle=Past+and+future+perspectives+of+synthetic+peptide+libraries&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=447-67&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F138920308785915209&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18855697&rft.au=Marasco+D%2C+Perretta+G%2C+Sabatella+M%2C+Ruvo+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Russell_Celyn;_Buchanan,_Bob_B.;_Gruissem,_Wilhelm2000" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Russell Celyn; Buchanan, Bob B.; Gruissem, Wilhelm (2000). Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants. Rockville, Md: American Society of Plant Physiologists. ku. 371–2. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-943088-39-9" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-943088-39-9"><bdi>0-943088-39-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry+%26+molecular+biology+of+plants&rft.place=Rockville%2C+Md&rft.pages=371-2&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Plant+Physiologists&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-943088-39-9&rft.au=Jones%2C+Russell+Celyn%3B+Buchanan%2C+Bob+B.%3B+Gruissem%2C+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFStryer,_Lubert;_Berg,_Jeremy_Mark;_Tymoczko,_John_L.2002" class="citation book cs1">Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2002). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ku. 639–49. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-7167-4684-0" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-7167-4684-0"><bdi>0-7167-4684-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=639-49&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7167-4684-0&rft.au=Stryer%2C+Lubert%3B+Berg%2C+Jeremy+Mark%3B+Tymoczko%2C+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFKivirikko_KI,_Pihlajaniemi_T1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kivirikko KI, Pihlajaniemi T (1998). "Collagen hydroxylases and the protein disulfide isomerase subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylases". Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology. 72: 325–98. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9559057">9559057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Enzymology+and+Related+Areas+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Collagen+hydroxylases+and+the+protein+disulfide+isomerase+subunit+of+prolyl+4-hydroxylases&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=325-98&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9559057&rft.au=Kivirikko+KI%2C+Pihlajaniemi+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore_L,_Wallace_BA2004" class="citation journal cs1">Whitmore L, Wallace BA (2004). "Analysis of peptaibol sequence composition: implications for in vivo synthesis and channel formation". European Biophysics Journal. 33 (3): 233–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00249-003-0348-1">10.1007/s00249-003-0348-1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14534753">14534753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Biophysics+Journal&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+peptaibol+sequence+composition%3A+implications+for+in+vivo+synthesis+and+channel+formation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-7&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00249-003-0348-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14534753&rft.au=Whitmore+L%2C+Wallace+BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_L,_Grierson_D2002" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander L, Grierson D (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2002-10_53_377/page/2039">"Ethylene biosynthesis and action in tomato: a model for climacteric fruit ripening"</a>. Journal of Experimental Botany. 53 (377): 2039–55. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferf072">10.1093/jxb/erf072</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12324528">12324528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Ethylene+biosynthesis+and+action+in+tomato%3A+a+model+for+climacteric+fruit+ripening&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=377&rft.pages=2039-55&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferf072&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12324528&rft.au=Alexander+L%2C+Grierson+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2002-10_53_377%2Fpage%2F2039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFUrry2004" class="citation journal cs1">Urry, Dan W. (2004). "The change in Gibbs free energy for hydrophobic association: Derivation and evaluation by means of inverse temperature transitions". Chemical Physics Letters. 399 (1–3): 177–83. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0009-2614%2804%2901565-9">10.1016/S0009-2614(04)01565-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=The+change+in+Gibbs+free+energy+for+hydrophobic+association%3A+Derivation+and+evaluation+by+means+of+inverse+temperature+transitions&rft.volume=399&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=177-83&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0009-2614%2804%2901565-9&rft.aulast=Urry&rft.aufirst=Dan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFMagee_T,_Seabra_MC2005" class="citation journal cs1">Magee T, Seabra MC (2005). "Fatty acylation and prenylation of proteins: what's hot in fat". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 17 (2): 190–6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ceb.2005.02.003">10.1016/j.ceb.2005.02.003</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15780596">15780596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Fatty+acylation+and+prenylation+of+proteins%3A+what%27s+hot+in+fat&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-6&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ceb.2005.02.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15780596&rft.au=Magee+T%2C+Seabra+MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFPilobello_KT,_Mahal_LK2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pilobello KT, Mahal LK (2007). "Deciphering the glycocode: the complexity and analytical challenge of glycomics". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 11 (3): 300–5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2007.05.002">10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.05.002</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17500024">17500024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Chemical+Biology&rft.atitle=Deciphering+the+glycocode%3A+the+complexity+and+analytical+challenge+of+glycomics&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=300-5&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2007.05.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17500024&rft.au=Pilobello+KT%2C+Mahal+LK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSmotrys_JE,_Linder_ME2004" class="citation journal cs1">Smotrys JE, Linder ME (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2004_73/page/559">"Palmitoylation of intracellular signaling proteins: regulation and function"</a>. Annual Review of Biochemistry. 73: 559–87. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.73.011303.073954">10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073954</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15189153">15189153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Palmitoylation+of+intracellular+signaling+proteins%3A+regulation+and+function&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=559-87&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.73.011303.073954&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15189153&rft.au=Smotrys+JE%2C+Linder+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2004_73%2Fpage%2F559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hausman-88">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Hausman_88-0">88.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hausman_88-1">88.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hausman_88-2">88.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hausman_88-3">88.3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHausman,_Robert_E.;_Cooper,_Geoffrey_M.2004" class="citation book cs1">Hausman, Robert E.; Cooper, Geoffrey M. (2004). The cell: a molecular approach. Washington, D.C: ASM Press. uk. 51. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-87893-214-3" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-87893-214-3"><bdi>0-87893-214-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cell%3A+a+molecular+approach&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=ASM+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-87893-214-3&rft.au=Hausman%2C+Robert+E.%3B+Cooper%2C+Geoffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFKyte_J,_Doolittle_RF1982" class="citation journal cs1">Kyte J, Doolittle RF (1982). "A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein". Journal of Molecular Biology. 157 (1): 105–32. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2882%2990515-0">10.1016/0022-2836(82)90515-0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7108955">7108955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=A+simple+method+for+displaying+the+hydropathic+character+of+a+protein&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-32&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-2836%2882%2990515-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7108955&rft.au=Kyte+J%2C+Doolittle+RF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Freifelder-90">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Freifelder_90-0">90.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freifelder_90-1">90.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFFreifelder,_D.1983" class="citation book cs1">Freifelder, D. (1983). Physical Biochemistry (tol. la 2nd). W. H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-7167-1315-2" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-7167-1315-2"><bdi>0-7167-1315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Biochemistry&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7167-1315-2&rft.au=Freifelder%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSuchanek_M,_Radzikowska_A,_Thiele_C2005" class="citation journal cs1">Suchanek M, Radzikowska A, Thiele C (2005). "Photo-leucine and photo-methionine allow identification of protein-protein interactions in living cells". Nature Methods. 2 (4): 261–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth752">10.1038/nmeth752</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15782218">15782218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Methods&rft.atitle=Photo-leucine+and+photo-methionine+allow+identification+of+protein-protein+interactions+in+living+cells&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=261-7&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmeth752&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15782218&rft.au=Suchanek+M%2C+Radzikowska+A%2C+Thiele+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AAsidi+amino" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo">Marejeo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeo">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <ul><li>Doolittle, RF (1989) Vitu visivyohitajika katika Utaratibu wa protini. Katika utabiri wa Muundo wa protini na Kanuni za kuwiana kwa protini (Fasman, G.D ed) Plenum Press, New York, uk 599-623.</li> <li>David L. Nelson na Michael M. Cox, Kanuni za Biokemia chake Lehninger , toleo la 3, 2000, Worth Publishers, <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1572591536" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-57259-153-6</a></li> <li>Meierhenrich, UJ: Asidi amino na kutokuwa pacha kwa maisha, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, 2008. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9783540768852" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-540-76885-2</a></li> <li>Morelli, Robert J. "Mafunzo ya kufyonzwa kwa asidi amino kutoka utumbo mdogo. " San Francisco: Morelli, 1952.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viungo_vya_nje">Viungo vya nje</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Hariri sehemu: Viungo vya nje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Viungo vya nje">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aminoacidsguide.com/">Muhtasari wa asidi amino</a> sifa za kimaumbile-kemia , miundo ya 3D, nk</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~bzafer/aminoacids/">Orodha ya asidi amino za kawaida</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20101110124343/http://www.unc.edu/~bzafer/aminoacids/">Archived</a> 10 Novemba 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Orodha ya undani ya PDF ya asidi amino za kawaida (ikiwa ni pamoja na picha za 3D)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/">Mfano kwa majina na picha ya asidi amino na Peptidi</a> IUPAC-IUB Tume ya Pamoja ya majina ya Bayokeia (JCBN)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/aminoacids/index.html">Maelezo ya Masi: Ukusanyaji wa Asidi Amino</a> - Ina taarifa za kina na picha za darubini za asidi amino.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russell.embl.de/aas/">Sifa za Asidi amino</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070927001521/http://www.russell.embl.de/aas/">Archived</a> 27 Septemba 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - Sifa za asidi amino (chombo kinachowalenga wanasayansi wa jeni za molekuli wanaojaribu kuelewa maana ya mabadiliko)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/C1C/nitrogen/alpha-amino-acids2.shtm">Usanisi wa asidi amino na minyambuliko yao</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathiasbader.de/studium/biology/index.php?lng=en">Jifunze juu ya asidi amino proteinojeniki 20 kwa mtandao</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20101029232236/http://www.mathiasbader.de/studium/biology/index.php?lng=en">Archived</a> 29 Oktoba 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/Dayhoff.html">Asili ya mfumo wa herufi moja ya asidi ya amino</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html">PH ya mchanganyiko wa Asidi amino, kuchanganya kwa kemikali na hesabu ya ncha ya isoelektriki </a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rudishwa kutoka "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&oldid=1313799">https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asidi_amino&oldid=1313799</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:Jamii" title="Maalum:Jamii">Jamii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:Pages using the JsonConfig extension (bado haujaandikwa)">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_errors:_access-date_without_URL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 errors: access-date without URL (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 errors: access-date without URL</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_errors:_explicit_use_of_et_al.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 errors: explicit use of et al. 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