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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bs.wikipedia.org&uselang=bs" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Napravi_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Barut" title="Predlažemo vam da napravite račun i prijavite se; međutim, to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Napravi korisnički račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Korisni%C4%8Dka_prijava&returnto=Barut" title="Predlažemo vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi me</span></a> </li> 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decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"43\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/60px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/80px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"555\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EOd 1. do 30. novembra 2024. učestvujte u projektu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Azijski_mjesec/2024.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Azijski mjesec/2024.\"\u003E\"Azijski mjesec\"\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sastav_i_osobine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sastav_i_osobine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sastav i osobine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sastav_i_osobine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osobine_sagorijevanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osobine_sagorijevanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Osobine sagorijevanja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osobine_sagorijevanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Barut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 118 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskruit" title="Buskruit – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Buskruit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzpulver" title="Schwarzpulver – njemački (Švicarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzpulver" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="njemački (Švicarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvora" title="Polvora – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polvora" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بارود – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بارود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بارود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6" title="বাৰুদ – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাৰুদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C4%B1t" title="Barıt – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Barıt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82" title="زارنیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زارنیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Дары – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraks" title="Paraks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Paraks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дымны порах – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дымны порах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дымны порах – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дымны порах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obat_bedil" title="Obat bedil – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Obat bedil" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Барут – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Барут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6" title="বারুদ – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারুদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultr_du" title="Poultr du – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poultr du" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дари – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA" title="باڕووت – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باڕووت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvera_negra" title="Polvera negra – korzikanski" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Polvera negra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korzikanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99eln%C3%BD_prach" title="Střelný prach – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Střelný prach" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdwr_gwn" title="Powdwr gwn – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Powdwr gwn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krudt" title="Krudt – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krudt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzpulver" title="Schwarzpulver – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzpulver" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Πυρίτιδα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρίτιδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gunpowder" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvo" title="Pulvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pulvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCssirohi" title="Püssirohi – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püssirohi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolbora" title="Bolbora – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bolbora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="باروت – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باروت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustaruuti" title="Mustaruuti – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustaruuti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCss%C3%A4ruuh" title="Püssäruuh – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Püssäruuh" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poudre_noire" title="Poudre noire – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poudre noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suartpolwer" title="Suartpolwer – sjeverni frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suartpolwer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjeverni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAdar_gunna" title="Púdar gunna – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Púdar gunna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapoud_nw%C3%A8" title="Lapoud nwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapoud nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%94" title="אבק שרפה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבק שרפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barut" title="Barut – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Barut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%91por" title="Lőpor – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lőpor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Սև վառոդ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև վառոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesiu" title="Mesiu – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesiu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polbora" title="Polbora – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Polbora" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byssup%C3%BA%C3%B0ur" title="Byssupúður – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Byssupúður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvere_nera" title="Polvere nera – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polvere nera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E8%89%B2%E7%81%AB%E8%96%AC" title="黒色火薬 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒色火薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonpouda" title="Gonpouda – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gonpouda" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="დენთი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დენთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agari" title="Agari – kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agari" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%94z%CA%8B%CA%8B_m%CA%8Bl%CA%8Bm_n%CC%84%C9%A9%C5%8Bg%CA%8B_k%C9%A9kp%C9%9B%C9%9Bd%CA%8B_(Poudre_noire)" title="Hɔzʋʋ mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ (Poudre noire) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɔzʋʋ mʋlʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ kɩkpɛɛdʋ (Poudre noire)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%9B%E2%80%93%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96" title="Оқ–дәрі – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оқ–дәрі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81" title="ಕೋವಿಮದ್ದು – kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೋವಿಮದ್ದು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%83%89%ED%99%94%EC%95%BD" title="흑색화약 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑색화약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%BBd" title="Barûd – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Barûd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polter_gonn" title="Polter gonn – kornski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Polter gonn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кара дары – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кара дары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvis_pyrius" title="Pulvis pyrius – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pulvis pyrius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polfer" title="Polfer – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Polfer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polver_negra" title="Polver negra – lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polver negra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakas" title="Parakas – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%ABmu_pulveris" title="Dūmu pulveris – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dūmu pulveris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanja" title="Vanja – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vanja" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubuak_mansiu" title="Bubuak mansiu – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bubuak mansiu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Барут – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Барут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D" title="വെടിമരുന്ന് – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെടിമരുന്ന്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Дарь – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дарь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesiu" title="Mesiu – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesiu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ယမ်း – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCssenkruud" title="Büssenkruud – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Büssenkruud" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="बारूद – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बारूद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="गनपाउडर – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गनपाउडर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskruit" title="Buskruit – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buskruit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krut" title="Krut – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krut" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krutt" title="Krutt – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krutt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvera" title="Polvera – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polvera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6" title="ਬਾਰੂਦ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਰੂਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubat" title="Ubat – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ubat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proch_czarny" title="Proch czarny – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proch czarny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A4%DA%88%D8%B1" title="گن پاؤڈر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گن پاؤڈر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="باروت – paštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باروت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvora" title="Pólvora – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pólvora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratata_allpa" title="Ratata allpa – kečua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ratata allpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praf_de_pu%C8%99c%C4%83" title="Praf de pușcă – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Praf de pușcă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Дымный порох – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дымный порох" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Буорах – jakutski" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Буорах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B9vuli_(di_sparu)" title="Prùvuli (di sparu) – sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prùvuli (di sparu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpouder" title="Gunpouder – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gunpouder" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بارود – sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بارود" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barut" title="Barut – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Barut" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gunpowder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1n%C3%BD_prach" title="Pušný prach – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pušný prach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smodnik" title="Smodnik – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Smodnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unga" title="Unga – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Unga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruti" title="Baruti – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Baruti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Барут – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Барут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartkrut" title="Svartkrut – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svartkrut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruti" title="Baruti – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baruti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="வெடிமருந்து – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெடிமருந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="గన్ పౌడర్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గన్ పౌడర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99" title="ดินปืน – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดินปืน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulbura" title="Pulbura – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulbura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabarut" title="Karabarut – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karabarut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Дары – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Димний порох – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Димний порох" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بارود – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_s%C3%BAng" title="Thuốc súng – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc súng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulbura" title="Pulbura – varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pulbura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D1%80" title="Дәр – kalmik" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Дәр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ფინდიხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფინდიხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שיספולווער – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שיספולווער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%81%AB%E8%8D%AF" title="黑火药 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑火药" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%81%AB%E8%97%A5" title="黑火藥 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑火藥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12861#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Barut" title="Prikaži stranicu sa sadržajem [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Barut" rel="discussion" title="Razgovor o sadržaju [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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title="Postavi slike i druge medije [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Spisak svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&oldid=3609264" title="Trajni link ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajni link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Informacije o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Barut&id=3609264&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBarut"><span>Skraćeni 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:2023_Czarny_proch_Vesuvit_LC_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2023_Czarny_proch_Vesuvit_LC_%283%29.jpg/200px-2023_Czarny_proch_Vesuvit_LC_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2023_Czarny_proch_Vesuvit_LC_%283%29.jpg/300px-2023_Czarny_proch_Vesuvit_LC_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2023_Czarny_proch_Vesuvit_LC_%283%29.jpg/400px-2023_Czarny_proch_Vesuvit_LC_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4532" data-file-height="3192" /></a><figcaption>Šibica i barut</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Black_Powder-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Black_Powder-1.JPG/200px-Black_Powder-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Black_Powder-1.JPG/300px-Black_Powder-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Black_Powder-1.JPG/400px-Black_Powder-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Barut u staklenoj posudi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Chinese_rocket.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chinese_rocket.png/200px-Chinese_rocket.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chinese_rocket.png/300px-Chinese_rocket.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chinese_rocket.png/400px-Chinese_rocket.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Crtež drevnog kineskog vojnika s raketom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/200px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/300px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/400px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Bronzani ručni top iz dinastije Yuan, 13. ili 14. vijek, Kina</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Barut</b> ili <i>puščani prah</i> je najstariji poznati <a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">hemijski</a> <a href="/wiki/Eksploziv" title="Eksploziv">eksploziv</a>. To je smjesa <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugalj" title="Ugalj">drvenog uglja</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kalij-nitrat" title="Kalij-nitrat">kalij-nitrata</a>. Sumpor i ugalj djeluju kao <a href="/wiki/Gorivo" title="Gorivo">gorivo</a> dok je kalij-nitrat oksidacijsko sredstvo.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cressyd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cressyd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zbog svojih zapaljivih osobina, količine toplote koju oslobađa i zapremine gasova koje proizvodi, barut se najčešće koristi kao pogonsko sredstvo u vatrenom <a href="/wiki/Oru%C5%BEje" title="Oružje">oružju</a> i kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirotehnika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirotehnika (stranica ne postoji)">pirotehnički</a> sastojak u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatromet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatromet (stranica ne postoji)">vatrometu</a>. Smjesa korištena za razaranje stijena (kao naprimjer u <a href="/wiki/Kamenolom" title="Kamenolom">kamenolomu</a>) zove se <i>prah za miniranje</i>. </p><p>Barutu je dodijeljen <a href="/w/index.php?title=UN_broj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UN broj (stranica ne postoji)">UN broj</a> UN0027 te je svrstan u klasu opasnosti 1.1D. Tačka paljenja iznosi približno 427–464 °C. Konkretna tačka paljenja može odstupati u zavisnosti od hemijskog sastava baruta. <a href="/wiki/Relativna_gusto%C4%87a" title="Relativna gustoća">Relativna gustoća</a> baruta iznosi 1,7 do 1,82 (po živinom metodu) odnosno 1,92 do 2,08 (mjereno piknometrom). <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH vrijednost</a> baruta je između 6,0 i 8,0. Također se smatra nerastvorljivim materijalom.<sup id="cite_ref-msds_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msds-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prema većini historičara, smatra se da je barut izmišljen u 9. vijeku u <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ancientd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-helmenstine_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helmenstine-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dok su se najraniji zapisi formule za njegovu izradu pojavili u 11. vijeku u tekstu iz dinastije Song, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wujing_Zongyao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wujing Zongyao (stranica ne postoji)">Wujing Zongyao</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-chase31_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase31-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Njegovo otkriće dovelo je najprije do otkrića vatrometa te primitivnog vatrenog oružja u Kini. U vijekovima nakon kineskog otkrića, oružja s barutom su se počela pojavljivati u muslimanskom svijetu, Evropi i Indiji. Tehnologija baruta se iz Kine prvo raširila preko <a href="/wiki/Srednja_Azija" title="Srednja Azija">Centralne Azije</a> na <a href="/wiki/Srednji_istok" title="Srednji istok">Srednji istok</a> pa potom u Evropu.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rani zapadnjački izvještaji o barutu počeli su se javljati u tekstovima koje je napisao engleski filozof <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Bacon (stranica ne postoji)">Roger Bacon</a> u 13. vijeku.<sup id="cite_ref-NeedhamLu1987_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeedhamLu1987-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barut je svrstan u slabije <a href="/wiki/Eksploziv" title="Eksploziv">eksplozivne</a> materijale zbog svoje relativno spore brzine raspadanja i, uzročno-posljedično, niske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brizantnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brizantnost (stranica ne postoji)">brizantnosti</a>. Slabi eksplozivi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deflagracija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deflagracija (stranica ne postoji)">deflagriraju</a> (tj. sagorijevaju) <i>podzvučnim</i> brzinama, dok snažni eksplozivi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detonacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detonacija (stranica ne postoji)">detoniraju</a> proizvodeći <i>nadzvučne</i> valove. Brzina sagorijevanja baruta se povećava povećanjem pritiska, tako da u zatvorenoj posudi može eksplodirati a izvan nje samo sagorijeva. Zapaljenje baruta zapakovanog iza metka mora dati dovoljno pritiska da zrno izbaci iz cijevi velikom brzinom, ali ne i previše da se ne raspadne čahura odnosno cijev. Stoga barut predstavlja vrlo dobro pogonsko gorivo, ali je manje pogodan za razbijanje stijena ili utvrđenja. On se koristio za punjenje artiljerijskih granata, za miniranje i u <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%91evinarstvo" title="Građevinarstvo">građevinarstvu</a> za grubo uklanjanje stijena, sve do druge polovine 19. vijeka kada su napravljeni prvi pravi eksplozivi (nitro-eksplozivi). Danas se barut ne koristi za moderne eksplozivne bojne glave, niti se koristi kao glavni eksploziv u aktivnostima miniranja terena zbog troškova njegovog dobijanja u odnosu na nove alternativne eksplozive poput amonij-nitrata/tečnog goriva (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ANFO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANFO (stranica ne postoji)">ANFO</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Rossotti2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossotti2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crni barut se još koristi kao element za usporenje eksplozije u raznim municijama gdje se traže sporogoreće osobine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija">Historija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Historija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smatra se da je barut izmišljen u <a href="/wiki/Historija_Kine" title="Historija Kine">Kini</a> kada su taoisti pokušali sačiniti napitak besmrtnosti. Nedugo poslije, kineske vojne snage su počele su koristiti vatreno oružje na bazi baruta (poput raketa, pištolja i topova) te <a href="/wiki/Eksploziv" title="Eksploziv">eksplozivna</a> sredstva (tj. granate i razne vrste bombi) u borbama protiv <a href="/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli">Mongola</a> kada su oni pokušali izvršiti invaziju i uništiti gradske odbrambene zidine na sjevernim granicama Kine. Nakon što su Mongoli osvojili Kinu i osnovali dinastiju Yuan, i oni su počeli koristiti kinesku vojnu tehnologiju na bazi baruta u svom pokušaju da osvoje <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Također su koristili barut kao gorivo za rakete. </p><p>Većina naučnika smatra da se nakon otkrića baruta u Kini, on proširio preko Bliskog istoka sve do Evrope,<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mada među njima postoji neslaganje o tome koliko je kinesko napredovanje u ratovanju pomoću baruta utjecalo na njegov kasniji napredak na Bliskom istoku i Evropi.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly2004p218_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly2004p218-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Easton_1962_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Easton_1962-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Širenje baruta iz Kine po Aziji vrlo često se pripisuje Mongolima. Jedan od prvih primjera kada su se Evropljani susreli sa vatrenim oružjem i barutom bila je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_na_rijeci_%C5%A0ajo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka na rijeci Šajo (stranica ne postoji)">bitka na rijeci Šajo</a> 1241. godine. U toj bici, Mongoli ne samo da su koristili barut u primitivom kineskom vatrenom oružju već i prve primitivne granate. </p><p>Osnovni problem koji se javlja u proučavanju rane historije baruta je teži pristup izvorima bliskim opisanim događajima. Vrlo često, prvi zapisi dosta subjektivno opisuju upotrebu baruta u vojnim sukobima, a pisani su čak i nekoliko vijekova nakon dešavanja, te su u znatnoj mjeri "obojeni" tadašnjim iskustvima hroničara.<sup id="cite_ref-Ágoston2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ágoston2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Također relativno je teško tačno prevesti originalne <a href="/wiki/Alhemija" title="Alhemija">alhemijske</a> tekstove, naročito srednjovjekovne kineske tekstove, kojima se pokušava objasniti fenomen pomoću <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metafora (stranica ne postoji)">metafora</a>, u moderni naučni jezik sa stogo definiranom terminologijom. Poteškoće oko prevoda doveli su i do grešaka ili proizvoljnih interpretacija koji se graniče sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umjetni%C4%8Dka_sloboda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umjetnička sloboda (stranica ne postoji)">umjetničkom slobodom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly2004p218_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly2004p218-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ingham_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rani natpisi koji možda spominju barut su ponekad u lingvističkom procesu označeni takozvanom <i>semantičkom promjenom</i> (gdje stare riječi dobijaju nova značenja).<sup id="cite_ref-Berts_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berts-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naprimjer, <a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arapska riječ</a> <i>naft</i> prešla je iz značenja kojim je označava <a href="/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta">naftu</a> u značenje <i>baruta</i>, dok je kineska riječ <i>pao</i> evoluirala iz značenja za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katapult&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katapult (stranica ne postoji)">katapult</a> u riječ koja označava top.<sup id="cite_ref-Purton2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purton2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Historija_islama" title="Historija islama">Muslimani</a> su dobili znanja o barutu u periodu između 1240. i 1280, u vrijeme kada je <a href="/wiki/Sirija" title="Sirija">Sirijac</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_al-Rammah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan al-Rammah (stranica ne postoji)">Hasan al-Rammah</a> na arapskom napisao recepte za barut, uputstva za pročišćavanje šalitre te opise za načine paljenja baruta. Barut je iz Kine na Bliski istok vjerovatno došao preko <a href="/wiki/Indija" title="Indija">Indije</a>. Na ovo upućuje al-Rammahovo korištenje pojmova "koji sugeriraju da je on svoje znanje dobio iz kineskih izvora", a također i njegovo spominjanje šalitre pod pojmom "kineski snijeg" (<a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arapski</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="ar">ثلج الصين</span>, <span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">saldž al-ṣīn</span>), dok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatromet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatromet (stranica ne postoji)">vatromet</a> opisuje kao "kineske cvjetove" a rakete kao "kineske stijele".<sup id="cite_ref-kelly2004p22_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly2004p22-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ipak, pošto je al-Rammah svoje tekstove posvetio "svom ocu i precima", Ahmed Y. al-Hassan smatra da se barut raširio po Siriji i Egiptu "krajem 12. ili početkom 13. vijeka".<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedY_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedY-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perzijanci su šalitru nazivali "kineska so"<sup id="cite_ref-ideas_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cathal_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathal-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ili "so iz kineskih slanih močvara" (<a href="/wiki/Perzijski_jezik" title="Perzijski jezik">perzijski</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="fa">نمک شوره چيني</span>, <small><abbr title="transliteracija (preslovljavanje)">trans.</abbr> </small><i title="Transliteracija (preslovljavanje) perzijskog jezika" lang="fa-Latn">namak šūra hīnī</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-NeedhamLu1987_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeedhamLu1987-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berts_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berts-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Najraniji sačuvani dokumentovani dokazi korištenja ručnih pištolja, za koje se smatra da su najstarija vrsta malehnog, prenosivog vatrenog oružja i prethodnih današnjih <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%A1tolj" title="Pištolj">pištolja</a>, potiču iz nekoliko arapskih rukopisa datiranih u 14. vijek.<sup id="cite_ref-History-Channel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-Channel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Hassan smatra da su oni bili zasnovani na ranijim originalima i da se u tim rukopisima navodi da su ručne topove koristili Memluci u bici kod Ain Jaluta 1260. godine.<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedY_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedY-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasan al-Rammah je u svoj tekst pod naslovom <i>Al-furusijah ve al-manasib al-harbija</i> (<i>Knjiga vojne konjice i domišljatih vojnih uređaja</i>), uključio 107 recepata za spravljanje baruta, od čega je 22 za rakete. Ako se uzmu srednje vrijednosti za 17 od 22 ove smjese za rakete (75% nitrata, 9,06% sumpora i 15,94% uglja), dolazi se do gotovo identičnog "recepta" za idealni moderni barut od 75% kalij-nitrata, 10% sumpora i 15% ugljika.<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedY_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedY-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proizvodnja baruta kontrolirana od strane države u <a href="/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo">Osmanskom carstvu</a>, kroz rani oblik lanca dobavljača kojim su se nabavljali nitrati, sumpor i visokokvalitetni ugalj od hrastova iz Anadolije, doprinio je značajnom širenju baruta od 15. do 18. vijeka. Takva proizvodnja trajala je sve do kasnog 19. vijeka, kada je znatno smanjena, što približno odgovara i padu vojne moći carstva.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubaloff_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubaloff-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sastav_i_osobine">Sastav i osobine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Sastav i osobine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sastav i osobine"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pojam <i>crni barut</i> skovan je krajem 19. vijeka, uglavnom u <a href="/wiki/Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave" title="Sjedinjene Američke Države">SAD</a>, da bi se razlikovale raniji recepti za pravljenje baruta od novih bezdimnih barutnih vrsta i poludimnih puščanih prahova, u slučajevima kada se ti pojmovi ne odnose na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kordit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kordit (stranica ne postoji)">kordit</a>. Poludimni baruti imaju većinu osobina sličnih crnom barutu, ali u proizvode znatno manju količinu dima i proizvoda <a href="/wiki/Sagorijevanje" title="Sagorijevanje">sagorijevanja</a>. Bezdimni barut ima dosta drugačije osobine sagorijevanja (<a href="/wiki/Pritisak" title="Pritisak">pritisak</a> u odnosu na vrijeme) i može proizvesti viši pritisak i rad po jednom <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gramu</a>. Njegova upotreba u starijim oružjima, dizajniranim za crni barut, može ih uništiti. Bezdimni može biti raznih boja, od smeđih do žutih i bijelih nijansi. Većina poludimnih baruta se prestala proizvoditi 1920tih.<sup id="cite_ref-swissrifles_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swissrifles-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chuckhawks_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chuckhawks-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farrarj_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrarj-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crni barut je granularna smjesa: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">nitrata</a>, obično kalij-nitrata (KNO<sub>3</sub>), koji u reakciji sagorijevanja služi kao izvor <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a>;</li> <li>drveni ugalj, koji u reakciji služi kao podloga za ugljik i druge izvore goriva, a pojednostavljuje se kao <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljik</a> (C);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpor</a> (S), koji služi za snižavanje <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperature</a> neophodne za zapaljenje smjese, a također služi i kao gorivo za reakciju, pa on time povećava brzinu izgaranja baruta.</li></ul> <p>Kalij-nitrat je najvažniji sastojak baruta, bilo da se radi o količini ili funkciji jer u se procesu sagorijevanja iz njega otpušta kisik, a potpomaže i brzo sagorijevanje drugih sastojaka.<sup id="cite_ref-bjb4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjb4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da bi se spriječila mogućnost nenamjernog zapaljenja baruta statičkim <a href="/wiki/Elektricitet" title="Elektricitet">elektricitetom</a>, granule modernog crnog baruta su obično obložene <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafitom</a>, koji sprječava nastanak <a href="/wiki/Elektrostatika" title="Elektrostatika">elektrostatičkog naboja</a>. Ugalj se ne sastoji od čistog ugljika. U njemu se nalazi i djelimično <a href="/wiki/Piroliza" title="Piroliza">pirolizirane</a> <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celuloze</a>, u kojoj drvo nije u potpunosti raspadnuto. Čisti ugljik se razlikuje od običnog drvenog uglja. Dok je temperatura samozapaljenja uglja relativno niska, kod ugljika je ona znatno viša. Stoga, kada bi u sastavu crnog baruta bio čisti ugljik, on bi sagorijevao poput vrha šibice, što je i najbolje.<sup id="cite_ref-musketeerch_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musketeerch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trenutni standardni sastav za crne barute, koje proizvode pirotehničari, usvojen je još tokom 1780tih. Prema težini, proporcije su 75% kalij-nitrata (poznatijeg kao <i>šalitra</i>), 15% mehkog drvenog uglja i 10% sumpora.<sup id="cite_ref-earl-2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earl-2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovi odnosi su varirali tokom vijekova i u raznim zemljama, a mogu se donekle promijeniti u zavisnosti od namjene baruta. Naprimjer, stepeni snage crnog baruta, koji nije pogodan za korištenje u vatrenom oružju ali pogodan za miniranje stijena u <a href="/wiki/Kamenolom" title="Kamenolom">kamenolomima</a>, naziva se <i>prah za miniranje</i> umjesto "barut" sa standardnim omjerima 70% nitrata, 14% uglja i 16% sumpora. Takav barut se može praviti i sa jeftinijim <a href="/wiki/Natrij-nitrat" title="Natrij-nitrat">natrij-nitratom</a> koji zamjenjuje kalij-nitrat a omjeri mogu biti i niži, naprimjer, 40% nitrata, 30% uglja i 30% sumpora.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatcherjs_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatcherjs-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lammot_du_Pont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lammot du Pont (stranica ne postoji)">Lammot du Pont</a> je 1857. riješio osnovni problem koristeći formulu sa jeftnijim natrij-nitratom te je takvu formulu patentirao kao DuPont "B" prah za miniranje. Nakon toga, od njega je počeo proizvoditi zrnca pomoću prese na uobičajen način, u kojem je miješao prah sa grafitnom prašinom tokom 12 sati. Time je dobio sloj grafita na svakom zrncu baruta, čime je smanjio njegovu mogućnost upijanja vlage.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly2004p218_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly2004p218-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Međutim, upotreba grafita i natrij-nitrata nije bila novost. Sjajna zrnca baruta prekrivena grafitom bila su već usvojena tehnika 1839,<sup id="cite_ref-Accounts_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accounts-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dok je minerski prah na bazi natrij-nitrita pravljen u <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruu</a> dugi niz godina ranije, koristeći natrij-nitrat iskopan iz rudnika Tarapacá (danas u Čileu).<sup id="cite_ref-Wisniak_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisniak-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osim toga, 1846. su izgrađene dvije tvornice na jugozapadu Engleske gdje se pravio minerski prah koristeći peruanski natrij-nitrat.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashfordb_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashfordb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tu ideju, prema nekima, iz Perua su donijeli rudari iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornwall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornwall (stranica ne postoji)">Cornwalla</a> koji su se vratili kući nakon isteka ugovora. Druga pretpostavka je da je <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lobb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lobb (stranica ne postoji)">William Lobb</a>, sakupljač biljaka, prepoznao mogućnosti natrij-nitrata tokom svog putovanja u <a href="/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Amerika" title="Južna Amerika">Južnu Ameriku</a>. Lammot du Pont je zasigurno znao o korištenju grafita, a također je mogao znati i za tvornice u jugozapadnoj Engleskoj. U svom patentu, on je bio naročito pažljiv kada je naveo da je njegov patent zapravo kombinacija grafita sa barutom na bazi natrij-nitrata, a ne da se radi o dvije zasebne tehnologije. </p><p>Francuski ratni barut iz 1879. sastojao se iz 75% šalitre, 12,5% uglja i 12,5% sumpora. Engleski ratni barut iz 1879. koristio se u omjeru 75% šalitre, 15% uglja i 10% sumpora.<sup id="cite_ref-clowesson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clowesson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britanske Congrevove rakete koristile su smjesu 62,4% šalitre, 23,2% uglja i 14,4% sumpora, dok je britanski barut Mark VII izmijenio omjer na 65% šalitre, 20% uglja i 15% sumpora.<sup id="cite_ref-academic_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academic-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objašnjenje za veliki raspon u omjerima povezano je sa načinima upotrebe takvih baruta. Barut korišten za rakete može imati znatno sporiju brzinu izgaranja jer on ubrzava projektile daleko duži vremenski period, dok barut za oružje poput puški kremenjača, mušketa, kubura i slično treba znatno višu brzinu sagorijevanja da ubrza metak u dosta kraćem vremenu. Topovi su obično koristili sporogoreće barute, jer bi mnogi mogli napuknuti sa brzogorećim barutima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osobine_sagorijevanja">Osobine sagorijevanja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Osobine sagorijevanja"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Osobine sagorijevanja"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najjednostavnija, često navođena, <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Hemijska jednačina">hemijska jednačina</a> za sagorijevanje crnog baruta je: </p> <dl><dd>2 KNO<sub>3</sub> + S + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">C</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalij-sulfid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalij-sulfid (stranica ne postoji)">K<sub>2</sub>S</a> + <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">N<sub>2</sub></a> + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ugljik-dioksid" title="Ugljik-dioksid">CO<sub>2</sub></a>.</dd></dl> <p>Balansirana, ali i dalje pojednostavljena, jednačina glasila bi:<sup id="cite_ref-Flash_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flash-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>10 KNO<sub>3</sub> + 3 S + 8 C → 2 K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + 3 <a href="/wiki/Kalij-sulfat" title="Kalij-sulfat">K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a> + 6 CO<sub>2</sub> + 5 N<sub>2</sub>.</dd></dl> <p>Iako <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_formula" title="Hemijska formula">hemijska formula</a> uglja varira, ona približno može biti predstavljena njegovom <a href="/wiki/Empirijska_formula" title="Empirijska formula">empirijskom formulom</a>: C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O. Stoga, znatno tačnija jednačina raspadanja običnog crnog baruta koji se koristi sa sumporom, može biti opisana ovako: </p> <dl><dd>6 KNO<sub>3</sub> + C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O + 2 S → K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>S + 4 CO<sub>2</sub> + 2 CO + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + 3 N<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Sagorijevanje crnog baruta bez upotrebe sumpora: </p> <dl><dd>10 KNO<sub>3</sub> + 2 C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O → 5 K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + 4 CO<sub>2</sub> + 5 CO + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O + 5 N<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Sagorijevanje baruta se ne odvija u jednoj reakciji, ipak, nusproizvode reakcije nije lahko predvidjeti. Jedna studija je pokazala da je nastalo (u opadajućem nizu prema količinama) 55,91% čvrstih proizvoda: kalij-karbonat, <a href="/wiki/Kalij-sulfat" title="Kalij-sulfat">kalij-sulfat</a>, sumpor, kalij-nitrat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalij-tiocijanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalij-tiocijanat (stranica ne postoji)">kalij-tiocijanat</a>, ugljik i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amonij-karbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amonij-karbonat (stranica ne postoji)">amonij-karbonat</a> te 42,98% gasovitih proizvoda: <a href="/wiki/Ugljik-dioksid" title="Ugljik-dioksid">ugljik-dioksid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugljik-monoksid" title="Ugljik-monoksid">ugljik-monoksid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodik-sulfid" title="Vodik-sulfid">vodik-sulfid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a> kao i 1,11% <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a>. </p><p>Crni barut napravljen sa jeftinijim i dostupnijim natrij-nitratom (u odgovarajućim proporcijama) djelovao je jednako dobro ali je bio i puno više osjetljiv na vlagu od baruta napravljenih od kalij-nitrata, poznatijeg pod nazivom šalitra. Pošto su zrnca crnog baruta napravljenog od šalitre mnogo bolje podnosila vlagu u zraku, on se mogao skladištiti i izvan posude bez degradacije uzorokovane vlagom. Stare kubure i puške kremenjače su mogle opaliti čak i ako su godinama visile okačene na zid, pošto su ostajale na suhom mjestu. Za razliku od njih, crni barut napravljen od natrij-nitrata morao je biti skladišten u poklopljenim i zapečačenim posudama (bačvama) da bi ostao stabilan. </p><p>Barut otpušta otprilike 3 MJ energije po <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogramu</a>, a sadrži i vlastiti oksidant. Za usporedbu, specifična energija <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinitrotoluen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinitrotoluen (stranica ne postoji)">TNT-a</a> je 4,7 MJ po kilogramu, dok je specifična energija benzina 47,2 MJ po kilogramu (mada je benzinu neophodan oksidant, tako da optimizirana mješavina <a href="/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin">benzina</a> i O<sub>2</sub> sadrži 10,4 MJ po kilogramu). Barut spada u slabo eksplozivne materijale i kao takav ne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detonacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detonacija (stranica ne postoji)">detonira</a>. Umjesto toga, on deflagrira. Pošto sadrži vlastiti oksidant te još brže gori pod pritiskom, njegovim sagorijevanjem moguće je raspuknuće posuda ili predmeta u kojima je smješten, poput <a href="/wiki/Granata" title="Granata">granata</a>, bombi i improviziranih eksplozivnih naprava, čime nastaju geleri (šrapneli). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Agrawal2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal2010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFJai_Prakash_Agrawal2010" class="citation book cs1">Jai Prakash Agrawal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highenergymateri00agra"><i>High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics</i></a>. Wiley-VCH. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highenergymateri00agra/page/n102">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-3-527-32610-5" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-3-527-32610-5"><bdi>978-3-527-32610-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Energy+Materials%3A+Propellants%2C+Explosives+and+Pyrotechnics&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-527-32610-5&rft.au=Jai+Prakash+Agrawal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighenergymateri00agra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cressyd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cressyd_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Cressy, <i>Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder</i> (Oxford University Press, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msds-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msds_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Compliance_Services" class="citation journal cs1">Owen Compliance Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111946/http://www3.nd.edu/~aiaa/usli/documents/BP%20MSDS.pdf">"Black Powder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Material Safety Data Sheet</i>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.nd.edu/~aiaa/usli/documents/BP%20MSDS.pdf">originala</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 3. 9. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 17. 1. 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet&rft.atitle=Black+Powder&rft.au=Owen+Compliance+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nd.edu%2F~aiaa%2Fusli%2Fdocuments%2FBP%2520MSDS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancientd-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ancientd_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418040650/http://www.history.com/shows/ancient-discoveries/articles/who-built-it-first-2">"Who Built It First?"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/shows/ancient-discoveries/articles/who-built-it-first-2">originala</a>, 18. 4. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 17. 1. 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Who+Built+It+First%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fshows%2Fancient-discoveries%2Farticles%2Fwho-built-it-first-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-helmenstine-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-helmenstine_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Marie_Helmenstine,_Ph.D." class="citation web cs1">Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428190355/http://chemistry.about.com/od/historyofchemistry/a/gunpowder.htm">"Gunpowder Facts, History and Description"</a>. <i>About.com Education</i>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/historyofchemistry/a/gunpowder.htm">originala</a>, 28. 4. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 17. 1. 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Education&rft.atitle=Gunpowder+Facts%2C+History+and+Description&rft.au=Anne+Marie+Helmenstine%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry.about.com%2Fod%2Fhistoryofchemistry%2Fa%2Fgunpowder.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chase31-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chase31_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chase2003">Chase, 2003.</a>, str. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Buchanan2006">Buchanan, 2006.</a>, str. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeedhamLu1987-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NeedhamLu1987_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NeedhamLu1987_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Needham;_Gwei-Djen_Lu;_Ling_Wang1987" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Needham; Gwei-Djen Lu; Ling Wang (1987). <i>Science and civilisation in China, Volume 5, Part 7</i>. Cambridge University Press. str. 48–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+civilisation+in+China%2C+Volume+5%2C+Part+7&rft.pages=48-50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.au=Joseph+Needham%3B+Gwei-Djen+Lu%3B+Ling+Wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossotti2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rossotti2002_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFHazel_Rossotti2002" class="citation book cs1">Hazel Rossotti (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fireservantscour0000ross"><i>Fire: Servant, Scourge, and Enigma</i></a>. Courier Dover Publications. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fireservantscour0000ross/page/132">132</a>–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-486-42261-9" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-486-42261-9"><bdi>978-0-486-42261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire%3A+Servant%2C+Scourge%2C+and+Enigma&rft.pages=132-137&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-486-42261-9&rft.au=Hazel+Rossotti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffireservantscour0000ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelly2004p218-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kelly2004p218_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly2004p218_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly2004p218_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kelly2004">Kelly, 2004.</a>, str. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Easton_1962-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C._Easton_1962_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. C. Easton: "Roger Bacon and his Search for a Universal Science", Oxford (1962)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ágoston2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ágoston2005_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFGábor_Ágoston2005" class="citation book cs1">Gábor Ágoston (2005). <i>Guns for the sultan: military power and the weapons industry in the Ottoman Empire</i>. Cambridge University Press. str. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-521-84313-3" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-521-84313-3"><bdi>978-0-521-84313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns+for+the+sultan%3A+military+power+and+the+weapons+industry+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84313-3&rft.au=G%C3%A1bor+%C3%81goston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingham-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingham_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingham-Brown, George (1989) <i>The Big Bang: A History of Explosives</i>, Sutton Publishers, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-7509-1878-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-7509-1878-0">0-7509-1878-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-7509-1878-7" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-7509-1878-7">978-0-7509-1878-7</a>, str. vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berts-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berts_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berts_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bert S. Hall, "Introduction, 1999" str. xvii prema reprintu: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Riddick_Partington1960" class="citation book cs1">James Riddick Partington (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part"><i>A history of Greek fire and gunpowder</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-8018-5954-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-8018-5954-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-5954-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Greek+fire+and+gunpowder&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0&rft.au=James+Riddick+Partington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgreekfi00part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purton2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purton2009_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Purton2009" class="citation book cs1">Peter Purton (2009). <i>A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500</i>. Boydell & Brewer. str. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-1-84383-449-6" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-1-84383-449-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-449-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Late+Medieval+Siege%2C+1200%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-449-6&rft.au=Peter+Purton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelly2004p22-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kelly2004p22_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kelly2004">Kelly, 2004.</a>, str. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AhmedY-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedY_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedY_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedY_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Y_Hassan" class="citation web cs1">Ahmad Y Hassan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2072.html">"Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part III"</a>. <i>History of Science and Technology in Islam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 21. 1. 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Science+and+Technology+in+Islam&rft.atitle=Transfer+of+Islamic+Technology+to+the+West%3A+Part+III&rft.au=Ahmad+Y+Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2Farticles%2Farticles%252072.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ideas-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ideas_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Watson2006" class="citation book cs1">Peter Watson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVNoJydnGAoC&pg=PA304"><i>Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud</i></a>. HarperCollins. str. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-06-093564-1" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-06-093564-1"><bdi>978-0-06-093564-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas%3A+A+History+of+Thought+and+Invention%2C+from+Fire+to+Freud&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093564-1&rft.au=Peter+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVNoJydnGAoC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cathal-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cathal_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFCathal_J._Nolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Cathal J. 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"Editor's Introduction: Setting the Context", u <a href="#Buchanan2006">Buchanan, 2006.</a>, str. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musketeerch-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-musketeerch_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musketeer.ch/blackpowder/recipe.html">Black Powder Recipes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120911093724/http://www.musketeer.ch/blackpowder/recipe.html">Arhivirano</a> 11. 9. 2012. na: <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">Archive.today</a>, Ulrich Bretscher</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earl-2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-earl-2_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Earl1978">Earl, 1978.</a>, Poglavlje 2: <i>The Development of Gunpowder</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatcherjs-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hatcherjs_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian S. Hatcher, <i>Hatcher's Notebook</i>, Military Service Publishing Company, 1947. Poglavlje XIII: <i>Notes on Gunpowder</i>, str. 300-305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accounts-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Accounts_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Some Account of Gunpowder". <i>The Saturday Magazine</i>. 422, dodatak: 33–40. 1. 1. 1839.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Magazine&rft.atitle=Some+Account+of+Gunpowder&rft.volume=422%2C+dodatak&rft.pages=33-40&rft.date=1839-01-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisniak-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wisniak_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFWisniak_J._J.;_Garcés_I.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wisniak J. 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(1. 9. 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/22940/1/IJCT%208(5)%20427-438.pdf">"The Rise and Fall of the Salitre (Sodium Nitrate) Industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indian Journal of Chemical Technology</i>: 427–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Salitre+%28Sodium+Nitrate%29+Industry&rft.pages=427-438&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.au=Wisniak+J.+J.%3B+Garc%C3%A9s+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnopr.niscair.res.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F22940%2F1%2FIJCT%25208%285%29%2520427-438.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashfordb-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashfordb_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFAshford_Bob2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ashford Bob (2014). 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Whiz!</a>, Univerzitet u Denveru</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Literatura"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Literatura"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3627399">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3486241">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons logo"><img alt="Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons logo</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Detna_strana" class="extiw" title="commons:Početna strana">Commons</a> ima datoteke na temu: <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gunpowder?uselang=bs">Barut </a></span></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="Kelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Jack (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunpowderalchemy00jack"><i>Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-465-03718-6" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-465-03718-6"><bdi>0-465-03718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder%3A+Alchemy%2C+Bombards%2C+%26+Pyrotechnics%3A+The+History+of+the+Explosive+that+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-465-03718-6&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunpowderalchemy00jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="Earl1978" class="citation book cs1">Earl, Brian (1978). <i>Cornish Explosives</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-521-82274-2" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-521-82274-2"><bdi>0-521-82274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms%3A+A+Global+History+to+1700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-82274-2&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40109543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="Buchanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Brenda J., ured. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/technology_and_culture/v049/49.3.bachrach.html"><i>Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-7546-5259-9" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-7546-5259-9"><bdi>0-7546-5259-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder%2C+Explosives+and+the+State%3A+A+Technological+History&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7546-5259-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Ftechnology_and_culture%2Fv049%2F49.3.bachrach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ABarut" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Preuzeto iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barut&oldid=3609264">https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barut&oldid=3609264</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Eksplozivi" title="Kategorija:Eksplozivi">Eksplozivi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Oru%C5%BEje" title="Kategorija:Oružje">Oružje</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Stranice_sa_istim_argumentima_kod_poziva_%C5%A1ablona" title="Kategorija:Stranice sa istim argumentima kod poziva šablona">Stranice sa istim argumentima kod poziva šablona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1:_duga_vrijednost_parametra_volume" title="Kategorija:CS1: duga vrijednost parametra volume">CS1: duga vrijednost parametra volume</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1:_nejasno%C4%87a_izme%C4%91u_julijanskog_i_gregorijanskog_kalendara" title="Kategorija:CS1: nejasnoća između julijanskog i gregorijanskog kalendara">CS1: nejasnoća između julijanskog i gregorijanskog kalendara</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena na datum 22 maj 2024 u 12:56.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">slobodnom licencom Autorstvo-Dijeliti pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uvjeti. 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