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id="toc-Sinclair_Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinclair_Vehicles_and_market_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinclair_Vehicles_and_market_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sinclair Vehicles and market decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinclair_Vehicles_and_market_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Clive Sinclair</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="كليف سنكلير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كليف سنكلير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klayv_Sinkler" title="Klayv Sinkler – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klayv Sinkler" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Клайв Сынклер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Клайв Сынклер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کلایو سینکلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلایو سینکلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BE_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քլայվ Սինքլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քլայվ Սինքլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ക്ലൈവ് സിൻക്ലയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലൈവ് സിൻക്ലയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="كليف سنكلير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كليف سنكلير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2" title="クライブ・シンクレア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クライブ・シンクレア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2" title="Синклер, Клайв – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синклер, Клайв" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Клајв Синклер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клајв Синклер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" title="Clive Sinclair – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Clive Sinclair" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Клайв Сінклер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клайв Сінклер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English entrepreneur and inventor (1940–2021)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Somerset Maugham Award-winning author, see <a href="/wiki/Clive_Sinclair_(author)" title="Clive Sinclair (author)">Clive Sinclair (author)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Sir</div><div class="fn">Clive Sinclair</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinclair.600pix.crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sinclair.600pix.crop.jpg/220px-Sinclair.600pix.crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sinclair.600pix.crop.jpg/330px-Sinclair.600pix.crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Sinclair.600pix.crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="402" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sinclair in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, 1992</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Clive Marles Sinclair</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1940-07-30</span>)</span>30 July 1940<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-09-16)</span> (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Entrepreneur</li><li>inventor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1961−2010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Founder of <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Radionics" title="Sinclair Radionics">Sinclair Radionics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Research" title="Sinclair Research">Sinclair Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Vehicles" title="Sinclair Vehicles">Sinclair Vehicles</a></li> <li>Inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Executive" title="Sinclair Executive">slimline pocket calculator</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZX80" title="ZX80">ZX80</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZX81" title="ZX81">ZX81</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL" title="Sinclair QL">QL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Ann Trevor-Briscoe</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1962; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1985)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Angie Bowness</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2010; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2017)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> (1983)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Clive Marles Sinclair</b> (30 July 1940 – 16 September 2021) was an English entrepreneur and inventor, best known for being a pioneer in the <a href="/wiki/Computing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computing industry">computing industry</a> and also as the founder of several companies that developed <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> in the 1970s and early 1980s. </p><p>After spending several years as assistant editor of <i>Instrument Practice</i>, Sinclair founded <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Radionics_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinclair Radionics Ltd">Sinclair Radionics Ltd</a> in 1961. He produced the world's first slimline electronic <a href="/wiki/Pocket_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket calculator">pocket calculator</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Executive" title="Sinclair Executive">Sinclair Executive</a>) in 1972. Sinclair then moved into the production of <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> in 1980 with <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Research_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinclair Research Ltd">Sinclair Research Ltd</a>, producing the Sinclair <a href="/wiki/ZX80" title="ZX80">ZX80</a> (the UK's first mass-market home computer for less than £100) and in the early 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/ZX81" title="ZX81">ZX81</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL" title="Sinclair QL">Sinclair QL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair Research is widely recognised for its importance in the early days of the British and European home computer industry, as well as helping to give rise to the <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Video games in the United Kingdom">British video game industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinclair also had several commercial failures, including the Sinclair Radionics <a href="/wiki/Black_Watch_(wristwatch)" title="Black Watch (wristwatch)">Black Watch</a> wristwatch, the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Vehicles" title="Sinclair Vehicles">Sinclair Vehicles</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_C5" title="Sinclair C5">C5</a> <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a>, and the Sinclair Research <a href="/wiki/TV80" title="TV80">TV80</a> flatscreen <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a> handheld television set. The failure of the C5, along with a weakened computer market, forced Sinclair to sell most of his companies by 1986. Through 2010, Sinclair concentrated on personal transport, including the <a href="/wiki/A-bike" title="A-bike">A-bike</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Folding_bicycle" title="Folding bicycle">folding bicycle</a> for commuters which was small enough to fit in a handbag.<sup id="cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also developed the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_X-1" title="Sinclair X-1">Sinclair X-1</a>, a revised version of the C5 electric vehicle, which never made it to the market. </p><p>Sinclair was appointed <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1983_Birthday_Honours" title="1983 Birthday Honours">1983 Birthday Honours</a> for his contributions to the personal computer industry in the UK. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_family_and_education"><span id="Early_life.2C_family_and_education"></span>Early life, family and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, family and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinclair's father and grandfather were engineers; both had been apprentices at the shipbuilders <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a>. His grandfather George Sinclair was a <a href="/wiki/Naval_architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval architect">naval architect</a> who got the <i><a href="/wiki/Paravane_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravane (weapon)">paravane</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Mine_sweeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine sweeping">mine sweeping</a> device, to work. George Sinclair's son, George William "Bill" Sinclair, wanted to take religious orders or become a journalist. His father suggested he train as an engineer first; Bill became a mechanical engineer and remained in the field. At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939, he was running his own machine tools business in London, and later worked for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-para1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-para1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clive Sinclair was born to George Sinclair and Thora Edith Ella Marles on 30 July 1940, in <a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mensa.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mensa.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archives_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BCS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his mother left London for safety to stay with an aunt in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, where they eventually moved to <a href="/wiki/Teignmouth" title="Teignmouth">Teignmouth</a>. A telegram arrived shortly afterwards, bringing the news that their home in Ealing had been bombed. Sinclair's father found a house in <a href="/wiki/Bracknell" title="Bracknell">Bracknell</a> in Berkshire. His brother Iain was born in 1943 and his sister Fiona in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-para1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-para1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinclair attended <a href="/wiki/Boxgrove_Preparatory_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxgrove Preparatory School">Boxgrove Preparatory School</a>, excelling in mathematics. Sinclair had little interest in sports and found himself out of place at school.<sup id="cite_ref-holidays_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holidays-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time he was ten, his father had financial problems. He had branched out from machine tools and planned to import miniature tractors from the U.S.; he had to give up the business.<sup id="cite_ref-holidays_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holidays-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his father's problems, Sinclair had to move school several times. After a time at <a href="/wiki/Reading_School" title="Reading School">Reading School</a>, Sinclair took his <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Education" title="General Certificate of Education">O-levels</a> at <a href="/wiki/Highgate_School" title="Highgate School">Highgate School</a> in London in 1955, and his <a href="/wiki/A-levels" class="mw-redirect" title="A-levels">A-levels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholarship_level" title="Scholarship level">S-levels</a> in physics, pure maths, and applied maths at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_College,_Weybridge" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's College, Weybridge">St. George's College, Weybridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-educationwork_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-educationwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mensabio_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mensabio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his early years, Sinclair earned money mowing lawns and washing up in a café, earning 6d (2½p) more than the permanent staff. Later he went for holiday jobs at electronic companies. At Solartron he inquired about the possibility of electrically propelled personal vehicles. Sinclair applied for a holiday job at <a href="/wiki/Mullard" title="Mullard">Mullard</a> and took one of his circuit designs; he was rejected for precociousness.<sup id="cite_ref-educationwork_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-educationwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still at school he wrote his first article for <i>Practical Wireless</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-educationwork_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-educationwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he left school at the age of 18, he sold miniature electronic kits by <a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">mail order</a> to the hobby market.<sup id="cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinclair_Radionics">Sinclair Radionics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sinclair Radionics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Radionics" title="Sinclair Radionics">Sinclair Radionics</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SinclairExecutive-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SinclairExecutive-01.jpg/165px-SinclairExecutive-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SinclairExecutive-01.jpg/248px-SinclairExecutive-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SinclairExecutive-01.jpg/330px-SinclairExecutive-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Executive" title="Sinclair Executive">Sinclair Executive</a> pocket calculator (launched in 1972)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sinclair's Micro Kit was formalised in an exercise book dated 19 June 1958, three weeks before his <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Level (UK)">A-levels</a>. Sinclair drew a radio circuit, Model Mark I, with a <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">components</a> list: cost per set 9/11 (49½p), plus coloured wire and solder, nuts and bolts, plus celluloid chassis (drilled) for nine shillings (45p). Also in the book are the advertisement rates for <i>Radio Constructor</i> at the time (9d (3¾p)/word, minimum 6/- (30p)) and <i>Practical Wireless</i> (5/6 (27½p) per line or part line). Sinclair estimated producing 1,000 a month, placing orders with suppliers for 10,000 of each component to be delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-Microkit_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microkit-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinclair wrote a book for Bernard's Publishing, <i>Practical transistor receivers Book 1</i>, which appeared in January 1959. It was re-printed late that year and nine times subsequently. His practical stereo handbook was published in June 1959 and reprinted seven times over 14 years. The last book Sinclair wrote as an employee of Bernard's was <i>Modern Transistor Circuits for Beginners</i>, published in May 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Babani" title="Bernard Babani">Bernard Babani</a>, he wrote 13 <a href="#Publications">constructor books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_1985_page=13_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale_1985_page=13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, Sinclair registered Sinclair Radionics Ltd. His original choice, <i>Sinclair Electronics</i>, had been taken; <i>Sinclair Radio</i> was available but did not sound right. Sinclair Radionics was formed on 25 July 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_formation_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_formation-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair made two attempts to raise <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">startup capital</a> to advertise his inventions and buy components. He designed <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a> kits and licensed some technology.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he took his design for a miniature <a href="/wiki/Transistor_radio" title="Transistor radio">transistor pocket radio</a> and sought a backer for its production in kit form. Eventually he found someone who agreed to buy 55% of his company for £3,000, but the deal didn't finalise.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_formation_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_formation-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinclair, unable to find capital, joined United Trade Press (UTP) as technical editor of <i>Instrument Practice</i>. Sinclair appeared in the publication as an assistant editor in March 1962. Sinclair described making <a href="/wiki/Planar_process" title="Planar process">silicon planar transistors</a>, their properties and applications and hoped they might be available by the end of 1962. Sinclair undertook a survey of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> devices for <i>Instrument Practice</i>, which appeared in four sections between September 1962 and January 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_formation_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_formation-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinclair_Black_Watch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sinclair_Black_Watch.jpg/220px-Sinclair_Black_Watch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sinclair_Black_Watch.jpg/330px-Sinclair_Black_Watch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sinclair_Black_Watch.jpg/440px-Sinclair_Black_Watch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sinclair Radionics <a href="/wiki/Black_Watch_(wristwatch)" title="Black Watch (wristwatch)">Black Watch</a> (launched in 1975)</figcaption></figure> <p>His last appearance as assistant editor was in April 1969. Through UTP, Sinclair had access to thousands of devices from 36 manufacturers. He contacted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiconductors_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiconductors Ltd (page does not exist)">Semiconductors Ltd</a> (who at that time sold semiconductors made by <a href="/wiki/Plessey" title="Plessey">Plessey</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ordered rejects to repair. He produced a design for a miniature radio powered by a couple of <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">hearing aid cells</a> and made a deal with Semiconductors to buy its <a href="/wiki/Micro-alloy_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-alloy transistor">micro-alloy transistors</a> at 6d (2½p) each in boxes of 10,000. He then carried out his own quality control tests, and marketed his renamed MAT 100 and 120 at 7s 9d (38¾p) and 101 and 121 at 8s 6d (42½p).<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_1985_page=13_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale_1985_page=13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1960s and early 1970s, Sinclair Radionics was producing handheld electronic calculators, miniature televisions, and the digital <a href="/wiki/Black_Watch_(wristwatch)" title="Black Watch (wristwatch)">Black Watch</a> wristwatch. The latter product, introduced in 1975, was a significant failure for Sinclair: in addition to being unable to meet demand, the watch itself was found to be inaccurate and difficult to service, and its battery life was too short.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair Radionics suffered its first financial loss in 1975–1976, and Sinclair sought potential investors to help recover the lost funds. He eventually worked with the <a href="/wiki/National_Enterprise_Board" title="National Enterprise Board">National Enterprise Board</a> (NEB), which bought a 43% interest in the company in 1976, but this injection of funds was found to be too late as by this point, other companies were starting to make similar products at lower costs on the market. The NEB streamlined Sinclair Radionics' product line, selling off the watch and television lines, and brought in Norman Hewitt as a managing director to assist Sinclair. While Sinclair made efforts to work with Hewitt and the NEB, his relationship with these worsened, as the NEB had little faith in Sinclair's vision. By 1979, the NEB opted to break up Sinclair Radionics, holding its instruments division as Sinclair Electronics, and selling its television division to <a href="/wiki/Binatone" title="Binatone">Binatone</a> and its calculator division to ESL Bristol. Sinclair himself left the company at this point.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effectively NEB wrote off its estimated £7 million investment into Sinclair Radionics as a loss.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1981_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1981-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair was given a <a href="/wiki/Golden_handshake" title="Golden handshake">golden handshake</a> and an estimated £10,000 package with the dissolution of his company.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1981_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1981-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinclair_Research">Sinclair Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sinclair Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Research" title="Sinclair Research">Sinclair Research</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZX80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ZX80.jpg/220px-ZX80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ZX80.jpg/330px-ZX80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ZX80.jpg/440px-ZX80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>The ZX80 home computer was launched in 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Sinclair was dealing with the NEB and had seen problems developing, he had a former employee, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Curry_(businessman)" title="Christopher Curry (businessman)">Christopher Curry</a>, establish a "lifeboat" company, called Science of Cambridge Ltd, in July 1977, called such as they were located near <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, and planned for Curry to develop technology from ideas from the school.<sup id="cite_ref-corphist_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corphist-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dale_science_of_cambridge_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_science_of_cambridge-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early product from Science of Cambridge was a wrist calculator kit, which helped to keep the company financially afloat. </p><p>By the time that Sinclair had left Radionics and joined Curry at Science of Cambridge, inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> had started appearing on the market. Sinclair came up with the idea of selling a microprocessor teaching kit, and in June 1978, Science of Cambridge launched the <a href="/wiki/MK14" title="MK14">MK14</a> kit, based on the National <a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor_SC/MP" title="National Semiconductor SC/MP">SC/MP</a> chip, in June 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_science_of_cambridge_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_science_of_cambridge-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Sinclair began working on the MK14's successor, Curry was in discussions with <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hauser" title="Hermann Hauser">Hermann Hauser</a>, and opted to leave Science of Cambridge to co-found <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Computers" title="Acorn Computers">Acorn Computers</a> with Hauser in 1978. Acorn became a direct competitor to Sinclair's products, with the Acorn System 75 as its answer to the MK14, effectively an MK14 chip with a keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_science_of_cambridge_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_science_of_cambridge-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To follow up on the MK14, Sinclair started looking to build a personal computer. At around that time (1979), premade systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">Commodore PET</a> cost about £700, and Sinclair believed he could get the price of a system to under £100.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_zx80_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_zx80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keeping the cost low was also essential for Sinclair to avoid his products from becoming outpriced by American or Japanese equivalents as had happened to several of the Sinclair Radionics products.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1981_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1981-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1979, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Westwood" title="Jim Westwood">Jim Westwood</a>, a former Sinclair Radionics employee Sinclair hired for this new company, started the <a href="/wiki/ZX80" title="ZX80">ZX80</a> project at Science of Cambridge; it was launched in February 1980 at £79.95 in kit form and £99.95 ready-built.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_zx80_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_zx80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ZX80 was immediately successful, and besides sales in the UK, Sinclair also sought to introduce the computer into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_zx80_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_zx80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science of Cambridge was subsequently renamed Sinclair Computers Ltd, and then again to Sinclair Research Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On hearing that the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> was preparing to run a television series to teach viewers about computing and programming, both Sinclair and Curry pressured the BBC to choose computers from their respective companies to use as the primary tool. This pushed the development of the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_ZX81" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinclair ZX81">Sinclair ZX81</a> ahead as Sinclair's standard for the BBC. The ZX81 was launched at £49.95 in kit form and £69.95 ready-built, by mail order. Ultimately, the BBC chose Acorn and standardized on a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Atom" title="Acorn Atom">Acorn Atom</a>—originally named Acorn Proton, but ultimately branded as the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_zx80_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_zx80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite losing out to the BBC, Sinclair's push had established the ZX80 and ZX81 as one of the most-sold brands of computers across the UK and the United States as well as establishing a deal with distribution in Japan with <a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_zx80_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_zx80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of user groups, magazines and third party accessories for both computers started to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_zx80_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_zx80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZXSpectrum48k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ZXSpectrum48k.jpg/220px-ZXSpectrum48k.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ZXSpectrum48k.jpg/330px-ZXSpectrum48k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ZXSpectrum48k.jpg/440px-ZXSpectrum48k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> was introduced in 1982.</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1982, <a href="/wiki/Timex_Group" title="Timex Group">Timex</a> obtained a licence to manufacture and market Sinclair's computers in the United States under the name <a href="/wiki/Timex_Sinclair" title="Timex Sinclair">Timex Sinclair</a>. In April, the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> was launched at £125 for the 16 kB RAM version and £175 for the 48 kB version.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first computer in the ZX line to support colour output. The ZX Spectrum remained more affordable than other computers on the market, including the BBC Micro, <a href="/wiki/VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, and during a time of recession and high unemployment in the UK, was positioned by Sinclair as a low-cost home computer for productivity applications.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it also proved to be a popular gift for teenagers and young adults that year. This led to a number of these young people learning to program on the ZX Spectrum, using its newfound colour support, to make quirky video games inspired by <a href="/wiki/British_humour" title="British humour">British humour</a> which they sold through word of mouth and mail order. So-called "bedroom coders" using the ZX Spectrum gave rise to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Video games in the United Kingdom">UK's video game industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1984, over 3,500 games had been released for the ZX Spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of the ZX Spectrum spread to Western Europe. While Sinclair could not export into Eastern European countries still within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a> at the time, numerous low-cost <a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">clones</a> of the ZX Spectrum sprang up within these countries, further boosting the start of video game development by similar bedroom coders.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ZX Spectrum went on to become the UK's most-sold computer, selling more than 5 million units before it was discontinued in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-arstech_obit_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstech_obit-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair Research computers accounted for 45% of the British market in 1984, including those from British and American companies.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1985_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1985-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continued success of the computer market continued to help boost Sinclair Research's profit. In 1982, the company had a pre-tax profit of £9.2 million on a turnover of £27.6 million. Sinclair himself was estimated to a net value of over £100 million in 1983, two years after launching the first of the ZX computers.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the additional funds, Sinclair converted the Barker & Wadsworth mineral water bottling factory into the company's headquarters in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1983, American news magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> named the personal computer the 1982 "<a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Machine of the Year</a>," and Sinclair was one of six individuals from the computing industry who were spotlighted in the accompanying feature.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinclair_Vehicles_and_market_decline">Sinclair Vehicles and market decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sinclair Vehicles and market decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Vehicles" title="Sinclair Vehicles">Sinclair Vehicles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinclair_C5_with_high_vis_mast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sinclair_C5_with_high_vis_mast.jpg/220px-Sinclair_C5_with_high_vis_mast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sinclair_C5_with_high_vis_mast.jpg/330px-Sinclair_C5_with_high_vis_mast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sinclair_C5_with_high_vis_mast.jpg/440px-Sinclair_C5_with_high_vis_mast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_C5" title="Sinclair C5">Sinclair C5</a> electric vehicle (launched in 1985)</figcaption></figure> <p>As Sinclair Research continued to be successful, Sinclair launched a new company, Sinclair Vehicles Ltd., in March 1983 to develop electric vehicles, using 10% of the capital generated by Sinclair Research and selling some of his own shares to fund the new venture. Sinclair had an interest in electric vehicles since the 1970s at Sinclair Radionics, and had been working with Tony Wood Rogers, a former Radionics employee, since 1979 to start developing prototypes of a new vehicle for the market.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company's only product was the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_C5" title="Sinclair C5">Sinclair C5</a> which launched in January 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sinclair C5 was considered a significant failure, having been developed without any market research. It was widely criticised and widely ridiculed for its high price, its toy-like appearance, lack of safety features and exposure to the elements, and the need for the user to pedal the vehicle up steeper hills.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst Sinclair had anticipated 100,000 C5's would be sold in the first year, only 14,000 units were produced and 4,500 sold before the C5 line was terminated in August that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-SundayTimes-15-Dec-1985_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SundayTimes-15-Dec-1985-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another noted misfire for Sinclair was the Sinclair Research <a href="/wiki/TV80" title="TV80">TV80</a>, a flatscreen portable mini television utilising a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>, which took several years to develop, and by the time the TV80 was ready for market in 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Watchman" title="Sony Watchman">Sony Watchman</a> had been released in Japan in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1985_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1985-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> television technology was already in advanced development to bypass the limitations of CRT. The TV80 was a commercial flop, only 15,000 units being produced.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these commercial failures, both the C5 and TV80 have since been considered products ahead of their time, with the C5 a precursor to the modern day electric car and the TV80 comparable to watching videos on smartphones.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinclair continued to direct Sinclair Research as they continued the ZX Spectrum line of computers through 1983 and 1984 as well as launching the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL" title="Sinclair QL">Sinclair QL</a> (short for <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Quantum Leap</a>) brand in 1984 intended to compete with business lines of computers from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and Apple but at about half their cost.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1985_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1985-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, towards the end of 1984, the market for personal computers in the United Kingdom became cautious; Sinclair Research had entered into a small price war with Acorn Computers.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_1984-1985_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_1984-1985-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price drops meant that consumers saw these computers as more toys rather than productivity tools, and Sinclair Research missed its planned sales milestones for the 1984 holiday season. Into 1985, Acorn fell under investigation which propagated solvency concerns throughout the computer industry, including Sinclair Research. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maxwell" title="Robert Maxwell">Robert Maxwell</a>, the owner of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Mirror">The Daily Mirror</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a></i>, planned to help Sinclair Research through its £12 million acquisition via Pergamon's Hollis Brothers division, announced in June 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_1984-1985_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale_1984-1985-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-srl_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-srl-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the deal was aborted in August 1985 as Sinclair found an offer with the <a href="/wiki/Dixons_Retail" title="Dixons Retail">Dixons Group</a> of only £10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-corphist_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corphist-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of funds for Sinclair Research and the failure of the C5 created financial difficulties for Sinclair. Sinclair Vehicles was placed into <a href="/wiki/Receivership" title="Receivership">receivership</a> by October 1985, and in April 1986, Sinclair sold the bulk of Sinclair Research to <a href="/wiki/Amstrad" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a> for £5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-corphist_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corphist-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair Research Ltd. was reduced to an R&D business and holding company, with shareholdings in several spin-off companies, formed to exploit technologies developed by the company. These included Anamartic Ltd. (<a href="/wiki/Wafer-scale_integration" title="Wafer-scale integration">wafer-scale integration</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cambridge Computer Ltd. (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Z88" title="Cambridge Z88">Z88</a> portable computer and satellite television receivers).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Clive_Sinclair_on_X-Bike_Prototype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sir_Clive_Sinclair_on_X-Bike_Prototype.jpg/130px-Sir_Clive_Sinclair_on_X-Bike_Prototype.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sir_Clive_Sinclair_on_X-Bike_Prototype.jpg/195px-Sir_Clive_Sinclair_on_X-Bike_Prototype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sir_Clive_Sinclair_on_X-Bike_Prototype.jpg/260px-Sir_Clive_Sinclair_on_X-Bike_Prototype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption>Sinclair on an X-Bike prototype</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1990, Sinclair Research consisted of Sinclair and two other employees down from 130 employees at its peak in 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-corphist_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corphist-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1985_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1985-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its activities later concentrated on personal transport, including the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Zike" title="Sinclair Zike">Zike</a> electric bicycle.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2003, Sinclair Research was collaborating with Hong Kong-based firm Daka. A laboratory was set up for Daka near Croydon to develop products on a royalty basis. The two firms collaborated on a Sea Scooter and a wheelchair drive.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, he invented the Sinclair XI, which was a radio the size of a 10p coin.<sup id="cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinclair had planned to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_X-1" title="Sinclair X-1">Sinclair X-1</a> through Sinclair Research, another attempt at a personal electric vehicle following the Sinclair C5. The X-1 was first announced in 2010, and incorporated design aspects that the C5 had been panned for, including an open egg-like shell for the rider with a more ergonomic seat, a more powerful motor and larger battery storage, and an effectively lower cost accounting for inflation than the C5.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the X-1 failed to reach the market.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinclair received several honours for his contributions towards helping establish the personal computer industry in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, he was awarded Honorary Degrees of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1983_Birthday_Honours" title="1983 Birthday Honours">Queen's 1983 Birthday Honours List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mensabio_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mensabio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, he was honoured by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> by being made a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, London's <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a> purchased a portrait of Sinclair by photographer Simon Lewis for its permanent collection.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinclair was a poker player and appeared in the first three series of the <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Night_Poker" title="Late Night Poker">Late Night Poker</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>. He won the first series final of the <i><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Poker_Club" title="Celebrity Poker Club">Celebrity Poker Club</a></i> spin-off.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair was an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1985_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1985-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a> of 159, and was a member of British <a href="/wiki/Mensa_International" title="Mensa International">Mensa</a>, and chairman from 1980 to 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-mensabio_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mensabio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit_2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_times_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mensaobit_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mensaobit-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also participated in marathons including several <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon" title="New York City Marathon">New York City Marathons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1985_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_1985-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his involvement in computing, Sinclair did not use the Internet, stating that he does not like to have "technical or mechanical things around me" as it distracts from the process of invention.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, he said that he did not use computers himself, and preferred using the telephone rather than email.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, he predicted, "Once you start to make machines that are rivalling and surpassing humans with intelligence, it's going to be very difficult for us to survive. It's just an inevitability."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first marriage with Ann ended in divorce after twenty years around 1985 due to the pressure from the ongoing financial issues he had with his companies.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From his marriage with Ann, he had three children.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 Sinclair married Angie Bowness, a former dancer at a <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stringfellow" title="Peter Stringfellow">Stringfellows</a> nightclub and who represented England for <a href="/wiki/Miss_Europe_1995" title="Miss Europe 1995">Miss Europe 1995</a>. This second marriage lasted for seven years before also ending in divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit_2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 September 2021, Sinclair died in London following an illness related to cancer that he had for over a decade. He was 81 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_obit_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_obit-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arstech_obit_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstech_obit-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinclair was remembered on his death for his contributions towards computing and video games by numerous people, including <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twins" title="Oliver Twins">Oliver Twins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Bestwick" title="Debbie Bestwick">Debbie Bestwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cecil" title="Charles Cecil">Charles Cecil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Braben" title="David Braben">David Braben</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial">leader</a> following his death described Sinclair as a tenacious inventor whose career was a triumph of perseverance similar to that of many of Britain's greatest inventors, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Dyson" title="James Dyson">James Dyson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, 'who are a reminder that failure is an essential prelude to success'.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinclair authored electronics constructor books for <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Babani" title="Bernard Babani">Bernard Babani</a> publishers: </p> <ul><li>Barnards 148 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/148-Practical-Transistor-RX.pdf">Practical Transistor Receivers Book 1</a>; 1959. (30 circuits)</li> <li>Barnards 149 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/149-Practical-Stereo-Handbook.pdf">Practical Stereo Handbook</a>; 1959.</li> <li>Barnards 151 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/151-Sinclair-Transistor-Superhet-Receivers.pdf">Transistor Receivers Book 2 - Transistor Superhet Receivers</a>; 1960. (50 circuits)</li> <li>Barnards 163 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/163-Transistor-Circuits-Manual-2.pdf">Transistor Circuits Manual 2</a>; 1960. (13 circuits)</li> <li>Barnards 167 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/167-Eleven-Tested-Transistor-Circuits-Using-Prefabricated-Circuit-Units.pdf">Transistor Circuits Manual 3 - Eleven Tested Transistor Circuits using Prefabricated Circuit Units</a>; 1960. (11 circuits)</li> <li>Barnards 168 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/168-Transistor-Circuits-Manual-No.4.pdf">Transistor Circuits Manual 4</a>; 1960. (11 circuits)</li> <li>Barnards 173 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/173-Practical-Transistor-Audio-Amplifiers-for-the-Home-Constructor-1.PDF">Practical Transistor Audio Amplifiers for the Home Constructor Book 1</a>; 1961. (32 circuits)</li> <li>Barnards 174 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/174-Transistor-Subminiature-Receivers-hanbook.pdf">Transistor Subminiature Receivers Handbook for the Home Constructor</a>; 1961.</li> <li>Barnards 175 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/BP175-Transistorised-test-equipment-and-servicing-manual.pdf">Transistorized Test Equipment and Servicing Manual</a>; 1961.</li> <li>Barnards 176 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/176-Transistor-Audio.Amplifier-Manual.pdf">Transistor Audio Amplifier Manual</a>; 1962. (32 circuits)</li> <li>Barnards 177 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/177-Modern-Transistor-Circuits-forBeginners.pdf">Modern Transistor Circuits for Beginners</a>; 1962. (35 circuits)</li> <li>Barnards 179 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/179-Transistor-Circuits-Manual.pdf">Transistor Circuits Manual 5</a>; 1963. (14 circuits)</li> <li>Barnards 181 : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Bernards-And-Babani/Bernards/181-22-Tested.Circuits-using-Micro-Alloy-Transistors.pdf">22 Tested Circuits Using Micro Alloy Transistors</a>; 1963. (22 circuits)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHayman1982" class="citation web cs1">Hayman, Martin (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldofspectrum.net/CliveSinclairInterview1982/index.html">"Interview from Practical Compµting magazine, Volume 5 Issue 7"</a>. <i>worldofspectrum.net</i>. <q>I think they are atrociously amateurish. They are marvellous at making programmes and so on, but by God they should not be making computers, any more than they should be making BBC cars or BBC toothpaste</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldofspectrum.net&rft.atitle=Interview+from+Practical+Comp%C2%B5ting+magazine%2C+Volume+5+Issue+7&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldofspectrum.net%2FCliveSinclairInterview1982%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_times_obit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_times_obit_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-clive-sinclair-obituary-jjgjq296k">"Sir Clive Sinclair obituary"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Sir+Clive+Sinclair+obituary&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fsir-clive-sinclair-obituary-jjgjq296k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Micro_Men" title="Micro Men">Micro Men</a></i>, a one-off TV drama about Sinclair and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Curry_(businessman)" title="Christopher Curry (businessman)">Chris Curry</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-para1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-para1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-para1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale1985">Dale 1985</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mensa.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mensa.org_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202182911/http://www.mensa.org.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?ap=1&id=279">"Biography of Sir Clive Sinclair . . "</a>. <i>British Mensa</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mensa.org.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?ap=1&id=279">the original</a> on 2 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Mensa&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Sir+Clive+Sinclair+.+.+.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mensa.org.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fitem.cgi%3Fap%3D1%26id%3D279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archives-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archives_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2019" class="citation interview cs1">Sinclair, Clive (28 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesit.org.uk/interviews/sir-clive-sinclair/">"Interview with Sir Clive Sinclair"</a>. <i>Archives IT</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Richard Sharpe. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512013812/https://archivesit.org.uk/interviews/sir-clive-sinclair/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+IT&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Sir+Clive+Sinclair&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivesit.org.uk%2Finterviews%2Fsir-clive-sinclair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BCS_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcs.org/articles-opinion-and-research/sir-clive-sinclair-innovator-extraordinaire/">"Sir Clive Sinclair: innovator extraordinaire"</a>. <i>BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT</i>. 12 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BCS%2C+The+Chartered+Institute+for+IT&rft.atitle=Sir+Clive+Sinclair%3A+innovator+extraordinaire&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcs.org%2Farticles-opinion-and-research%2Fsir-clive-sinclair-innovator-extraordinaire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holidays-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holidays_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holidays_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale1985">Dale 1985</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-educationwork-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-educationwork_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-educationwork_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-educationwork_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale1985">Dale 1985</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mensabio-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mensabio_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mensabio_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mensabio_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodenough2000" class="citation web cs1">Goodenough, Jan (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202182911/http://www.mensa.org.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?ap=1&id=279">"Biography of Sir Clive Sinclair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mensa_International" title="Mensa International">British Mensa</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mensa.org.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?ap=1&id=279">the original</a> on 2 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Sir+Clive+Sinclair&rft.pub=British+Mensa&rft.date=2000-03&rft.aulast=Goodenough&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mensa.org.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fitem.cgi%3Fap%3D1%26id%3D279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale1985">Dale 1985</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microkit-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Microkit_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale1985">Dale 1985</a>, pp. 6, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale1985">Dale 1985</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale_1985_page=13-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dale_1985_page=13_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dale_1985_page=13_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale1985">Dale 1985</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dale_formation-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dale_formation_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dale_formation_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dale_formation_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale1985">Dale 1985</a>, pp. 11–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Technology/Technology-All-Eras/Archive-Practical-Wireless-IDX/IDX/60s/PW-1962-12-IDX-86.pdf">"Sinclair Radionics advertisement in December 1962 issue of Practical Wireless magazine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinclair+Radionics+advertisement+in+December+1962+issue+of+Practical+Wireless+magazine.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2Fhd2%2FIDX-UK%2FTechnology%2FTechnology-All-Eras%2FArchive-Practical-Wireless-IDX%2FIDX%2F60s%2FPW-1962-12-IDX-86.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wylie.org.uk/technology/semics/Semics/Semics.htm">"Vintage Semiconductors Ltd transistors"</a>. <i>Mister Transistor's Historic Semiconductors</i>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heriot-Watt+University+Edinburgh%3A+Honorary+Graduates&rft.pub=Heriot-Watt+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.hw.ac.uk%2Fgraduation%2Fhonorary-graduates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/services/gov/hongrads/list">"List of all Honorary Graduates and Chancellor's Medallists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+all+Honorary+Graduates+and+Chancellor%27s+Medallists&rft.pub=University+of+Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Fservices%2Fgov%2Fhongrads%2Flist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/about/introducing-imperial/our-people/honorary-graduates-and-fellows/">"Honorary graduates, fellows and Imperial College medals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+graduates%2C+fellows+and+Imperial+College+medals&rft.pub=Imperial+College+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperial.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fintroducing-imperial%2Four-people%2Fhonorary-graduates-and-fellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917113002/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw07883">"NPG P365; Sir Clive Sinclair - Portrait - National Portrait Gallery"</a>. <i>National Portrait Gallery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw07883">the original</a> on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft.atitle=NPG+P365%3B+Sir+Clive+Sinclair+-+Portrait+-+National+Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fportrait%2Fmw07883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Oh God no", says Sir Clive Sinclair, "I was once asked [to be a godparent] and I said I can't, I'm an atheist. Actually I think I did have a couple, once, but I can't say I looked after them. Sort of lost them, or forgot about them." <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Millard" title="Rosie Millard">Rosie Millard</a>, 'Godparenthood that rests on fame, not faith', <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> (London), 28 February 1998, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_obit_2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_obit_2_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_obit_2_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2021" class="citation web cs1">Bates, Stephan (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/17/sir-clive-sinclair">"Sir Clive Sinclair"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sir+Clive+Sinclair&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2021%2Fsep%2F17%2Fsir-clive-sinclair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mensaobit-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mensaobit_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mensa.org.uk/sir-clive-sinclair/">"Sir Clive Sinclair – Obituary"</a>. Mensa. 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Clive+Sinclair+%E2%80%93+Obituary&rft.pub=Mensa&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmensa.org.uk%2Fsir-clive-sinclair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7481940.stm">"Sinclair dreams of 'flying cars'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sinclair+dreams+of+%27flying+cars%27&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F7481940.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/click_online/8781295.stm">"Clive Sinclair on 'elegant' electric vehicles"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Clive+Sinclair+on+%27elegant%27+electric+vehicles&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fclick_online%2F8781295.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfield2010" class="citation news cs1">Garfield, Simon (28 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/feb/28/clive-sinclair-interview-simon-garfield">"Sir Clive Sinclair: 'I don't use a computer at all'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sir+Clive+Sinclair%3A+%27I+don%27t+use+a+computer+at+all%27&rft.date=2010-02-28&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2010%2Ffeb%2F28%2Fclive-sinclair-interview-simon-garfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-30333671">"Syntax era: Sir Clive Sinclair's ZX Spectrum revolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 5 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syntax+era%3A+Sir+Clive+Sinclair%27s+ZX+Spectrum+revolution&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-30333671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-31023741">"Out of control AI will not kill us, believes Microsoft Research chief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 28 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Out+of+control+AI+will+not+kill+us%2C+believes+Microsoft+Research+chief&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-31023741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolley2015" class="citation news cs1">Holley, Peter (29 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/01/28/bill-gates-on-dangers-of-artificial-intelligence-dont-understand-why-some-people-are-not-concerned/">"Bill Gates on dangers of artificial intelligence: 'I don't understand why some people are not concerned'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates+on+dangers+of+artificial+intelligence%3A+%27I+don%27t+understand+why+some+people+are+not+concerned%27&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-switch%2Fwp%2F2015%2F01%2F28%2Fbill-gates-on-dangers-of-artificial-intelligence-dont-understand-why-some-people-are-not-concerned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29985976">"Sir Clive Sinclair: Tireless inventor ahead of his time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Clive+Sinclair%3A+Tireless+inventor+ahead+of+his+time&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-29985976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_obit-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_obit_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-58587521">"Sir Clive Sinclair: Computing pioneer dies aged 81"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Clive+Sinclair%3A+Computing+pioneer+dies+aged+81&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-58587521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlarehty2021" class="citation web cs1">Flarehty, Nick (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eenewseurope.com/news/global-tributes-pour-sir-clive-sinclair">"Global tributes pour in to Sir Clive Sinclair"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EeNews_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="EeNews Europe">EeNews Europe</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EeNews+Europe&rft.atitle=Global+tributes+pour+in+to+Sir+Clive+Sinclair&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft.aulast=Flarehty&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eenewseurope.com%2Fnews%2Fglobal-tributes-pour-sir-clive-sinclair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelor2021" class="citation web cs1">Batchelor, James (20 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-09-20-the-games-industry-pays-tribute-to-sir-clive-sinclair">"The games industry pays tribute to Sir Clive Sinclair"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GamesIndustry.biz" class="mw-redirect" title="GamesIndustry.biz">GamesIndustry.biz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesIndustry.biz&rft.atitle=The+games+industry+pays+tribute+to+Sir+Clive+Sinclair&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesindustry.biz%2Farticles%2F2021-09-20-the-games-industry-pays-tribute-to-sir-clive-sinclair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Tenacious Inventor". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. No. 73580, p.33. 18 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Tenacious+Inventor&rft.issue=73580%2C+p.33&rft.date=2021-09-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Adamson, Ian; Kennedy, Richard (1986). <i>Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology</i>. London: Penguin Books. 224 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-008774-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-008774-5">0-14-008774-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale1985" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Rodney (1985). <i>The Sinclair Story</i>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-1901-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-1901-2"><bdi>0-7156-1901-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sinclair+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-7156-1901-2&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClive+Sinclair" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Sinclair&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Clive_Sinclair" class="extiw" title="commons:Clive Sinclair"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Clive Sinclair</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/clive-sinclair-pc-computer-c5-obituary-death-b1926557.html">Obituary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Williamson" title="Marcus Williamson">Marcus Williamson</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206162443/http://www.sinclairzx.com/">Sinclair Research website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/3353549/in-gallery/25371/30-dumb-inventions">"30 Dumb Inventions: Mini Television, 1966"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228034448/http://www.life.com/image/3353549/in-gallery/25371/30-dumb-inventions">Archived</a> 28 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), <i>Life</i> magazine, 1966</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/sinclair/sinclair.htm">Sir Clive Sinclair at Planet Sinclair website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tebbo.com/archive/ms830202.htm">"The Rising Star of Cambridge"</a> (column), David Tebbutt, <i>MicroScope</i>, 1983</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918025809/http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/051/sincbow.htm">"Sinclair bows out"</a>, John Gilbert, <i><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_User" title="Sinclair User">Sinclair User</a></i>, Issue 51, 1986</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3125341.stm">"'Move over Segway, I'm planning the C6'"</a>, Jonathan Duffy, BBC News, 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202182911/http://www.mensa.org.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?ap=1&id=279">British Mensa biography of Clive Sinclair</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/feb/28/clive-sinclair-interview-simon-garfield">"Interview – Sir Clive Sinclair: 'I don't use a computer at all'"</a>, Simon Garfield, <i>The Observer</i>, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1906152/">Clive Sinclair</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05758">Portraits of Clive Sinclair</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Cambridge</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MK14" title="MK14">MK14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX80" title="ZX80">ZX80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX81" title="ZX81">ZX81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> (<a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="ZX Spectrum+">ZX Spectrum+</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_128" class="mw-redirect" title="ZX Spectrum 128">ZX Spectrum 128</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL" title="Sinclair QL">QL</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZXSpectrum48k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ZXSpectrum48k.jpg/100px-ZXSpectrum48k.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ZXSpectrum48k.jpg/150px-ZXSpectrum48k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ZXSpectrum48k.jpg/200px-ZXSpectrum48k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="1593" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amstrad" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ZX Spectrum +2">ZX Spectrum +2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ZX Spectrum +3">ZX Spectrum +3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licenced systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_Vega" title="ZX Spectrum Vega">ZX Spectrum Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_Vega%2B" title="ZX Spectrum Vega+">ZX Spectrum Vega+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timex_Group_USA" title="Timex Group USA">Timex Corporation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timex_Sinclair_1000" title="Timex Sinclair 1000">T/S 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timex_Sinclair_1500" class="mw-redirect" title="Timex Sinclair 1500">T/S 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timex_Sinclair_2068" title="Timex Sinclair 2068">T/S 2068</a> (TC 2068)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timex_Computer_2048" title="Timex Computer 2048">TC 2048</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timex_Computer_3256" title="Timex Computer 3256">TC 3256</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Computer">Cambridge Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Z88" title="Cambridge Z88">Z88</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Clone_(computing)" title="Clone (computing)">clones</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ZX80/81_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ZX80/81 clones">ZX80/81 clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ZX_Spectrum_clones" title="List of ZX Spectrum clones">ZX Spectrum clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinclair_QL_clones" title="List of Sinclair QL clones">QL clones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Compatible or<br />related systems</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ZX80 based: <a href="/wiki/MicroAce" title="MicroAce">MicroAce</a>, <a href="/wiki/TK80" title="TK80">TK80</a>, <a href="/wiki/TK82" title="TK82">TK82</a>, <a href="/wiki/NE-Z80" title="NE-Z80">NE-Z80</a></li> <li>ZX81 based: <a href="/wiki/Apply_300" title="Apply 300">Apply 300</a>, <a href="/wiki/AS-1000" title="AS-1000">AS-1000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambda_8300" title="Lambda 8300">Lambda 8300</a>, <a href="/wiki/CP-200" title="CP-200">CP-200</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czerweny_Electr%C3%B3nica#CZ_1000" title="Czerweny Electrónica">CZ 1000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czerweny_Electr%C3%B3nica#CZ_1500" title="Czerweny Electrónica">CZ 1500</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czerweny_Electr%C3%B3nica#CZ_1000_plus" title="Czerweny Electrónica">CZ 1000 plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czerweny_Electr%C3%B3nica#CZ_1500_plus" title="Czerweny Electrónica">CZ 1500 plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/NE-Z8000" title="NE-Z8000">NE-Z8000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ringo_R470" title="Ringo R470">Ringo R-470</a>, <a href="/wiki/TK82C" title="TK82C">TK82C</a>, <a href="/wiki/TK83" title="TK83">TK83</a>, <a href="/wiki/TK85" title="TK85">TK85</a></li> <li>ZX Spectrum based: <a href="/wiki/ATM_(computer)" title="ATM (computer)">ATM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_(computer)" title="Pentagon (computer)">Pentagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czerweny_Electr%C3%B3nica#CZ_2000" title="Czerweny Electrónica">CZ 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czerweny_Electr%C3%B3nica#CZ_Spectrum" title="Czerweny Electrónica">CZ Spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czerweny_Electr%C3%B3nica#CZ_Spectrum_plus" title="Czerweny Electrónica">CZ Spectrum plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didaktik" title="Didaktik">Didaktik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubna_48K" title="Dubna 48K">Dubna 48K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobbit_(computer)" title="Hobbit (computer)">Hobbit</a>,<a href="/wiki/Scorpion_ZS-256" title="Scorpion ZS-256">Scorpion ZS-256</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprinter_(computer)" title="Sprinter (computer)">Sprinter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kay_1024" title="Kay 1024">Kay 1024</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komputer_2086" title="Komputer 2086">Komputer 2086</a>, <a href="/wiki/TK90X" title="TK90X">TK90X</a>, <a href="/wiki/TK95" title="TK95">TK95</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robik" title="Robik">Robik</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_Next" title="ZX Spectrum Next">ZX Spectrum Next</a></li> <li>QL based: <a href="/wiki/CST_Thor" title="CST Thor">CST Thor</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_Per_Desk" title="One Per Desk">One Per Desk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q40_(motherboard)" title="Q40 (motherboard)">Q40/Q60</a></li> <li>Other: <a href="/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9" title="SAM Coupé">SAM Coupé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ace" title="Jupiter Ace">Jupiter Ace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Research" title="Sinclair Research">Sinclair Research</a> peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Printer" title="ZX Printer">ZX Printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Interface_1" title="ZX Interface 1">ZX Interface 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Interface_2" title="ZX Interface 2">ZX Interface 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Microdrive" title="ZX Microdrive">ZX Microdrive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timex peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>TS2040 Printer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timex_Sinclair_2050" title="Timex Sinclair 2050">TS2050 Modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timex_FDD" class="mw-redirect" title="Timex FDD">FDD Disk Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timex_FDD3000" title="Timex FDD3000">FDD3000 Disk Drive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Disk_Interface" title="Beta Disk Interface">Beta Disk Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DISCiPLE" title="DISCiPLE">DISCiPLE</a></li> <li>MB02</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotronics_Wafadrive" title="Rotronics Wafadrive">Rotronics Wafadrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiface" title="Multiface">Multiface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempston_Micro_Electronics" title="Kempston Micro Electronics">Kempston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currah" title="Currah">Currah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpecDrum" title="SpecDrum">SpecDrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Music_Machine" title="RAM Music Machine">RAM Music Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_Light_Rifle" title="Stack Light Rifle">Stack Light Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Light_Phaser" title="Magnum Light Phaser">Magnum Light Phaser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clive Sinclair</a></li> <li>John Pemberton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Dickinson" title="Rick Dickinson">Rick Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Altwasser" title="Richard Altwasser">Richard Altwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Vickers_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Vickers (computer scientist)">Steve Vickers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folding_bicycles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folding_bicycles" title="Template:Folding bicycles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folding_bicycles" title="Template talk:Folding bicycles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folding_bicycles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folding bicycles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folding_bicycles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folding_bicycle" title="Folding bicycle">Folding bicycles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands and models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-bike" title="A-bike">A-bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bickerton_(bicycle)" title="Bickerton (bicycle)">Bickerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_Friday" title="Bike Friday">Bike Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdy_(bicycle)" title="Birdy (bicycle)">Birdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brompton_Bicycle" title="Brompton Bicycle">Brompton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahon" title="Dahon">Dahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Blasi_Industriale" title="Di Blasi Industriale">Di Blasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Bicycles" title="Giant Bicycles">Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Bikes" title="Montague Bikes">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulton_Bicycle" title="Moulton Bicycle">Moulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neobike" title="Neobike">Neobike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashley_Cycles" title="Pashley Cycles">Pashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strida" title="Strida">Strida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_Folder" title="Swift Folder">Swift Folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tern_(company)" title="Tern (company)">Tern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xootr" title="Xootr">Xootr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Hon" title="David T. Hon">David T. Hon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Moulton" title="Alex Moulton">Alex Moulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riese_und_M%C3%BCller" title="Riese und Müller">Riese und Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ritchie_(Brompton)" title="Andrew Ritchie (Brompton)">Andrew Ritchie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clive Sinclair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23889#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23889#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23889#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078803517">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45502502">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/186054/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth3XcHTp8PBpDvCt7GpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/13380996X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86060457">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071783008">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/09/4497">DBLP</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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