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</button> <ul id="toc-Dainagon_in_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highest_Daijō-kan_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_Daijō-kan_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Highest Daijō-kan officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_Daijō-kan_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Eight_Ministries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Eight_Ministries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Eight Ministries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Eight_Ministries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дайнагон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дайнагон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainagon" title="Dainagon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dainagon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainagon" title="Dainagon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dainagon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="دایناگون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دایناگون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainagon" title="Dainagon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dainagon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%82%A9%EC%96%B8" title="대납언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대납언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainagon" title="Dainagon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dainagon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%B4%8D%E8%A8%80" title="大納言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大納言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainagon" title="Dainagon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dainagon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дайнагон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дайнагон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старший державний радник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Старший державний радник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_N%E1%BA%A1p_ng%C3%B4n_(Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n)" title="Đại Nạp ngôn (Nhật Bản) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:20.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Premodern Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial seal of Japan"><img alt="Imperial seal of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/125px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/188px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/250px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-style:italic;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-style:normal;">Part of a series on the politics and<br />government of Japan during the<br /><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a> periods</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:khaki;padding:0.2em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Daijō-kan</i></span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000001-QINU`"'</style><span class="nobold">(Council of State)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-daijin" title="Daijō-daijin">Daijō-daijin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Minister of the Left</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Sadaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaijin">Sadaijin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Minister of the Right</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Udaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaijin">Udaijin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Minister of the Center</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Naidaijin" title="Naidaijin">Naidaijin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Major Counselor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dainagon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Middle Counselor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABnagon" title="Chūnagon">Chūnagon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Minor Counselor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnagon" title="Shōnagon">Shōnagon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:khaki;padding:0.2em;">Eight Ministries</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Center</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Center" title="Ministry of the Center">Nakatsukasa-shō</a><span class="nowrap">  </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Ceremonial</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Shikibu-sh%C5%8D" title="Shikibu-shō">Shikibu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Civil Administration</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Jibu-sh%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Jibu-shō">Jibu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Popular Affairs</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Popular_Affairs" title="Ministry of Popular Affairs">Minbu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">War</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">Hyōbu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Justice</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of Justice (pre-modern Japan)">Gyōbu-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Treasury</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Ōkura-shō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Imperial Household</th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Kunai-shō</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Template:Daijō-kan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Template talk:Daijō-kan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Daijō-kan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dainagon</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大納言</span></span>)</span> was a counselor of the first rank in the Imperial court of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role dates from the 7th century. </p><p>This advisory position remained a part of the Imperial court from the 8th century until the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum128_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The post was created in 702 by the <a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a>, and evolved out of the earlier post <i>Oimonomōsu-tsukasa</i>. Holders of the office were of the Senior Third Rank. They assisted the Minister of the Left (the <i><a href="/wiki/Sadaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaijin">Sadaijin</a></i>) and the Minister of the Right (the <i><a href="/wiki/Udaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaijin">Udaijin</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-17th century, the <i>Dainagon</i> counselor or state, was expected to work closely the <i><a href="/wiki/Naidaijin" title="Naidaijin">Minister of the Center</a></i> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Naidaijin" title="Naidaijin">Naidaijin</a></i>), whose position ranked just below the <i>Udaijin</i> and the <i>Sadaijin.</i> This court position evolved to ensure that someone will be always prepared to replace or assist the main court officials if, for any reason, it should be impossible for one of the two senior counselors to devote himself to his duties and responsibilities in all matters.<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh426_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh426-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Dainagon</i> ranked just above all other <i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">kuge</a></i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kugy%C5%8D" title="Kugyō">kugyō</a></i> except the <i><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-daijin" title="Daijō-daijin">Daijō-daijin</a></i>, <i>Udaijin,</i> <i>Sadaijin,</i> and <i>Naidaijin.</i> </p><p>This ancient office would have been roughly equivalent to that of vice-minister in the modern cabinet system. It was abolished in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterstein_in_German_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterstein_in_German-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dainagon_in_context">Dainagon in context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dainagon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dainagon in context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any exercise of meaningful powers of court officials in the pre-<a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> reached its nadir during the years of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, and yet the core structures of <a href="/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">ritsuryō</a> government did manage to endure for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to appreciate the office of <i>Dainagon</i>, it is necessary to evaluate its role in the traditional Japanese context of a durable yet flexible framework. In this bureaucratic network and a hierarchy of functionaries, the <i>Dainagon</i> functioned like mouthpieces to and from the board, and in consultation with the board.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of <i>Dainagon</i> was an important element in the <i><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></i> (Council of State). The Daijō-kan <a href="/wiki/Model_(abstract)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (abstract)">schema</a> proved to be adaptable in the creation of constitutional government in the modern period.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highest_Daijō-kan_officials"><span id="Highest_Daij.C5.8D-kan_officials"></span>Highest Daijō-kan officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dainagon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Highest Daijō-kan officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest positions in the court hierarchy can be cataloged.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dry list provides a superficial glimpse inside the complexity and inter-connected relationships of the Imperial court structure. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-daijin" title="Daijō-daijin">Daijō-daijin</a></i> (Chancellor of the Realm or Chief Minister).<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh425_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh425-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaijin">Sadaijin</a></i> (Minister of the Left).<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh425_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh425-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Udaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaijin">Udaijin</a></i> (Minister of the Right).<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh425_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh425-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naidaijin" title="Naidaijin">Naidaijin</a></i> (Minister of the Center).<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh425_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh425-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The next highest tier of officials were: </p> <ul><li><i>Dainagon</i> (Major counselor, chief counselor of state). There are commonly three <i>Dainagon</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh425_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh425-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes more.<sup id="cite_ref-unterstein_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unterstein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABnagon" title="Chūnagon">Chūnagon</a></i> (Middle counselor).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnagon" title="Shōnagon">Shōnagon</a></i> (Minor counselor); there are commonly three <i>Shōnagon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh425_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh425-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other high-ranking bureaucrats who function somewhat flexibly within the <i>Daijō-kan</i> were; </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangi_(Japan)" title="Sangi (Japan)"><i>Sangi</i></a> (Associate counselor).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This office functions as a manager of <i>Daijō-kan</i> activities within the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh426_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh426-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Geki</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">外記</span></span>)</span> (Secretariat). These are specifically named men who act at the sole discretion of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh426_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh426-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Eight_Ministries">The Eight Ministries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dainagon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Eight Ministries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government ministries were eight semi-independent bureaucracies. A list alone cannot reveal much about the actual functioning of the <i>Daijō-kan</i>, but the broad hierarchical categories do suggest the way in which governmental functions were parsed: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"> <dl><dd><dl><dd><u>Left</u></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Center_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Center (Ritsuryō)">Ministry of the Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh427_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh427-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Services_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Civil Services (Ritsuryō)">Ministry of Civil Services</a>; also known as the "Ministry of Legislative Direction and Public Instruction".<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh427_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh427-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ceremonies_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Ceremonies (Ritsuryō)">Ministry of Ceremonies</a>; also known as the "Ministry of the Interior".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Taxation_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Taxation (Ritsuryō)">Ministry of Taxation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh430_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh430-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dd><dl><dd><u>Right</u></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Military_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Military (Ritsuryō)">Ministry of the Military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh430_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh430-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice (Ritsuryō)">Ministry of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Treasury (Ritsuryō)">Ministry of the Treasury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household (Ritsuryō)">Ministry of the Imperial Household</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The specific ministries above are not grouped arbitrarily. The two court officials below had responsibility for them as follows: </p> <ul><li>Major Controller of the Left<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">左大弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sadaiben</i></span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-varley272_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varley272-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This administrator was charged or tasked with supervising four ministries: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Center_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Center (Ritsuryō)">Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Services_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Civil Services (Ritsuryō)">Civil Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ceremonies_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Ceremonies (Ritsuryō)">Ceremonies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Taxation_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Taxation (Ritsuryō)">Taxation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh426_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh426-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Major Controller of the Right<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">右大弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Udaiben</i></span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-varley272_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varley272-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This administrator was charged or tasked with supervising four ministries: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Military_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Military (Ritsuryō)">Military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice (Ritsuryō)">Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Treasury (Ritsuryō)">Treasury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household_(Ritsury%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household (Ritsuryō)">Imperial Household</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titsingh426_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titsingh426-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dainagon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D_and_Kampaku" title="Sesshō and Kampaku">Sesshō and Kampaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dky%C5%AB" title="Kōkyū">Kōkyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">Kuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency" title="Imperial Household Agency">Imperial Household Agency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dainagon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Nagon" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA685"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA685">Japan Encyclopedia<i>, p. 685</i></a>, p. 685, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>; n.b., the title is a composite created from <i>dai-</i> (meaning "great" or "first") and <i>-nagon</i> (meaning "counselor") -- see Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA426"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA426">Annales des empereurs du japon,<i> p. 426.</i></a>, p. 426, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nussbaum128-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum128_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, "Dainagon" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA128">p. 128</a></i>, p. 128, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Screech, T. <i>Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822,</i> p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titsingh426-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh426_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh426_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh426_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh426_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh426_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA426"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA426">Annales des empereurs du japon,<i> p. 426.</i></a>, p. 426, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unterstein_in_German-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unterstein_in_German_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unterstein.net/">Unterstein (in German)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unterstein.net/or/docs/JapanPeers.pdf">Ranks in Ancient and Meiji Japan (in English and French)</a>, pp. 6, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson, Walter G. <i>et al.</i> (1898). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9YeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA56">"The Eight Boards of Government" in </a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9YeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA56">Japan,<i> pp. 55-78.</i></a>, p. 56, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>; excerpt at p. 56, "Klaproth has given in his "Annals of the Emperors" a sketch of these eight boards, with the offices under each. It is ... a concise account of the government of Japan. The study of such a subject is rather dry and uninteresting, but it is necessary for any one who wishes to make himself acquainted with Japanese history, either of the past or of the present day...."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9YeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA60">p. 60.</a></i>, p. 60, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ozaki, Yukio. (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VmFdariJ8hcC&pg=PA10"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VmFdariJ8hcC&pg=PA10">The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan<i> pp. 10–11.</i></a>, p. 10, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titsingh, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA425">pp. 425-426.</a></i>, p. 425, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titsingh425-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh425_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh425_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh425_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh425_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh425_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh425_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Titsingh, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA425">p. 425</a></i>, p. 425, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). <i>Jinnō Shōtōki,</i> p.272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unterstein-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unterstein_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unterstein.net/">Unterstein (in German)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unterstein.net/or/docs/JapanPeers.pdf">Ranks in Ancient and Meiji Japan (in English and French)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Sangi" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA817"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA817">Japan Encyclopedia<i>, p. 817</i></a>, p. 817, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titsingh427-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh427_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh427_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Titsingh, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA427">pp. 427.</a></i>, p. 427, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titsingh, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA429">pp. 429.</a></i>, p. 429, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titsingh430-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh430_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titsingh430_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Titsingh, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA430">pp. 430.</a></i>, p. 430, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titsingh, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA431">pp. 431.</a></i>, p. 431, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titsingh, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA432">pp. 432.</a></i>, p. 432, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titsingh, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA433">pp. 433.</a></i>, p. 433, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-varley272-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-varley272_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-varley272_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Varley, p. 272.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dainagon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dickson, Walter G. and Mayo Williamson Hazeltine. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9YeAAAAMAAJ&q=waler+dickson">"The Eight Boards of Government" in <i>Japan</i>.</a> New York: P. F. Collier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/285881">OCLC 285881</a></li> <li>Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Chunagon" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&q=chunagon"><i>Japan Encyclopedia</i>.</a> Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5">978-0-674-01753-5</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br">OCLC 48943301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozaki_Yukio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozaki Yukio">Ozaki, Yukio</a>. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VmFdariJ8hcC"><i>The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan</i></a>, translated by Fujiko Hara. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691050959" title="Special:BookSources/9780691050959">9780691050959</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123043741">OCLC 123043741</a></li> <li>____________. (1955). 尾崎咢堂全集. 第11卷, 咢堂自伝: 日本憲政史を語る (<i>Ozaki gakudō zenshū. 11, Gakudō jiden: nihon kenseishi o kataru</i>) Tokyo: Kōronsha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/672920518">OCLC 672920518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bailey_Sansom" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bailey Sansom">Sansom</a>, George (1958). <i>A History of Japan to 1334</i>.] Stanford: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0523-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0523-3">978-0-8047-0523-3</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224793047">224793047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timon_Screech" title="Timon Screech">Screech, Timon</a>. (2006). <i>Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822</i>. London: Routledge Curzon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09985-8">978-0-203-09985-8</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65177072">OCLC 65177072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh">Titsingh, Isaac.</a> (1834). <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_%C5%8Cdai_Ichiran" title="Nihon Ōdai Ichiran">Nihon Ōdai Ichiran</a></i>; ou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran"><i>Annales des empereurs du Japon.</i></a> Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691">OCLC 5850691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Paul_Varley" title="H. Paul Varley">Varley, H. Paul.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ"><i>Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns</i>.</a> New York: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04940-5">978-0-231-04940-5</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842">OCLC 59145842</a>-4</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dainagon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dickenson, Walter G. (1869). <i>Japan: Being a Sketch of the History, Government and Officers of the Empire.</i> London: W. Blackwood and Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10716445">10716445</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dainagon&oldid=1145039170">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dainagon&oldid=1145039170</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_feudal_Japan" title="Category:Government of feudal Japan">Government of feudal Japan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 March 2023, at 23:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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