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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison to CMY</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_CMY-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_printer_color_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_printer_color_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other printer color models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_printer_color_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_RGB_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_RGB_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison with RGB displays</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_RGB_displays-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with RGB displays subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_RGB_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spectrum_of_printed_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectrum_of_printed_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spectrum of printed paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectrum_of_printed_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">CMYK color model</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="النموذج اللوني سيان ماجنتا أصفر أسود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النموذج اللوني سيان ماجنتا أصفر أسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="সিএমওয়াইকে রং মডেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিএমওয়াইকে রং মডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="CMYK цветови модел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="CMYK цветови модел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_de_color_CMYK" title="Model de color CMYK – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model de color CMYK" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK-Farbmodell" title="CMYK-Farbmodell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="CMYK-Farbmodell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_de_color_CMYK" title="Modelo de color CMYK – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo de color CMYK" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMFN_(kolormodelo)" title="CMFN (kolormodelo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="CMFN (kolormodelo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_kolore-eredua" title="CMYK kolore-eredua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="CMYK kolore-eredua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="مدل رنگی سی‌ام‌وای‌کی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل رنگی سی‌ام‌وای‌کی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrichromie" title="Quadrichromie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quadrichromie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK-kleursysteem" title="CMYK-kleursysteem – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="CMYK-kleursysteem" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3iseas_ceithre_dhath" title="Próiseas ceithre dhath – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próiseas ceithre dhath" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA" title="सी एम वाई के वर्ण प्रतिरूप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सी एम वाई के वर्ण प्रतिरूप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan_Magenta_Yellow_Key_(skala_warna)" title="Cyan Magenta Yellow Key (skala warna) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cyan Magenta Yellow Key (skala warna)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%81nfuks%C4%ABndzeltenmelnais_kr%C4%81su_modelis" title="Ciānfuksīndzeltenmelnais krāsu modelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ciānfuksīndzeltenmelnais krāsu modelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_sz%C3%ADnt%C3%A9r" title="CMYK színtér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="CMYK színtér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86._%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5" title="സി.എം.വൈ.കെ. നിറവ്യവസ്ഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സി.എം.വൈ.കെ. നിറവ്യവസ്ഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan_Magenta_Yellow_Key" title="Cyan Magenta Yellow Key – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cyan Magenta Yellow Key" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadricromia" title="Quadricromia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quadricromia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK-%D1%82%D3%B1%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="CMYK-тӱсмодель – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="CMYK-тӱсмодель" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelul_de_culoare_CMYK" title="Modelul de culoare CMYK – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modelul de culoare CMYK" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="CMYK වර්ණ ආකෘතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="CMYK වර්ණ ආකෘතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="CMYK color model" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barvni_model_CMYK" title="Barvni model CMYK – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Barvni model CMYK" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5_CMYK" title="ระบบสี CMYK – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบสี CMYK" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_renk_modeli" title="CMYK renk modeli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CMYK renk modeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="CMYK" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84" title="سی ایم وائی کے رنگ ماڈل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سی ایم وائی کے رنگ ماڈل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4_h%C3%ACnh_m%C3%A0u_CMYK" title="Mô hình màu CMYK – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mô hình màu CMYK" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E8%89%B2%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="印刷四分色模式 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印刷四分色模式" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%A9%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="CMYK色彩模式 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="CMYK色彩模式" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subtractive color model, used in color printing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CMYK" redirects here. For the EP by James Blake, see <a href="/wiki/CMYK_(EP)" title="CMYK (EP)"><i>CMYK</i> (EP)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CMYB" redirects here. For the cMyb gene tree, see <a href="/wiki/MYB_(gene)" title="MYB (gene)">MYB (gene)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMYK_Color_Swatches.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CMYK_Color_Swatches.svg/180px-CMYK_Color_Swatches.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CMYK_Color_Swatches.svg/270px-CMYK_Color_Swatches.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CMYK_Color_Swatches.svg/360px-CMYK_Color_Swatches.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Color printing typically uses ink of four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMYK_color_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CMYK_color_model.svg/180px-CMYK_color_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CMYK_color_model.svg/270px-CMYK_color_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CMYK_color_model.svg/360px-CMYK_color_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">When subtractive CMY inks are combined at full strength, pairwise combinations are red, green, and blue. Combining all three gives an imperfect black color.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMYK_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CMYK_closeup.jpg/200px-CMYK_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CMYK_closeup.jpg/300px-CMYK_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CMYK_closeup.jpg/400px-CMYK_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMYK_under_a_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CMYK_under_a_microscope.jpg/200px-CMYK_under_a_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CMYK_under_a_microscope.jpg/300px-CMYK_under_a_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CMYK_under_a_microscope.jpg/400px-CMYK_under_a_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">What appears as <a href="/wiki/Cerulean" title="Cerulean">cerulean</a> (<span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#489490"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#489490;color:inherit;"> </span></span>) in the top image is actually a blend of cyan, magenta, yellow and black, as magnification under a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> demonstrates.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>CMYK color model</b> (also known as <b>process color</b>, or <b>four color</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">color model</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/CMY_color_model" class="mw-redirect" title="CMY color model">CMY color model</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">color printing</a>, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. The abbreviation <i>CMYK</i> refers to the four ink plates used: <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan"><b>c</b>yan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta"><b>m</b>agenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow"><b>y</b>ellow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Key_plate" title="Key plate"><b>k</b>ey</a> (most often black). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The CMYK model works by partially or entirely masking colors on a lighter, usually white, background. The ink reduces the light that would otherwise be reflected. Such a model is called <i>subtractive</i> because inks "subtract" the colors red, green and blue from white light; white light minus red leaves cyan, white light minus green leaves magenta, and white light minus blue leaves yellow. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive color</a> models, such as <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a>, white is the "additive" combination of all <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary</a> colored lights, and black is the absence of light. In the CMYK model, it is the opposite: white is the natural color of the paper or other background, black results from a full combination of colored inks. To save cost on ink, and to produce deeper black tones, <a href="/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation (color theory)">unsaturated</a> and dark colors are produced by using black ink instead of or in addition to the combination of cyan, magenta, and yellow. </p><p>The CMYK printing process was invented in the 1890s, when newspapers began to publish color <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Halftoning">Halftoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Halftoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halftoningcolor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halftoningcolor.svg/220px-Halftoningcolor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halftoningcolor.svg/330px-Halftoningcolor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halftoningcolor.svg/440px-Halftoningcolor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>This diagram shows three examples of color halftoning with CMYK separations, as well as the combined halftone pattern and how the human eye would observe the combined halftone pattern from a sufficient distance.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">Halftone</a></div> <p>With CMYK printing, <i><a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftoning</a></i> (also called <i>screening</i>) allows for less than full saturation of the primary colors; tiny dots of each primary color are printed in a pattern small enough that humans <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">perceive</a> a solid color.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magenta printed with a 20% halftone, for example, produces a pink color, because the eye perceives the tiny magenta dots on the large white paper as lighter and less saturated than the color of pure magenta ink.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Halftoning allows for a continuous variability of each color, which enables continuous color mixing of the primaries. Without halftoning, each primary would be binary, i.e. on/off, which only allows for the <a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">reproduction</a> of eight colors: white, the three primaries, the three secondaries, and black. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Why_black_ink_is_used"></span> <span class="anchor" id="CMY"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_CMY">Comparison to CMY</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison to CMY"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barns_grand_tetons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Barns_grand_tetons.jpg/400px-Barns_grand_tetons.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Barns_grand_tetons.jpg/600px-Barns_grand_tetons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Barns_grand_tetons.jpg/800px-Barns_grand_tetons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>A color photograph of the <a href="/wiki/Teton_Range" title="Teton Range">Teton Range</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMY_separation_%E2%80%93_no_black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/CMY_separation_%E2%80%93_no_black.jpg/197px-CMY_separation_%E2%80%93_no_black.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="441" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/CMY_separation_%E2%80%93_no_black.jpg/296px-CMY_separation_%E2%80%93_no_black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/CMY_separation_%E2%80%93_no_black.jpg/394px-CMY_separation_%E2%80%93_no_black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="3585" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMYK_separation_%E2%80%93_maximum_black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CMYK_separation_%E2%80%93_maximum_black.jpg/197px-CMYK_separation_%E2%80%93_maximum_black.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="589" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CMYK_separation_%E2%80%93_maximum_black.jpg/296px-CMYK_separation_%E2%80%93_maximum_black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CMYK_separation_%E2%80%93_maximum_black.jpg/394px-CMYK_separation_%E2%80%93_maximum_black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="4780" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The image above, (left) separated for printing with process cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY) inks; (right) separated for CMY and black (K).</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMYK_offset_on_paper2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CMYK_offset_on_paper2.jpg/220px-CMYK_offset_on_paper2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CMYK_offset_on_paper2.jpg/330px-CMYK_offset_on_paper2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CMYK_offset_on_paper2.jpg/440px-CMYK_offset_on_paper2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>Inspection <a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a> colors of offset printing on a paper</figcaption></figure> <p>The CMYK color model is based on the CMY color model, which omits the black ink. However, the imperfect black generated by mixing commercially practical cyan, magenta, and yellow inks is unsatisfactory, so four-color printing uses black ink in addition to the subtractive primaries. Common reasons for using black ink include:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In traditional preparation of color separations, a red <a href="/wiki/Keyline" title="Keyline">keyline</a> on the black line art marked the outline of solid or tint color areas. In some cases a black keyline was used when it served as both a color indicator and an outline to be printed in black because usually the black plate contained the keyline. The K in CMYK represents the keyline or black plate, also sometimes called the key plate.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Text is typically printed in black and includes fine detail (such as <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serifs</a>). To avoid even slight blurring when reproducing text (or other finely detailed outlines) using three inks would require impractically accurate <a href="/wiki/Printing_registration" title="Printing registration">registration</a>.</li> <li>A combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks soaks the paper with ink, making it slower to dry, causing bleeding, or (especially on low quality paper such as <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a>) weakening the paper so much that it tears.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Although a combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks should, in theory, completely absorb the entire <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> of light and produce a perfect black, practical inks fall short of their ideal characteristics, and the result is actually a dark muddy color that does not quite appear black. Black ink absorbs more light and yields much better blacks.</li> <li>Black ink is less expensive than the combination of colored inks that makes black.</li></ul> <p>A black made with just CMY inks is sometimes called a <i>composite black</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a very dark area is wanted, a colored or gray CMY "bedding" is applied first, then a full black layer is applied on top, making a rich, deep black; this is called <i><a href="/wiki/Rich_black" title="Rich black">rich black</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amount of black to use to replace amounts of the other inks is variable, and the choice depends on the technology, paper and ink in use. Processes called <a href="/wiki/Under_color_removal" title="Under color removal">under color removal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Under_color_addition" title="Under color addition">under color addition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gray_component_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray component replacement">gray component replacement</a> are used to decide on the final mix; different CMYK recipes will be used depending on the printing task.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_printer_color_models">Other printer color models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other printer color models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CMYK or process color printing is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Spot_color" title="Spot color">spot color</a> printing, in which specific colored inks are used to generate the colors appearing on paper. Some printing presses are capable of printing with both four-color process inks and additional spot color inks at the same time. High-quality printed materials, such as marketing brochures and books, often include photographs requiring process-color printing, other graphic effects requiring spot colors (such as metallic inks), and finishes such as varnish, which enhances the glossy appearance of the printed piece.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CMYK are the process printers which often have a relatively small color <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a>. Processes such as <a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a>'s proprietary six-color (CMYKOG) <a href="/wiki/Hexachrome" title="Hexachrome">Hexachrome</a> considerably expand the gamut.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light, saturated colors often cannot be created with CMYK, and light colors in general may make visible the halftone pattern. Using a <a href="/wiki/CcMmYK_color_model" title="CcMmYK color model">CcMmYK process</a>, with the addition of light cyan and magenta inks to CMYK, can solve these problems, and such a process is used by many <a href="/wiki/Inkjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet">inkjet printers</a>, including desktop models.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_RGB_displays">Comparison with RGB displays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison with RGB displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg/220px-CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg/330px-CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg/440px-CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of some RGB and CMYK color gamut on a <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931</a> xy chromaticity diagram.</figcaption></figure> <p>Comparisons between <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> displays and CMYK prints can be difficult, since the color reproduction technologies and properties are very different. A computer monitor mixes shades of red, green, and blue light to create color pictures. A CMYK printer instead uses light-absorbing cyan, magenta, and yellow inks, whose colors are mixed using <a href="/wiki/Dithering" class="mw-redirect" title="Dithering">dithering</a>, halftoning, or some other optical technique.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to monitors, the inks used in printing produce a color gamut that is "only a subset of the visible spectrum" although both color modes have their own specific ranges. As a result of this, items which are displayed on a computer monitor may not completely match the look of items which are printed if opposite color modes are being combined in both mediums.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When designing items to be printed, designers view the colors which they are choosing on an RGB color mode (their computer screen), and it is often difficult to visualize the way in which the color will turn out post-printing because of this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectrum_of_printed_paper">Spectrum of printed paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spectrum of printed paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To reproduce color, the CMYK color model codes for absorbing light rather than emitting it (as is assumed by RGB). The "K" component absorbs all wavelengths and is therefore achromatic. The cyan, magenta, and yellow components are used for color reproduction and they may be viewed as the inverse of RGB. Cyan absorbs red, magenta absorbs green, and yellow absorbs blue (-R,-G,-B).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMYK_Spectrum_printed_paper.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CMYK_Spectrum_printed_paper.pdf/page1-800px-CMYK_Spectrum_printed_paper.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="463" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CMYK_Spectrum_printed_paper.pdf/page1-1200px-CMYK_Spectrum_printed_paper.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CMYK_Spectrum_printed_paper.pdf/page1-1600px-CMYK_Spectrum_printed_paper.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>Spectrum of the visible wavelengths on printed paper (SCA Graphosilk). Shown is the transition from red to yellow. White, red, blue, and green are shown for reference. Readings from a white orchid flower, a rose (red and yellow petals), and a red cyclamen flower are shown for comparison. The units of spectral power are simply raw sensor values (with a linear response at specific wavelengths).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion">Conversion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIEdot367.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/NIEdot367.jpg/220px-NIEdot367.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/NIEdot367.jpg/330px-NIEdot367.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/NIEdot367.jpg/440px-NIEdot367.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Early representation of the three-color process (1902)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIEdot367-modern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NIEdot367-modern.jpg/220px-NIEdot367-modern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NIEdot367-modern.jpg/330px-NIEdot367-modern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NIEdot367-modern.jpg/440px-NIEdot367-modern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Approximation of the image using CMY colors.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since RGB and CMYK spaces are both device-dependent spaces, there is no simple or general conversion formula that converts between them. Conversions are generally done through <a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">color management</a> systems, using <a href="/wiki/Color_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Color profile">color profiles</a> that describe the spaces being converted. An ICC profile defines the bidirectional conversion between a neutral "profile connection" color space (CIE XYZ or Lab) and a selected <a href="/wiki/Colorspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorspace">colorspace</a>, in this case both RGB and CMYK. The precision of the conversion depends on the profile itself, the exact methodology, and because the gamuts do not generally match, the <a href="/wiki/Rendering_intent" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendering intent">rendering intent</a> and constraints such as ink limit. </p><p>ICC profiles, internally built out of lookup tables and other transformation functions, are capable of handling many effects of ink blending. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Dot_gain" title="Dot gain">dot gain</a>, which show up as non-linear components in the color-to-density mapping. More complex interactions such as Neugebauer blending can be modelled in higher-dimension lookup tables. </p><p>The problem of computing a colorimetric estimate of the color that results from printing various combinations of ink has been addressed by many scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general method that has emerged for the case of halftone printing is to treat each tiny overlap of color dots as one of 8 (combinations of CMY) or of 16 (combinations of CMYK) colors, which in this context are known as <a href="/wiki/Neugebauer_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Neugebauer primary">Neugebauer primaries</a>. The resultant color would be an area-weighted colorimetric combination of these primary colors, except that the <a href="/wiki/Dot_gain#Yule–Nielsen_effect_and_"optical_dot_gain"" title="Dot gain">Yule–Nielsen effect</a> of scattered light between and within the areas complicates the physics and the analysis; empirical formulas for such analysis have been developed, in terms of detailed dye combination absorption spectra and empirical parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standardization of printing practices allow for some profiles to be predefined. One of them is the US <a href="/wiki/Specifications_for_Web_Offset_Publications" title="Specifications for Web Offset Publications">Specifications for Web Offset Publications</a>, which has its ICC color profile built into some software including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Agfacolor" title="Agfacolor">Agfa</a> RSWOP.icm).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMY_color_model" class="mw-redirect" title="CMY color model">CMY color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CcMmYK_color_model" title="CcMmYK color model">CcMmYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycolor" title="Cycolor">Cycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_component_replacement" title="Grey component replacement">Grey component replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christoph_Le_Blon" title="Jacob Christoph Le Blon">Jacob Christoph Le Blon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specifications_for_Web_Offset_Publications" title="Specifications for Web Offset Publications">SWOP</a> CMYK standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>, the three-strip version of which is based on the CMYK model</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKang1999" class="citation book cs1">Kang, Henry R. 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Watson–Guptill. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-5857-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-5857-3"><bdi>0-8230-5857-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WWW.Color&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Watson%E2%80%93Guptill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8230-5857-3&rft.au=Roger+Pring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwwwcolor00prin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACMYK+color+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenegus2016" class="citation web cs1">Menegus, Bryan (May 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/the-difference-between-rgb-and-cmyk-explained-1777830600">"The Difference Between RGB and CMYK, Explained"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eschbach, Reiner; Marcu, Gabriel G (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/5008/1/3D-color-separation-maximizing-the-printer-gamut/10.1117/12.472012.short?SSO=1">"3-D Color Separation Maximizing the Printer Gamut"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_SPIE" title="Proceedings of SPIE">Proceedings of SPIE</a></i>. Color Imaging VIII: Processing, Hardcopy, and Applications. <b>5008</b>: 260. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SPIE.5008..260Z">2003SPIE.5008..260Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.472012">10.1117/12.472012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20555157">20555157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+SPIE&rft.atitle=3-D+Color+Separation+Maximizing+the+Printer+Gamut&rft.volume=5008&rft.pages=260&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20555157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.472012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003SPIE.5008..260Z&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Huanzhao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiedigitallibrary.org%2Fconference-proceedings-of-spie%2F5008%2F1%2F3D-color-separation-maximizing-the-printer-gamut%2F10.1117%2F12.472012.short%3FSSO%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACMYK+color+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarla_Rose2003" class="citation book cs1">Carla Rose (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samsteachyoursel00rose_4"><i>Sams Teach Yourself Adobe Photoshop Elements 2 in 24 Hours</i></a></span>. Sams Publishing. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-32430-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-32430-X"><bdi>0-672-32430-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sams+Teach+Yourself+Adobe+Photoshop+Elements+2+in+24+Hours&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-672-32430-X&rft.au=Carla+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamsteachyoursel00rose_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACMYK+color+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helpx.adobe.com/illustrator/using/color.html">"Overview of color in Illustrator"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230207193742/https://helpx.adobe.com/illustrator/using/color.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+color+in+Illustrator&rft.pub=Adobe+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelpx.adobe.com%2Fillustrator%2Fusing%2Fcolor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACMYK+color+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Damien van Holten, Printinternational, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printernational.org/rgb-versus-cmyk.php">RGB Vs CMYK</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/ingersollmuseum/exhibits/opticscolor/subcolormix/">"Subtractive Color Mixing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/L._R._Ingersoll_Physics_Museum" title="L. R. Ingersoll Physics Museum">L. R. Ingersoll Physics Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subtractive+Color+Mixing&rft.pub=L.+R.+Ingersoll+Physics+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.wisc.edu%2Fingersollmuseum%2Fexhibits%2Fopticscolor%2Fsubcolormix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACMYK+color+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaurav_Sharma2003" class="citation book cs1">Gaurav Sharma (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkByHKRGTsQC&pg=PA68"><i>Digital Color Imaging Handbook</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0900-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0900-X"><bdi>0-8493-0900-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Color+Imaging+Handbook&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8493-0900-X&rft.au=Gaurav+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkByHKRGTsQC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACMYK+color+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.betaarchive.com/wiki/index.php/Microsoft_KB_Archive/933845">"KB933845 How to obtain and install the Microsoft Standard CMYK Profile (RSWOP.icm) in Windows Vista"</a>. <i>Beta Archive > Microsoft KB Archive</i>. March 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>The RSWOP.icm cyan-magenta-yellow-black (CMYK) color profile targets the "Specifications for Web Offset Publications" (SWOP) printing standard. This color profile is installed when you install Microsoft Office. However, by default, this color profile is not installed in Windows Vista. Therefore, you may experience unexpected results when you use certain programs that manage color.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beta+Archive+%3E+Microsoft+KB+Archive&rft.atitle=KB933845+How+to+obtain+and+install+the+Microsoft+Standard+CMYK+Profile+%28RSWOP.icm%29+in+Windows+Vista&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.betaarchive.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMicrosoft_KB_Archive%2F933845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACMYK+color+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CMYK_color_model&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CMYK" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:CMYK">CMYK</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeproject.com/KB/applications/xcmyk.aspx">XCmyk</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>– A Windows software with source code for converting CMYK to RGB.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edusters.com/tool/rgb-to-cmyk-color-converter-online.php">RGB to CMYK converter</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>– Tool for RGB to CMYK color converter online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716053923/http://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/cmyk_color.html">Color Space Fundamentals</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>– animated illustration of RGB vs. CMYK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.color.org/registry/index.xalter">ICC profile registry</a>, which lists some standard CMYK profiles, their paper types, and color separation limits</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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model)">iCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM16" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM16">CAM16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">XYZ (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space#CIE_RGB_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">RGB (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1960_color_space" title="CIE 1960 color space">YUV (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1964_color_space" title="CIE 1964 color space">UVW (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELAB_color_space" title="CIELAB color space">CIELAB (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELUV" title="CIELUV">CIELUV (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_spaces" title="RGB color spaces">RGB color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rg_chromaticity" title="Rg chromaticity">rg chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_space" title="Adobe RGB color space">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-gamut_RGB_color_space" title="Wide-gamut RGB color space">Wide-gamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_space" title="ProPhoto RGB color space">ProPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScRGB" title="ScRGB">scRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCI-P3" title="DCI-P3">DCI-P3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC#SMPTE_C" title="NTSC">SMPTE 240M/"C"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">Y′UV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">YUV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDbDr" title="YDbDr">YDbDr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">YIQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICtCp" title="ICtCp">ICtCp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XvYCC" title="XvYCC">xvYCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCoCg" title="YCoCg">YCoCg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CcMmYK_color_model" title="CcMmYK color model">CcMmYK</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CMYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorADD" title="ColorADD">ColorADD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloroid" title="Coloroid">Coloroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachrome" title="Hexachrome">Hexachrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSL, HSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_color_space" title="HCL color space">HCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Imaginary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklab_color_space" title="Oklab color space">Oklab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSA-UCS" title="OSA-UCS">OSA-UCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Color_Coordinate_System" title="Practical Color Coordinate System">PCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG_color_models" title="RG color models">RG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HWB_color_model" title="HWB color model">HWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YJK" title="YJK">YJK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSL_color_space" title="TSL color space">TSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems<br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Color_Encoding_System" title="Academy Color Encoding System">ACES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Media_Alliance" title="News Media Alliance">ANPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">CI list of dyes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Corporation" title="DIC Corporation">DIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_595" title="Federal Standard 595">Federal Standard 595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKS_(colour_system)" title="HKS (colour system)">HKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">NCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_color_system" title="Ostwald color system">Ostwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAL_colour_standard" title="RAL colour standard">RAL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JIS_Z8102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JIS Z8102 (page does not exist)">JIS Z8102</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS%E6%85%A3%E7%94%A8%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:JIS慣用色名">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_physiology" title="Template:Eye physiology">Color vision</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> 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