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La situation g\u00e9ographique d'Arnhem est remarquable\u00a0: les quartiers sud s'allongent sur une terrasse sableuse au bord du principal bras du Rhin , le Lek, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 diverge l'IJssel\u00a0; les \u00e9l\u00e9gants quartiers nord escaladent les collines bois\u00e9es de Veluwe (90\u00a0m d'altitude) qui ont l\u00e0 leur terminaison m\u00e9ridionale\u00a0; un tel site, montueux et contrast\u00e9, est assez rare aux Pays-Bas. 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mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT228871_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT228871_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT015203" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Pays-Bas : carte administrative" href="/media/pays-bas-carte-administrative-at015203/"><img id="AT015203" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/2/csm_at015203_f1626344ea.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Pays-Bas : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative des Pays-Bas." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1926" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Pays-Bas : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Principale ville de la province de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En néerlandais Gelderland. Une des onze provinces des Pays-Bas (5 137 km 2 ), la Gueldre est située entre l'IJselmeer et la frontière allemande. Les hautes collines de sables et de graviers, collines de Montferland (83 m) au sud et de Veluwe (110 m) à l'ouest sont le résultat de la poussée d'alluvions fluviales par un puissant glacier quaternaire ; des boisements de pins, des bosquets ..." title="Article : GUELDRE" href="/encyclopedie/gueldre/">Gueldre</a> aux <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Deux fils conducteurs particuliers marquent l'histoire des Pays-Bas. D'une part, outre les changements des frontières politiques à l'est et au sud, qui constituent toujours une bonne partie de l'histoire d'un peuple, les Pays-Bas connaissent un problème spécifique : les invasions et les reconquêtes sur la mer qui, depuis deux mille ans, n'ont cessé de remodeler profondément les contours �..." title="Article : PAYS-BAS" href="/encyclopedie/pays-bas/">Pays-Bas</a>, tant par sa population (142 500 hab. dans la ville et 348 400 dans l'agglomération d'après une estimation de 2007) que par son activité économique. La situation géographique d'Arnhem est remarquable : les quartiers sud s'allongent sur une terrasse sableuse au bord du principal bras du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Rhin, par son insertion dans un ensemble territorial qui a joué un rôle éminent dans le façonnement de la civilisation occidentale – européenne et mondiale –, n'a pas été uniquement générateur d'un imposant bassin fluvial, mais aussi de dynamiques socio-économiques d'avant-garde ainsi que de cadres de vie enviables, tant urbains que ruraux. Son image a une connotation séculaire..." title="Article : RHIN" href="/encyclopedie/rhin/">Rhin</a>, le Lek, là où diverge l'IJssel ; les élégants quartiers nord escaladent les collines boisées de Veluwe (90 m d'altitude) qui ont là leur terminaison méridionale ; un tel site, montueux et contrasté, est assez rare aux Pays-Bas. Le port fluvial est animé par une active batellerie ; en descendant le Lek, on aboutit au grand port de Rotterdam ; en le remontant, on arrive à Duisburg et à la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Rivière de 235 kilomètres de longueur, affluent de la rive droite du Rhin , dans lequel elle se jette à Duisburg. La Ruhr a donné son nom au plus puissant bassin industriel du monde (Ruhrgebiet). Les besoins en eau des villes et des usines de celui-ci ont entraîné l'établissement de barrages-réservoirs dans son cours amont, dans le Sauerland : barrage de la Bigge (140 millions de mètre..." title="Article : RUHR" href="/encyclopedie/ruhr/">Ruhr</a>. L'autoroute européenne Rotterdam-Ruhr longe le nord de l'agglomération.</p><p>Le site et la position relativement centrale d'Arnhem aux Pays-Bas lui ont valu un certain rôle stratégique. Prise en 1940 par les armées allemandes, elle ne fut libérée qu'en avril 1945 à l'issue d'une bataille longue et particulièrement meurtrière.</p><p>La ville est aujourd'hui dominée par des industries très variées : le raffinage des métaux non ferreux, en particulier le plomb et l'étain ; la construction navale ; la chimie ; les constructions électriques ; les textiles artificiels et synthétiques ; le papier obtenu à partir de pailles de céréales ; le caoutchouc. Arnhem a aussi un centre de recherche sur l'énergie nucléaire. L'industrie a essaimé dans les villes voisines, à Rheden (en 2007, 45 000 hab.), Oosterbeek, Renkum, Wageningen, Ede (en 2007, 107 000 hab.), donnant une certaine unité à l'agglomération. Le musée Kröller-Müller, œuvre de l'architecte Henry van de Velde, possède une part importante des toiles de Van Gogh.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Claude MOINDROT</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" 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<figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT015203" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Pays-Bas : carte administrative" href="/media/pays-bas-carte-administrative-at015203/"> <img id="AT015203" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/2/csm_at015203_f1626344ea.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Pays-Bas : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative des Pays-Bas." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1926" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Pays-Bas : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" 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