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Calhoun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_C._Calhoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 American Civil War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle American Civil War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abraham_Lincoln" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abraham_Lincoln"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Abraham Lincoln </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abraham_Lincoln-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Southern conservatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilded_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilded_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Gilded Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilded_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1896–1932" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1896–1932"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 1896–1932 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1896–1932-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1896–1932 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1896–1932-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1896_realignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1896_realignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1896 realignment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1896_realignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_empire_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_empire_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Conservative empire building </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_empire_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Progressive Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 1920s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Anti-Communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writers_and_intellectuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_and_intellectuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Writers and intellectuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_and_intellectuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Deal_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Deal_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 New Deal Era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_Deal_Era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle New Deal Era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-New_Deal_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberty_League_and_the_Old_Right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberty_League_and_the_Old_Right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Liberty League and the Old Right </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberty_League_and_the_Old_Right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_backlash_against_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_backlash_against_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Conservative backlash against Franklin D. Roosevelt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_backlash_against_Franklin_D._Roosevelt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_coalition_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_coalition_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Conservative coalition forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_coalition_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thomas_Jefferson's_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Jefferson's_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Thomas Jefferson's image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Jefferson's_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1951" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1951"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 1945–1951 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1945–1951-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1945–1951 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1945–1951-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-Communism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Communism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Anti-Communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Communism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McCarthyism:_1950–1954" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McCarthyism:_1950–1954"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 McCarthyism: 1950–1954 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McCarthyism:_1950–1954-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 1950s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1950s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1950s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russell_Kirk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russell_Kirk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Russell Kirk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russell_Kirk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_F._Buckley_Jr._and_the_National_Review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_F._Buckley_Jr._and_the_National_Review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 William F. Buckley Jr. and the National Review </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_F._Buckley_Jr._and_the_National_Review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milton_Friedman_and_libertarian_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milton_Friedman_and_libertarian_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Milton Friedman and libertarian economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milton_Friedman_and_libertarian_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Birch_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Birch_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 John Birch Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Birch_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frank_Meyer_and_Fusionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frank_Meyer_and_Fusionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Frank Meyer and Fusionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frank_Meyer_and_Fusionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 1960s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1960s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1960s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_and_segregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_and_segregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 South and segregation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_and_segregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964_Barry_Goldwater_Presidential_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_Barry_Goldwater_Presidential_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 1964 Barry Goldwater Presidential Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964_Barry_Goldwater_Presidential_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 1970s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1970s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1970s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservative_shift_in_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_shift_in_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Conservative shift in politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_shift_in_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Religious Right </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoconservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoconservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Neoconservatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoconservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservatism_in_the_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservatism_in_the_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Conservatism in the South </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservatism_in_the_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Think_Tanks_and_Foundations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Think_Tanks_and_Foundations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Think Tanks and Foundations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Think_Tanks_and_Foundations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_Nixon,_Gerald_Ford_and_Jimmy_Carter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_Nixon,_Gerald_Ford_and_Jimmy_Carter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_Nixon,_Gerald_Ford_and_Jimmy_Carter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_recessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_recessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 1970s recessions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_recessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stopping_the_Equal_Rights_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stopping_the_Equal_Rights_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Stopping the Equal Rights Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stopping_the_Equal_Rights_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Reagan_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Reagan_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 1980s: Reagan Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Reagan_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Since 1990 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Since_1990-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Since 1990 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Since_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_W._Bush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_W._Bush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 George W. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower presidency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">W. Bush presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Congressional caucuses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Social media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The history of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism in the United States</a> is different from many other forms of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. There has never been a national political party in the United States called the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(United_States)" title="Conservative Party (United States)">Conservative Party</a>. All major American political parties support <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a> and the basic <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> ideals on which the country was founded in 1776, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Liberty#Liberalism" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, the pursuit of happiness, <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>, fear of <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equal_rights_before_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal rights before the law">equal rights before the law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Political divisions inside the United States often seemed minor or trivial to Europeans, where the divide between <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">the Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">the Right</a> led to violent <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">political polarization</a>, starting with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> No American party has advocated European ideals of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary aristocracy">hereditary aristocracy</a>. American conservatism is best characterized as opposition to <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> ideas of <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Allitt" title="Patrick Allitt">Patrick Allitt</a> expresses the difference between conservative and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> in terms not of policy but of attitude.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Unlike Canada and the United Kingdom, there has never been a major national political party named the Conservative Party in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Virginia,_1867)" title="Conservative Party (Virginia, 1867)">Conservative Party of Virginia</a>, founded in 1867, elected members to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (United States)">House of Representatives</a> from two other states (Maryland and North Carolina). Since 1962, there has been a small <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a>. During Reconstruction in the late 1860s, the former <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> formed a Conservative Party in several Southern states, but they soon merged into the state Democratic parties.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Colonial era">edit</a>]</div> Before the 20th century, Americans rarely referred to themselves as political conservatives. However, many used conservative as an adjective, as in, "I take a conservative view of this issue". Nevertheless, historians have noted the existence of a conservative tradition throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">history of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllitt20092-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Rossiter" title="Clinton Rossiter">Clinton Rossiter</a> writes, "there is a certain unity, if not always a conscious continuity, in the loose succession of groups and movements that have been styled 'conservative'".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The conservative tradition stretches back to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">colonial America</a>. Rossiter identifies three colonial conservative movements. The first movement was the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America" title="History of the Puritans in North America">Puritan</a> oligarchy, which led early <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> and included such men as <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Davenport_(minister)" title="John Davenport (minister)">John Davenport</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Ward" title="Nathaniel Ward">Nathaniel Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)" title="John Eliot (missionary)">John Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">William Stoughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Willard" title="Samuel Willard">Samuel Willard</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mather#Family" title="Richard Mather">Mather family</a>. Their political philosophy held:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossiter196299–100-9">[9]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">man's depravity</a></li> <li>natural inequality of all men and inevitable existence of social classes</li> <li>the state should be led by an ethical aristocracy chosen by and from men with an economic and religious stake in society</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">union of church and state</a> and the government's ability to regulate people's lives for the good order of the community and the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> of souls</li> <li>an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> "to that only which is good, just, and honest"</li></ul> The second movement was conservative <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a>. Examples of conservative Whigs include <a href="/wiki/Cadwallader_Colden" title="Cadwallader Colden">Cadwallader Colden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/De_Lancey_family" title="De Lancey family">De Lancey family</a> of New York, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland" title="Richard Bland">Richard Bland</a>. Whig ideas dominated colonial politics, and Whig philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704) and other apologists of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688, were widely read. Conservative Whigs emphasized:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossiter1962100–101-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>government by <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a></li> <li>a harmonious order of social ranks and classes</li> <li>educational institutions that teach respect for tradition</li> <li>religious institutions that preach obedience and virtue</li> <li>substantial property qualifications for <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> and office-holding</li> <li>the balancing of liberty with the duty to obey legitimate authority</li> <li>devotion to the <a href="/wiki/British_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="British constitution">British constitution</a></li></ul> The third movement was the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> or Tories of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Most of these were conservative Whigs unwilling to take up arms against the British government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossiter1962101-11">[11]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woods_Labaree" title="Leonard Woods Labaree">Leonard Woods Labaree</a> writes that the <a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">American gentry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant class">merchant class</a> were generally conservative. According to Labaree, "It was to the interest of both groups to oppose the growing spirit of liberalism, whether it came from frontier farmers or from the unenfranchised artisans of the towns."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The gentry and merchant classes dominated <a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">colonial government</a> and believed owning property should be a prerequisite for <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">voting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20013-14">[14]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency#Colonial_currency" title="Early American currency">colonial debates over paper currency</a>, merchants opposed printing money because it led to <a href="/wiki/Currency_appreciation_and_depreciation" title="Currency appreciation and depreciation">depreciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree194853–54-15">[15]</a> Ronald L. Heinemann notes that members of Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a> held to a traditional <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a>:<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The tobacco planters and farmers of Virginia adhered to the concept of a hierarchical society that they or their ancestors had brought with them from England. Most held to the general idea of a <a href="/wiki/Great_Chain_of_Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Chain of Being">Great Chain of Being</a>: at the top were God and his heavenly host; next came kings ... who were divinely sanctioned to rule, then a hereditary aristocracy who were followed in descending order by wealthy landed gentry, small, independent farmers, tenant farmers, servants ... Aspirations to rise above one's station in life were considered a sin.</blockquote> Historian Robert Muccigrosso identifies three aspects of colonial conservatism: the churches, the education system, and admiration for the British constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20013-14">[14]</a> Support for the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established churches</a> (the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Episcopal_Church_(United_States)#Colonial_origins_(1607–1775)" title="History of the Episcopal Church (United States)">Church of England</a> in the Southern colonies and the <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregational churches</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="New England colonies">New England colonies</a>) was a conservative impulse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree194828_&_37-17">[17]</a> Most colonial ministers believed in a social hierarchy. They opposed <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-intellectual">anti-intellectual</a> movements that threatened order and stability. Colonial colleges were founded to teach upper-class gentlemen and future ministers traditional knowledge. Conservatives admired Great Britain's balanced government with power divided between the <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (aristocracy), and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a>. They believed this system successfully preserved an ordered society and promoted individual liberty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20013-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding">Founding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763), the British government asserted greater control over colonial affairs as it ended its policy of <a href="/wiki/Salutary_neglect" title="Salutary neglect">salutary neglect</a>. This interference threatened the power and economic security of the colonial ruling class. Resistance to British policies, specifically <a href="/wiki/Taxation_without_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation without representation">taxation without representation</a>, culminated in the American Revolution (1765–1783).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree194856-18">[18]</a> Supporters of the Revolution were known as Whigs or <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> and were divided between conservatives and radicals. For conservative Patriots, the Revolution was about maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">rights as Englishmen</a>. Conservatives such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a> attempted to lead the Revolution in a moderate direction that avoided the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">mob rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20014-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> led the radicals. These men used the Revolution to demand greater equality within society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree194858-21">[21]</a> Opponents of the Revolution were called <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> or Tories. Labaree identified eight characteristics of Loyalists that contributed to their conservative opposition to independence. Loyalists:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree1948164–165-22">[22]</a> <ol><li>Resisted innovation</li> <li>Held the conviction that resistance to the British government was morally wrong</li> <li>Felt alienated from the Patriot cause when it resorted to violence, such as burning houses and <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tarring and feathering</a> royal officials</li> <li>Desired to take a middle-of-the-road position and were angry when forced by the Patriots to declare their opposition</li> <li>Had a sentimental attachment to Britain, admiration for the British constitution, and belief in the value of the British connection</li> <li>Were procrastinators who realized that while independence might be inevitable, they would rather postpone it for as long as possible</li> <li>Were cautious and lacked the Patriots' confidence in the future of an independent America</li> <li>Were pessimists who feared that independence would lead to mob rule, anarchy, or tyranny</li></ol> During the Revolution, hundreds of thousands of Loyalists fled the American colonies. Among them were important figures such as the statesman <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Galloway" title="Joseph Galloway">Joseph Galloway</a> and the minister <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Boucher" title="Jonathan Boucher">Jonathan Boucher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20014-20">[20]</a> Other Loyalists stayed. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Seabury" title="Samuel Seabury">Samuel Seabury</a>, for example, abandoned politics but became the first bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>. This church appealed to families that still admired hierarchy, tradition, and historic liturgy but had given up their allegiance to the king.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In the 20th century, American conservatives have highlighted the conservative nature of the American Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> considered the Revolution "a conservative reaction, in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">English political tradition</a>, against royal innovation".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Robert Nisbet</a> stressed the conservative nature of the American Revolution in contrast to the extreme passions and much greater violence of other revolutions, especially the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. He attributed the Patriots' restraint to the localization of power, religiosity, the absence of <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anticlericalism</a>, and the relatively open class system made possible by the absence of hereditary aristocrats.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> After 1776, the new American conservatism, unlike European conservatism, was not based on inherited rank, landed estates, or loyalty to the Crown or the established Church. Conservative philosopher <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer</a> points out its resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">European liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> David Lefer has emphasized the central role of conservative <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> in shaping key documents such as the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Framers_of_the_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers of the Constitution">Framers of the Constitution</a> were innovative insofar as they were creating a new government and conservative in that they were informed by the "wisdom of the ages and ... the experience of generations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllitt20097-28">[28]</a> The conservative thought of <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> can be seen in <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a>, a set of essays supporting the Constitution during the debate over its ratification. Both men believed that human nature was imperfect. <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">Federalist No. 51</a> states:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllitt20097_&_9-29">[29]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.</blockquote> While Madison believed in <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>, he wanted to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>. Popular passions needed to be channeled and refined through representatives. The <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect election</a> of U.S. senators complements the <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate's</a> composition reassured the wealthy minority that the majority would not dispossess them. The Constitution provided an impartial, unelected <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">judicial branch</a> to check popular passions further. Each branch of government would be motivated by self-interest to resist encroachments from the other branches. The <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> would further protect against tyranny.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllitt20098–9-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federalists">Federalists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federalists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a></div> In the wake of the Revolution, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, dominated by Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, used the presidency of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to promote a strong nation capable of holding its own in world affairs, with a strong army and navy able to suppress internal revolts (such as the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">national bank</a> to support financial and business interests.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Intellectually, Federalists, while devoted to <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">liberty</a>, held profoundly conservative views attuned to the American character. As <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> explained, they believed that liberty is inseparable from union, that men are essentially unequal, that vox populi [voice of the people] is seldom if ever <a href="/wiki/Vox_Dei_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox Dei (phrase)">vox Dei</a> [the voice of God], and that sinister outside influences were busy undermining American integrity.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Allitt" title="Patrick Allitt">Patrick Allitt</a> concludes that Federalists promoted many conservative positions, including the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> under the Constitution, republican government, peaceful change through elections, judicial supremacy, stable national finances, credible and active diplomacy, and protection of wealth.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Federalists were dominated by businessmen and merchants in the major cities and were supportive of the modernizing, urbanizing, <a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_economic_program" title="Hamiltonian economic program">financial policies of Hamilton</a>. These policies included the funding of the national debt and also assumption of state debts incurred during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (thus allowing the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> to lower their own taxes and still pay their debts), the incorporation of a national <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">Bank of the United States</a>, the support of manufactures and industrial development, and the use of a tariff to fund the Treasury. In foreign affairs the Federalists opposed the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> they fought the "<a href="/wiki/Quasi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi War">Quasi War</a>" (an undeclared naval war) with France in 1798–99 and built a strong army and navy. Ideologically, the controversy between <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Jeffersonian Republicans</a> and Federalists stemmed from a difference of principle and style. In terms of style the Federalists distrusted the public, thought the elite should be in charge, and favored national power over state power. Republicans distrusted Britain, bankers, merchants, and did not want a powerful national government. The Federalists—notably Hamilton, were distrustful of "the people", the French, and the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Adams">John Adams</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: John Adams">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency of John Adams</a></div> Since the 1790s, conservatives have emphasized an identification with the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> and the Constitution. Historians of conservative political thought "generally label <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> as the intellectual father of American conservatism."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Russell Kirk points to Adams as the key Founding Father for conservatives, noting that "some writers regard him as America's most important conservative public man."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Rossiter" title="Clinton Rossiter">Clinton Rossiter</a> writes: <blockquote>Here was no lover of government by plutocracy, no dreamer of an America filled with factions and hard-packed cities. Here was a man who loved America as it was and had been, one whose life was a doughty testament to the trials and glories of ordered liberty. Here ... was the model of the American conservative.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></blockquote> Historian A. Owen Aldridge places Adams, "At the head of the conservative ranks in the early years of the Republic and Jefferson as the leader of the contrary liberal current."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It was a fundamental doctrine for Adams that all men are subject to equal laws of morality. He held that in society all men have a right to equal laws and equal treatment from the government. However, he added, "no two men are perfectly equal in person, property, understanding, activity, and virtue."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Peter Viereck</a> concluded: <blockquote>Hamilton, Adams, and their Federalist party sought to establish in the new world what they called a "natural aristocracy." [It was to be] based on property, education, family status, and sense of ethical responsibility....Their motive was liberty itself.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic-Republicans">Democratic-Republicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Democratic-Republicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></div> In the 1790s, <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a> arose in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, primarily as a response to the fear that Federalists' favoritism toward British <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchism</a> threatened the new republic.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The opposition party chose the name <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">"Republican Party"</a>. Some historians refer to them as "<a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffersonian Republicans">Jeffersonian Republicans</a>" while political scientists usually use the "<a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>," in order to distinguish them from the modern <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. While "<a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffersonian Democracy">Jeffersonian Democracy</a>" persisted as an element of the Democratic Party into the early 20th century, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> (1860–1925), and its themes continue to echo in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Jeffersonians opposed the further strengthening federal government and the rise of an interventionist judiciary, a concern later shared by conservatives of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The next four presidents were Democratic-Republicans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whigs">Whigs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Whigs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (United States)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Webster_-_circa_1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Daniel_Webster_-_circa_1847.jpg/220px-Daniel_Webster_-_circa_1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Daniel_Webster_-_circa_1847.jpg/330px-Daniel_Webster_-_circa_1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Daniel_Webster_-_circa_1847.jpg/440px-Daniel_Webster_-_circa_1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, a prominent Whig leader</figcaption></figure> During the 1800s and 1810s, the "<a href="/wiki/Old_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Republicans">Old Republicans</a>" (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, which did not yet exist) were led by <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph of Roanoke</a>. They refused to form a coalition with the Federalists. Instead they set up a separate opposition led by <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>. They nevertheless adopted Federalist principles by chartering the Second Bank of the United States, promoting <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> for transportation, raising tariffs to protect factories, and promoting a strong army and navy after the failures of the War of 1812.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> By the 1830s, the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> emerged as the <a href="/wiki/National_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National conservative">national conservative</a> party. Whigs supported the national bank, private business interests, and the modernization of the economy in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a>, which represented the interests of poor farmers and the urban working class, represented by the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. They chose the name "Whig" because it had been used by patriots in the Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> and other Whig leaders referred to their new political party as the "conservative party", and they called for a return to tradition, restraint, hierarchy, and moderation.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In the end, the nation synthesized the two positions, Federalist and Whig, adopting representative democracy and a strong nation state. By the end of the 1820s, American politics had generally adapted to a two-party system whereby rival parties stake their claims before the electorate, and the winner takes control of the government. As time went on, the Federalists lost appeal with the average voter and were generally not equal to the tasks of party organization; hence, they grew steadily weaker. After 1816, the Federalists had no national influence apart from the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">Marshall Court</a>. They retained some local support into the 1820s, but important leaders left their fading cause, including future presidents <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, and future Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_C._Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: John C. Calhoun">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1782–1850), at various times a Jeffersonian Republican, a Whig and a <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Democrat</a>, was always an independent thinker. He moved from a strong nationalist position in the 1810s and 1820s, to a states' rights position emphasizing the rights of minorities (by which he meant white South), and rejecting a powerful central government. Jefferson and Madison in 1798 had developed a theory of nullification that would enable states to reject unconstitutional federal actions. Calhoun picked up the idea and further developed it as a defense against federal attacks on slavery. His ideas were enormously influential among Southern politicians and intellectuals in the decade after his death in 1850; his ideas were often used to promote secession in 1860 as a legal, constitutional escape valve for the South.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Brian Farmer says, "Perhaps no figure better exemplifies the attitudes of Southern conservatism in the antebellum period than John C. Calhoun of South Carolina."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> His ideas were revived by hard-core Southern conservatives in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Peter Viereck</a>, "this more extreme, very regional Calhoun conservatism still dominates much of the American South in the 1970s."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: American Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abraham_Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abraham Lincoln">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was the first president elected by the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, and Lincoln has been an iconic figure for American conservatives. Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">David Hackett Fischer</a> stresses Lincoln's conservative views. In the 1850s, "Lincoln was a prosperous corporate lawyer, and a member of the conservative Whig party for many years."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> He promoted business interests, especially banks, canals, railroads, and factories.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Before the outbreak of the Civil War, Lincoln explicitly appealed to conservatives. In 1859, he explained what he meant by conservatism in terms of fealty to the original intent of the Founding Fathers: <blockquote>The chief and real purpose of the Republican party is eminently conservative. It proposes nothing save and except to restore this government to its original tone in regard to this element of slavery, and there to maintain it, looking for no further change in reference to it than that which the original framers of the Government themselves expected and looked forward to."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></blockquote> Lincoln elaborated his position in his famous <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union speech</a> before Republican elites in New York on February 27, 1860. He argued that the Founding Fathers expected slavery to die a natural death, not to spread. His point was that the Founding Fathers were anti-slavery and the notion that slavery was good was a radical innovation that violated American ideals. This speech solidified Lincoln's base in the Republican Party and helped assure his nomination.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> During the war, Lincoln was the leader of the moderate Republicans who fought the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> on the issues of dealing with slavery and re-integrating the South into the nation. He built the stronger coalition, holding together conservative and moderate Republicans, and War Democrats, against the Radicals who wanted to deny him renomination in 1864.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> When the war was ending Lincoln planned to reintegrate the white South into the union as soon as possible by offering generous peace terms, "with malice toward none, with charity toward all". But when Lincoln was assassinated, the Radicals gained the upper hand and imposed much harsher terms than those Lincoln had wished.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> James Randall is one of many who see Lincoln as holding 19th century classical liberal positions, while at the same time emphasizing Lincoln's tolerance and conservatism "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concluded that Lincoln was "conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' that involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> David Greenstone argues that Lincoln's thought was grounded in reform liberalism but notes that his unionism and Whiggish politics had a deeply conservative side as well.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Some liberal historians hold alternative views. According to Striner, "...it is vain to try to classify Lincoln as a clear-cut conservative or liberal, as some historians have tried. He was both, and his politics engendered a long-term tradition of centrism..." .<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_conservatism">Southern conservatism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southern conservatism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a></div> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Camp" title="Stephanie Camp">Stephanie Camp</a> have noted the conservatism of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. After the Civil War, "conservative" came to mean those who supported the steady <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> of blacks into American society, but opposed the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> who wanted to impose punitive measures against ex-Confederates.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Conservative Southerners thought that the radicalism of Northern reformers to empower the <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freed slaves</a> would cause upheaval if done too quickly. They often accused Northern <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a> who tried to help freed slaves of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">corruption</a>. Conservatives opposed the race-based politics in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>, but given the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, had to settle on <a href="/wiki/Incrementalism" title="Incrementalism">incrementalism</a>. Supremacist <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> differed from conservatives in their strong support for <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, and insistence on a second-class powerless status for blacks, regardless of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Southern conservatives in the 1950s added <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> to their agenda, believing that the ideology was poisoning the civil rights movement and the push for integration.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> There was also a liberal element in the South—in support of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>—but they rarely opposed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> From 1877 to 1960, the "<a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>" voted for Democratic Party candidates in almost all national elections; Democrats had firm control of <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">local government</a> in all Southern states. By the late 1930s conservative Southern Democrats in Congress joined with most Northern Republicans in an informal <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Coalition">Conservative Coalition</a> that usually proved decisive in stopping progressive New Deal domestic legislation until 1964. With the <a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a> of the Republican party in the late 1960s, religious Southern conservatives shifted their support from the Democratic party to the Republican party, forming a very dominant Solid South block of social conservatives in the Republican party. However the Southerners generally were much more internationalist than the mostly isolationist Northern Republicans in the Coalition.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a>, especially on the part of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptists</a>, was a powerful force in Southern conservative politics beginning in the late 1970s. However, they voted for Reagan in 1980 over a fellow Southern Baptist Jimmy Carter.<a href="#cite_note-Merle_Black_2003-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gilded_Age">Gilded Age</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gilded Age">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></div> There was little nostalgia and backward looking in the dynamic North and West during the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, the period in the U.S. history in the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Business was expanding rapidly, with manufacturing, mining, railroads, and banking leading the way. There were millions of new farms in the prairie states. Immigration reached record levels. Progress was the watchword of the day. The wealth of the period is highlighted by <a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">American upper class</a> opulence, but also by the rise of American <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a> (referred to by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> as the "Gospel of Wealth") that used private money to endow thousands of colleges, hospitals, museums, academies, schools, opera houses, public libraries, symphony orchestras, and charities.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Conservatives in the 20th Century, looking back at the Gilded Age, retroactively applied the word "conservative" to those who supported <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">unrestrained Capitalism</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oswald Garrison Villard">Oswald Garrison Villard</a>, writing in 1939, characterized his former mentor <a href="/wiki/Horace_White_(writer)" title="Horace White (writer)">Horace White</a> (1834–1916) as "a great economic conservative; had he lived to see the days of the New Deal financing he would probably have cried out loud and promptly demised."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In this sense, the conservative element of the Democratic party was led by the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Democrats">Bourbon Democrats</a> and their hero President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, who fought against high tariffs and on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>. In 1896, the Bourbons were overthrown inside the Democratic Party by <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> and the agrarians, who preached "<a href="/wiki/Free_Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Silver">Free Silver</a>" and opposition to the power that banks and railroads had over the American farmer. The agrarians formed a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populists</a> and vehemently denounced the politics of big business, especially in <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">the decisive 1896 election</a>, won by Republican <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, who was easily reelected over Bryan in 1900 as well. Religious conservatives of this period sponsored a large and flourishing media network, especially based on magazines, many with close ties to the Protestant churches that were rapidly expanding due to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a>. Catholics had few magazines but opposed agrarianism in politics and established hundreds of schools and colleges to promote their conservative religious and social values.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Modern conservatives often point to <a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a> (1840–1910), a leading public intellectual of the era, as one of their own, citing his articulate support for <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, and his opposition to what he saw as threats to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> from the rich <a href="/wiki/Plutocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutocrat">plutocrats</a> above or the agrarians and ignorant masses below.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Gilded Age came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> and the severe nationwide depression that lasted from 1893 to 1897. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1896–1932">1896–1932</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1896–1932">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1896_realignment">1896 realignment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1896 realignment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 United States presidential election</a></div> The two parties re-aligned in the election of 1896, with the conservative Republicans led by <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> becoming the party of business, <a href="/wiki/Sound_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound money">sound money</a> and assertive foreign policy while the Democratic Party, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, became the party of the worker, the small farmer, <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> inflationists, populists and anti-imperialism in 1900. Bryan's people took control of the Democratic Party away from the Cleveland Democrats (also called "<a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a>") at the <a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 Democratic National Convention</a>, where 36-year old Bryan electrified the left by blaming international bankers in New York, London and elsewhere for crucifying mankind upon "a cross of gold." Pietistic <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a> thrilled to Bryan's intensely religious rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Republican strategy for a counter crusade was "to join together all conservative forces and brand the crusaders as <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">anarchists</a>, dishonest shallow-brained fools, and thoroughly dangerous fanatics....While Bryan preached the overthrow of evil men, the opposition showed that silver-right panaceas would wreck the economy for decades, deprive factory workers of their livelihood, cheat honest businessmen, and install a wholy un-American regime."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The Republican counter-crusade energized conservative Republican farmers and businessmen, and attracted previously Democratic-inclined <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a>, who switched toward McKinley as the sound money conservative choice who rejected radicalism.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The term socialist has long been used as an epithet by conservatives that goes far beyond issues of municipal ownership. Editor <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emporia,_Kansas" title="Emporia, Kansas">Emporia, Kansas</a>, in his famous 1896 editorial on "What's the matter with Kansas" furiously attacked the radicalism of Bryanite Democrats and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populists</a>. Supporters of Republican conservative <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> distributed over a million copies to rally opposition to <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, nominee of both the Democratic and Populist parties. White, according to historian David Hinshaw, used "socialistic" as "his big gun to blast radical opposition."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_empire_building">Conservative empire building</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservative empire building">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></div> As the 19th century drew to a close, the United States became an imperial power, with overseas territories in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and control over <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. Imperialism won out, as the election of 1900 ratified McKinley's policies and the U.S. possession of territories acquired in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> promoted the military and naval advantages of the U.S., and echoed McKinley's theme that America had a duty to civilize and modernize the heathen.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Bryan made <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a> a centerpiece of his <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1900 United States House of Representatives elections">1900 presidential election</a> campaign, and the Democrats continued the anti-imperialistic tradition, calling for independence for the Philippines until they finally won congressional approval in 1916 that promised eventual independence, which was achieved in 1946. Meanwhile, the imperialistic Republicans lost interest. The supposed business, religious, and military advantages of having an empire proved illusory; by 1908 or so the most ardent conservative imperialists, especially <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> turned their attention to building up an army and navy at home and to building the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> They dropped the notion of additional expansion and by 1920, agreed that the Philippines should become independent.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Era">Progressive Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Progressive Era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></div> In the early years of the 20th century, Republican spokesmen for big business in Congress included Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joe Cannon</a> and Senate Republican Leader <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Aldrich">Nelson Aldrich</a> of Rhode Island. Aldrich introduced the <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixteenth Amendment</a>, which allowed the federal government to collect an income tax; he also set in motion the design of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>, which began in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Pro-business conservatives supported many <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> reforms, especially those opposed to corruption and inefficiency in government, and called for purification of politics. Conservative Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> sponsored the nation's basic anti-trust law in 1890, and conservatives generally supported anti-trust in the name of opposing monopoly and opening up opportunities for small business.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Efficiency_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficiency Movement">Efficiency Movement</a> attracted many <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Republican">Progressive Republicans</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Nelson W. Aldrich</a> and later President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>; with its pro-business, quasi-engineering approach to solve social and economic problems. The issues of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">woman suffrage</a> split the conservatives. The "insurgents" were on the Left of the Republican Party. Led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> of Wisconsin, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a> of Nebraska, and <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> of California, they fought the conservatives in a series of bitter battles that split the GOP and allowed the Democratic Party to take control of Congress in 1910. Teddy Roosevelt, a hawk on foreign and military policy, moved increasingly to the left on domestic issues regarding courts, unions, railroads, big business, labor unions and the welfare state.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> By 1910–11, Roosevelt had broken bitterly with Taft and the conservative wing of the GOP. In 1911–12 he took control of the insurgency on the left, formed a third party, and ran an unsuccessful campaign for president on the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party ticket</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a>. His departure left the conservatives, led by President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, dominant in the Republican party until 1936.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The split opened the way in 1912 for Democrat <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to become president with only 42% of the vote. The result was that liberalism prevailed for 8 years.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a> broke out in 1914, with Wilson proclaiming neutrality. Former President Theodore Roosevelt denounced Wilson's foreign policy, charging, 'Had it not been for Wilson's pusillanimity, the war would have been over by the summer of 1916." Indeed, Roosevelt believed that Wilson's approach to foreign policy was fundamentally and objectively evil.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Roosevelt abandoned the Progressive Party and campaigned energetically for Republican candidate <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, but Wilson's policy of neutrality managed to provide him with a narrow victory in the 1916 election. The GOP, under conservative leadership, went on to regain Congress in 1918<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and then the White House in 1920. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1920s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Presidency of Warren G. Harding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Presidency of Calvin Coolidge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Presidency of Herbert Hoover</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/220px-seek%3D3-Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv/Calvin_Coolidge_video_montage.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Republicans returned to dominance in 1920 with the election of President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, who ran a campaign that pledged a <a href="/wiki/Return_to_normalcy" title="Return to normalcy">return to normalcy</a>. Tucker (2010) argues that the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 election</a> marked the "high tide of American conservatism," as both major candidates campaigned for limited government, reduced taxes, and less regulation. The opposition was split between Progressive Party candidate <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> who won 17% of the vote, and Democratic <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> who took 29%, which allowed <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> to easily win reelection.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Under Coolidge (1923–29), the economy boomed and society stabilized; new policies focused on Americanizing immigrants already living in the United States and restricting the influx of new immigrants into the country. During 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">religious fundamentalists</a> like minister <a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Riley" title="William Bell Riley">William Bell Riley</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, the three-time Democratic presidential nominee, led the battle against the theory of <a href="/wiki/Darwinian_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian Evolution">Darwinian Evolution</a>. They considered it false and blasphemous and helped pass laws to make the teaching of evolution in public schools a state crime. The <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial</a> of 1925 was a nationally publicized challenge to their efforts that largely discredited the movement.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Representative of the 1900–1930 era, was <a href="/wiki/James_M._Beck" title="James M. Beck">James M. Beck</a>, a lawyer under Presidents Roosevelt, Harding and Coolidge, and a congressman from 1927 to 1933. He espoused conservative principles such as <a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">constitutionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">property rights</a>, and opposition to reform. Conservatives like Beck saw the need to regulate bad behavior in the corporate world with the intention of protecting <a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">corporate capitalism</a> from radical forces, but they were alarmed by the anti-business and pro-union proposals of Roosevelt after 1905. They began to question the notion of a national authority beneficial to big capital, and instead emphasized legalism, concern for the Constitution, and reverence for the American past.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Communism">Anti-Communism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anti-Communism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></div> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> and the subsequent rise of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, both major American political parties became strongly anti-Communist. Within the U.S., the far Left split and an <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American Communist Party</a> emerged in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Maurice_Isserman_1990-96">[96]</a> Conservatives denounced Communist ideals as a subversion of American values and maintained relentless opposition to Communist principles until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. Conservatives were especially sensitive to the perception of Communist elements trying to change national policies and values in the U.S. government, the media, and academia. Conservatives enthusiastically supported anti-Communist agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>, and were chief proponents of the Congressional investigations of the 1940s and 1950s, particularly those led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_McCarthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe McCarthy">Joe McCarthy</a>, and were wary of ex-Communists who exposed the system, such as <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_Gid_Powers_1996-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writers_and_intellectuals">Writers and intellectuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Writers and intellectuals">edit</a>]</div> A tension between mainstream <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a> and conservatism has been a factor for generations. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> found that opposition to conservatism has been common among intellectuals since about 1890.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Although conservatism built a presence among intellectuals in the late 19th century, historian <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George Nash</a> wrote in 1996 that, "Despite its new-found status and competitiveness, intellectual conservatism remains a minority movement, especially in the academic community, and, more broadly, amongst the articulate and politically dynamic "new class".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> However, there were conservative intellectuals inside and out of mainstream academia who during the early and mid-20th century propagated conservative values and shaped the intellectual base of modern conservatism. Prominent among them were <a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Irving Babbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Richard M. Weaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>, William F. Buckley Jr, etc. A classic conservative work of the period is <a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924) by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Irving Babbitt</a>. Numerous literary figures developed a conservative sensibility and warned of threats to Western Civilization. In the 1900–1950 era <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Tate" title="Allen Tate">Allen Tate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Nelson_Lytle" title="Andrew Nelson Lytle">Andrew Lytle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(poet)" title="Donald Davidson (poet)">Donald Davidson</a>, and others feared that heedless scientific innovation would unleash forces that would undermine traditional Western values and lead to the collapse of civilization. Instead they searched for a rationale for promoting traditional cultural values in the face of their fear of an onslaught by moral nihilism based on historical and scientific relativism.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Conservatism as an intellectual movement in the South after 1930 was represented by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a>. The focus was on traditionalism and hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Numerous former Communist or Trotskyite writers repudiated the Left in the 1930s or 1940s and embraced conservatism, becoming contributors to <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> in the 1950s. They included <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a> (1883–1969), <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a> (1896–1970), <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> (1901–1961), <a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Will Herberg</a> (1901–1977), and <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a> (1905–1987).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Dozens of small circulation magazines aimed at intellectuals promoted the conservative cause in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> Major newspapers in metropolitan centers with conservative editorial viewpoints have played an important part in the development of American conservatism. In the 1930–1960 era, the <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Communications" title="Hearst Communications">Hearst chain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/McCormick_family" title="McCormick family">McCormick family</a> newspapers (especially the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> championed most conservative causes, as did the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Luce" title="Henry Luce">Henry Luce</a> magazines, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In recent years, those media have lost their conservative edge.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> By 1936, most publishers favored Republican <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> over Democratic liberal Franklin Roosevelt. In the nation's 15 largest cities the newspapers that editorially endorsed Landon represented 70 percent of the circulation, while Roosevelt won 69% of the actual voters in those cities.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Roosevelt's secret was to open up a new channel of communication to his supporters, through radio. His <a href="/wiki/Fireside_Chats" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireside Chats">Fireside Chats</a> especially influenced young radio broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who was an enthusiastic New Dealer at that time.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Newspaper publishers continue to favor conservative Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> has continuously been a major voice of conservatism since the 1930s, and remains so since its takeover by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a> in 2007. As editor of the editorial page, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_C._Royster" title="Vermont C. Royster">Vermont C. Royster</a> (1958–1971), and <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bartley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert L. Bartley">Robert L. Bartley</a> (1972–2000), were especially influential in providing a conservative interpretation of the news on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Deal_Era">New Deal Era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New Deal Era">edit</a>]</div> During the 1930s, the beginning of modern conservatism was born with opposition towards the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. Conservative (mostly Midwestern) Republicans and Southern Democrats united for the first time, and distinct characteristics of modern conservatism began to appear. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>, which followed the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> led to price <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a>, massive <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">unemployment</a>, falling <a href="/wiki/Farm_income" title="Farm income">farm incomes</a>, investment losses, <a href="/wiki/Bank_failure" title="Bank failure">bank failures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_failure" title="Business failure">business bankruptcies</a> and reduced government revenues. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s economic policies failed as the depression worsened, and in the 1932 presidential election, Democratic <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> won a landslide victory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberty_League_and_the_Old_Right">Liberty League and the Old Right</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Liberty League and the Old Right">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_League" title="American Liberty League">American Liberty League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right (United States)</a></div> Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> had considerable conservative support at the start, but by 1934 the conservatives started uniting in opposition to the president. The counterattack first came from conservative Democrats, led by presidential nominees <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (1924) and <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (1928), who mobilized businessmen into the <a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_League" title="American Liberty League">American Liberty League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Opposition to the New Deal also came from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a>, a group of conservative free-market anti-interventionists, originally associated with Midwestern Republicans led by Hoover and, after 1938, by Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> of Ohio. Ex-President Hoover moved sharply to the right after 1932, abandoning his earlier Progressivism. He became a leading opponent of FDR and the New Deal. Hoover became a senior statesman of "conservative republicanism" until his death in 1964. His research center, the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, became a major think tank for the right.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Old Right accused Roosevelt of promoting socialism; some noted his upper class status and said he was a "traitor to his class".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> By 1935, the New Deal strongly supported labor unions, which grew rapidly in membership and power; they became the main target of conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-Jefferson_Cowie_2008-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_backlash_against_Franklin_D._Roosevelt">Conservative backlash against Franklin D. Roosevelt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Conservative backlash against Franklin D. Roosevelt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937</a></div> Buoyed by his landslide win in 1936, which further reduced the GOP in Congress, Roosevelt in early 1937 astonished the nation by his "court-packing scheme". He called on Congress to add six more justices to the nine on the Supreme Court, which had been overturning New Deal legislations as unconstitutional. Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> worked with congressional allies to stop Roosevelt. Many who broke with Roosevelt on the Court issue had been old Progressives such as Senator <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> of Montana.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Roosevelt was defeated in the Court initiative and fought back by targeting his enemies in <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1938">the 1938 Democratic primaries</a>. The national economy was in a sharp recession, and widespread labor strikes were making unions highly controversial. Roosevelt failed, as all but one Congressman resisted the "purge". Opposition to Roosevelt doubled among Southern Democratic Congressmen.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_coalition_forms">Conservative coalition forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Conservative coalition forms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></div> Senator <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bailey" title="Josiah Bailey">Josiah Bailey</a> (D-NC) released the "<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a>" in December 1937, which marked the launching of the "<a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a>" between Republicans and Southern Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Kicker-123">[123]</a> The Republicans made nationwide gains in 1938. The Conservative Coalition generally controlled Congress until 1963; no major legislation passed, which the Coalition opposed. Its most prominent leaders were Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> (R-OH) and Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Russell, Jr.">Richard Russell</a> (D-GA).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/James_T._Patterson_(historian)" title="James T. Patterson (historian)">James T. Patterson</a>: <blockquote>By and large the congressional conservatives by 1939 agreed in opposing the spread of federal power and bureaucracy, in denouncing deficit spending, in criticizing industrial labor unions, and in excoriating most welfare programs. They sought to "conserve" an America which they believed to have existed before 1933.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amrally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Amrally.jpg/260px-Amrally.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Amrally.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> speaking at an America First Committee rally</figcaption></figure> The conservative coalition was not concerned with foreign policy, as most of the Southern Democrats were internationalists, a position opposed by most Republicans. The key Republican conservative was Senator Robert A. Taft. He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in 1940, 1948, and 1952, and was a staunch isolationist who opposed American membership in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (1949) and the fight against Communist expansion in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950).<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Many conservatives, especially in the Midwest, in 1939–41 favored isolationism and opposed American entry into World War II—and so did some liberals. (see <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a>). Conservatives in the East and South were generally interventionist, as typified by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a>. However, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in Dec. 1941 united all Americans behind the war effort, with conservatives in Congress taking the opportunity to close down many New Deal agencies, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thomas_Jefferson's_image">Thomas Jefferson's image</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Thomas Jefferson's image">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div> Conservatives typically argued their positions, which were derived from the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Fathers">Founding Fathers</a> who formed the United States in the late 18th century. The problem was how to handle <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>—he was a major hero to both left and right, although at different times for different reasons. In the New Deal era of the 1930s, Jefferson's memory became contested ground. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> greatly admired Jefferson and had the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a> built to honor his hero. Even more dramatic was the reaction of the conservatives as typified by the <a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_League" title="American Liberty League">American Liberty League</a> (comprising mostly conservative Democrats who resembled the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Democrats">Bourbon Democrats</a> of the 1870–1900 era) and the Republican Party. Conservative Republicans abandoned their Hamiltonian views because they led to enlarged national government. Their opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal was cast in explicitly Jeffersonian small-government terms, and Jefferson became a hero of the Right.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1945–1951">1945–1951</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1945–1951">edit</a>]</div> The modern conservative political movement, combining elements from both <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditional conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a>, emerged following World War II, but had its immediate political roots in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. Those two branches of conservatism allied post World War I anti-communism thought. They defended a system in which the government should have a limited role to play in individual affairs.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Their conceptions of conservatism, though differing slightly from one another, shared an inclination towards the elevation of a universal moral code within society. In the early 1950s, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> defined the boundaries and resting grounds of conservatism. In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953), Dr. Kirk wrote ten "truisms"<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> that became major concepts for conservatism philosophy. Another important name in the domain of U.S. conservatism is <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a>. Mr. Burnham, a philosopher remembered for his political life, unsettled some foundations of conservatism when he, fervent opponent of liberalism, took position in favor of the Conscription.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In another book called Rebels All, Kevin Mattson seeks to define the main goals of Post-War conservatism in the United States. He wrote: "isn't conservatism supposed to be about maintaining standards, upholding civility, and frowning on rebellion?"<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In addition, looking back at how it has evolved from post World War II to modern times, it seems undeniable that conservatism holds the capacity to defend diverging beliefs such as free-market libertarianism and religious traditionalism while valuing the aggressively anti-communist mind.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Modern Conservatism, a highly complex concept, finds its roots in the works of post-World War II thinkers and philosophers whose differing opinions about how to promote similar goals reflect the subjectivity of this political inclination. In the <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_elections" title="1946 United States elections">1946 United States elections</a>, conservative Republicans took control of Congress and opened investigations into communist infiltration of the federal government under Roosevelt. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> accused <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a>, a senior State Department official, of being a Soviet spy. Based on the testimony of <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>, an ex-Communist who became a leading anti-Communist and hero to conservatives, Hiss was convicted of perjury.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> (1945–1953) adopted a <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> strategy against <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s Communist expansion in Europe. Truman's major policy initiatives were through the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> (1947), the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> (1948) and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (1949). Truman's Cold War policies had the support of most conservatives except for the remaining isolationists. The <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">far left</a> (comprising <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> members and <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">fellow travelers</a>) wanting to continue <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with Russia, formed the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a>, which followed FDR's vice president <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> in a quixotic crusade in the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a>, that failed to win the new party's broad support and, largely destroyed the far left in the Democratic party.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Truman was reelected but his vaunted "Fair Deal" went nowhere, as the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Coalition">Conservative Coalition</a> set the domestic agenda in Congress. The Coalition did not play a role in foreign affairs. In 1947, the conservative coalition in Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a>, balancing the rights of management and unions, and delegitimizing Communist union leaders. However, the major job of rooting out communists from labor unions and the Democratic party was undertaken by liberals, such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a> (Reagan was a Democrat at that time).<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> One typical mid-century conservative Republican in Congress was <a href="/wiki/Noah_M._Mason" title="Noah M. Mason">Noah M. Mason</a> (1882–1965), who represented a rural <a href="/wiki/Downstate_Illinois" title="Downstate Illinois">downstate</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> from 1937 to 1962. Less flamboyant and less well known than his colleague <a href="/wiki/Everett_McKinley_Dirksen" class="mw-redirect" title="Everett McKinley Dirksen">Everett McKinley Dirksen</a>, he ardently supported <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> in order to minimize the federal role, for he feared federal regulation of business. He distrusted Roosevelt, and gave many speeches against high federal spending. He called out New Dealers, such as <a href="/wiki/Eveline_M._Burns" title="Eveline M. Burns">Eveline M. Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_A._Berle,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph A. Berle, Jr.">Adolph A. Berle, Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Porter" title="Paul A. Porter">Paul A. Porter</a>, as socialists, and suggested their policies resembled fascism. He fought communism as a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> (1938–43), and in 1950 he championed Joe McCarthy's exposés.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a> wrote that conservatives had lost the battle of ideas: "In the United States at this time liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition. For it is the plain fact that nowadays there are no conservative or reactionary ideas in general circulation." He likewise wrote: "But the conservative impulse and the reactionary impulse do not, with some isolated and some ecclesiastical exceptions, express themselves in ideas but only in action or in irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Communism_2">Anti-Communism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anti-Communism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></div> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> and the subsequent rise of the USSR, both major American political parties became strongly anti-Communist.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Gid_Powers_1996-97">[97]</a> However the liberal Franklin D. Roosevelt did attract some Communist support 1933–1945, especially after Hitler attacked the USSR in 1941. Within the U.S., the far Left split and an American Communist Party emerged in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Maurice_Isserman_1990-96">[96]</a> Most conservatives denounced Communist ideals as a subversion of American values and maintained relentless opposition to Communist principles until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. However, there was a minority—led by Robert Taft—who opposed NATO and wanted to avoid European entanglements.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Conservatives were especially sensitive to the perception that Communist elements were trying to change national policies and values in the U.S. government, the media, and academia. Conservatives enthusiastically supported anti-Communist agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>. They were chief proponents of the Congressional investigations of the 1940s and 1950s, particularly those led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and Joe McCarthy. McCarthy, a Catholic Republican, attracted many conservative Catholic Democrats, including the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Conservatives welcomed ex-Communists who exposed the system, such as <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Korean War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></div> When the communist <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in 1950, Truman adopted a <a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">rollback</a> strategy, planning to free the entire country by force. Truman decided not to obtain Congressional approval for his war—he relied on <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> approval—which left the Republicans free to attack his war policies. Taft said Truman's decision was "a complete usurpation by the president."<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Truman's reliance on the UN reinforced conservative distrust of that body. With the Allies on the verge of victory, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> entered the war and drove the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> back with terrific fighting in sub-zero weather. Truman reversed positions, dropped the rollback policy, and fired the conservative hero General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> (who wanted rollback), and settled for <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>. Truman's acceptance of the status quo cost 37,000 Americans lives and undermined Truman's base of support. Truman did poorly in the early <a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a> and was forced to drop his reelection bid. The Democratic Party nominated a liberal intellectual with no ties to Roosevelt or Truman, Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McCarthyism:_1950–1954">McCarthyism: 1950–1954</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: McCarthyism: 1950–1954">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Is_this_tomorrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Is_this_tomorrow.jpg/220px-Is_this_tomorrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Is_this_tomorrow.jpg/330px-Is_this_tomorrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Is_this_tomorrow.jpg/440px-Is_this_tomorrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>A 1947 booklet published by the Catholic Catechetical Guild Educational Society raising the specter of a Communist takeover</figcaption></figure> When anxiety over Communism in Korea and China reached a fever pitch, an otherwise obscure Senator, <a href="/wiki/Joe_McCarthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe McCarthy">Joe McCarthy</a> of Wisconsin, launched extremely high-visibility investigations into the alleged network of communist spies in the government. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a> (including Buckley and the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Family">Kennedy Family</a>) were intensely anti-communist and supported McCarthy (a fellow Irish Catholic).<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Paterfamilias <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kennedy">Joseph Kennedy</a> (1888–1969), a leading conservative Democrat, was an ardent supporter of McCarthy, and got his son <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> a job with McCarthy. McCarthy's careless tactics, however, allowed his opponents to effectively counterattack. In 1953, McCarthy started talking of "21 years of treason" and launched a major attack on the Army for promoting a communist dentist in the medical corps. This was too much for Eisenhower, who encouraged Republicans to censure McCarthy formally in 1954. The senator's power collapsed overnight. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> did not vote for his censure.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Arthur Herman states that "McCarthy was always a more important figure to American liberals than to conservatives", because he targeted liberals, making them look like innocent victims.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> However, in recent years conservatives have defended McCarthy's rough tactics. Espionage work done under the <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a> showed that communist spies were really present in the government, and some of the Left at the time were indeed covering up those communist networks.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The most notable recent conservative defense of McCarthy is <a href="/wiki/M._Stanton_Evans" title="M. Stanton Evans">M. Stanton Evans</a>' 2007 book <a href="/wiki/Blacklisted_by_History" title="Blacklisted by History">Blacklisted by History</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s">1950s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 1950s">edit</a>]</div> Examining postwar conservative intellectual history, Kim Phillips-Fein writes: <blockquote>The most influential synthesis of the subject remains <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George H. Nash</a>'s The Conservative Intellectual Tradition since 1945.... He argued that postwar conservatism brought together three powerful and partially contradictory intellectual currents that previously had largely been independent of each other: libertarianism, traditionalism, and <a href="/wiki/Anticommunism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunism">anticommunism</a>. Each particular strain of thought had predecessors earlier in the twentieth (and even nineteenth) centuries, but they were joined in their distinctive postwar formulation through the leadership of William F. Buckley Jr. and National Review. The fusion of these different, competing, and not easily reconciled schools of thought led to the creation, Nash argued, of a coherent modern Right."<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></blockquote> As shown by General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s defeat of Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> for the GOP nomination in 1952, isolationism had weakened the Old Right. Eisenhower won the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 election</a> by crusading against what he called Truman's failures: "Korea, Communism and Corruption." Eisenhower quickly ended the Korean War -which most conservatives opposed by then- and adopted a conservative fiscal policy while cooperating with Taft, who became the Senate Majority Leader. As President, Eisenhower promoted "Modern Republicanism", involving limited government, balanced budgets, and curbing government spending. Although taking a firm anti-Communist position, he and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> did not push for <a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">rollback</a> and continued the Truman administration's policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>. He cut defense spending by shifting the national strategy from reliance on expensive army divisions to cheaper nuclear weapons. Although he made efforts to eliminate expensive supports for farm prices, he was ultimately unsuccessful, but he was able to return offshore oil reserves to the states. Eisenhower kept the regulatory and welfare policies of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, with the Republicans taking credit for the expansion of Social Security. He also sought to minimize conflict among economic and racial groups in the quest for social harmony, peace and prosperity. He was reelected by a landslide in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russell_Kirk">Russell Kirk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Russell Kirk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist conservatism in the United States</a></div> While Republicans in Washington were making small reversals of the New Deal, the most critical opposition to liberalism came from conservative intellectuals. <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> (1918–1994) claimed that both classical and modern liberalism placed too much emphasis on economic issues and failed to address man's spiritual nature, and called for a plan of action for a conservative political movement regarding this. He claimed that conservative leaders should appeal to farmers, small towns, the churches, and others, following the example of the <a href="/wiki/British_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Conservative Party">British Conservative Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Kirk adamantly opposed libertarian ideas, which he saw as a threat to true conservatism. In Libertarians: the Chirping Sectaries Kirk wrote that the only thing libertarians and conservatives have in common is a detestation of collectivism. "What else do conservatives and libertarians profess in common? The answer to that question is simple: nothing. Nor will they ever have.".<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_F._Buckley_Jr._and_the_National_Review">William F. Buckley Jr. and the National Review</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: William F. Buckley Jr. and the National Review">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr.">William F. Buckley, Jr.</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr._1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg/220px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg/330px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg/440px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a></figcaption></figure> The most effective organizer and proponent of conservative ideas was <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr.">William F. Buckley, Jr.</a> (1925–2008), the founder of <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> in 1955 and a highly visible writer and media personality. Although before, there had been numerous small right-wing circulation magazines, the National Review was able to gain national attention and shaped the conservative movement due to strong editing and a strong string of regular contributors. Erudite, witty and tireless, Buckley inspired a new enthusiasm for the movement.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Behind the scenes the magazine was handled by publisher <a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">William A. Rusher</a>. Geoffrey Kabaservice asserts, "...in many ways it was Rusher, not Buckley who was the founding father of the conservative movement as it currently exists. We have Rusher, not Buckley, to thank for the populist, operationally sophisticated, and occasionally extremist elements that characterize the contemporary movement."<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Buckley and Rusher assembled an eclectic group of writers: traditionalists, Catholic intellectuals, libertarians and ex-Communists. They included: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Willmoore Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">L. Brent Bozell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>. In the magazine's founding statement Buckley wrote:<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <blockquote>The launching of a conservative weekly journal of opinion in a country widely assumed to be a bastion of conservatism at first glance looks like a work of supererogation, rather like publishing a royalist weekly within the walls of <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>. It is not that of course; if National Review is superfluous, it is so for very different reasons: It stands athwart history, yelling Stop, at a time when no other is inclined to do so, or to have much patience with those who so urge it.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milton_Friedman_and_libertarian_economics">Milton Friedman and libertarian economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Milton Friedman and libertarian economics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a></div> Austrian economist <a href="/wiki/F._A._Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="F. A. Hayek">F. A. Hayek</a> (1899–1992) in 1944 galvanized opponents of the New Deal by arguing that the left in Britain was leading that nation down the "road to serfdom".<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> More influential was the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of Economics</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1912–2006) and <a href="/wiki/George_J._Stigler" class="mw-redirect" title="George J. Stigler">George J. Stigler</a> (1911–1991), who advocated <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarist</a> public policy. The Chicago School provided a vigorous criticism of regulation, on the grounds that it led to control of the regulations by the regulated industries themselves. Since 1974, government regulation of industry and banking has greatly decreased.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The School attacked <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>, then the dominant theory of economics, which Friedman claimed was based on unsound models. The "stagflation" of the 1970s (combining high inflation and high unemployment) would have been impossible according to Keynesian models,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> but was predicted by Friedman, giving his approach credibility among the experts.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_O._Ebenstein" title="Alan O. Ebenstein">Alan O. Ebenstein</a> argues that by the late 1960s, Friedman was "the most prominent conservative public intellectual at least in the United States and probably in the world."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Friedman advocated for greater reliance on the marketplace in lectures, weekly columns, books, and on television. According to Friedman, Americans should be "Free to Choose". He convinced many conservatives that the practice of <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">military drafting</a> was inefficient and unfair; consequently, Nixon ended it in 1973. Nine <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago school (economics)">Chicago School</a> economists won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>. Their views about <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a> became widely accepted, following the <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">1970s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">early 1980s recessions</a>. However, Friedman's "<a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a>" did not fare as well, with current monetary practice targeting <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, not the money supply.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> As an academic economist, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> developed Friedman's argument that the banking crises of the early 1930s deepened and prolonged the depression.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> As Chairman of the Federal Reserve, Bernanke's energetic reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">great financial crisis of 2008</a> was based in part on Friedman's warnings about the Fed's inactions after 1929.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Birch_Society">John Birch Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: John Birch Society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a> (1900–1985) founded the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> as an authoritarian top-down force to combat Communism. It had tens of thousands of members and distributed books, pamphlets and the magazine American Opinion. It was so tightly controlled by Welch that its effectiveness was strictly limited, as it mostly focused on calls to impeach Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, as well as supporting local police.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> It became a major lightning rod for liberal attacks. In 1962, Buckley won the support of Goldwater and other leading conservatives for an attack on Welch. He denounced Welch and the John Birch Society in National Review, as "far removed from common sense" and urged the GOP to purge itself of Welch's influence.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frank_Meyer_and_Fusionism">Frank Meyer and Fusionism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Frank Meyer and Fusionism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer (political philosopher)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusionism</a></div> The main disagreement between Kirk, described as a <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">traditionalist conservative</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">libertarians</a> was whether tradition and virtue or liberty should be their primary concern. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer</a> tried to resolve the dispute with <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusionism</a>, which argued that the United States could not conserve its traditions without economic freedom. He also noted that they were united in opposition to "<a href="/wiki/Big_government" title="Big government">big government</a>" and made anti-communism the glue that would unite them. The term "conservative" was used to describe the views of National Review supporters, despite initial protests from the libertarians, because the term "liberal" had become associated with "New Deal" supporters. They were also later known as the "<a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>", as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s">1960s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_and_segregation">South and segregation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: South and segregation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Racial segregation in the United States</a></div> Despite the popular perception that conservatism is limited to Republicans, during the era of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> before 1965, some <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> were also <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> in opposing the desegregationists in their party. Southern Democrats were a key part of a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Coalition">Conservative Coalition</a> that largely blocked New Deal labor legislation in Congress from 1937 to 1963, though they tended to be <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> and voted with the rest of the Democratic Party on other economic issues.<a href="#cite_note-Katznelson-172">[172]</a> Southern Democrats fended off the more conservative Republican Party (GOP) by arguing that only they could defend segregation, because the Republican Party nationally was committed to integration. That argument collapsed when Congress banned segregation in 1964. This provided an opportunity for Republicans to appeal to conservative Southerners on the basis that the GOP was the more conservative party on a wide range of social and economic issues, as well as being hawkish on foreign policy when the antiwar forces gained strength in the Democratic party. Southern conservatives moved from the Democratic Party to the GOP at the presidential level in the 1960s, and at the state and local level after 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Patrick_Allitt_2009-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirk,_Russell_1953-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicol_C._Rae_1994_66-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964_Barry_Goldwater_Presidential_Campaign">1964 Barry Goldwater Presidential Campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 1964 Barry Goldwater Presidential Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarryGoldwater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/BarryGoldwater.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></figcaption></figure> Conservatives united behind the 1964 presidential campaign of Arizona Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (1919–1998), though his campaign was ultimately unsuccessful. Goldwater published <a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960), a bestselling book that explained modern conservative theory. Goldwater was significantly weakened by his unpopular views regarding <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">income tax</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In Tennessee, he suggested selling the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a>, which was popular with conservatives and liberals in the region.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> He voted against the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, thereby winning the support of Southern segregationists. Support for the campaign came from numerous grassroots activists, such as <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a> and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a>, sponsored by Buckley to mobilize conservatives. Buckley himself tried to win the <a href="/wiki/1965_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1965 New York City mayoral election">1965 New York City mayoral election</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a> banner, but failed. Despite Goldwater's defeat conservatives were rapidly organizing at the local, state, and national levels. They were most successful in suburban California, where they worked hard in the <a href="/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 California gubernatorial election">1966 California gubernatorial election</a> for their new hero <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1911–2004), who was elected governor for two terms.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s">1970s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_shift_in_politics">Conservative shift in politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Conservative shift in politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></div> Reagan was the leader of a dramatic conservative shift in American politics that undercut many of the domestic and foreign policies that had dominated the national agenda for decades.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The common thread was a growing distrust of government to do the right thing on behalf of the people. While distrust of high officials had been an American characteristic for two centuries, this was brought to the forefront by the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> of 1973–1974, forcing the resignation of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>- <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">who faced impeachment</a>- and resulting in criminal trials for many of his senior associates. The media was energized in its vigorous search for scandals, which deeply impacted both major parties at the national, state and local levels.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> At the same time there was a growing distrust of long-powerful institutions such as big business and labor unions. The postwar consensus regarding the value of technology in solving national problems, especially nuclear power, came under heavy attack from the New Left.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Conservatives at state and local levels increasingly emphasized the argument that the soaring crime rates indicated a failure of liberal policy in the American cities.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Meanwhile, liberalism was facing divisive issues as the New Left challenged established liberals on such issues as the Vietnam War, while building a constituency on campuses and among younger voters. A "cultural war" was emerging as a triangular battle among conservatives, liberals, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, involving such issues as individual freedom, divorce, sexuality, and even topics such as hair length and musical taste.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The triumphant issue for liberalism was the achievement of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights legislation</a> in the 1960s, which won over the black population and created a new black electorate in the South. However, it alienated many working-class ethnic whites, and opened the door for conservative <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">white Southerners</a> to move into the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In foreign policy, the war in Vietnam was a highly divisive issue in the 1970s. Nixon had introduced a policy of détente in the Cold War, but it was strongly challenged by Reagan and the conservative movement. Reagan saw the Soviet Union as an implacable enemy that had to be defeated, not compromised with. A new element emerged in Iran, with the overthrow of a pro-American government, and the emergence of the stream the hostile ayatollahs. Radical Iranian students seized the American Embassy, and held American diplomats hostage for over a year, underscoring the weaknesses of the foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The economic scene was in doldrums, with soaring inflation undercutting the savings ability of millions of Americans, while unemployment remained high and growth was low. Shortages of gasoline and high prices at the local pump made the energy crisis a local reality.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Reagan increasingly dominated the conservative movement, especially in his failed 1976 quest for the Republican presidential nomination and his successful run in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Right">Religious Right</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Religious Right">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social conservatism in the United States</a></div> An unexpected new factor was the emergence of the religious right as a cohesive political force that gave strong support to conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> By the 1950s, many conservatives emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian</a> roots of their values.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Goldwater noted that conservatives "believed the communist projection of man as a producing, consuming animal to be used and discarded was antithetical to all the Judeo-Christian understandings which are the foundations upon which the Republic stands."<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> frequently emphasized Judeo-Christian values as necessary ingredients in the fight against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Belief in the superiority of Western Judeo-Christian traditions led conservatives to downplay the aspirations of Third World and to denigrate the value of foreign aid.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Since the 1990s, the term "Judeo-Christian" has been primarily used by conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Evangelicals had been politicized in the 1920s, battling to impose prohibition and to stop the teaching of evolution in the schools (as in the <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial</a> of 1925), but had largely been politically quiet since the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The emergence of the "religious right" as a political force and part of the conservative coalition dates from the 1970s and was a response to secularization and Supreme Court rulings on school prayer and abortion. According to Wilcox and Robinson, "The Christian Right is an attempt to restore Judeo-Christian values to a country that is in deep moral decline.... [They] believe that society suffers from the lack of a firm basis of Judeo-Christian values and they seek to write laws that embody those values".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Especially important was the hostile reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> Supreme Court decision legalizing abortion, which brought together Catholics (who had long opposed abortion) and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Protestants</a> (who were new to the issue).<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Noting the anger of Catholic bishops at losing state funding because of the Catholic opposition to gay adoptive parents, along with other social issues, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported in late 2011: <blockquote>The idea that religious Americans are now the victims of government-backed persecution is now a frequent theme not just for Catholic bishops, but also for Republican presidential candidates and conservative evangelicals.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoconservatives">Neoconservatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Neoconservatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservatism in the United States">Neoconservatism in the United States</a></div> The 1970s saw the movement of many prominent liberal intellectuals to the right, many of them from <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in New York City">New York City Jewish</a> roots and well-established academic reputations,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> who had become disillusioned with liberalism. <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> were founders of the movement. The magazines <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Interest">Public Interest</a> were their key outlets, as well as op-ed articles for major newspapers and position papers for think tanks. Activists around Democratic senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry Jackson</a> became deeply involved as well. Prominent spokesmen include <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Gertrude Himmelfarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Bill Kristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Libby" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Libby">Lewis Libby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">David Horowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Charles Krauthammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Perle" title="Richard Perle">Richard Perle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kagan" title="Robert Kagan">Robert Kagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wattenberg" title="Ben Wattenberg">Ben Wattenberg</a>. Meanwhile, Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> was highly sympathetic but remained a Democrat. Some of Strauss' influential neoconservative disciples included Supreme Court nominee <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> (who became Deputy Secretary of Defense), <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> (who became Assistant Secretary of State), <a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">William Bennett</a> (who became Secretary of Education), Weekly Standard editor <a href="/wiki/William_Kristol" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kristol">William Kristol</a>, political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/John_Podhoretz" title="John Podhoretz">John Podhoretz</a>, college president <a href="/wiki/John_Agresto" title="John Agresto">John Agresto</a>, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Harry V. Jaffa</a> and novelist <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a>. Neoconservatives generally support pro-business policies. Some went on to high policy-making or advisory positions in the Reagan, Bush I and Bush II administrations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservatism_in_the_South">Conservatism in the South</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Conservatism in the South">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_South.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_USA_South.svg/290px-Map_of_USA_South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_USA_South.svg/435px-Map_of_USA_South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_USA_South.svg/580px-Map_of_USA_South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>The Southern United States as defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></figcaption></figure> Increased conservatism within the Republican Party attracted conservative white <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> in presidential elections. A few big names switched to the GOP, including South Carolina Senator <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> in 1964 and Texas Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> in 1973. Starting in 1968 in the South, the GOP dominated most presidential elections (1976 was the exception), but not until the 1990s did the GOP become dominant in state and local politics in the region. Through the <a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a>, Republicans built their strength among Southern Baptists and other religious Fundamentalists, social conservatives, middle-class suburbanites, migrants from the North, and Hispanic people in Florida. Meanwhile, continuing the trend since the New Deal in the 1930s, African American voters in the South showed increasing support for the Democratic Party at both the presidential and local levels. They elected a number of congressmen and mayors. In 1990, there were still many moderate white Democrats holding office in the South, but when they retired they were typically replaced by more conservative Republicans and black people.<a href="#cite_note-Merle_Black_2003-68">[68]</a> In the 21st century, political scientists point to the strong base of social conservatism in the South. The evangelical Protestants, comprising the "Religious Right", have since the 1980s strongly influenced the vote in Republican primaries, for "it is primarily in the South where the evangelical core of the GOP is strongest."<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Think_Tanks_and_Foundations">Think Tanks and Foundations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Think Tanks and Foundations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover_Tower_Stanford_May_2011_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hoover_Tower_Stanford_May_2011_001.jpg/220px-Hoover_Tower_Stanford_May_2011_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hoover_Tower_Stanford_May_2011_001.jpg/330px-Hoover_Tower_Stanford_May_2011_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hoover_Tower_Stanford_May_2011_001.jpg/440px-Hoover_Tower_Stanford_May_2011_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="3928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Tower" title="Hoover Tower">Hoover Tower</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></figcaption></figure> In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Lewis F. Powell Jr.</a> urged conservatives to retake command of public discourse through a concerted media outreach campaign. In Powell's view, this would involve monitoring "national television networks…; induc[ing] more 'publishing' by independent scholars who do believe in the [free enterprise] system"; publishing in "magazines and periodicals—ranging from the popular magazines to the more intellectual ones"; issuing "books, paperbacks, and pamphlets"; and dedicating advertising dollars to "a sustained, major effort to inform and enlighten the American people."<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Conservative <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> like the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> brought in intellectuals for shorter or longer periods, financed research, and disseminated the products through conferences, publications, and systematic media campaigns. They typically focused on projects with immediate policy implications. Aware that the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> had played an influential role for decades in promoting liberal ideas, the Heritage Foundation was designed as a counterpart on the right.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Meanwhile, older <a href="/wiki/Conservative_think_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative think tank">conservative think tanks</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> grew rapidly as a result of major increases in conservative philanthropy. Both think tanks became more oriented to the news media, more aggressively ideological, and more focused on rapid-response production and shorter publications. At the same time, they generally eschewed long-term research in favor of projects with immediate policy implications and the production of synthetic materials rather than long-term research.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In the following decades, conservative policies once considered outside the political mainstream—such as reducing welfare, <a href="/wiki/Privatizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatizing">privatizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulating" class="mw-redirect" title="Deregulating">deregulating</a> banking, considering <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">preemptive war</a>, were taken seriously and sometimes passed into law due in part to the work of the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, the Heritage Foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a>, the American Enterprise Institute, and various smaller think tanks.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Complaining that mainstream academia was hostile to conservatives, several foundations became especially active in funding conservative policy research, notably the <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Coors_Foundation" title="Adolph Coors Foundation">Adolph Coors Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Koch_family_foundations" title="Koch family foundations">Koch family foundations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scaife_Foundations" title="Scaife Foundations">Scaife Foundations</a>, and (until it closed in 2005), the <a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a>. Typically, they have emphasized the need for market-based solutions to national problems.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The foundations often invested in conservative student publications and organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">Intercollegiate Studies Institute</a> and legal foundations such as the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Policy entrepreneurs such as <a href="/wiki/William_J._Baroody,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Baroody, Jr.">William Baroody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Edwin Feulner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Paul Weyrich</a> started to entrench conservatism in public research institutions. Their aim was to rival the liberal regime for the control of the sources of power. The appearance of think tanks changed the history of conservatism and left an enormous imprint on the Republican right in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_Nixon,_Gerald_Ford_and_Jimmy_Carter">Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_liberalism#Nixon_and_the_liberal_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="American liberalism">Nixon and the liberal consensus</a></div> The Republican administrations of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1969–74) and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1974–77) were characterized by their emphasis on <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> and on economic intervention through wage and price controls. Ford angered conservatives by retaining <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> as Secretary of State and pushing his policy of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with the Soviet Union. Conservatives finally found a new champion in <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, whose 8 years as governor of California had just ended in 1976, and supported his campaign for the <a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>. Ford narrowly won renomination but lost the White House. Following major gains by Democratic liberals in the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> was elected as president. Carter proved too liberal for his fellow Southern Baptists, ( they voted for him in 1976 but not 1980), too conservative for the mainstream of the Democratic Party, and many considered his foreign policy a failure. Carter realized there was a strong national sense of malaise, as inflation skyrocketed, interest rates soared, the economy stagnated, and prolonged humiliation resulted when <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Islamic militants in Tehran</a> kept American diplomats hostage for 444 days in 1979–81.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_recessions">1970s recessions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: 1970s recessions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1970s_recession#1970s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="1970s recession">1970s recession</a></div> During the recessions of the 1970s, inflation and unemployment rates soared simultaneously and budget deficits began to raise concerns among many Americans. In the early 1970s, America was still a moderately progressive country, as citizens supported <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">social programs</a> and voted down efforts to cut taxes. But by the end of the decade, a full-fledged tax revolt had gotten underway, led by the overwhelming passage of <a href="/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_13" title="1978 California Proposition 13">1978 California Proposition 13</a>, which sharply cut property taxes, and the growing Congressional support for the <a href="/wiki/Kemp-Roth_Tax_Cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemp-Roth Tax Cut">Kemp-Roth tax bill</a>, which proposed cutting federal income taxes by 30 percent.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Supply-side economics developed during the 1970s in response to <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> economic policy, and in particular the failure of <a href="/wiki/Demand_management" title="Demand management">demand management</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stabilization_policy" title="Stabilization policy">stabilize</a> Western economies during the <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%9375_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="1973–75 recession">stagflation of the 1970s</a>, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis in 1973</a>.<a href="#cite_note-case_780-213">[213]</a> It drew on a range of non-Keynesian economic thought, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago school (economics)">Chicago School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School of Economics">Austrian School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stopping_the_Equal_Rights_Amendment">Stopping the Equal Rights Amendment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Stopping the Equal Rights Amendment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Women in conservatism in the United States</a></div> Conservative women were mobilized in the 1970s by <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a> in an effort to stop ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution. The ERA had seemed a noncontroversial effort to provide legal equality when it easily passed Congress in 1972 and quickly was ratified by 28 of the necessary 38 states. Schlafly denounced it as tilting the playing field against the middle-class housewife in a power grab by anti-family feminists on the left. She warned it would mean women would be drafted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> on the same basis as men. Through her <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a> she organized state-by-state to block further ratification, and to have states rescind their ratification. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> extended the time needed, and a movement among feminists tried to boycott tourist cities in states that had not ratified (such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>). It was to no avail. The ERA never became law and Schlafly became a major spokesperson for feminist traditionalism in the conservative movement.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s:_Reagan_Era">1980s: Reagan Era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: 1980s: Reagan Era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">Evil Empire speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_inaugural_address_from_the_United_States_Capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_inaugural_address_from_the_United_States_Capitol.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_inaugural_address_from_the_United_States_Capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_inaugural_address_from_the_United_States_Capitol.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_inaugural_address_from_the_United_States_Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_inaugural_address_from_the_United_States_Capitol.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_making_his_inaugural_address_from_the_United_States_Capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1326" data-mwtitle="Ronald_Reagan_First_Inaugural.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Ronald_Reagan_First_Inaugural.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Ronald_Reagan_First_Inaugural.ogg/Ronald_Reagan_First_Inaugural.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_First_Inaugural.ogg" title="File:Ronald Reagan First Inaugural.ogg">First inaugural address of Ronald Reagan, 1981</a> (audio only)</div></div></div></div></div> With Ronald Reagan's victory in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> the modern American conservative movement took power. Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time since 1954, and conservative principles dominated Reagan's economic and foreign policies, with <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a> and strict opposition to Soviet Communism defining the Administration's philosophy. Reagan's ideas were largely espoused and supported by the conservative <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a>, which grew dramatically in its influence during the Reagan years, extended to a second term by the <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 presidential election</a>, as Reagan and his senior aides looked to Heritage for policy guidance. An icon of the American conservative movement, Reagan is credited by his supporters with transforming the politics of the United States, galvanizing the success of the Republican Party. He brought together a coalition of economic conservatives, who supported his <a href="/wiki/Supply_side_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply side economics">supply side economics</a>; foreign policy conservatives, who favored his staunch opposition to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>; and social conservatives, who identified with his religious and social ideals. Reagan labeled the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> the "<a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">evil empire</a>." Conservatives also supported the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a>, under which the U.S. provided military and other aid to insurgency movements resisting governments aligned with the Soviet Union. For these and other efforts, Reagan was attacked by liberals at the time as a dangerous warmonger, but conservative historians assert that he decisively won the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In defining conservatism, Reagan said: "If you analyze it I believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism. I think conservatism is really a misnomer just as liberalism is a misnomer for the liberals—if we were back in the days of the Revolution, so-called conservatives today would be the Liberals and the liberals would be the Tories. The basis of conservatism is a desire for less government interference or less centralized authority or more individual freedom and this is a pretty general description also of what libertarianism is."<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Reagan's views on government were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, especially his hostility to strong central governments.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> "We're still Jefferson's children," he declared in 1987. He also stated, "Freedom is not created by Government, nor is it a gift from those in political power. It is, in fact, secured, more than anything else, by limitations placed on those in Government".<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Likewise he greatly admired and often quoted <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Supply_side_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply side economics">Supply side economics</a> dominated the Reagan Era.<a href="#cite_note-biggov_conservatives-222">[222]</a> During his eight years in office the national debt more than doubled, from $907 billion in 1980 to $2.6 trillion in 1988, and consumer prices rose by more than 50%.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> But despite cuts in income tax rates, federal income tax revenues grew from $244 billion in 1980 to $467 billion in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The real median family income, which had declined during the previous administration, grew by about ten percent under Reagan. The period from 1981 to 1989 was among the most prosperous in American history, with 17 million new jobs created.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The 1980s also saw the founding of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>, a newspaper influential in the conservative movement. Reagan was said to have read the paper every morning, and the paper had close ties to multiple Republican administrations.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> In 1987, after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Fairness_doctrine" title="Fairness doctrine">fairness doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">conservative talk radio</a> began to grow in significance, preventing the demise of many <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM radio stations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Since_1990">Since 1990</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Since 1990">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> stated there has been an identity crisis in U.S. conservatism growing since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the Presidency of Ronald Reagan.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Supporters of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>—distinct from <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberalism</a>—tend to identify as "conservatives," and in the 21st century, classical liberalism remains a major force within the Republican Party and the larger conservative movement.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> In the 21st Century, only in the United States is classical liberalism a significant political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></div> After the end of the Reagan administration significant change occurred within the conservative movement during the <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> Administrations.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In 1992, many conservatives repudiated President George H. W. Bush because he campaigned to the center of the American political spectrum, whereas Bill Clinton campaigned to the right of the center.<a href="#cite_note-FrohnenBeer2014-233">[233]</a> He was defeated for <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">reelection in 1992</a> in a three-way race, with populist <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> attracting considerable support on the right.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Democrat Bill Clinton was stopped in his plan for government health care.<a href="#cite_note-FrohnenBeer2014-233">[233]</a> In 1994, the GOP made sweeping gains under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, the first Republican to become Speaker in 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Gingrich overplayed his hand by cutting off funding for the Federal government, allowing Clinton to regain momentum and win reelection in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Contract_with_America" title="Contract with America">Contract with America</a>" promised numerous reforms, but little was accomplished beyond the ending of major New Deal welfare programs.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> A national movement to impose <a href="/wiki/Term_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="Term limits">term limits</a> failed to reach Congress (because the Supreme Court ruled that a constitutional amendment was needed) but did transform politics in some states, especially California.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Some sources have argued that Clinton, while a member of the Democratic Party, governed as a conservative.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Beginning in the early 1990s conservative leaning internet sites began to emerge, such as <a href="/wiki/Drudge_Report" title="Drudge Report">Drudge Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Republic" title="Free Republic">Free Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> These websites were created due to an <a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">alleged liberal bias</a> within mainstream media.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Since then, conservative leaning internet sites have gained a significant following, and have received more readership than liberal leaning internet sites.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: George W. Bush">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate conservatism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg/170px-Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg/255px-Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg/340px-Bush_43_10-19-04_Stpete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> speaks at a campaign rally in 2004</figcaption></figure> The election of George W. Bush in 2000 brought a new generation of conservatives to power in Washington. Bush ran under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">compassionate conservatism</a>, contrasting himself with other members of the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-FrohnenBeer2014-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Bush cut taxes in a 10-year plan that was renewed in late 2010, following major debate. Bush forged a bipartisan coalition to pass "<a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind" class="mw-redirect" title="No Child Left Behind">No Child Left Behind</a>", which for the first time imposed national standards on public schools. Bush <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">expanded Medicaid</a>, and was criticized by conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 2001 terrorist attacks</a> resulted in American commitment to the <a href="/wiki/War_against_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War against Terror">War against Terror</a> with invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. Bush won solid support from Republicans in Congress and from conservative voters in his <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 reelection campaign</a>. Exit polls in 2004 showed that 34% of the voters identified themselves as "conservatives" and they voted 84% for Bush. By contrast, 21% identified as "liberals," of whom 13% voted for Bush; 45% were "moderates" and they voted 45% for Bush. Almost the same pattern had appeared in the 2000 exit polls.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2004_Exit_Poll-245">[245]</a> The exit polls show Bush won 57% of the rural vote, 52% of the suburban vote and 45% of the urban vote.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2004_Exit_Poll-245">[245]</a> When the financial system verged on total collapse in 2008, Bush pushed through large scale <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">rescue packages</a> for banks and auto companies that even some conservatives in Congress did not support.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Some noted conservatives, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Viguerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Viguerie">Richard A. Viguerie</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr.">William F. Buckley, Jr.</a>, have said that Bush was not a "true" conservative.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008–present">2008–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: 2008–present">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First presidency of Donald Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second presidency of Donald Trump</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palin_waving-RNC-20080903_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Palin_waving-RNC-20080903_cropped.jpg/220px-Palin_waving-RNC-20080903_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Palin_waving-RNC-20080903_cropped.jpg/330px-Palin_waving-RNC-20080903_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Palin_waving-RNC-20080903_cropped.jpg/440px-Palin_waving-RNC-20080903_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> addresses the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 Republican National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></figcaption></figure> The Republican contest for the nomination in 2008 was a free-for-all, with Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> the winner, facing <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. McCain chose Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as his running mate, and while she was greeted by the GOP establishment with initial skepticism, she electrified many conservatives and became a major political force on the right.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> In 2008, a period that began in 1980, termed the "conservative era" ended.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> After the election of Obama for president, Republicans in Congress were unified in almost total opposition to the programs and policies of Obama and the Democratic majority. They unsuccessfully attempted to stop an <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">$814 billion stimulus spending program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">new regulations on investment firms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">a program to require health insurance for all Americans</a>. They did keep <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> from coming to a vote, and vowed to continue to work to convince Americans that burning fossil fuel does not cause <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> The slow growth of the economy in the first two years of the Obama administration led Republicans to call for a return to tax cuts and deregulation of businesses, which they perceived as the best way to solve the financial crisis. Obama's approval rating steadily declined in his first year in office before leveling off at about 50-50.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> This decline in popularity led to a GOP landslide in the mid-term elections of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> On foreign policy, some conservatives, especially neoconservatives and those in the <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> circle, supported Obama's policy of a surge fighting in Afghanistan, air raids to support the insurgents in Libya, and the war on terror, especially after he ordered the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">killing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in May 2011.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> At issue in 2012 was the efficacy of diplomacy and sanctions to stop Iran from building nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">2016 Republican Party presidential primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> won.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Multiple commentators argued that Trump was not a conservative,<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> but a <a href="/wiki/Populism#United_States" title="Populism">populist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> In February 2017, Politico wrote that the election of Trump and his presidency has split conservatives in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> During his presidency, Donald Trump took stances against free trade, which had been a Republican ideology since <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. He enacted protectionist policies aimed at keeping jobs in America, rather than them outsourcing to other countries.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> In order to do so, he enacted stiff tariffs against numerous counties, in particular <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Republicans have continued to support limited government regulations in response to government initiated restrictions due to the virus. Some conservatives have warmed to the idea of using government power to stop business-initiated restrictions, such as vaccine passports. In April 2021, Governor <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a> of Florida banned businesses from requiring employees and patrons to present proof of vaccination,<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> and in November, limited their ability to implement vaccine mandates for workers, requiring establishments to allow various exemptions.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> These actions were widely seen as contrary to the conservative principals of the past, with those in favor arguing that the actions were necessary to protect people from being forced to get a vaccine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tea_Party">Tea Party</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Tea Party">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/220px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/330px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/440px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tea Party protesters walk towards the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_March_on_Washington" title="Taxpayer March on Washington">Taxpayer March on Washington</a>, September 12, 2009</figcaption></figure> A relatively new element of conservatism is the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> grassroots movement comprising over 600 local units who communally express dissatisfaction with the government and both major parties.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Many units have promoted activism and <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> The stated purpose of the movement is to stop what it views as wasteful government spending, excessive taxation, and strangulation of the economy through regulatory bureaucracies. The Tea Party attracted national attention when it propelled Republican <a href="/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)" title="Scott Brown (politician)">Scott Brown</a> to a victory in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2010">Senate election for the Massachusetts seat</a> held by the Kennedy brothers for nearly 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In 2010, Tea Party candidates upset establishment Republicans in several primaries, such as Alaska, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Nevada, New York, South Carolina, and Utah, giving a new momentum to the conservative cause in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2010">2010 elections</a>, and boosting Sarah Palin's visibility. Rasmussen and Schoen (2010) conclude that "She is the symbolic leader of the movement, and more than anyone else has helped to shape it."<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In the fall 2010 elections, the New York Times identified 129 House candidates with significant Tea Party support, as well as 9 running for the Senate; all are Republicans, as the Tea Party has not been active among Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> The Tea Party is a conglomerate of conservatives with diverse viewpoints including libertarians and social conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Most Tea Party supporters self-identify as "angry at the government".<a href="#cite_note-Salant1-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPangry-274">[274]</a> One survey found that Tea Party supporters in particular distinguish themselves from general Republican attitudes on social issues such as <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigration</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Climate change policy of the United States">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zernike-275">[275]</a> However, discussion of abortion and gay rights has also been downplayed by Tea Party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In the lead-up to the 2010 election, most Tea Party candidates have focused on <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">federal spending</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">deficits</a>, with little focus on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Noting the lack of central organization or an explicit spokesmen, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Continetti" title="Matthew Continetti">Matthew Continetti</a> of The Weekly Standard has said: "There is no single Tea Party. The name is an umbrella that encompasses many different groups. Under this umbrella, you'll find everyone from the woolly fringe to Ron Paul supporters, from <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a> to religious conservatives, independents, and citizens who never have been active in politics before. The umbrella is gigantic."<a href="#cite_note-WeekSt-278">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a> editors noted in 2010 that "in addition to conservatives being more enthusiastic than liberals about voting in this year's election, their relative advantage on enthusiasm is much greater than we've seen in the recent past."<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2016" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Brigid C. (January 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYx6CgAAQBAJ&q=Power+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Social+Sciences+classical+liberalism+the+least+government+is+the+best+government&pg=PA47">Power and Society: An Introduction to the Social Sciences</a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 47–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781337025966" title="Special:BookSources/9781337025966"><bdi>9781337025966</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118153150/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYx6CgAAQBAJ&q=Power+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Social+Sciences+classical+liberalism+the+least+government+is+the+best+government&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=9781337025966&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Brigid+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYx6CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DPower%2Band%2BSociety%253A%2BAn%2BIntroduction%2Bto%2Bthe%2BSocial%2BSciences%2Bclassical%2Bliberalism%2Bthe%2Bleast%2Bgovernment%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bbest%2Bgovernment%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Arthur Aughey, Greta Jones, W. T. M. Riches, The Conservative Political Tradition in Britain and the United States (1992), p. 1: "there are those who advance the thesis that American exceptionalism means...there can be no American conservatism precisely because the American Revolution created a universally liberal society." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, p. 114, "Conservative ideas are, thus, more genuine and profound than many critics suggest, but such unity as they have is purely negative, definable only by its opposition and rejection of abstract, universal, and ideal principles..." </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllitt2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Allitt" title="Patrick Allitt">Allitt, Patrick</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Conservatives/g3fpmEWubTwC">The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History</a>. Yale University Press. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300155297" title="Special:BookSources/9780300155297"><bdi>9780300155297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservatives%3A+Ideas+and+Personalities+Throughout+American+History&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780300155297&rft.aulast=Allitt&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Conservatives%2Fg3fpmEWubTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Michael Kazin et al. eds. The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History (2011) pp 117-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_P._Maddex_Jr.2018" class="citation book cs1">Jack P. Maddex Jr. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfZjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">The Virginia Conservatives, 1867-1879: A Study in Reconstruction Politics</a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469648101" title="Special:BookSources/9781469648101"><bdi>9781469648101</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118153117/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfZjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2019-01-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virginia+Conservatives%2C+1867-1879%3A+A+Study+in+Reconstruction+Politics&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781469648101&rft.au=Jack+P.+Maddex+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfZjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllitt20092-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllitt20092_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllitt2009">Allitt 2009</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiter1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Rossiter" title="Clinton Rossiter">Rossiter, Clinton</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservatisminam0002ross">Conservatism in America</a> (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-16510-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-16510-1"><bdi>0-674-16510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+in+America&rft.pages=97&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-674-16510-1&rft.aulast=Rossiter&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconservatisminam0002ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossiter196299–100-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossiter196299–100_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossiter1962">Rossiter 1962</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossiter1962100–101-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossiter1962100–101_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossiter1962">Rossiter 1962</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossiter1962101-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossiter1962101_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossiter1962">Rossiter 1962</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabaree1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woods_Labaree" title="Leonard Woods Labaree">Labaree, Leonard Woods</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservatisminea0000laba">Conservatism in Early American History</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+in+Early+American+History&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Labaree&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Woods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconservatisminea0000laba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuccigrosso2001" class="citation book cs1">Muccigrosso, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basichistoryofam0000mucc">Basic History of American Conservatism</a>. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/157524070X" title="Special:BookSources/157524070X"><bdi>157524070X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+History+of+American+Conservatism&rft.place=Malabar%2C+Florida&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Krieger+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=157524070X&rft.aulast=Muccigrosso&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasichistoryofam0000mucc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20013-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20013_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20013_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20013_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuccigrosso2001">Muccigrosso 2001</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree194853–54-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabaree194853–54_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabaree1948">Labaree 1948</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinemannKolpParentShade2007" class="citation book cs1">Heinemann, Ronald L.; Kolp, John G.; Parent, Anthony S., Jr.; Shade, William G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Old_Dominion_New_Commonwealth/v5KSO0qbItoC">Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607–2007</a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813926094" title="Special:BookSources/9780813926094"><bdi>9780813926094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Dominion%2C+New+Commonwealth%3A+A+History+of+Virginia%2C+1607%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780813926094&rft.aulast=Heinemann&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft.au=Kolp%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Parent%2C+Anthony+S.%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Shade%2C+William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FOld_Dominion_New_Commonwealth%2Fv5KSO0qbItoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree194828_&_37-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabaree194828_&_37_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabaree1948">Labaree 1948</a>, pp. 28 & 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree194856-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabaree194856_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabaree1948">Labaree 1948</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisjord2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_K._Risjord" title="Norman K. Risjord">Risjord, Norman K.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonsameric0000risj_m4e0">Jefferson's America, 1760–1815</a> (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0742521737" title="Special:BookSources/0742521737"><bdi>0742521737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+America%2C+1760%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=129&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0742521737&rft.aulast=Risjord&rft.aufirst=Norman+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeffersonsameric0000risj_m4e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20014-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20014_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuccigrosso20014_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuccigrosso2001">Muccigrosso 2001</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree194858-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabaree194858_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabaree1948">Labaree 1948</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabaree1948164–165-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabaree1948164–165_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabaree1948">Labaree 1948</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebb2010" class="citation book cs1">Hebb, Ross N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Samuel_Seabury_and_Charles_Inglis/cZwyE-IhnO0C">Samuel Seabury and Charles Inglis: Two Bishops, Two Churches</a>. Associated University Presses. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838642573" title="Special:BookSources/9780838642573"><bdi>9780838642573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Seabury+and+Charles+Inglis%3A+Two+Bishops%2C+Two+Churches&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780838642573&rft.aulast=Hebb&rft.aufirst=Ross+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FSamuel_Seabury_and_Charles_Inglis%2FcZwyE-IhnO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk, Russell</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/mGBn2fOdp7gC">The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot</a> (7th revised ed.). Henry Regnary Company. pp. 3 & 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Mind%3A+From+Burke+to+Eliot&rft.pages=3+%26+69&rft.edition=7th+revised&rft.pub=Henry+Regnary+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2F_%2FmGBn2fOdp7gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2010" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Brad Lowell (2010). "Robert Nisbet and the Conservative Intellectual Tradition". In Deutsch, Keneth L.; Ethan, Fishman (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Dilemmas_of_American_Conservatism/nO8Yp7pcwAYC">The Dilemmas of American Conservatism</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813139623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813139623"><bdi>978-0813139623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Nisbet+and+the+Conservative+Intellectual+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Dilemmas+of+American+Conservatism&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0813139623&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Brad+Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Dilemmas_of_American_Conservatism%2FnO8Yp7pcwAYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_T._CritchlowNancy_MacLean2009" class="citation book cs1">Donald T. Critchlow; Nancy MacLean (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HWLYTe89tsC&pg=PA178">Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present</a>. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742548244" title="Special:BookSources/9780742548244"><bdi>9780742548244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+the+American+Conservative+Movement%3A+1945+to+the+Present&rft.pages=178&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780742548244&rft.au=Donald+T.+Critchlow&rft.au=Nancy+MacLean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HWLYTe89tsC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> David Lefer, The Founding Conservatives: How a Group of Unsung Heroes Saved the American Revolution (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllitt20097-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllitt20097_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllitt2009">Allitt 2009</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllitt20097_&_9-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllitt20097_&_9_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllitt2009">Allitt 2009</a>, pp. 7 & 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcett2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fawcett" title="Edmund Fawcett">Fawcett, Edmund</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Conservatism/pG3eDwAAQBAJ">Conservatism: The Fight for a Tradition</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691207773" title="Special:BookSources/9780691207773"><bdi>9780691207773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism%3A+The+Fight+for+a+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780691207773&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FConservatism%2FpG3eDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllitt20098–9-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllitt20098–9_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllitt2009">Allitt 2009</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives (2009) pp. 6–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Samuel Eliot Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: the urbane Federalist (2nd ed. 1969) pp. x–xi </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives (2009) p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Chernow (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> is typically seen as his English counterpart. Randall B. Ripley, "Adams, Burke, and Eighteenth-Century Conservatism." Political Science Quarterly (1965). 80#2: 216–235. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147740">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221021551/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147740">Archived</a> 2021-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Russell Kirk, "Adams, John" in John Frohnen, ed., American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) p 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Clinton Rossiter, Conservatism in America (1955) p 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> A. Owen Aldridge, "John Adams: Pioneer American Conservative." Modern Age (2002) 44#3 pp 217-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Aldridge, p 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Viereck1956" class="citation book cs1">Peter Viereck (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5S0rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill</a>. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351526425" title="Special:BookSources/9781351526425"><bdi>9781351526425</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118153118/https://books.google.com/books?id=5S0rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2018-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Thinkers%3A+From+John+Adams+to+Winston+Churchill&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=9781351526425&rft.au=Peter+Viereck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5S0rDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Noble E. Cunningham, The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801 (1957) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_S._Dietrich2008" class="citation book cs1">William S. Dietrich (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dBZ5n1gGsAC&pg=PA165">In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: The Political Roots of American Economic Decline</a>. Penn State Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271028132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271028132"><bdi>978-0271028132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Rising+Sun%3A+The+Political+Roots+of+American+Economic+Decline&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0271028132&rft.au=William+S.+Dietrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dBZ5n1gGsAC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Taylor_(politician)" title="Jeff Taylor (politician)">Jeff Taylor</a>, Where Did the Party Go?: William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian Legacy (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Joyce Appleby, Thomas Jefferson (Times Books, 2003) ch. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Calhoun at this stage was a leader of the nationalists. He later turned 180 degrees. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> See Norman K. Risjord, The Old Republicans: Southern conservatism in the age of Jefferson (1965) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities (2009), p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (2009) pp 32-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Farmer2008" class="citation book cs1">Brian Farmer (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dymBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160">American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice</a>. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443802765" title="Special:BookSources/9781443802765"><bdi>9781443802765</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118153101/https://books.google.com/books?id=2dymBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2018-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Conservatism%3A+History%2C+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=160&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781443802765&rft.au=Brian+Farmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dymBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_C._Smith2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert C. Smith (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZThyQEeZjdkC&pg=PA36">Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same</a>. SUNY Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438432342" title="Special:BookSources/9781438432342"><bdi>9781438432342</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118153102/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZThyQEeZjdkC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2018-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+and+Racism%2C+and+Why+in+America+They+Are+the+Same&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438432342&rft.au=Robert+C.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZThyQEeZjdkC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Viereck2017" class="citation book cs1">Peter Viereck (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTYrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198">Conservatism Revisited: The Revolt Against Ideology</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351526456" title="Special:BookSources/9781351526456"><bdi>9781351526456</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118153103/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTYrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2018-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+Revisited%3A+The+Revolt+Against+Ideology&rft.pages=198&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351526456&rft.au=Peter+Viereck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmTYrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hackett_Fischer2004" class="citation book cs1">David Hackett Fischer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnGcHzpfs5YC&pg=PA343">Liberty and Freedom : A Visual History of America's Founding Ideas</a>. Oxford U.P. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199774906" title="Special:BookSources/9780199774906"><bdi>9780199774906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+and+Freedom+%3A+A+Visual+History+of+America%27s+Founding+Ideas&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780199774906&rft.au=David+Hackett+Fischer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnGcHzpfs5YC%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (1994) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859–1865 (Library of America, 1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji9HvH_WW1sC&q=%22+nothing+save+and+except+to+restore+this+government%22&pg=PA35">p. 35 online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118153122/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji9HvH_WW1sC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q=%22%20nothing%20save%20and%20except%20to%20restore%20this%20government%22">Archived</a> 2023-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holzer" title="Harold Holzer">Harold Holzer</a>, Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President (2006) pp. 134, 139, 144, 212, 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals (1972) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabor_S._Boritt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabor S. Boritt">Gabor S. Boritt</a>, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (1994) pp. 238, 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Randall, Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (1947) p. 175. In: The enduring Lincoln: Lincoln sesquicentennial lectures at the University of Illinois. University of Illinois Press, 1959, </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> J. David Greenstone, The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism Princeton University Press, 1994. 26, 276–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_D._PedersonFrank_J._Williams2010" class="citation book cs1">William D. Pederson; Frank J. Williams (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=If7I7cwkt6kC&pg=PA10">Lincoln's Enduring Legacy: Perspective from Great Thinkers, Great Leaders, and the American Experiment, p. 172</a>. Lexington Books. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739149911" title="Special:BookSources/9780739149911"><bdi>9780739149911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Enduring+Legacy%3A+Perspective+from+Great+Thinkers%2C+Great+Leaders%2C+and+the+American+Experiment%2C+p.+172&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780739149911&rft.au=William+D.+Pederson&rft.au=Frank+J.+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIf7I7cwkt6kC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Dewey W. Grantham, The Life and Death of the Solid South: A Political History (1992) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Jeff Woods, Black struggle, red scare: segregation and anti-communism in the South LSU Press, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> George B. Tindall, The emergence of the new South, 1913–1945 pp. 216–17, 425, 632–37, 718 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._Hero_Jr." title="Alfred O. Hero Jr.">Alfred O. Hero Jr.</a>, The southerner and world affairs (1965) </li> <li id="cite_note-Merle_Black_2003-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merle_Black_2003_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merle_Black_2003_68-1">b</a> Earl Black and Merle Black, The Rise of Southern Republicans (2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Oran P. Smith, The Rise of Baptist Republicanism (2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities (2009), ch. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> quoted in: David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900, p. 559" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=22&articleID=261">Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–75 online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326140336/http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=22&articleID=261">Archived</a> 2014-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Ronald Lora, ed. The Conservative Press in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century America (1999) part 4 and 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Green_McCloskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Green McCloskey">Robert Green McCloskey</a>, American conservatism in the age of enterprise, 1865–1910: a study of William Graham Sumner, Stephen J. Field, and Andrew Carnegie (1964) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Late in life Sumner wrote an essay focused on the dangers of monopoly. His unpublished essay of 1909, "On the Concentration of Wealth" shows his concern that pervasive corporate monopoly could be a grave threat to social equality and democratic government. Bruce Curtis, "William Graham Sumner 'On the Concentration of Wealth,'" Journal of American History 1969 55(4): 823–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._Jensen1971" class="citation book cs1">Richard J. Jensen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC&pg=PA276">The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896</a>. U. of Chicago Press. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226398259" title="Special:BookSources/9780226398259"><bdi>9780226398259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winning+of+the+Midwest%3A+Social+and+Political+Conflict%2C+1888-1896&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=U.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780226398259&rft.au=Richard+J.+Jensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpCgCNZwpvoC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1971" class="citation book cs1">Jensen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC&pg=PA284">The Winning of the Midwest</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226398259" title="Special:BookSources/9780226398259"><bdi>9780226398259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winning+of+the+Midwest&rft.pages=284&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780226398259&rft.au=Jensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpCgCNZwpvoC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1971" class="citation book cs1">Jensen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC&pg=PA294">The Winning of the Midwest</a>. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226398259" title="Special:BookSources/9780226398259"><bdi>9780226398259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winning+of+the+Midwest&rft.pages=294&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780226398259&rft.au=Jensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpCgCNZwpvoC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> David Hinshaw, A Man from Kansas: The Story of William Allen White (1945) pp 107-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Frank Nincovich, "Theodore Roosevelt: Civilization as Ideology," Diplomatic History (summer 1986) 10:222–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Kenton J. Clymer, John Hay: The Gentleman as Diplomat (1975) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Richard Leopold, Elihu Root and the Conservative Tradition (1954) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Frederick W. Marks III, Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt (1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Walter LaFeber, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913, vol. 2 (1995) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Elmus Wicker, Great Debate On Banking Reform: Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Letwin" title="William Letwin">William Letwin</a>, Law and Economic Policy in America: The Evolution of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1965) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> George W. Ruiz, "The Ideological Convergence of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Mar 1989, 19#1 pp. 159–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> William Henry Harbaugh, Power and Responsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (1975) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> William Schambra, "The Election of 1912 and the Origins of Constitutional Conservatism." in Toward an American Conservatism (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). 95-119. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Norman M. Wilensky, Conservatives in the Progressive era: The Taft Republicans of 1912 (1965) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> David Sarasohn, The Party of Reform: Democrats in the Progressive Era (UP of Mississippi, 1989) pp 155–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (1997) p. 753 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Seward W. Livermore, Politics is Adjourned Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 1916–1918 (1966) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Garland S. Tucker III, The High Tide of American Conservatism: Davis, Coolidge and the 1924 Election (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Jeffrey P. Morgan, ed., The Scopes Trial: A brief history with documents (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Morton Keller, In Defense of Yesterday: James M. Beck and the Politics of Conservatism, 1861–1936 (1958) </li> <li id="cite_note-Maurice_Isserman_1990-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maurice_Isserman_1990_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maurice_Isserman_1990_96-1">b</a> Dorothy Healey and Maurice Isserman, Dorothy Healey Remembers: A Life in the American Communist Party, Oxford University Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503819-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503819-4">978-0-19-503819-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_Gid_Powers_1996-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Gid_Powers_1996_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Gid_Powers_1996_97-1">b</a> Richard Gid Powers, Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (1966) p. 407 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> George Nash, The conservative intellectual movement in America, since 1945 (2nd ed. 1996) p. x </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> David A. Hallman, "The Southern Voice in the Conservative Complaint of Modernist Literature," Continuity, 1984, Issue 9, pp. 169–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Joseph M. Flora, Lucinda Hardwick MacKethan, and Todd W. Taylor, The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People, Movements, and Motifs (2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> See John P. Diggins, Up from Communism: Conservative Odysseys in American Intellectual History (1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> For a detailed analysis of 65 of these magazines see Ronald Lora, The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America (Greenwood Press, 1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> supported Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 for president, but broke decisively in late 1933. David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (2001) pp. 458, 469, 480 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick (2003) ch. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Dennis McDougal, Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty (2002) pp. 65, 158, 191–92; the paper became less conservative after 1952. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Brinkley, The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century (2010) pp. ix–x, 165, 197; Luce opposed Taft in 1952 and promoted Eisenhower. p. 370 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Larry N. Gerston and Terry Christensen, California Politics and Government (2008) p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Charles W. Smith Jr.. Public Opinion in a Democracy (1939), pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940 (2005) p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> A study of 1,500 newspapers in 1976, 1980, and 1984 showed they supported Gerald Ford and Reagan 80% of the time. J.C. Busterna, and K.A. Hansen, "Presidential Endorsement Patterns by Chain-Owned Papers, 1976–84," Journalism Quarterly, Summer 1990, Vol. 67 Issue 2, pp. 286–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Richard Vetter, "Wall Street Journal," in Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism pp. 898–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Frederick Rudolph, "The American Liberty League, 1934–1940." The American Historical Review (1950): 19–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1840619">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819072100/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1840619">Archived</a> 2020-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.middlebury.edu/amlit_civ/allen/2012%20backup/scholarship/review%20notes/liberty%20league.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714182425/http://cr.middlebury.edu/amlit_civ/allen/2012%20backup/scholarship/review%20notes/liberty%20league.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome_L._Himmelstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Jerome L. Himmelstein (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6YZuHHCu6MC&pg=PA37">To the Right: The Transformation of American Conservatism</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520080423" title="Special:BookSources/9780520080423"><bdi>9780520080423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Right%3A+The+Transformation+of+American+Conservatism&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780520080423&rft.au=Jerome+L.+Himmelstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6YZuHHCu6MC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Richard Norton Smith, An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover (1987). </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> H. W. Brands, Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-Jefferson_Cowie_2008-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Jefferson_Cowie_2008_117-0">^</a> Jefferson Cowie, and Nick Salvatore, "The Long Exception: Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History," International Labor & Working-Class History, (2008) 74:3–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Johnson, Marc C. "Franklin D. Roosevelt, Burton K. Wheeler, and the Great Debate A Montana Senator'S Crusade for Non-Intervention before World War II." Montana-The Magazine Of Western History (2012) 62#4 pp. 3–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> James F. Simon, FDR and Chief Justice Hughes: The President, the Supreme Court, and the Epic Battle over the New Deal (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Susan Dunn, Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Roosevelts-Purge-Fought-Change-Democratic/dp/0674057171/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314075552/http://www.amazon.com/Roosevelts-Purge-Fought-Change-Democratic/dp/0674057171">Archived</a> 2016-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Charles M. Price, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boskin" title="Joseph Boskin">Joseph Boskin</a>. "The Roosevelt 'Purge': A Reappraisal." Journal of Politics (1966) 28#3 pp. 660–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2128161">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417064418/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2128161">Archived</a> 2020-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Sean J. Savage, Roosevelt The Party Leader, 1932–1945 (2015) pp. 129–58 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130jnnk">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318170333/http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130jnnk">Archived</a> 2016-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kicker-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Kicker_123-0">^</a> Troy Kicker, "The Conservative Manifesto", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/12/entry">North Carolina History project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174051/http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/12/entry">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> James T. Patterson, Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (1972). </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Gilbert C. Fite, Richard B. Russell, Jr., Senator from Georgia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/6849936/richard-b-russell-jr-senator-from-georgia">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721024954/https://www.questia.com/library/6849936/richard-b-russell-jr-senator-from-georgia">Archived</a> 2017-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_T._Patterson1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Patterson_(historian)" title="James T. Patterson (historian)">James T. Patterson</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8MfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR7">Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal</a>. University of Kentucky Press. pp. vii–viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813164045" title="Special:BookSources/9780813164045"><bdi>9780813164045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Conservatism+and+the+New+Deal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Evii-%3C%2Fspan%3Eviii&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780813164045&rft.au=James+T.+Patterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8MfBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Geoffrey Matthews, "Robert A. Taft, The Constitution and American Foreign Policy, 1939-53." Journal of Contemporary History 17.3 (1982): 507-522. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260558">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622052516/https://www.jstor.org/stable/260558">Archived</a> 2022-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Merrill D. Peterson, The Jefferson image in the American mind (1960) pp. 355–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Schoenwald, Jonathan M. Time for Choosing : The Rise of Modern American Conservatism .Oxford University Press, 2001, p.19. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Schoenwald, Jonathan M. Time for Choosing : The Rise of Modern American Conservatism.Oxford University Press, 2001, p.19 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Schoenwald, Jonathan M. Time for Choosing : The Rise of Modern American Conservatism.Oxford University Press, 2001, p.24. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Mattson, Kevin; Erickson, Steven K...Rebels All!: A Short History of the Conservative Mind in Postwar America. Rutgers University Press, 2008. p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Mattson, Kevin; Erickson, Steven K...Rebels All! : A Short History of the Conservative Mind in Postwar America. Rutgers University Press, 2008. p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> William McGurn, "The Witness of Whittaker Chambers: A Bitter Hope," Modern Age, Spring/Summer 1984, Vol. 28 Issue 2/3, pp. 203–07 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Robert A. Divine, "The Cold War and the Election of 1948," Journal of American History, June 1972, Vol. 59 Issue 1, pp. 90–110 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1888388">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118152937/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888388">Archived</a> 2023-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Martin Halpern, "Taft-Hartley and the Defeat of the Progressive Alternative in the United Auto Workers," Labor History, Spring 1986, Vol. 27 Issue 2, pp. 204–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Lou Cannon, President Reagan: the role of a lifetime (2000) p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Jack A. Samosky, "Congressman Noah Morgan Mason: Illinois' Conservative Spokesman", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, March 1983, Vol. 76 Issue 1, pp. 35–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a> (1950), The Liberal Imagination, 1953 reprint, Garden City, NY: <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>, Preface, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Larry Ceplair, Anti-communism in twentieth-century America: a critical history (ABC-CLIO, 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Clarence E. Wunderlin, Robert A. Taft: Ideas, tradition, and party in US foreign policy (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Donald F. Crosby, "The Jesuits and Joe McCarthy." Church history 46.3 (1977): 374-388. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Michael Kimmage, The conservative turn: Lionel Trilling, Whittaker Chambers, and the lessons of anti-communism (Harvard University Press, 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Most analysts agreed that war without Congressional approval was a "costly mistake." Robert J. Donovan, Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949–1953 (1982), ch 23; Taft quote on p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> William F. Buckley and L. Brent Bozell, Mccarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning (1954) </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Oshinsky [1983] (2005), pp. 33, 490; </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Michael O'Brien, John F. Kennedy: A Biography (2005), pp. 250–54, 274–79, 396–400; </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Reeves (1982), pp. 442–43; </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Thomas Maier, The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings (2003), pp. 270–80; </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Crosby, God, Church, and Flag, pp. 138–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator (1999) p. 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Roger Chapman, ed. Culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices (2010), Volume 1, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Kim Phillips-Fein, "Conservatism: A State of the Field", Journal of American History, (Dec. 2011) 98#3 pp. 723–43, quote p. 729 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Tradition since 1945 (1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> James Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (1997) pp. 271–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> David W. Reinhard, Republican Right since 1945 (1983) p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind (1950), pp. 423–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Russell Kirk, Libertarians: the Chirping Sectaries in The Essential Russell Kirk, ISI Books, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933859-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933859-02-6">978-1-933859-02-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (1990) full-scale biography by liberal journalist. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Geoffrey Kabaservice, "The Syndicate", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/book/review/william-rusher-national-review-david-frisk">The New Republic August 27, 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124193754/http://www.tnr.com/book/review/william-rusher-national-review-david-frisk">Archived</a> January 24, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/flashback/flashback200501030730.asp">Our Mission Statement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302044808/http://www.nationalreview.com/flashback/flashback200501030730.asp">Archived</a> 2008-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Review Online, November 19, 1955. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Bruce J. Caldwell, Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek (2005) p. 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Martha Derthick and Paul J. Quirk, The Politics of Deregulation (1985) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancur_Olson1984" class="citation book cs1">Mancur Olson (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vKxxtjJz--wC&pg=PA192">The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities</a>. Yale U.P. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300030792" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300030792"><bdi>978-0300030792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+Nations%3A+Economic+Growth%2C+Stagflation%2C+and+Social+Rigidities&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Yale+U.P.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0300030792&rft.au=Mancur+Olson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvKxxtjJz--wC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Johan van Overtveldt, The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business (2007) p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Alan O. Ebenstein, Milton Friedman: A Biography (2009) p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Patrick Minford, ed. Money matters (2004) p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Ross B. Emmett, Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics (2010) p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_M._WaltonHugh_Rockoff2009" class="citation book cs1">Gary M. Walton; Hugh Rockoff (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C&pg=PA531">History of the American Economy</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780324786620" title="Special:BookSources/9780324786620"><bdi>9780324786620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+American+Economy&rft.pages=531&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780324786620&rft.au=Gary+M.+Walton&rft.au=Hugh+Rockoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlyhI1q_E4G0C%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Schoenwald, (2001) pp. 83–91. Some chapters without Welch's approval did organize opposition to fluoridation of local water supplies or pushed a slate for election to local school boards. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> William F. Buckley, Jr., "Goldwater, the John Birch Society, and Me". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/goldwater-the-john-birch-society-and-me/">Commentary (March 2008) online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415092024/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/goldwater-the-john-birch-society-and-me/">Archived</a> 2015-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katznelson-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Katznelson_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatznelsonGeigerKryder1993" class="citation journal cs1">Katznelson, Ira; Geiger, Kim; Kryder, Daniel (Summer 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hist590.pbworks.com/f/Katznelson%2Bet%2Bal%2BLimiting%2BLiberalism.pdf">"Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950"</a> (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 108 (2): 283–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2152013">10.2307/2152013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152013">2152013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411013134/http://hist590.pbworks.com/f/Katznelson+et+al+Limiting+Liberalism.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2017-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Limiting+Liberalism%3A+The+Southern+Veto+in+Congress%2C+1933%E2%80%931950&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2152013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2152013%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Katznelson&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft.au=Geiger%2C+Kim&rft.au=Kryder%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhist590.pbworks.com%2Ff%2FKatznelson%252Bet%252Bal%252BLimiting%252BLiberalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrick_Allitt_2009-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Patrick_Allitt_2009_173-0">^</a> Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History, p. 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Brooks, and William Wohlforth, "Clarifying the End of Cold War Debate," Cold War History 2007 7(3): 447–454 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Reason Magazine, July 1, 1975 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Ronald Reagan, Reagan in His Own Hand (2001), pp. 14, 232, 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408194829/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964979,00.html#ixzz0nMC1PLmF">Time July 13, 1987</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Hayward, The Age of Reagan p.52 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Hayward, The Age of Reagan pp. 26, 52–54; Lou Cannon. President Reagan: TheRole of a Lifetime (1991) 118, 480–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-biggov_conservatives-222"><a href="#cite_ref-biggov_conservatives_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2007" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leviathanonright00mich">Leviathan on the Right: how big-government conservatism brought down the Republican revolution</a>. Cato Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933995-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933995-00-7"><bdi>978-1-933995-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leviathan+on+the+Right%3A+how+big-government+conservatism+brought+down+the+Republican+revolution&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-933995-00-7&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleviathanonright00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60057-105-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-60057-105-0">1-60057-105-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperry2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Sperry, Peter B. (March 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408081453/http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2001/03/the-real-reagan-economic-record">"The Real Reagan Economic Record: Responsible and Successful Fiscal Policy"</a>. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on April 8, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Reagan+Economic+Record%3A+Responsible+and+Successful+Fiscal+Policy&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft.aulast=Sperry&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Freports%2F2001%2F03%2Fthe-real-reagan-economic-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiskanenMoore1996" class="citation web cs1">Niskanen, William A.; Moore, Stephen (October 22, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/supplyside-tax-cuts-truth-about-reagan-economic-record">"Supply-Side Tax Cuts and the Truth about the Reagan Economic Record"</a>. Cato Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415041827/http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/supplyside-tax-cuts-truth-about-reagan-economic-record">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=Supply-Side+Tax+Cuts+and+the+Truth+about+the+Reagan+Economic+Record&rft.date=1996-10-22&rft.aulast=Niskanen&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fsupplyside-tax-cuts-truth-about-reagan-economic-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2007/04/bush-sr-celebrate-rev-sun-myung-moon-again">"Bush Sr. To Celebrate Rev. Sun Myung Moon – Again"</a>. Mother Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720194958/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2007/04/bush-sr-celebrate-rev-sun-myung-moon-again/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2017-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Bush+Sr.+To+Celebrate+Rev.+Sun+Myung+Moon+%E2%80%93+Again&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2007%2F04%2Fbush-sr-celebrate-rev-sun-myung-moon-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politics/2001-03-22-media.htm#more">"Bush, aides boost access of conservative media"</a>. usatoday30.usatoday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035119/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politics/2001-03-22-media.htm#more">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2017-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usatoday30.usatoday.com&rft.atitle=Bush%2C+aides+boost+access+of+conservative+media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2001-03-22-media.htm%23more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_C._Anderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Brian C. Anderson (5 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvaHdLELapoC&pg=PT38">South Park Conservatives: The Revolt Against Liberal Media Bias</a>. Regnery Publishing. pp. 38–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-112-4"><bdi>978-1-62157-112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Park+Conservatives%3A+The+Revolt+Against+Liberal+Media+Bias&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft.isbn=978-1-62157-112-4&rft.au=Brian+C.+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvaHdLELapoC%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_SidlowBeth_Henschen2012" class="citation book cs1">Edward Sidlow; Beth Henschen (6 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=grniOp-iR3kC&pg=PT255">GOVT</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83354-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83354-1"><bdi>978-1-111-83354-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GOVT&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83354-1&rft.au=Edward+Sidlow&rft.au=Beth+Henschen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgrniOp-iR3kC%26pg%3DPT255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Perloff2013" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Perloff (18 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RqOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA148">Political Communication: Politics, Press, and Public in America</a>. Routledge. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-68846-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-68846-1"><bdi>978-1-136-68846-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Communication%3A+Politics%2C+Press%2C+and+Public+in+America&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.isbn=978-1-136-68846-1&rft.au=Richard+M.+Perloff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RqOAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> Berry, J. M., & Sobieraj, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/understanding-the-rise-of-talk-radio/25394FEA4F469026712C17BE514A786C">Understanding the rise of talk radio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152900/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/understanding-the-rise-of-talk-radio/25394FEA4F469026712C17BE514A786C">Archived</a> 2017-04-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. PS: Political Science and Politics, 762-767. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Drehle2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Von Drehle, David (2012-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2105970,00.html">"The Conservative Identity Crisis"</a>. TIME. No. February 13, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053131/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2105970,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=The+Conservative+Identity+Crisis&rft.issue=February+13%2C+2012&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft.aulast=Von+Drehle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C2105970%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Lee_Carter2012" class="citation book cs1">Gregg Lee Carter (May 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QeGJH48PT0kC&pg=PT583">Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 583. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38671-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38671-8"><bdi>978-0-313-38671-8</bdi></a>. <q>Today, adherents of classic liberalism have come to be known as conservatives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns+in+American+Society%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Law&rft.pages=583&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38671-8&rft.au=Gregg+Lee+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQeGJH48PT0kC%26pg%3DPT583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_R._Farmer2006" class="citation book cs1">Brian R. Farmer (March 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOt1-bqbpPMC&pg=PA64">American Political Ideologies: An Introduction to the Major Systems of Thought in the 21st Century</a>. McFarland. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8052-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-8052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Political+Ideologies%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Major+Systems+of+Thought+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8052-4&rft.au=Brian+R.+Farmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdOt1-bqbpPMC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway_W._Henderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Conway W. Henderson (November 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwMovLqKw2oC&pg=PA297">Understanding International Law</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1825-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-1825-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+International+Law&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-11-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1825-8&rft.au=Conway+W.+Henderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwMovLqKw2oC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_C._Dilley2013" class="citation book cs1">Stephen C. Dilley (2 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAIQOVWz2hEC&pg=PA12">Darwinian Evolution and Classical Liberalism: Theories in Tension</a>. Lexington Books. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8107-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8107-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-8107-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwinian+Evolution+and+Classical+Liberalism%3A+Theories+in+Tension&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-8107-2&rft.au=Stephen+C.+Dilley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAIQOVWz2hEC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988">/ </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeepak_Lal2010" class="citation book cs1">Deepak Lal (16 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qU1f2XP_NfQC&pg=PA51">Reviving the Invisible Hand: The Case for Classical Liberalism in the Twenty-first Century</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3744-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3744-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-3744-1</bdi></a>. <q>Thus, apart from the brief period of Margaret Thatcher's ascendancy in Britain, it is only in the United States that the classical liberal tradition continues to have political force.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reviving+the+Invisible+Hand%3A+The+Case+for+Classical+Liberalism+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3744-1&rft.au=Deepak+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqU1f2XP_NfQC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_D._AberbachGillian_Peele2011" class="citation book cs1">Joel D. Aberbach; Gillian Peele (17 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iA4WcdJ-yIwC&pg=PA31">Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976401-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976401-3"><bdi>978-0-19-976401-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+of+Conservatism%3F%3A+The+Republican+Party%2C+the+Conservative+Movement%2C+and+American+Politics+After+Bush&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976401-3&rft.au=Joel+D.+Aberbach&rft.au=Gillian+Peele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiA4WcdJ-yIwC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrohnenBeer2014-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FrohnenBeer2014_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrohnenBeer2014_233-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrohnenBeer2014_233-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_FrohnenJeremy_BeerNelson_O._Jeffrey2014" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Frohnen; Jeremy Beer; Nelson O. Jeffrey (20 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1yOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1198">American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia</a>. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 1198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-5157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-5157-9"><bdi>978-1-4976-5157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Conservatism%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1198&rft.pub=Intercollegiate+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4976-5157-9&rft.au=Bruce+Frohnen&rft.au=Jeremy+Beer&rft.au=Nelson+O.+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1yOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_W._Schramm1993" class="citation book cs1">Peter W. Schramm (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_RVthlUbGsC&pg=PA16">Lessons of the Bush Defeat</a>. John M. Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878802-16-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878802-16-3"><bdi>978-1-878802-16-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+of+the+Bush+Defeat&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=John+M.+Ashbrook+Center+for+Public+Affairs&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-878802-16-3&rft.au=Peter+W.+Schramm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_RVthlUbGsC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Bruce_Franklin1993" class="citation book cs1">H. Bruce Franklin (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqlIoF-e83kC&pg=PA189">M.I.A., Or, Mythmaking in America</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2001-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2001-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-2001-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.I.A.%2C+Or%2C+Mythmaking+in+America&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2001-8&rft.au=H.+Bruce+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqlIoF-e83kC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelye1995" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (5 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/05/us/104th-congress-speaker-s-day-gingrich-takes-capital-storm-with-eye-history.html">"HE 104TH CONGRESS: THE SPEAKER'S DAY; Gingrich Takes Capital by Storm With Eye on History"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423064944/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/05/us/104th-congress-speaker-s-day-gingrich-takes-capital-storm-with-eye-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=HE+104TH+CONGRESS%3A+THE+SPEAKER%27S+DAY%3B+Gingrich+Takes+Capital+by+Storm+With+Eye+on+History&rft.date=1995-01-05&rft.aulast=Seelye&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F01%2F05%2Fus%2F104th-congress-speaker-s-day-gingrich-takes-capital-storm-with-eye-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessier2011" class="citation news cs1">Kessier, Glenn (25 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423151725/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2011/02/lessons_from_the_great_governm.html">"Lessons from the great government shutdown of 1995-1996"</a>. Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2011/02/lessons_from_the_great_governm.html">the original</a> on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+the+great+government+shutdown+of+1995-1996&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft.aulast=Kessier&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Ffact-checker%2F2011%2F02%2Flessons_from_the_great_governm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Robertson2010" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Robertson (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g585DQAAQBAJ&pg=RA6-PA96">Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History</a>. SAGE. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-320-7"><bdi>978-0-87289-320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+Political+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87289-320-7&rft.au=Andrew+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg585DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA6-PA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktR1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">American Political Leaders 1789-2009</a>. CQ Press. 6 October 2009. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6726-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6726-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-6726-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Political+Leaders+1789-2009&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2009-10-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6726-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktR1AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_LiuKim_GeronTracy_A._M._Lai2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Liu; Kim Geron; Tracy A. M. Lai (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsXLqbVzqCMC&pg=PA148">The Snake Dance of Asian American Activism: Community, Vision, and Power</a>. Lexington Books. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2719-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2719-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-2719-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Snake+Dance+of+Asian+American+Activism%3A+Community%2C+Vision%2C+and+Power&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2719-3&rft.au=Michael+Liu&rft.au=Kim+Geron&rft.au=Tracy+A.+M.+Lai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsXLqbVzqCMC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_M._Garry2010" class="citation book cs1">Patrick M. Garry (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2xBDhGIlBUC&pg=PA18">Conservatism Redefined: A Creed for the Poor and Disadvantaged</a>. Encounter Books. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-347-6"><bdi>978-1-59403-347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+Redefined%3A+A+Creed+for+the+Poor+and+Disadvantaged&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59403-347-6&rft.au=Patrick+M.+Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2xBDhGIlBUC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-28155578">"Bill Clinton's conservative legacy?"</a>. BBC News. United Kingdom. 7 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317231642/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-28155578">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bill+Clinton%27s+conservative+legacy%3F&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-echochambers-28155578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Fang2013" class="citation book cs1">Lee Fang (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machinefieldguid0000fang">The Machine: A Field Guide to the Resurgent Right</a>. New Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machinefieldguid0000fang/page/154">154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-639-1"><bdi>978-1-59558-639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Machine%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+the+Resurgent+Right&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-639-1&rft.au=Lee+Fang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmachinefieldguid0000fang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_C._Anderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Brian C. Anderson (5 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvaHdLELapoC&pg=PT4">South Park Conservatives: The Revolt Against Liberal Media Bias</a>. Regnery Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-112-4"><bdi>978-1-62157-112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Park+Conservatives%3A+The+Revolt+Against+Liberal+Media+Bias&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft.isbn=978-1-62157-112-4&rft.au=Brian+C.+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvaHdLELapoC%26pg%3DPT4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_GrossmannDavid_A._Hopkins2016" class="citation book cs1">Matt Grossmann; David A. Hopkins (10 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTPKDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163">Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062661-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062661-7"><bdi>978-0-19-062661-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asymmetric+Politics%3A+Ideological+Republicans+and+Group+Interest+Democrats&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-08-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-062661-7&rft.au=Matt+Grossmann&rft.au=David+A.+Hopkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHTPKDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Tanner2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael Tanner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leviathanonright00mich">Leviathan on the Right: How Big-government Conservatism Brought Down the Republican Revolution</a>. Cato Institute. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leviathanonright00mich/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933995-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933995-00-7"><bdi>978-1-933995-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leviathan+on+the+Right%3A+How+Big-government+Conservatism+Brought+Down+the+Republican+Revolution&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-933995-00-7&rft.au=Michael+Tanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleviathanonright00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_D._AberbachGillian_Peele2011" class="citation book cs1">Joel D. Aberbach; Gillian Peele (17 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QE7U4-Ion7kC&pg=PA181">Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983136-4"><bdi>978-0-19-983136-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+of+Conservatism%3F%3A+The+Republican+Party%2C+the+Conservative+Movement%2C+and+American+Politics+After+Bush&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983136-4&rft.au=Joel+D.+Aberbach&rft.au=Gillian+Peele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQE7U4-Ion7kC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas_Richert2014" class="citation book cs1">Lucas Richert (16 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdGhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">Conservatism, Consumer Choice, and the Food and Drug Administration during the Reagan Era: A Prescription for Scandal</a>. Lexington Books. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8259-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8259-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-8259-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism%2C+Consumer+Choice%2C+and+the+Food+and+Drug+Administration+during+the+Reagan+Era%3A+A+Prescription+for+Scandal&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-8259-8&rft.au=Lucas+Richert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdGhAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_2004_Exit_Poll-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2004_Exit_Poll_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2004_Exit_Poll_245-1">b</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html">CNN 2004 Exit Poll</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514025413/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html">Archived</a> 2007-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Hulse2008" class="citation news cs1">Carl Hulse (September 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/27/business/27repubs.html">"Conservatives Viewed Bailout Plan as Last Straw"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517192840/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/27/business/27repubs.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Conservatives+Viewed+Bailout+Plan+as+Last+Straw&rft.date=2008-09-26&rft.au=Carl+Hulse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F27%2Fbusiness%2F27repubs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley">William F. Buckley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/buckley-bush-not-a-true-conservative/">Buckley: Bush Not a True Conservative</a> , July 22, 2006, Retrieved from cbsnews.com August 25, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Carl M. Cannon, Reagan's Disciple (PublicAffairs, 2008) p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_BeailRhonda_Kinney_Longworth2012" class="citation book cs1">Linda Beail; Rhonda Kinney Longworth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJRUr8JkCG8C&pg=PA57">Framing Sarah Palin: Pitbulls, Puritans, and Politics</a>. Routledge. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415893367" title="Special:BookSources/9780415893367"><bdi>9780415893367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+Sarah+Palin%3A+Pitbulls%2C+Puritans%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415893367&rft.au=Linda+Beail&rft.au=Rhonda+Kinney+Longworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJRUr8JkCG8C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_KazinRebecca_EdwardsAdam_Rothman2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael Kazin; Rebecca Edwards; Adam Rothman (28 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hScNkRpePoC&pg=PA204">The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15207-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15207-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15207-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+American+Political+History&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15207-3&rft.au=Michael+Kazin&rft.au=Rebecca+Edwards&rft.au=Adam+Rothman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7hScNkRpePoC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_KazinRebecca_EdwardsAdam_Rothman2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Kazin; Rebecca Edwards; Adam Rothman (9 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hqpJEJp7cUC&pg=PA288">The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History. (Two volume set)</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3356-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3356-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-3356-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+American+Political+History.+%28Two+volume+set%29&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3356-6&rft.au=Michael+Kazin&rft.au=Rebecca+Edwards&rft.au=Adam+Rothman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4hqpJEJp7cUC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Piereson2016" class="citation book cs1">James Piereson (8 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RtODQAAQBAJ&pg=PT93">Shattered Consensus: The Rise and Decline of America's Postwar Political Order</a>. Encounter Books. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-896-9"><bdi>978-1-59403-896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattered+Consensus%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+America%27s+Postwar+Political+Order&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.isbn=978-1-59403-896-9&rft.au=James+Piereson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-RtODQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Allen_Hays2012" class="citation book cs1">R. Allen Hays (2 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mOE1Hn13J0C&pg=PA28">Federal Government and Urban Housing, The, Third Edition</a>. SUNY Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4168-9"><bdi>978-1-4384-4168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Government+and+Urban+Housing%2C+The%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-4168-9&rft.au=R.+Allen+Hays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mOE1Hn13J0C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_D._AberbachGillian_Peele2011" class="citation book cs1">Joel D. Aberbach; Gillian Peele (17 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zBxwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983026-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983026-8"><bdi>978-0-19-983026-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+of+Conservatism%3F%3A+The+Republican+Party%2C+the+Conservative+Movement%2C+and+American+Politics+After+Bush&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983026-8&rft.au=Joel+D.+Aberbach&rft.au=Gillian+Peele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzBxwAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Jonathan Alter, The Promise: President Obama, Year One (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/116479/barack-obama-presidential-job-approval.aspx">"Presidential Approval Ratings -- Barack Obama"</a>. Gallup. 9 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321120514/http://www.gallup.com/poll/116479/barack-obama-presidential-job-approval.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Presidential+Approval+Ratings+--+Barack+Obama&rft.date=2008-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F116479%2Fbarack-obama-presidential-job-approval.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/president_obama_job_approval-1044.html#polls">RealClear Politics summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130105213/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/president_obama_job_approval-1044.html#polls">Archived</a> 2009-01-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Rich Lowry, "A Victory for America," National Review Online May 3, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Michael Barone, "To Get Bin Laden, Obama Relied on Policies He Decried" National Review Online May 5, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> "Obama defends sanctions strategy on Iran, says diplomacy can work," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-defends-sanctions-strategy-on-iran-says-diplomacy-can-work">FoxNews March 6, 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2016" class="citation news cs1">Levin, Yuval (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/conservatives-lost-republican-party-yuval-levin-2016-214228">"How Conservatives Lost the GOP"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174848/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/conservatives-lost-republican-party-yuval-levin-2016-214228">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=How+Conservatives+Lost+the+GOP&rft.date=2016-09&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Yuval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2016%2F09%2Fconservatives-lost-republican-party-yuval-levin-2016-214228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHensch2015" class="citation news cs1">Hensch, Mark (22 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/gop-primaries/251721-glenn-beck-trump-is-not-conservative/">"Glenn Beck: Trump is not conservative"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153413/http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/gop-primaries/251721-glenn-beck-trump-is-not-conservative">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Glenn+Beck%3A+Trump+is+not+conservative&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft.aulast=Hensch&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fballot-box%2Fgop-primaries%2F251721-glenn-beck-trump-is-not-conservative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcy2016" class="citation news cs1">Darcy, Oliver (12 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/rush-limbaugh-donald-trump-not-conservative-2016-9">"Rush Limbaugh's big concession: 'Are you admitting Trump is not a conservative? Damn right I am!'"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024145/http://www.businessinsider.com/rush-limbaugh-donald-trump-not-conservative-2016-9">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Rush+Limbaugh%27s+big+concession%3A+%27Are+you+admitting+Trump+is+not+a+conservative%3F+Damn+right+I+am%21%27&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Darcy&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frush-limbaugh-donald-trump-not-conservative-2016-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2016" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Andrew C. (23 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/438255/donald-trump-republican-party-not-conservative">"It's Not My Party"</a>. National Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175831/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/438255/donald-trump-republican-party-not-conservative">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=It%27s+Not+My+Party&rft.date=2016-07-23&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F438255%2Fdonald-trump-republican-party-not-conservative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehner2015" class="citation web cs1">Wehner, Peter (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/politics-ideas/campaigns-elections/donald-trump-not-conservative/">"Donald Trump is Many Things. Conservative Isn't One of Them"</a>. Commentary Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312184356/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/politics-ideas/campaigns-elections/donald-trump-not-conservative/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+is+Many+Things.+Conservative+Isn%27t+One+of+Them&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.aulast=Wehner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Fpolitics-ideas%2Fcampaigns-elections%2Fdonald-trump-not-conservative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2016" class="citation web cs1">Feldman, Josh (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaite.com/online/limbaugh-of-course-trumps-not-a-conservative-conservatism-lost-in-the-primary/">"Limbaugh: Of Course Trump's Not a Conservative, 'Conservatism Lost in the Primary'"</a>. Mediaite. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175250/http://www.mediaite.com/online/limbaugh-of-course-trumps-not-a-conservative-conservatism-lost-in-the-primary/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mediaite&rft.atitle=Limbaugh%3A+Of+Course+Trump%27s+Not+a+Conservative%2C+%27Conservatism+Lost+in+the+Primary%27&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaite.com%2Fonline%2Flimbaugh-of-course-trumps-not-a-conservative-conservatism-lost-in-the-primary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2016" class="citation news cs1">Pearce, Matt (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-breitbart-rise-fall-20160318-story.html">"Andrew Breitbart warned conservatives about Trump, but he never saw this coming"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907145954/https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-breitbart-rise-fall-20160318-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Andrew+Breitbart+warned+conservatives+about+Trump%2C+but+he+never+saw+this+coming&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-breitbart-rise-fall-20160318-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Barnett2019" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Barnett (2019-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sz4tMQAACAAJ">Making Trump Possible: Causes and Consequences of the New Populist Politics</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5508-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5508-5"><bdi>978-1-4408-5508-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Trump+Possible%3A+Causes+and+Consequences+of+the+New+Populist+Politics&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5508-5&rft.au=Timothy+Barnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSz4tMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Lehmann, Chris (22 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-populism-365052">"DONALD TRUMP AND THE LONG TRADITION OF AMERICAN POPULISM"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210180106/https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-populism-365052">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=DONALD+TRUMP+AND+THE+LONG+TRADITION+OF+AMERICAN+POPULISM&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fdonald-trump-populism-365052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind2016" class="citation news cs1">Lind, Michael (9 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/03/donald-trump-the-perfect-populist-213697">"Donald Trump, the Perfect Populist"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513104815/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/03/donald-trump-the-perfect-populist-213697">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump%2C+the+Perfect+Populist&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2016%2F03%2Fdonald-trump-the-perfect-populist-213697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdsall2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Edsall, Thomas B. (2 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/opinion/the-peculiar-populism-of-donald-trump.html">"The Peculiar Populism of Donald Trump"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323031937/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/opinion/the-peculiar-populism-of-donald-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Peculiar+Populism+of+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft.aulast=Edsall&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fthe-peculiar-populism-of-donald-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroy2017" class="citation news cs1">Troy, Tevi (25 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/02/how-trump-split-conservatives-three-ways-214826">"How Trump Split Conservatives Three Ways"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324181128/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/02/how-trump-split-conservatives-three-ways-214826">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=How+Trump+Split+Conservatives+Three+Ways&rft.date=2017-02-25&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Tevi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F02%2Fhow-trump-split-conservatives-three-ways-214826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-43512098">"Trade wars, Trump tariffs and protectionism explained"</a>. BBC News. 10 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220061007/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-43512098">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Trade+wars%2C+Trump+tariffs+and+protectionism+explained&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-43512098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-investment-policy-watch/protectionism-under-trump-policy-identity-and-anxiety">"Protectionism under Trump: Policy, Identity, and Anxiety"</a>. 2 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220061017/https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-investment-policy-watch/protectionism-under-trump-policy-identity-and-anxiety">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protectionism+under+Trump%3A+Policy%2C+Identity%2C+and+Anxiety&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.piie.com%2Fblogs%2Ftrade-investment-policy-watch%2Fprotectionism-under-trump-policy-identity-and-anxiety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akerman.com/en/perspectives/governor-desantis-bans-vaccine-passports-in-florida.html">"Florida Governor DeSantis Bans Vaccine Passports in Florida"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220061010/https://www.akerman.com/en/perspectives/governor-desantis-bans-vaccine-passports-in-florida.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florida+Governor+DeSantis+Bans+Vaccine+Passports+in+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akerman.com%2Fen%2Fperspectives%2Fgovernor-desantis-bans-vaccine-passports-in-florida.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.local10.com/news/local/2021/11/18/gov-ron-desantis-expected-to-sign-vaccine-mandate-ban-into-law/">"DeSantis signs vaccine mandates ban into law — and takes jab at Biden"</a>. 18 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220061008/https://www.local10.com/news/local/2021/11/18/gov-ron-desantis-expected-to-sign-vaccine-mandate-ban-into-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DeSantis+signs+vaccine+mandates+ban+into+law+%E2%80%94+and+takes+jab+at+Biden&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.local10.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2021%2F11%2F18%2Fgov-ron-desantis-expected-to-sign-vaccine-mandate-ban-into-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/23/AR2010102304000.html">online Amy Gardner, "Gauging the scope of the tea party movement in America," Washington Post Oct. 24, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601020651/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/23/AR2010102304000.html">Archived</a> 2017-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Kate Zernike, Boiling Mad: Inside Tea Party America (2010), by a New York Times reporter </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katie-couric-interviews-tea-party-leaders/">"Katie Couric Interviews Tea Party Leaders"</a>. cbsnews.com. January 25, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004121627/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-12030-503544.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Katie+Couric+Interviews+Tea+Party+Leaders&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fkatie-couric-interviews-tea-party-leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen, Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System (2010) pp. 169–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen. Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System (2010) p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Kate Zernike, "Tea Party Set to Win Enough Races for Wide Influence," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/15/us/politics/15teaparty.html">New York Times Oct. 14, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421110447/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/15/us/politics/15teaparty.html">Archived</a> 2017-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Vanessa Williamson, Theda Skocpol, and John Coggin. "The Tea Party and the remaking of Republican conservatism." Perspectives on Politics (2011) 9#1 pp. 25–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Salant1-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Salant1_272-0">^</a> "Americans who describe themselves as Tea Party supporters are largely Republican, conservative and angry at the government, a New York Times/CBS News poll shows."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalant2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Salant, Jonathan D. (April 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521001356/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-15/tea-party-backers-conservative-angry-at-washington-poll-shows.html">"Tea Party Backers Conservative, Angry at Washington, Poll Shows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-15/tea-party-backers-conservative-angry-at-washington-poll-shows.html">the original</a> on 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2017-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=Tea+Party+Backers+Conservative%2C+Angry+at+Washington%2C+Poll+Shows&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft.aulast=Salant&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2010-04-15%2Ftea-party-backers-conservative-angry-at-washington-poll-shows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> "On most of these topics, supporters of the Tea Party movement are angrier than any of the other groups," according to the BBC World News America/Harris Poll of Oct. 2010. "What Are We Most Angry About? The Economy, Unemployment, the Government, Taxes and Immigration: Tea Party supporters are angrier than Republicans, who are angrier than Democrats", Harris Interactive, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/mid/1508/articleId/592/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/Default.aspx">Oct. 21, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302151511/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/mid/1508/articleId/592/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/Default.aspx">Archived</a> 2012-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPangry-274"><a href="#cite_ref-WPangry_274-0">^</a> "Marketing consultants say the ad [for <a href="/wiki/Dodge" title="Dodge">Dodge</a> cars using tea-party style patriotic symbolism] is one indication that the movement's anger and energy have become part of the cultural conversation, making it a natural target for admakers."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2010" class="citation news cs1">Gardner, Amy (July 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/05/AR2010070502843.html">"Tea party movement's energy, anger make it target for admakers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101028142028/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/05/AR2010070502843.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tea+party+movement%27s+energy%2C+anger+make+it+target+for+admakers&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F07%2F05%2FAR2010070502843.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zernike-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Zernike_275-0">^</a> "The widest gulfs between Tea Party supporters and others—Republicans and the public in general—are in their responses to questions about social issues, from gay marriage to abortion to immigration to global warming."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZernike2010" class="citation news cs1">Zernike, Kate (April 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/weekinreview/18zernike.html">"Tea Party Supporters Doing Fine, but Angry Nonetheless"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524010517/http://www.nytimes.com//2010//04//18//weekinreview//18zernike.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tea+Party+Supporters+Doing+Fine%2C+but+Angry+Nonetheless&rft.date=2010-04-17&rft.aulast=Zernike&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F18%2Fweekinreview%2F18zernike.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+conservatism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> the New York Times says, "But as the Tea Party infuses conservatism with new energy, its leaders deliberately avoid discussion of issues like gay marriage or abortion." Kate Zernike, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/13/us/politics/13tea.html">"Tea Party Avoids Divisive Social Issues," New York Times March 12, 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> According to the New York Times, "a review of the Web sites of many Tea Party candidates suggests that they have not spent much time exploring foreign policy specifics. Many do little more than offer blanket promises to keep America safe." Michael D. Shear, "Tea Party Foreign Policy a Bit Cloudy" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/tea-party-foreign-policy-a-bit-cloudy/">New York Times Oct. 21, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710072011/https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/tea-party-foreign-policy-a-bit-cloudy/">Archived</a> 2017-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeekSt-278"><a href="#cite_ref-WeekSt_278-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/print/articles/two-faces-tea-party">The Two Faces of the Tea Party</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021215917/http://www.weeklystandard.com/print/articles/two-faces-tea-party">Archived</a> 2015-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Continetti" title="Matthew Continetti">Matthew Continetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a>, Vol. 15, No. 39, June 28, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> "Conservative Enthusiasm Surging Compared to Previous Midterms" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2010central.gallup.com/2010/04/conservative-enthusiasm-surging.html">Gallup: 2010 Central April 23, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030121214/http://2010central.gallup.com/2010/04/conservative-enthusiasm-surging.html">Archived</a> October 30, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of conservatism in the United States</a></div> <ul><li>Continetti, Matthew. The Right: The Hundred-Year War for American Conservatism (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1541600509?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details">excerpt</a></li> <li>Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Conservative-Ascendancy-Republican-America-Expanded/dp/0700617957/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Critchlow, Donald T. and Nancy MacLean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HWLYTe89tsC">Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present</a> (2009)</li> <li>Farber, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQRgq650bZYC">The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History</a> (2012).</li> <li>Filler, Louis. Dictionary of American Conservatism (<a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Library" title="Philosophical Library">Philosophical Library</a>, 1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer00fill">online</a></li> <li>Frohnen, Bruce et al. eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932236-44-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-932236-44-9">1-932236-44-9</a>, the most detailed reference.</li> <li>Guttman, Allan. The Conservative Tradition in America Oxford University Press, 1967.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk, Russell</a>. The Conservative Mind. <a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a>; 7th edition (2001): a famous history.</li> <li>Lichtman, Allan J. White Protestant Nation: The Rise of the American Conservative Movement (2008) detailed history from a liberal standpoint. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-984-9">978-0-87113-984-9</a></li> <li>Lora, Ronald. The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America (Greenwood Press, 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26257429">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050424170619/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26257429">Archived</a> 2005-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Lora, Ronald, and William Henry Longton eds. The Conservative Press in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century America (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131220547/http://www.questia.com/read/28014594">online edition</a>.</li> <li>Miner, Brad. The Concise Conservative Encyclopedia: 200 of the Most Important Ideas, Individuals, Incitements, and Institutions that Have Shaped the Movement (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/CONCISE-CONSERVATIVE-ENCYCLOPEDIA-Individuals-Institutions/dp/0684800438/">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Morgan, Iwan. Reagan: American Icon (IB Tauris, 2016).</li> <li>Nash, George. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (2006; 1st ed. 1978) influential history by a conservative scholar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservativeinte00nash">online</a></li> <li>Nickerson, Michelle M. Mothers of Conservatism: Women and the Postwar Right (Princeton UP, 2012), 248 pp.</li> <li>Patterson, James. Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39 (1967).</li> <li>Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (2004) on 1964 campaign.</li> <li>Rossiter, Clinton. Conservatism in America. (1955; 2nd ed. Harvard UP, 1982), a famous history.</li> <li>Schneider, Gregory. The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (2009).</li> <li>Thorne, Melvin J. American Conservative Thought since World War II: The Core Ideas (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104201422/http://www.questia.com/read/27255773">online edition</a>.</li> <li>Viereck, Peter. Conservatism: from John Adams to Churchill (2nd ed. 1978).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Brinkley, Alan. "The Problem of American Conservatism," American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 409–29.</li> <li>Burns, Jennifer. "In Retrospect: George Nash's the Conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945," Reviews in American History, Sep 2004, Vol. 32 Issue 3, pp. 447–62 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/in_retrospect-_george_nashs_conservative_intellectual_movement_in_america-_reviews_in_american_history_sept_2004.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911145328/https://history.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/in_retrospect-_george_nashs_conservative_intellectual_movement_in_america-_reviews_in_american_history_sept_2004.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Cowie, Jefferson, and Nick Salvatore, "The Long Exception: Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History," International Labor & Working-Class History, (2008) 74:3–32; argue the New Deal was a response to depression and did not mark a commitment to a welfare state because America has always been too individualistic.</li> <li>Dochuk, Darren. "Revival on the Right: Making Sense of the Conservative Moment in Post-World War II American History," History Compass (Sept 2006) 4#4 pp. 975–99, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2006.00341.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00341.x</a>.</li> <li>Kazin, Michael. "The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century," American Historical Review (February 1992) 97:136–55.</li> <li>Lewis, Hyman. "Historians and the Myth of American Conservatism" Journal of The Historical Society (2012), 12#1 pp. 27–45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5923.2011.00354.x">10.1111/j.1540-5923.2011.00354.x</a>.</li> <li>McGirr, Lisa. "Now That Historians Know So Much about the Right, How Should We Best Approach the Study of Conservatism?" Journal of American History (2011) 98(3): 765–70 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjar478">10.1093/jahist/jar478</a>.</li> <li>Moore, Leonard Joseph. "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History (1996) 24#4 pp. 555–73 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/reviews_in_american_history/v024/24.4moore.html">in Project MUSE</a>.</li> <li>Phillips-Fein, Kim. "Conservatism: A State of the Field," Journal of American History (Dec 2011) 98#3 pp. 723–43, with commentary by Wilfred M. McClay, Alan Brinkley, Donald T. Critchlow, Martin Durham, Matthew D. Lassiter, and Lisa McGirr, and response by Phillips-Fein, pp. 744–73 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317033718/http://jah.oxfordjournals.org/content/98/3.toc">online</a>.</li> <li>Ponce de Leon, Charles L. "The New Historiography of the 1980s," Reviews in American History, (2008) 36#2 pp. 303–31, in <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</li> <li>Ribuffo, Leo P. "Why is There so Much Conservatism in the United States and Why Do So Few Historians Know Anything about It," American Historical Review Vol. 99, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 438–49 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2167283">in JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Ribuffo, Leo P. "The Discovery and Rediscovery of American Conservatism Broadly Conceived," OAH Magazine of History (2003) 17#2 pp. 5–10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F17.2.5">10.1093/maghis/17.2.5</a>.</li> <li>Ribuffo, Leo. "Conservatism and American Politics," Journal of the Historical Society, March 2003, Vol. 3 Issue 2, pp. 163–75.</li> <li>Zelizer, Julian E. "Reflections: Rethinking the History of American Conservatism," Reviews in American History, 38#2 (June 2010), pp. 367–92 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.0.0217">10.1353/rah.0.0217</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Buckley, William F., Jr., ed. Did You Ever See a Dream Walking? American Conservative Thought in the 20th Century Bobbs-Merrill (1970).</li> <li>Gregory L. Schneider, ed. Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader (2003).</li> <li>Wolfe, Gregory. Right Minds: A Sourcebook of American Conservative Thought. Regnery (1987).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_in_the_United_States554" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B10000; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_the_United_States554" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christian values">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Jurists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">Yoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen_(political_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Deneen (political theorist)">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ailes" title="Roger Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Perot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservative parties in the United States">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Think tanks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Historical factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Republic,_Not_an_Empire" title="A Republic, Not an Empire">A Republic, Not an Empire</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B10000; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/23px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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