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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>For food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Suffering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_and_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_and_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Loss and extinction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Loss_and_extinction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Loss and extinction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Loss_and_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overkill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overkill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overkill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overkill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_destruction_and_fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_destruction_and_fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Habitat destruction and fragmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_destruction_and_fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_introduced_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_introduced_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Impact of introduced species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_introduced_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chains_of_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chains_of_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chains of extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chains_of_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حياة برية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حياة برية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="বন্যপ্রাণী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বন্যপ্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A1-seng_seng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Iá-seng seng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iá-seng seng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дзікая прырода – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзікая прырода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AB" title="वाइल्डलाइफ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वाइल्डलाइफ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дива природа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дива природа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_salvatge" title="Vida salvatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vida salvatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meahcieallit" title="Meahcieallit – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Meahcieallit" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%AE" title="Άγρια ζωή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγρια ζωή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_silvestre" title="Vida silvestre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vida silvestre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basabizitza" title="Basabizitza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Basabizitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4" title="حیات وحش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حیات وحش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie_sauvage" title="Vie sauvage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vie sauvage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiadh%C3%BAlra" title="Fiadhúlra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fiadhúlra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_silvestre" title="Vida silvestre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vida silvestre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%83%9D%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="야생생물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야생생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վայրի բնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վայրի բնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="वन्य जीव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वन्य जीव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehidupan_liar" title="Kehidupan liar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehidupan liar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ವನ್ಯಜೀವನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವನ್ಯಜೀವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanyamapori" title="Wanyamapori – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wanyamapori" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Див свет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Див свет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="वन्यजीव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वन्यजीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="الخی زویش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الخی زویش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehidupan_liar" title="Kehidupan liar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kehidupan liar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_(natuur)" title="Wildlife (natuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wildlife (natuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilt" title="Vilt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vilt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilt" title="Vilt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vilt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yovvoyi_tabiat" title="Yovvoyi tabiat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yovvoyi tabiat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5" title="ਜੰਗਲੀ ਜੀਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗਲੀ ਜੀਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="جنگلی جیون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگلی جیون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ځنګلي ژوند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځنګلي ژوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_selvagem" title="Vida selvagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vida selvagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дикая природа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дикая природа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafsh%C3%ABt_e_egra" title="Kafshët e egra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kafshët e egra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wildlife" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duur_Joog" title="Duur Joog – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Duur Joog" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Дивљи свијет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дивљи свијет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilda_djur" title="Vilda djur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vilda djur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="காட்டுயிர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காட்டுயிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="వన్యజీవనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వన్యజీవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="สัตว์ป่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์ป่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%88" title="Ҳаёти вуҳуш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳаёти вуҳуш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Undomesticated organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wildlife (disambiguation)">Wildlife (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wild animal" redirects here. For the Vanity album, see <a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal" title="Wild Animal">Wild Animal</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wild animals" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Wild_Animals" title="Wild Animals">Wild Animals</a>. For other uses, see [[:Wild Animals (disambiguation)} needed]].</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildlife_at_Maasai_Mara_(Lion).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A lion (Panthera leo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wildlife_at_Maasai_Mara_%28Lion%29.jpg/220px-Wildlife_at_Maasai_Mara_%28Lion%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wildlife_at_Maasai_Mara_%28Lion%29.jpg/330px-Wildlife_at_Maasai_Mara_%28Lion%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wildlife_at_Maasai_Mara_%28Lion%29.jpg/440px-Wildlife_at_Maasai_Mara_%28Lion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="3202" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> (<i>Panthera leo</i>). Lions are an example of <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_megafauna" title="Charismatic megafauna">charismatic megafauna</a>, a group of wildlife species that are especially popular in human culture.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wildlife</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">undomesticated</a> animal <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, but has come to include all <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> that grow or live <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wild in an area</a> without being <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">introduced</a> by <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife was also synonymous to <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a>: those <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> that were <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">hunted for sport</a>. Wildlife can be found in all <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Deserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>, and other areas including the most developed <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>, all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> usually refers to <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> that are untouched by human factors, most scientists agree that much wildlife is <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">affected</a> by <a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">human activities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some wildlife threaten human safety, health, property and <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>. However, many wild animals, even the dangerous ones, have value to human beings. This value might be economic, educational, or emotional in nature. </p><p>Humans have historically tended to separate <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> from wildlife in a number of ways, including the legal, social and moral senses. Some animals, however, have <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">adapted</a> to <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> environments. This includes <a href="/wiki/Urban_wildlife" title="Urban wildlife">such animals</a> as <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">feral cats</a>, dogs, mice, and rats. Some religions declare certain animals to be sacred, and in modern times, concern for the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> has provoked <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">activists</a> to protest against the exploitation of wildlife for human benefit or entertainment. </p><p>Global wildlife populations have decreased significantly by 68% since 1970 as a result of human activity, particularly <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a>, according to a 2020 <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Report" title="Living Planet Report">Living Planet Report</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Index" title="Living Planet Index">Living Planet Index</a> measure, which is further evidence that humans have unleashed a <a href="/wiki/Sixth_mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth mass extinction">sixth mass extinction</a> event.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>, it has been estimated that annually the international wildlife trade amounts to billions of dollars and it affects hundreds of millions of animal and plant specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_humans">Interactions with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Interactions with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wildlife" title="Special:EditPage/Wildlife">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wildlife%22">"Wildlife"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wildlife%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wildlife%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wildlife%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wildlife%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wildlife%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WildlifeTrade1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/WildlifeTrade1.JPG/220px-WildlifeTrade1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/WildlifeTrade1.JPG/330px-WildlifeTrade1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/WildlifeTrade1.JPG/440px-WildlifeTrade1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Assorted <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">seashells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a> jaws and dried <a href="/wiki/Blowfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowfish">blowfish</a> on sale in Greece</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WildlifeTrade2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WildlifeTrade2.JPG/220px-WildlifeTrade2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WildlifeTrade2.JPG/330px-WildlifeTrade2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WildlifeTrade2.JPG/440px-WildlifeTrade2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Framed butterflies, <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_scorpion" title="Emperor scorpion">Emperor scorpions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantula</a> spiders on sale in <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">Wildlife trade</a> refers to the products that are derived from non-domesticated <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> usually extracted from their natural environment or raised under controlled conditions. It can involve the trade of living or dead individuals, tissues such as skins, bones or meat, or other products. Legal wildlife trade is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a> (CITES), which currently has 184 member countries called <i>Parties</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal wildlife trade is widespread and constitutes one of the major illegal economic activities, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">traffic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Wildlife trade is a serious <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> problem, has a negative effect on the viability of many wildlife populations and is one of the major threats to the survival of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildlife_trade_IUCNassessment_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_trade_IUCNassessment-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The illegal wildlife trade has been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">emergence</a> and spread of <a href="/wiki/Emerging_infectious_disease" title="Emerging infectious disease">new infectious diseases</a> in humans, including <a href="/wiki/Emergent_virus" title="Emergent virus">emergent viruses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildlife_trade_Smith2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_trade_Smith2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wildlife_trade_Smith2012a2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_trade_Smith2012a2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global initiative like the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_15" title="Sustainable Development Goal 15">Sustainable Development Goal 15</a> have a target to end the illegal supply of wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="For_food">For food</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: For food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manis_temminckii_(29645803646).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A ground pangolin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Manis_temminckii_%2829645803646%29.jpg/207px-Manis_temminckii_%2829645803646%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Manis_temminckii_%2829645803646%29.jpg/311px-Manis_temminckii_%2829645803646%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Manis_temminckii_%2829645803646%29.jpg/414px-Manis_temminckii_%2829645803646%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>A ground pangolin</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> people and <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> relied on wildlife, both plants and animals, for their food. In fact, some species may have been hunted to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> by early human hunters. Today, hunting, fishing, and gathering wildlife is still a significant food source in some parts of the world. In other areas, hunting and non-commercial fishing are mainly seen as a <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a> or recreation. Meat sourced from wildlife that is not traditionally regarded as game is known as <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a>. The increasing demand for wildlife as a source of traditional food in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> is decimating populations of sharks, primates, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a> and other animals, which they believe have <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a> properties. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Malaysia is home to a vast array of amazing wildlife. However, illegal hunting and trade poses a threat to Malaysia's natural diversity.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chris S. Shepherd<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A November 2008 report from biologist and author Sally Kneidel, PhD, documented numerous wildlife species for sale in informal markets along the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>, including wild-caught <a href="/wiki/Marmoset" title="Marmoset">marmosets</a> sold for as little as $1.60 (5 Peruvian soles).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (July 2010)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Many Amazon species, including <a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">peccaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">agoutis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, turtle eggs, <a href="/wiki/Anaconda" title="Anaconda">anacondas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a> are sold primarily as food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamiasciurus_douglasii_000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tamiasciurus_douglasii_000.jpg/220px-Tamiasciurus_douglasii_000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tamiasciurus_douglasii_000.jpg/330px-Tamiasciurus_douglasii_000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tamiasciurus_douglasii_000.jpg/440px-Tamiasciurus_douglasii_000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Douglas_squirrel" title="Douglas squirrel">Douglas squirrel</a> (<i>Tamiasciurus douglasii)</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature documentary</a></div> <p>Wildlife has long been a common subject for <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television shows</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> specials appeared on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> since 1965, later moving to <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. In 1963, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> debuted <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Kingdom" title="Wild Kingdom">Wild Kingdom</a>,</i> a popular program featuring zoologist <a href="/wiki/Marlin_Perkins" title="Marlin Perkins">Marlin Perkins</a> as host. The <a href="/wiki/BBC_natural_history_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC natural history unit">BBC natural history unit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was a similar pioneer, the first wildlife series LOOK presented by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Peter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Peter Scott">Sir Peter Scott</a>, was a studio-based show, with filmed inserts. <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> first made his appearance in this series, which was followed by the series Zoo Quest during which he and cameraman Charles Lagus went to many exotic places looking for and filming elusive wildlife—notably the <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> in Indonesia and lemurs in Madagascar.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> and its spinoff <a href="/wiki/Animal_Planet" title="Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a> in the US have dominated the market for shows about wildlife on cable television, while on <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a> the NATURE strand made by WNET-13 in New York and NOVA by WGBH in Boston are notable. Wildlife television is now a multimillion-dollar industry with specialist documentary film-makers in many countries including UK, US, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Germany, Japan, and Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are many magazines and websites which cover wildlife including <i><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife" title="National Wildlife">National Wildlife</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_%26_Blooms" title="Birds & Blooms">Birds & Blooms</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Birding_(magazine)" title="Birding (magazine)">Birding</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife.net&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife.net (page does not exist)">wildlife.net</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ranger_Rick" title="Ranger Rick">Ranger Rick</a></i> for children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_animals#In_mythology_and_religion" title="Human uses of animals">animal species have spiritual significance</a> in different cultures around the world, and they and their products may be used as sacred objects in religious rituals. For example, eagles, hawks and their feathers have great cultural and spiritual value to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> as religious objects. In Hinduism the cow is regarded as sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims conduct sacrifices on <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, to commemorate the sacrificial spirit of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm in Islam</a> ( <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Arabic-Abraham</a>) in love of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>. Camels, sheep, goats may be offered as sacrifice during the three days of Eid.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Christianity the Bible has a variety of animal symbols, the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb</a> is a famous title of Jesus. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> the Gospels <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a> have animal symbols: "Mark is a lion, Luke is a bull and John is an eagle."<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_tourism" title="Wildlife tourism">Wildlife tourism</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_tourism&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudbath5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mudbath5.jpg/220px-Mudbath5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mudbath5.jpg/330px-Mudbath5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mudbath5.jpg/440px-Mudbath5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Animals can be viewed in their native or similar environments, from vehicles or on foot. This elephant in <a href="/wiki/Hwange_National_Park" title="Hwange National Park">Hwange National Park</a>, Zimbabwe, was quite undisturbed by the people and vehicle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinos_leofleck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rhinos_leofleck.jpg/220px-Rhinos_leofleck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rhinos_leofleck.jpg/330px-Rhinos_leofleck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rhinos_leofleck.jpg/440px-Rhinos_leofleck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Elephant safari after the One-horned Rhinoceros in Royal Chitwan National Park, Manali</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_tourism" title="Wildlife tourism">Wildlife tourism</a> is an element of many nations' travel industry centered around observation and interaction with local animal and plant life in their natural habitats. While it can include <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">eco</a>- and animal-friendly tourism, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(hunting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari (hunting)">safari hunting</a> and similar high-intervention activities also fall under the umbrella of wildlife tourism. Wildlife <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, in its simplest sense, is interacting with wild animals in their natural <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>, either actively (e.g. hunting/collection) or passively (e.g. watching/photography). Wildlife tourism is an important part of the tourism industries in many countries including many African and <a href="/wiki/South_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South American">South American</a> countries, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> among many. It has experienced a dramatic and rapid growth in recent years worldwide and many elements are closely aligned to <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">eco-tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a>. </p> According to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations World Tourism Organization">United Nations World Tourism Organization</a>, with an annual growth about 3%, 7% of world tourism industry relates to wildlife tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildlife_tourism_Gu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_tourism_Gu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also estimate that the growth is much more significant in places like <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildlife_tourism_Gu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_tourism_Gu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife tourism currently employs 22 million people worldwide directly or indirectly, and contributes more than $120 billion to global GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildlife_tourism_ST_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlife_tourism_ST-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a multimillion-dollar international industry, wildlife tourism is often characterized by the offering of customized tour packages and <a href="/wiki/Safaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaris">safaris</a> to allow close access to wildlife.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suffering">Suffering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Suffering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_animal_suffering&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawk_eating_prey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hawk_eating_prey.jpg/220px-Hawk_eating_prey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hawk_eating_prey.jpg/330px-Hawk_eating_prey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hawk_eating_prey.jpg/440px-Hawk_eating_prey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a> eating a <a href="/wiki/California_vole" title="California vole">California vole</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a> is <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> experienced by non-human animals living in the wild, outside of direct human control, due to natural processes such as <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_disease" title="Wildlife disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather conditions">weather conditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">killings by other animals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">psychological stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:142_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:142-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some estimates indicate that these individual animals make up the vast majority of animals in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:29_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:29-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive amount of natural suffering has been described as an unavoidable consequence of <a href="/wiki/Darwinian_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian evolution">Darwinian evolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:26_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:26-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the pervasiveness of <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive strategies">reproductive strategies</a>, which favor producing large numbers of offspring, with a low amount of parental care and of which only a small number survive to adulthood, the rest dying in painful ways, has led some to argue that suffering dominates happiness in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:12_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:27_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:27-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The topic has historically been discussed in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a> as an instance of the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, starting in the 19th century, a number of writers have considered the subject from a secular standpoint as a general moral issue, that humans might be able to help prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is considerable disagreement around taking such action, as many believe that human interventions in nature should not take place because of practicality,<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:11_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:11-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> valuing ecological preservation over the well-being and interests of individual animals,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considering any obligation to reduce wild animal suffering implied by animal rights to be absurd,<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_Simmons2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_Simmons2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or viewing nature as an idyllic place where happiness is widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that such interventions would be an example of human <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Playing_God_(ethics)" title="Playing God (ethics)">playing God</a>, and use examples of how human interventions, for other reasons, have unintentionally caused harm.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:15_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:15-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, including <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> writers, have defended variants of a <i>laissez-faire</i> position, which argues that humans should not harm wild animals but that humans should not intervene to reduce natural harms that they experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:24_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:24-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:25_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:25-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Advocates of such interventions argue that animal rights and welfare positions imply an obligation to help animals suffering in the wild due to natural processes. Some assert that refusing to help animals in situations where humans would consider it wrong not to help humans is an example of <a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">speciesism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:142_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:142-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that humans intervene in nature constantly—sometimes in very substantial ways—for their own interests and to further environmentalist goals.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human responsibility for enhancing existing natural harms has also been cited as a reason for intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:28_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:28-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some advocates argue that humans already successfully help animals in the wild, such as vaccinating and healing injured and sick animals, rescuing animals in fires and other natural disasters, feeding hungry animals, providing thirsty animals with water, and caring for orphaned animals.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also assert that although wide-scale interventions may not be possible with our current level of understanding, they could become feasible in the future with improved knowledge and technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:16_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, they argue it is important to raise awareness about the issue of wild animal suffering, spread the idea that humans should help animals suffering in these situations, and encourage research into effective measures, which can be taken in the future to reduce the suffering of these individuals, without causing greater harms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loss_and_extinction">Loss and extinction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Loss and extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map of prehistoric human migrations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jpg/350px-World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jpg/525px-World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jpg/700px-World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Map of early <a href="/wiki/Human_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human migrations">human migrations</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a>. Numbers are <a href="/wiki/Millennia" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennia">millennia</a> before the present.</figcaption></figure> <p>This subsection focuses on <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> forms of wildlife destruction. The loss of animals from ecological communities is also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">defaunation</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-def_ant_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def_ant-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> of wild populations has been a characteristic of modern man since our exodus from Africa 130,000 – 70,000 years ago. The rate of extinctions of entire species of plants and animals across the planet has been so high in the last few hundred years that it is widely believed that a sixth great extinction event ("the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_Mass_Extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene Mass Extinction">Holocene Mass Extinction</a>") is currently ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a></i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a>, says that roughly one million species of plants and animals face extinction within decades as the result of human actions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stokstad_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokstad-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent studies have discovered that the destruction of wildlife is "significantly more alarming" than previously believed, with some 48% of 70,000 monitored animal species experiencing population declines as the result of human industrialization.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2023 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>, "immediate political, economic, and social efforts of an unprecedented scale are essential if we are to prevent these extinctions and their societal impacts."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four most general reasons that lead to destruction of wildlife include overkill, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a>, impact of introduced species and chains of extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overkill">Overkill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overkill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overkill happens whenever hunting occurs at rates greater than the reproductive capacity of the population is being exploited. The effects of this are often noticed much more dramatically in slow-growing populations such as many larger species of fish. Initially when a portion of a wild population is hunted, an increased availability of resources (food, etc.) is experienced increasing growth and reproduction as <a href="/wiki/Density_dependence" title="Density dependence">density dependent</a> inhibition is lowered. Hunting, fishing and so on, have lowered the competition between members of a population. However, if this hunting continues at rate greater than the rate at which new members of the population can reach breeding age and produce more young, the population will begin to <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">decrease in numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Populations that are confined to islands, whether literal islands or just areas of habitat that are effectively an "island" for the species concerned, have also been observed to be at greater risk of dramatic population rise of deaths declines following <a href="/wiki/Unsustainable_fishing_methods" title="Unsustainable fishing methods">unsustainable hunting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_destruction_and_fragmentation">Habitat destruction and fragmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Habitat destruction and fragmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazonie_deforestation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Amazon Rainforest deforestation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amazonie_deforestation.jpg/300px-Amazonie_deforestation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amazonie_deforestation.jpg/450px-Amazonie_deforestation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amazonie_deforestation.jpg/600px-Amazonie_deforestation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and increased road-building in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a> are a significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wild areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The habitat of any given species is considered its preferred area or <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territory</a>. Many processes associated with human habitation of an area cause loss of this area and decrease the carrying capacity of the land for that species. In many cases these changes in land use cause a patchy break-up of the wild landscape. Agricultural land frequently displays this type of extremely fragmented, or relictual habitat. Farms sprawl across the landscape with patches of uncleared woodland or forest dotted in-between occasional paddocks. </p><p>Examples of habitat destruction include grazing of bushland by farmed animals, changes to natural fire regimes, forest clearing for timber production and wetland draining for city expansion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_introduced_species">Impact of introduced species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact of introduced species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></div><p> Mice, cats, rabbits, dandelions and <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a> are all examples of species that have become invasive threats to wild species in various parts of the world. Frequently species that are uncommon in their home range become out-of-control invasions in distant but similar climates. The reasons for this have not always been clear and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> felt it was unlikely that exotic species would ever be able to grow abundantly in a place in which they had not evolved. The reality is that the vast majority of species exposed to a new habitat do not reproduce successfully. Occasionally, however, some populations do take hold and after a period of acclimation can increase in numbers significantly, having destructive effects on many elements of the native environment of which they have become part. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chains_of_extinction">Chains of extinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chains of extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This final group is one of secondary effects. All wild populations of living things have many complex intertwining links with other living things around them. Large <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> animals such as the hippopotamus have populations of <a href="/wiki/Insectivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous">insectivorous</a> birds that feed off the many parasitic insects that grow on the hippo. Should the hippo die out, so too will these groups of birds, leading to further destruction as other species dependent on the birds are affected. Also referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect">domino effect</a>, this series of <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reactions</a> is by far the most destructive process that can occur in any <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">ecological community</a>. </p><p>Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Black_drongo" title="Black drongo">black drongos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cattle_egret" title="Cattle egret">cattle egrets</a> found in India. These birds feed on insects on the back of cattle, which helps to keep them disease-free. Destroying the nesting habitats of these birds would cause a decrease in the cattle population because of the spread of insect-borne diseases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Do_not_feed_the_animals" title="Do not feed the animals">Do not feed the animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">Ex situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation">In situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">Wildlife corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildness" title="Wildness">Wildness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Day" title="World Wildlife Day">World Wildlife Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_wildlife" title="Urban wildlife">Urban wildlife</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUsher1986" class="citation book cs1">Usher, M. 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(12 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traffic.org/home/2008/11/12/huge-haul-of-dead-owls-and-live-lizards-in-peninsular-malays.html">"Huge haul of dead owls and live lizards in Peninsular Malaysia"</a>. Traffic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401162549/http://www.traffic.org/home/2008/11/12/huge-haul-of-dead-owls-and-live-lizards-in-peninsular-malays.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huge+haul+of+dead+owls+and+live+lizards+in+Peninsular+Malaysia&rft.pub=Traffic&rft.date=2008-11-12&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Chris+R.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traffic.org%2Fhome%2F2008%2F11%2F12%2Fhuge-haul-of-dead-owls-and-live-lizards-in-peninsular-malays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhd2008" class="citation web cs1">Phd, Sally Kneidel (November 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209210616/http://veggierevolution.blogspot.com/2008/10/monkeys-and-parrots-pouring-from-jungle.html">"Veggie Revolution: Monkeys and parrots pouring from the jungle..."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veggierevolution.blogspot.com/2008/10/monkeys-and-parrots-pouring-from-jungle.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veggie+Revolution%3A+Monkeys+and+parrots+pouring+from+the+jungle....&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.aulast=Phd&rft.aufirst=Sally+Kneidel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveggierevolution.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F10%2Fmonkeys-and-parrots-pouring-from-jungle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/person/222/222.html?personid=222">"Charles Lagus BSC"</a>. <i>Wild Film History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113175714/http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/person/222/222.html?personid=222">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wild+Film+History&rft.atitle=Charles+Lagus+BSC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildfilmhistory.org%2Fperson%2F222%2F222.html%3Fpersonid%3D222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBélange2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bélange, Claude (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/Indiansandeaglefeathers.htm">"The Significance of the Eagle to the Indians"</a>. <i>The Quebec History Encyclopedia</i>. Marianopolis College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103044651/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/Indiansandeaglefeathers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+Eagle+to+the+Indians&rft.btitle=The+Quebec+History+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Marianopolis+College&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9lange&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2FQuebecHistory%2Fencyclopedia%2FIndiansandeaglefeathers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/03/eid-al-adha-2014_n_5927040.html">"Eid Al-Adha 2014: Muslims Observe The Feast Of Sacrifice"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321151331/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/03/eid-al-adha-2014_n_5927040.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Eid+Al-Adha+2014%3A+Muslims+Observe+The+Feast+Of+Sacrifice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F10%2F03%2Feid-al-adha-2014_n_5927040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Animals_in_Christian_Art" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Animals in Christian Art">Animals in Christian Art</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animals+in+Christian+Art&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildlife_tourism_Gu-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wildlife_tourism_Gu_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wildlife_tourism_Gu_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlon2017" class="citation news cs1">Scanlon, John (22 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/22/the-world-needs-wildlife-tourism-but-that-wont-work-without-wildlife">"The world needs wildlife tourism. But that won't work without wildlife"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+world+needs+wildlife+tourism.+But+that+won%27t+work+without+wildlife&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.aulast=Scanlon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2017%2Fjun%2F22%2Fthe-world-needs-wildlife-tourism-but-that-wont-work-without-wildlife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildlife_tourism_ST-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wildlife_tourism_ST_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125061923/https://sustainabletravel.org/how-tourism-benefits-nature-and-wildlife/">"How Tourism Benefits Nature and Wildlife - Sustainable Travel International"</a>. <i>sustainabletravel.org</i>. 25 January 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainabletravel.org/how-tourism-benefits-nature-and-wildlife/">the original</a> on 2021-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sustainabletravel.org&rft.atitle=How+Tourism+Benefits+Nature+and+Wildlife+-+Sustainable+Travel+International&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsustainabletravel.org%2Fhow-tourism-benefits-nature-and-wildlife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:12-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:12_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:12_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasik2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tomasik, Brian (2015-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Relations/article/view/880">"The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i>. <b>3</b> (2): 133–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7358%2Frela-2015-002-toma">10.7358/rela-2015-002-toma</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2280-9643">2280-9643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Relations.+Beyond+Anthropocentrism&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Wild-Animal+Suffering&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-152&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7358%2Frela-2015-002-toma&rft.issn=2280-9643&rft.aulast=Tomasik&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledonline.it%2Findex.php%2FRelations%2Farticle%2Fview%2F880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:142-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:142_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:142_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFariaPaez2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Faria, Catia</a>; Paez, Eze (2015-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledonline.it/index.php/Relations/article/view/816">"Animals in Need: the Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): 7–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2280-9643">2280-9643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Relations.+Beyond+Anthropocentrism&rft.atitle=Animals+in+Need%3A+the+Problem+of+Wild+Animal+Suffering+and+Intervention+in+Nature&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-13&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft.issn=2280-9643&rft.aulast=Faria&rft.aufirst=Catia&rft.au=Paez%2C+Eze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledonline.it%2Findex.php%2FRelations%2Farticle%2Fview%2F816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:29-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:29_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorta2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Horta, Oscar</a> (2014-11-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bts/vol19/iss1/5">"Egalitarianism and Animals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></i>. <b>19</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Between+the+Species&rft.atitle=Egalitarianism+and+Animals&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Horta&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.calpoly.edu%2Fbts%2Fvol19%2Fiss1%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:26-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:26_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (1995). "Chapter 4: God's Utility Function". <i><a href="/wiki/River_Out_of_Eden" title="River Out of Eden">River Out of Eden</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group" title="Orion Publishing Group">Orion Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81540-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81540-2"><bdi>978-0-297-81540-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+God%27s+Utility+Function&rft.btitle=River+Out+of+Eden&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-297-81540-2&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_Horta2010a_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorta2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Horta, Oscar</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stafforini.com/docs/Horta%20-%20Debunking%20the%20idyllic%20view%20of%20natural%20processes.pdf">"Debunking the Idyllic View of Natural Processes: Population Dynamics and Suffering in the Wild"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Télos</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 73–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%C3%A9los&rft.atitle=Debunking+the+Idyllic+View+of+Natural+Processes%3A+Population+Dynamics+and+Suffering+in+the+Wild&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-88&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Horta&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stafforini.com%2Fdocs%2FHorta%2520-%2520Debunking%2520the%2520idyllic%2520view%2520of%2520natural%2520processes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_animal_suffering_:27-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wild_animal_suffering_:27_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIglesias2018" class="citation journal cs1">Iglesias, Alejandro Villamor (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/jatsRepo/783/78355381012/html/index.html">"The overwhelming prevalence of suffering in Nature"</a>. <i>Revista de Bioética y Derecho</i> (42): 181–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Bio%C3%A9tica+y+Derecho&rft.atitle=The+overwhelming+prevalence+of+suffering+in+Nature&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=181-195&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Iglesias&rft.aufirst=Alejandro+Villamor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2FjatsRepo%2F783%2F78355381012%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of wild animal suffering and its relation to the problem of evil see: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (September 1993). Barlow, Nora (ed.). <i>The Autobiography of Charles Darwin: 1809-1882</i>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393310696" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393310696"><bdi>978-0393310696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Charles+Darwin%3A+1809-1882&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1993-09&rft.isbn=978-0393310696&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis, C. S.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/problemofpain00lewi_0"><i>The Problem of Pain</i></a>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060652968" title="Special:BookSources/9780060652968"><bdi>9780060652968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Pain&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780060652968&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproblemofpain00lewi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2011" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Michael (April 30, 2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Red_in_Tooth_and_Claw:_Theism_and_the_Problem_of_Animal_Suffering" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering">Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199596324" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199596324"><bdi>978-0199596324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature+Red+in+Tooth+and+Claw%3A+Theism+and+the+Problem+of+Animal+Suffering&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0199596324&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen</a> (February 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagefarm.net--www.pagefarm.net/ap/PDFs/nmn.pdf">"Nonmoral Nature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Natural History</i>. <b>91</b> (2): 19–26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+History&rft.atitle=Nonmoral+Nature&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19-26&rft.date=1982-02&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagefarm.net--www.pagefarm.net%2Fap%2FPDFs%2Fnmn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_McMahan_(philosopher)" title="Jeff McMahan (philosopher)">McMahan, Jeff</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235547/http://jeffersonmcmahan.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/The-Moral-Problem-of-Predation.pdf">"The Moral Problem of Predation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Chignell, Andrew; Cuneo, Terence; Halteman, Matt (eds.). <i>Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments on the Ethics of Eating</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415806831" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415806831"><bdi>978-0415806831</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffersonmcmahan.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/The-Moral-Problem-of-Predation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Moral+Problem+of+Predation&rft.btitle=Philosophy+Comes+to+Dinner%3A+Arguments+on+the+Ethics+of+Eating&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415806831&rft.aulast=McMahan&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeffersonmcmahan.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2FThe-Moral-Problem-of-Predation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For academic discussion of wild animal suffering and its alleviation from a secular standpoint see: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_McMahan_(philosopher)" title="Jeff McMahan (philosopher)">McMahan, Jeff</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235547/http://jeffersonmcmahan.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/The-Moral-Problem-of-Predation.pdf">"The Moral Problem of Predation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Chignell, Andrew; Cuneo, Terence; Halteman, Matt (eds.). <i>Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments on the Ethics of Eating</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415806831" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415806831"><bdi>978-0415806831</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffersonmcmahan.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/The-Moral-Problem-of-Predation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10523489">"Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>120</b> (39): e2306987120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PNAS..12006987C">2023PNAS..12006987C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2306987120">10.1073/pnas.2306987120</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10523489">10523489</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37722053">37722053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Mutilation+of+the+tree+of+life+via+mass+extinction+of+animal+genera&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=e2306987120&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10523489%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37722053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2306987120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PNAS..12006987C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10523489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond, J. M. (1989). Overview of recent extinctions. Conservation for the Twenty-first Century. D. Western and M. Pearl, New York, Oxford University Press: 37-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519025342/http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/critical-species/">"Critical Species"</a>. Conservation and Wildlife. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservationandwildlife.com/critical-species/">the original</a> on 19 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critical+Species&rft.pub=Conservation+and+Wildlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationandwildlife.com%2Fcritical-species%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2019" class="citation web cs1">Vaughan, Adam (December 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2226898-young-people-cant-remember-how-much-more-wildlife-there-used-to-be">"Young people can't remember how much more wildlife there used to be"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Young+people+can%27t+remember+how+much+more+wildlife+there+used+to+be&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2226898-young-people-cant-remember-how-much-more-wildlife-there-used-to-be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildlife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikianimals.eu/species/wild">Wild Species</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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