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First, it provides an overview of the situation of Kurdish women in Iran by focusing on their participation in civil and political movements following the 1979 revolution and it fills gaps in" /> <title>(PDF) Kurdish Women Challenges and Struggles at the time of Conflict and Post-Conflict An Exploratory Research Study on Status of Kurdish Women in Iran</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/96867217/Kurdish_Women_Challenges_and_Struggles_at_the_time_of_Conflict_and_Post_Conflict_An_Exploratory_Research_Study_on_Status_of_Kurdish_Women_in_Iran" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739834496000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739834496000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this research article is twofold. First, it provides an overview of the situation of Kurdish women in Iran by focusing on their participation in civil and political movements following the 1979 revolution and it fills gaps in women and gender study literature on Kurdish women in Iran. The situation for Kurdish women in Iran is in particularly unjust. Not only do these women suffer from discriminatory laws due to their gender, but they also suffer from regional poverty, the regime’s policies against ethnic minorities, militarization, and the overall instability of the Kurdish region. An Iranian Kurdish woman not only has to deal with gender discriminatory law, but she must deal with discrimination toward an ethnic minority. Kurdish Women in Iran have never been the decision makers in politics and the creation of national laws, and they have never held key governmental positions. Discriminatory laws have always affected their lives. In order to attain the primary objective of this research the researcher utilizes exploratory and descriptive methodology. This research provides readers with a better understanding of the situation of Kurdish women in Iran and the problems surrounding them. The significance of this study is that there is a need to draw attention to the unique situation of Kurdish women in Iran. This descriptive study will not only draw attention to this understudied situation, but it also creates a foundation for future primary databased research on what is currently happening in Iran regarding Kurdish women, what they think and experience. Having that information will enable interested researchers and activists to eventually craft training programs designed to better support the Kurdish women who suffer from double and triple jeopardy. The main questions raised in this paper emphasize the role of Kurdish women in society, their key characteristics, their movement within Kurdish culture, and their intense value of their change process. This study provides a baseline for future quantitative and qualitative studies. Keywords: Kurdish Women, Political participation, Rojhalat, Intersectionality, Activism, Ethnocide","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Dr. Soraya Fallah","url":"https://csun.academia.edu/SorayaFallah"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-02-13","datePublished":"2020-01-01","headline":"Kurdish Women Challenges and Struggles at the time of Conflict and Post-Conflict An Exploratory Research Study on Status of Kurdish Women in Iran","identifier":{"@type":"PropertyValue","propertyID":"DOI","value":"10.4018/978-1-7998-2069-7"},"image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98645797/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Gender Equality Women's Empowerment Women and Politics Cultural Studies"],"publication":"LIT Verlag 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F96867217%2FKurdish_Women_Challenges_and_Struggles_at_the_time_of_Conflict_and_Post_Conflict_An_Exploratory_Research_Study_on_Status_of_Kurdish_Women_in_Iran%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":98645797,"identifier":"Attachment_98645797","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":96867217,"created_at":"2023-02-13T22:36:20.130-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2023-04-28T10:21:48.010-07:00","_data":{"doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-2069-7","abstract":"Abstract\nThe purpose of this research article is twofold. First, it provides an overview of the situation of Kurdish women in Iran by focusing on their participation in civil and political movements following the 1979 revolution and it fills gaps in women and gender study literature on Kurdish women in Iran. The situation for Kurdish women in Iran is in particularly unjust. Not only do these women suffer from discriminatory laws due to their gender, but they also suffer from regional poverty, the regime’s policies against ethnic minorities, militarization, and the overall instability of the Kurdish region. An Iranian Kurdish woman not only has to deal with gender discriminatory law, but she must deal with discrimination toward an ethnic minority. Kurdish Women in Iran have never been the decision makers in politics and the creation of national laws, and they have never held key governmental positions. Discriminatory laws have always affected their lives. In order to attain the primary objective of this research the researcher utilizes exploratory and descriptive methodology. This research provides readers with a better understanding of the situation of Kurdish women in Iran and the problems surrounding them. The significance of this study is that there is a need to draw attention to the unique situation of Kurdish women in Iran. This descriptive study will not only draw attention to this understudied situation, but it also creates a foundation for future primary databased research on what is currently happening in Iran regarding Kurdish women, what they think and experience. Having that information will enable interested researchers and activists to eventually craft training programs designed to better support the Kurdish women who suffer from double and triple jeopardy. The main questions raised in this paper emphasize the role of Kurdish women in society, their key characteristics, their movement within Kurdish culture, and their intense value of their change process. This study provides a baseline for future quantitative and qualitative studies.\nKeywords: Kurdish Women, Political participation, Rojhalat, Intersectionality, Activism, Ethnocide \n","publication_date":"2020,,","publication_name":"LIT Verlag Münster"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Kurdish Women Challenges and Struggles at the time of Conflict and Post-Conflict An Exploratory Research Study on Status of Kurdish Women in Iran","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [36314069]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":98645797,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Kurdish Women Challenges and Struggles at the time of Conflict and Post-Conflict An Exploratory Research Study on Status of Kurdish Women in Iran”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/98645797/mini_magick20230214-1-vg47xw.png?1676356603" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Kurdish Women Challenges and Struggles at the time of Conflict and Post-Conflict An Exploratory Research Study on Status of Kurdish Women in Iran</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36314069" href="https://csun.academia.edu/SorayaFallah"><img alt="Profile image of Dr. Soraya Fallah" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/36314069/14539019/99105598/s65_dr._soraya.fallah.jpg" />Dr. Soraya Fallah</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020, LIT Verlag Münster</p><a class="js-loswp-work-card-doi-link ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2069-7" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2069-7</a><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">4 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 96867217; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=96867217"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Abstract The purpose of this research article is twofold. First, it provides an overview of the situation of Kurdish women in Iran by focusing on their participation in civil and political movements following the 1979 revolution and it fills gaps in women and gender study literature on Kurdish women in Iran. The situation for Kurdish women in Iran is in particularly unjust. Not only do these women suffer from discriminatory laws due to their gender, but they also suffer from regional poverty, the regime’s policies against ethnic minorities, militarization, and the overall instability of the Kurdish region. An Iranian Kurdish woman not only has to deal with gender discriminatory law, but she must deal with discrimination toward an ethnic minority. Kurdish Women in Iran have never been the decision makers in politics and the creation of national laws, and they have never held key governmental positions. Discriminatory laws have always affected their lives. In order to attain the primary objective of this research the researcher utilizes exploratory and descriptive methodology. This research provides readers with a better understanding of the situation of Kurdish women in Iran and the problems surrounding them. The significance of this study is that there is a need to draw attention to the unique situation of Kurdish women in Iran. This descriptive study will not only draw attention to this understudied situation, but it also creates a foundation for future primary databased research on what is currently happening in Iran regarding Kurdish women, what they think and experience. Having that information will enable interested researchers and activists to eventually craft training programs designed to better support the Kurdish women who suffer from double and triple jeopardy. The main questions raised in this paper emphasize the role of Kurdish women in society, their key characteristics, their movement within Kurdish culture, and their intense value of their change process. This study provides a baseline for future quantitative and qualitative studies. Keywords: Kurdish Women, Political participation, Rojhalat, Intersectionality, Activism, Ethnocide </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":98645797,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/96867217/Kurdish_Women_Challenges_and_Struggles_at_the_time_of_Conflict_and_Post_Conflict_An_Exploratory_Research_Study_on_Status_of_Kurdish_Women_in_Iran"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":98645797,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/96867217/Kurdish_Women_Challenges_and_Struggles_at_the_time_of_Conflict_and_Post_Conflict_An_Exploratory_Research_Study_on_Status_of_Kurdish_Women_in_Iran"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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An analysis of the historical developments of both political ideology and mobilization reveals the radical shift towards a stated commitment to gender-based equality that has taken place within a wider political transformation from a nationalist independence movement to a movement pursuing radical democracy. The article focuses on the dialectical relationship between the writings of the founder of the PKK, Abdullah Öcalan, and the struggle of Kurdish female militants and political activists to challenge male hegemony and patriarchal gender norms. We recognize the centrality of Öcalan's writings in the shift away from the emphasis on national liberation to the idea of radical democracy with gender equality at is centre. However, our main argument developed in the article is to recognize the importance of women's resistance and struggle to implement gender-based equality while we also highlight gaps between ideological pronouncements and everyday practises. Throughout the article we refer to Kurdish women fighters' and activists' personal experiences within the movement, which they themselves refer to as discrimination, forms of exclusion or marginalization.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kurdish Women's Struggles with Gender Equality: From Ideology to Practice","attachmentId":66449127,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47282195/Kurdish_Womens_Struggles_with_Gender_Equality_From_Ideology_to_Practice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47282195/Kurdish_Womens_Struggles_with_Gender_Equality_From_Ideology_to_Practice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="43482701" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43482701/The_theory_and_practice_of_the_Kurdish_Womens_Movement_Interview">The theory and practice of the Kurdish Women's Movement: Interview</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62992366" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnaRebrii">Anna Rebrii</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">openDemocracy, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We took the rare opportunity to talk to an editor of the Jineoloji Journal in Diyarbakir about theoretical and practical activities of the Kurdish women’s movement in Turkey. The journal is one of the few remaining initiatives by the Kurdish movement that have not been shut down in the wake of the 2015-2016 military offensive by the Turkish state on predominantly Kurdish cities or otherwise repressed since the 2016 failed coup attempt. The latter was followed by massive repressions and the imposition of Ankara-appointed trustees in charge of Kurdish-majority municipalities (kayyum).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The theory and practice of the Kurdish Women's Movement: Interview","attachmentId":63791121,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43482701/The_theory_and_practice_of_the_Kurdish_Womens_Movement_Interview","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43482701/The_theory_and_practice_of_the_Kurdish_Womens_Movement_Interview"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="112414923" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112414923/The_Status_of_Women_in_Kurdish_Society_and_the_Extent_of_Their_Interactions_in_Public_Realm">The Status of Women in Kurdish Society and the Extent of Their Interactions in Public Realm</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24489668" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HooshmandAlizadeh">Hooshmand Alizadeh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SAGE Open, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Apart from the traditional Kurdish gender regime, which originates from the Kurdish tribal structure and which to some extent restricts the visibility of women in society, the status of Kurdish women is considered to be relatively high in comparison with that of their neighbors, since Kurdish women enjoy relative tolerance in society. This includes the possibility of reaching high professional positions, their presence in public spaces, and entertaining guests in the absence of their husbands. Certain socio-economic and political transformations took place in recent decades, which improved Kurdish women’s social standing, turning it into a symbol representing fundamental change in the gender role model in the Middle East. Although there are some studies on the status of Kurdish women in different individual Kurdish regions throughout the Middle East, not many reviews have compared the four parts of Kurdistan simultaneously, and there are hardly any specific analyses dealing with Kurdish women’s interactions in public spaces. This review aims to investigate the status of women in Kurdish society in different Kurdish regions according to a comparative approach. Although the path of Kurdish female emancipation was initiated first in the region of Rojhalat in 1946 and the Kurdish region of Iraq was granted some opportunities toward national liberation in 1991, the Bakur in Turkey can be considered a successful movement, establishing a sustained approach to the liberation of Kurdish women from patriarchal structures. During the Rojava Revolution in northern Syria, this movement proved itself able to build an indigenous alternative to Western-type egalitarian societies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Status of Women in Kurdish Society and the Extent of Their Interactions in Public Realm","attachmentId":109707995,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112414923/The_Status_of_Women_in_Kurdish_Society_and_the_Extent_of_Their_Interactions_in_Public_Realm","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112414923/The_Status_of_Women_in_Kurdish_Society_and_the_Extent_of_Their_Interactions_in_Public_Realm"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="125564237" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125564237/Kurdish_women_s_activism_in_Iran_struggle_for_re_conquest_of_the_public_sphere">Kurdish women s activism in Iran struggle for re-conquest of the public sphere</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="332160541" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WendelmoetHamelink">Wendelmoet Hamelink</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5092146" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/AzadHajiaghie">Azad Hajiaghie</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IDENTITIES, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ayatollah Khomeini’s concept of ‘Islamic government’, and the 1979 Iranian revolution, sought to exclude women from the public sphere and introduced a new hegemony of the Islamic public sphere. For a variety of cultural and political reasons, many Kurds in Iran refused to accept the religious government’s policies. Using the concepts of public and counter-public, the article discusses Kurdish women’s activism and investigates what motivated them to challenge their marginalization. We argue that in confronting centralist-religious power and traditional Kurdish society, Kurdish women have created new counter-publics that could promote democracy and improve gender equality in both Kurdistan and Iran.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kurdish women s activism in Iran struggle for re-conquest of the public sphere","attachmentId":119584588,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125564237/Kurdish_women_s_activism_in_Iran_struggle_for_re_conquest_of_the_public_sphere","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125564237/Kurdish_women_s_activism_in_Iran_struggle_for_re_conquest_of_the_public_sphere"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="95654550" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95654550/Women_in_the_Kurdish_Movement">Women in the Kurdish Movement</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="94428343" href="https://bamberg.academia.edu/handancaglayan">handan caglayan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Women in the Kurdish Movement","attachmentId":97777298,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95654550/Women_in_the_Kurdish_Movement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95654550/Women_in_the_Kurdish_Movement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="24730952" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24730952/Kurdish_Womens_Movement">Kurdish Women's Movement</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12438324" href="https://marmara.academia.edu/satao%C4%9Flu">Simge Güven</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kurdish Women's Movement","attachmentId":45060662,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24730952/Kurdish_Womens_Movement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24730952/Kurdish_Womens_Movement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="8765600" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8765600/Title_Re_defining_the_role_of_women_within_the_Kurdish_national_movement_in_Turkey_in_the_1990s">Title: Re-defining the role of women within the Kurdish national movement in Turkey in the 1990s</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1706868" href="https://mdx.academia.edu/NeclaAcik">Necla Acik</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Title: Re-defining the role of women within the Kurdish national movement in Turkey in the 1990s","attachmentId":35119123,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8765600/Title_Re_defining_the_role_of_women_within_the_Kurdish_national_movement_in_Turkey_in_the_1990s","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8765600/Title_Re_defining_the_role_of_women_within_the_Kurdish_national_movement_in_Turkey_in_the_1990s"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="30193002" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30193002/_Women_Life_Freedom_The_Struggle_of_Kurdish_Women_to_Promote_Human_Rights">"Women, Life, Freedom": The Struggle of Kurdish Women to Promote Human Rights</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25437937" href="https://ufba.academia.edu/SarahMiranda">Sarah Miranda</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK), one of the most important secular socio-political movements of the Middle East, has addressed gender issues since its foundation in the late 1970s. However, the question of women's freedom acquired a central position after the 2000s, when the PKK underwent a deep ideological and structural transformation. A foundational tenet is "democratic confederalism", based on a democratic, ecological and gender-emancipatory system. For Abdullah Ocalan, the main leader of the PKK, democracy and freedom can only be achieved through the emancipation of women. Kurdish women have appropriated Ocalan's ideas and to a considerable extent, succeeded in promoting the empowerment of women and advancement of gender equality in the Kurdish societies directly influenced by the PKK: the diaspora and territories in Turkey and Syria. Although they still face a continuous and dual struggle against gender and ethnic oppression, Kurdish women have reached a high political status. As "guerrilleras", members of parliament, and human rights activists, they have disseminated the principles of gender equality throughout Kurdish society. In addition to adopting gender parity in all social, political and military Kurdish organizations, women established autonomous bodies within those organizations, which function through a strong transnational network from the battlefields in Kurdistan to the diaspora. Within this network, female activists in Europe play a central political role. They are the ones who are directly committed to gaining international political leverage, and with this aim the use of human rights conventions as a platform for dialogue constitutes an essential step forward. Furthermore, they play a major role in formulating Kurdish claims in universal terms backed up by human rights instruments.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Women, Life, Freedom\": The Struggle of Kurdish Women to Promote Human Rights","attachmentId":50652521,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30193002/_Women_Life_Freedom_The_Struggle_of_Kurdish_Women_to_Promote_Human_Rights","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30193002/_Women_Life_Freedom_The_Struggle_of_Kurdish_Women_to_Promote_Human_Rights"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="29296566" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29296566/Kurdish_women_s_battle_continues_against_state_and_patriarchy">Kurdish women’s battle continues against state and patriarchy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="872781" href="https://soas.academia.edu/LatifTas">Latif Tas</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35634727" href="https://soas.academia.edu/NAlAli">Nadje S Al-Ali</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Kurdish women’s battle continues against state and patriarchy, says first female co-mayor of Diyarbakir. Interview , 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The prominence of Kurdish women in Rojava (western Kurdistan/northern Syria) inspired us initially to understand the historical role of women in the Kurdish political movement. We were also interested in the role of Kurdish women in challenging traditional patriarchal society and rules. As part of this wider project, we wanted to hear the thoughts of Gültan Kışanak, the female co-mayor of Diyarbakır, the largest Kurdish city in southeastern Turkey.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kurdish women’s battle continues against state and patriarchy","attachmentId":49738748,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29296566/Kurdish_women_s_battle_continues_against_state_and_patriarchy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29296566/Kurdish_women_s_battle_continues_against_state_and_patriarchy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="27491454" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27491454/The_Roots_of_the_Kurdish_Womens_Revolution">The Roots of the Kurdish Women's Revolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1987166" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrancescaLaBella">Francesca La Bella</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The history of the Kurdish movement is also a story of women. In a society highly underdeveloped and feudal as Kurdistan, women have been always experiencing a double oppression (triple when we adopt the Marxist theory emphasizing class oppression). However this condition has allowed them to be, on one hand, less subject to the policies of assimilation of their governing administrations, while on the other hand it gave them an additional motivation to mobilize. The means of emancipation were their political and military involvement as they found an opportunity to change their condition-even against men-in struggle. Facing these contradictions, the PKK and it's chief, Abdullah Ocalan, paid lot of attention to women's conditions, trying to mobilize women within the Kurdish movement. The concept of women's liberation was originally borrowed from the historical experience of Marxism-Leninism, but the successive stage of the analysis went beyond the communist conception. PKK theorized the need to delete the foundations of patriarchy and of sexist violence in order to achieve a real change in society. In doing so, feminism become one of the pillars of the Democratic Confederalism that was theorized by Ocalan and then implemented in the Kurdish areas of Turkey partially and in Syrian Rojava increasingly.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Roots of the Kurdish Women's Revolution","attachmentId":47748359,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27491454/The_Roots_of_the_Kurdish_Womens_Revolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27491454/The_Roots_of_the_Kurdish_Womens_Revolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":98645797,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":98645797,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_98645797" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="126086086" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/126086086/Acik_N_2022_Book_review_Women_in_Kurdish_Movement_Mothers_Comrades_and_Goddesses_">Acik, N (2022) Book review: Women in Kurdish Movement: Mothers, Comrades and Goddesses,</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1706868" href="https://mdx.academia.edu/NeclaAcik">Necla Acik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of International Women’s Studies, 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