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Venkatachalam</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: K. Venkatachalam"> <meta name="keywords" content="K. Venkatachalam"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="K. 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Venkatachalam"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: K. Venkatachalam</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Prospective Study on the Efficacy of Bio Absorbable Screws in Treatment of Osteochondral Fractures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Anwar%20Sathik">S. Anwar Sathik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Manoj%20Deepak"> K. Manoj Deepak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Venkatachalam"> K. Venkatachalam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our study is a prospective study on the use of bio absorbable pins for the treatment of osteochondral fractures after patellar dislocation.22 patients who presented with osteochondral fractures were treated in our institution. They were followed for a minimum of 12 months by regular radiological evaluation. Of the 22 patients, 2 had fragments that detached from the fracture site which was treated arthroscopically. All the patients underwent open reduction and fixation of the pins using bio absorbable crews. They were immobilized in the cast for a minimum of 6 weeks after which mobilization was started according to our protocol. Fracture consolidation was found to occur in 20 of the 22 patients. Thus, Bio absorbable screws can be used as a reliable method of fixation of the osteochondral fragments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osteochondral%20fracture" title="osteochondral fracture">osteochondral fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio%20absorbable%20pins" title=" bio absorbable pins"> bio absorbable pins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patella%20dislocation" title=" patella dislocation"> patella dislocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physiotherapy" title=" physiotherapy "> physiotherapy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16495/prospective-study-on-the-efficacy-of-bio-absorbable-screws-in-treatment-of-osteochondral-fractures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16495.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Analysis of Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prakash%20Karrun">Prakash Karrun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Manoj%20Deepak"> M. Manoj Deepak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathivanan"> Mathivanan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Venkatachalam"> K. Venkatachalam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our study aims to evaluate the rates of healing and the efficacy of the arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff tears. 40 patients who had rotator cuff tears were taken up for the study and arthroscopic repair was done with double row technique.They were evaluated and followed up for a minimum of 2 years minimum.The functional status,range of motion and healing rates were compared post operatively. All the patients were followed up with serial questionnaires and MRI at the end of 2 years. There was significant improvement in the functional status of the patient. The MRI showed better rates of healing in these patients.Thus our study effectively proves the efficacy of our operating technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotator%20cuff%20tear" title="rotator cuff tear">rotator cuff tear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arthroscopic%20repair" title=" arthroscopic repair"> arthroscopic repair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20stich" title=" double stich"> double stich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healing" title=" healing "> healing </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16550/analysis-of-arthroscopic-rotator-cuff-repair" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16550.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Flexural Analysis of Palm Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Matrix Composite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.Venkatachalam">G.Venkatachalam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gautham%20Shankar"> Gautham Shankar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dasarath%20Raghav"> Dasarath Raghav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krishna%20Kuar"> Krishna Kuar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santhosh%20Kiran"> Santhosh Kiran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhargav%20Mahesh"> Bhargav Mahesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Uncertainty in the availability of fossil fuels in the future and global warming increased the need for more environment-friendly materials. In this work, an attempt is made to fabricate a hybrid polymer matrix composite. The blend is a mixture of General Purpose Resin and Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, a natural resin extracted from cashew plant. Palm fiber, which has high strength, is used as a reinforcement material. The fiber is treated with alkali (NaOH) solution to increase its strength and adhesiveness. Parametric study of flexure strength is carried out by varying alkali concentration, duration of alkali treatment and fiber volume. Taguchi L9 Orthogonal array is followed in the design of experiments procedure for simplification. With the help of ANOVA technique, regression equations are obtained which gives the level of influence of each parameter on the flexure strength of the composite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adhesion" title="Adhesion">Adhesion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNSL" title=" CNSL"> CNSL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Flexural%20Analysis" title=" Flexural Analysis"> Flexural Analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hybrid%20Matrix%20Composite" title=" Hybrid Matrix Composite"> Hybrid Matrix Composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Palm%20Fiber" title=" Palm Fiber"> Palm Fiber</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29720/flexural-analysis-of-palm-fiber-reinforced-hybrid-polymer-matrix-composite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29720.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> An Authentication Protocol for Quantum Enabled Mobile Devices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natarajan%20Venkatachalam">Natarajan Venkatachalam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subrahmanya%20V.%20R.%20K.%20Rao"> Subrahmanya V. R. K. Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijay%20Karthikeyan%20Dhandapani"> Vijay Karthikeyan Dhandapani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swaminathan%20Saravanavel"> Swaminathan Saravanavel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The quantum communication technology is an evolving design which connects multiple quantum enabled devices to internet for secret communication or sensitive information exchange. In future, the number of these compact quantum enabled devices will increase immensely making them an integral part of present communication systems. Therefore, safety and security of such devices is also a major concern for us. To ensure the customer sensitive information will not be eavesdropped or deciphered, we need a strong authentications and encryption mechanism. In this paper, we propose a mutual authentication scheme between these smart quantum devices and server based on the secure exchange of information through quantum channel which gives better solutions for symmetric key exchange issues. An important part of this work is to propose a secure mutual authentication protocol over the quantum channel. We show that our approach offers robust authentication protocol and further our solution is lightweight, scalable, cost-effective with optimized computational processing overheads. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20cryptography" title="quantum cryptography">quantum cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20key%20distribution" title=" quantum key distribution"> quantum key distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20quantum%20communication" title=" wireless quantum communication"> wireless quantum communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication%20protocol" title=" authentication protocol"> authentication protocol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20enabled%20device" title=" quantum enabled device"> quantum enabled device</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trusted%20third%20party" title=" trusted third party"> trusted third party</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99935/an-authentication-protocol-for-quantum-enabled-mobile-devices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99935.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Efficacy of Hemi-Facetectomy in Treatment of Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Deepak">Manoj Deepak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Mathivanan"> N. Mathivanan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Venkatachalam"> K. Venkatachalam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nerve root stenosis is one of the main cause for back pain. There are many methods both conservative and surgical to treat this disease. It is pertinent to decompress the spine to a proper extent so as to avoid the recurrence of symptoms. But too much of an aggressive approach also has its disadvantages. We present one of the methods to effectively decompress the nerve with better results. Our study was carried out in 52 patients with foramina stenosis between 2008 to 2011.We carried out the surgical procedure of shaving off the medial part of the facet joint so as to decompress the root. We selected those patients who had symptoms of claudication for more than 2 years. They had no signs of instability and they underwent conservative treatment for a period of 2 months before the procedure. Oswersty scoring was used to record the functional level of the patient before and after the procedure. All patients were followed up for a period of minimum 2.5 years. After evaluation for a minimum of 2.5 years, 34 patients had no evidence of recurrence of symptoms with improvement in the functional level.7 patients complained of minimal pain but their functional quality had improved postop. Six patients had symptoms of lumbar canal disease which reduced with conservative treatment. 5 patients required spinal fusion surgeries in the later period. Conclusion: Thus, we can effectively conclude that our procedure is safe and effective in reducing the symptoms in those patients with neurogenic claudication. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facetectoemy" title="facetectoemy">facetectoemy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stenosis" title=" stenosis"> stenosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decompression" title=" decompression"> decompression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lumbar%20Foraminal%20Stenosis" title=" Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis"> Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemi-facetectomy" title=" hemi-facetectomy"> hemi-facetectomy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15953/efficacy-of-hemi-facetectomy-in-treatment-of-lumbar-foraminal-stenosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15953.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Prospective Study of the Evaluation of Autologous Blood Injection in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bheeshma%20B.">Bheeshma B.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathivanan%20N."> Mathivanan N.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Deepak%20M."> Manoj Deepak M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prabhu%20Thangaraju"> Prabhu Thangaraju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Venkatachalam"> K. Venkatachalam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study involves the effect of autologous blood injection for patients who had degeneration of the origin of extensor carpi radialis brevis which was confirmed radio logically and by ultrasound examination and failed cortisone injections to the lateral epicondylitis. In this prospective longitudinal series involves pre-injection assessment of grip strength, pain, and function, using the patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation. In this study, blood from the contralateral limb is taken and injected into the affected limb with the help of ultrasound guidance and then the patient wore a customized wrist support for five days, after which they were commenced with stretching, strengthening, and massage programme with an occupational therapist. In these patients assessment was done after six months and then finally at 12 months after injection, using the patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation. 50 patients completed the study, showing significant improvement in pain; the worst pain decreased by two to five points out of a 10-point visual analogue for pain. Self-perceived function improved by 11–25 points out of 100. Women showed significant increase in grip, but men did not. Our study thus concludes that autologous blood injection show significant improvement in pain and function in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis, who did not have relief with cortisone injection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20epicondylitis" title="lateral epicondylitis">lateral epicondylitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autologous%20blood%20injection" title=" autologous blood injection"> autologous blood injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservative%20treatment" title=" conservative treatment"> conservative treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma-rich%20proteins%20%28PRPs%29" title=" plasma-rich proteins (PRPs) "> plasma-rich proteins (PRPs) </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16496/prospective-study-of-the-evaluation-of-autologous-blood-injection-in-the-treatment-of-lateral-epicondylitis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16496.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">428</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Transdermal Delivery of Articaine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinakaran%20Venkatachalam">Dinakaran Venkatachalam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Chambers"> Paul Chambers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kavitha%20Kongara"> Kavitha Kongara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Preet%20Singh"> Preet Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study is to formulate different topical preparations containing articaine and to investigate their permeation through goat skin. Initially, articaine and its hydrochloride salt were compared for in vitro permeation using Franz cell model. Goat skin samples were collected after euthanizing male goat kids purchased from the dairy goat farmers. Subcutaneous fat was removed and the skin was mounted on the donor chamber (orifice area 1.00 cm²) and drugs were applied onto the epidermis. Phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) was used to maintain sink condition in the receptor chamber (8 ml) of the Franz cell. Samples (0.4 ml) were collected at various intervals over 24 hours after each sampling equal volume of PBS was replaced in the receptor chamber. Articaine in the collected samples were quantified using LC/MS. The results suggested that articaine free base permeates better than its hydrochloride salt through goat skin. This study results support the fact that local anesthetics in its base form are lipophilic and thus penetrates faster through cell membranes than their salts. Later, articaine free base was formulated either using ethanol and octyl salicylate or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as penetration enhancers and was compared for in vitro permeation. The transdermal flux of articaine in the formulation containing DMSO was approximately 3.8 times higher than that of the formulation containing ethanol and octyl salicylate. Further studies to evaluate the local anesthetic efficacy of the topical formulation containing articaine for dermal anesthesia in animals have been planned. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=articaine" title="articaine">articaine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dermal%20anesthesia" title=" dermal anesthesia"> dermal anesthesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20anesthetic" title=" local anesthetic"> local anesthetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transdermal" title=" transdermal"> transdermal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80319/formulation-and-in-vitro-evaluation-of-transdermal-delivery-of-articaine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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