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href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/category/languages/deutsch" rel="category tag">Deutsch</a> <span>/</span> <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/category/research-notes" rel="category tag">Research Notes</a> <span>/</span> <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/category/projects/rolker-christof" rel="category tag">Rolker, Christof</a></li> <li class="comments"><a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/8296#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="hu-pad group"> <article class="post-8296 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-artikels category-deutsch category-research-notes category-rolker-christof tag-heraldik tag-wappen tag-wikipedia"> <div class="post-inner group"> <h1 class="post-title entry-title">Wappen und Heraldik in der deutschen Wikipedia III</h1> <p class="post-byline"> by <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/christofrolker" title="Posts by Christof Rolker" rel="author">Christof Rolker</a></span> </span> · Published <time class="published" datetime="2022-05-25T14:42:00+02:00">25/05/2022</time> · Updated <time class="updated" datetime="2022-05-16T23:34:40+02:00">16/05/2022</time> </p> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="entry themeform"> <div class="entry-inner"> <p>In fast allen Einführungen in die Heraldik, die zwischen den 1880er Jahren und bis in die Gegenwart erschienen sind, wird die Geschichte des eigenen Fachs mit sehr ähnlichen Schwerpunkten, oft auch sehr ähnlichen Worten meist knapp dargestellt. Bei aller Knappheit findet sich aber immer recht viel Raum für die mittelalterliche Geschichte der heraldik, oder zumindest für eine Darstellung verschiedener mittelalterlicher Entwicklungen und Ereignisse, die mehr oder minder assoziativ mit der Geschichte der Heraldik verknüpft werden: Turniere vor allem, das Heroldswesen, und oft auch noch ein paar Sätze zur Militärtechnik. Dieser Dominanz des Mittelalters auch dort, wo kaum Quellen erhalten sind und notwendig Spekulation vorherrscht, entspricht umgekehrt eine auffällige Wortkargheit in bezug auf die Frühe Neuzeit, für die die Quellen doch viel reichtlicher sprießen. (Zumal einige “mittelalterliche” Quellen, die sich in der Heraldik teils bis heute großer Beliebtheit erfreuen, bekanntlich frühneuzeitliche Fälschungen sind: Rüxners <em>Turnierchronik</em> an erster Stelle.)</p> <p>Ausführungen zur Frühen Neuzeit bleiben jedenfalls auffällig kurz und sind meist stark von (ab-)wertenden Urteilen geprägt. Das ist nichts als eine Fortsetzung der Selbstdarstellung der historistischen Heraldik des 19. Jh., die sich polemisch gegen die eigene Fachtradition gewandt hatte; über immer wieder neu aufgelegte Einführungen wie Hildebrandts berühmt-berüchtigte <em>Wappenfibel</em> sind solche Narrative vom 19. Jahrhundert bis in die Gegenwart konserviert worden. Daher überrascht es auch nicht, dass in Darstellungen zur Geschichte der Heraldik das 19. Jahrhundert weitgehend fehl, obwohl es ganz offensichtlich ein enorm wichtiges Jahrhundert in der Geschichte dieser Disziplin war. Der <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heraldik&oldid=219310090">bisherige Wikipedia-Artikel</a> mit seinen Ausführungen zu mittelalterlichen Turnieren, aber ohne Nennung auch nur eines Heraldikers des 19. Jahrhundert steht ganz in dieser Tradition. Hier fehlt es schlicht an Historisierung: Solange die sich selbst so nennende Heraldik sich so stark mit der im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert kanonisierten Tradition identifiziert, wird man aus dieser Richtung keine Darstellung des 19./20. Jh. als eigener historischer Epoche der Fachgeschichte erwarten können.</p> <p> </p> <blockquote> <h3><span id="Heraldik_in_Deutschland_und_Europa_in_der_Frühen_Neuzeit" class="mw-headline">Heraldik in Deutschland und Europa in der Frühen Neuzeit</span></h3> <p>In der gesamten Frühen Neuzeit waren Wappen unverändert ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Adelskultur. Auch in der gelehrten Beschäftigung mit Wappen herrschte inhaltlich Kontinuität vor, methodisch entwickelte sich die Heraldik sehr langsam zu einer gelehrten Disziplin. Im Reichsgebiet gab es allerdings weiterhin kaum zentrale Institutionen der Heraldik; allenfalls an der <a title="Reichshofkanzlei" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichshofkanzlei">Reichshofkanzlei</a> entwickelten sich eigene heraldische Standards.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:CRolker/Spielwiese#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p> <p>Heraldik war weiterhin eng mit der Genealogie verbunden; gelehrte Beiträge stammten nicht zuletzt von Juristen, die mit Wappen und Stammbäumen schon deshalb zu tun hatten, weil sie Beweismittel für den adeligen Stand einer Person sein konnte. In diesem Sinne war die Heraldik eine Hilfswissenschaft der Rechtswissenschaft und konnte in diesem Rahmen auch an Universitäten gelehrt werden. An <a title="Ritterakademie" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritterakademie">Ritterakademien</a> wurde ebenfalls Heraldik gelehrt. Nur vereinzelt formulierten diese Gelehrten auch Regeln zur korrekten Gestaltung von Wappen. Dominante Themen waren vielmehr der “Ursprung” der Wappen, (adels-)rechtliche Fragen und allegorische Auslegungen einzelner Figuren und Farben.</p> <p>Als Begründer einer wissenschaftlichen Heraldik im deutschsprachigen Raum gilt <a title="Philipp Jacob Spener" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Jacob_Spener">Philipp Jacob Spener</a> († 1705), der bei der Deutung von Wappen in dem Sinne historisch vorging, dass er die Umstände der Entstehung und Änderung der Wappen und ihrer einzelnen Elemente zum Ausgangspunkt nahm. Der Universalhistoriker <a title="Johann Christoph Gatterer" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gatterer">Johann Christoph Gatterer</a> († 1799) behandelte die Heraldik als <a title="Historische Hilfswissenschaften" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historische_Hilfswissenschaften">historische Hilfswissenschaft</a> und verschaffte ihr damit eine Stellung innerhalb der universitären Geschichtswissenschaft seiner Zeit.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:CRolker/Spielwiese#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></p> <h3><span id="Das_19._Jahrhundert_und_die_Erneuerung_der_Heraldik_in_Deutschland" class="mw-headline">Das 19. Jahrhundert und die Erneuerung der Heraldik in Deutschland</span></h3> <p>Im 19. Jahrhundert gab es in den meisten europäischen Ländern eigenständige heraldische Traditionen, die oft durch eigene gesetzliche Regeln und Institutionen bestimmt wurden. Im deutschen Sprachraum ist in dieser Zeit allgemein ein verstärktes Interesse an Wappen und Heraldik zu beobachten. Im Kontext von Säkularisierung, Verfassungsänderungen und anderen politischen Umbrüchen änderten viele Staaten ihre eigenen Wappen, teils mehrfach (Bayern zum Beispiel änderte allein zwischen 1799 und 1806 <a title="Bayerisches Staatswappen" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerisches_Staatswappen#Geschichte">viermal sein Wappen</a>). Die Wappenführung des Adels wurde vor allem im Kontext von <a title="Adelsmatrikel" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelsmatrikel">Adelsmatrikeln</a> kontrolliert, die Verleihung von Wappen an Bürgerliche stärker verrechtlicht. Kommunale Wappen wurden ebenfalls stärker kontrolliert und teilweise zwangweise geändert. Diese Entwicklungen waren teilweise von starken Konflikten begleitet; Adelsfamilien, Kommunen und Regionen entdecken gerade angesichts staatlicher Eingriffe den Wert von Wappen neu. Vor allem in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts verband sich dies einerseits mit einem größeren Interesse an mittelalterlicher Geschichte und andererseits mit der nun auch im Bürgertum wachsenden Interesse an Genealogie und adeligen Repräsentationsformen. Sowohl die staatlichen Kontrollversuche als auch die eher affirmativen Beschäftigungen mit den jeweils eigenen Wappen schuf eine deutliche Nachfrage nach heraldischen Einführungen, gedruckten Wappenbüchern und historischen Arbeiten. Bereits Zeitgenossen erklärten den Aufschwung des Wappenwesens mit dem Beitrag von Wappen und ihrer <a title="Patrilinearität" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilinearit%C3%A4t">patrilinearen</a> Weitergabe zum “Familiensinn”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:CRolker/Spielwiese#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Die <i><a title="Ahnentafel" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a></i>, die bei der Verwissenschaftlichung der Genealogie im 19. Jahrhundert eine wichtige Rolle spielte,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:CRolker/Spielwiese#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a></sup> wurde oft heraldisch gestaltet.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><a class="image" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Str%C3%B6hl_Heraldischer_Atlas_t21_2.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Str%C3%B6hl_Heraldischer_Atlas_t21_2.jpg/220px-Str%C3%B6hl_Heraldischer_Atlas_t21_2.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="327" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1486" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="thumbcaption">Ströhls <i>Heraldischer Atlas</i> von 1899 ist ein gutes Beispiel für ein heraldisches Musterbuch und zugleich Lehrbuch der “modernen Heraldik”. Die Wappendarstellungen hier sind Nachzeichnungen der Zürcher Wappenrolle. Bild: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Str%C3%B6hl_Heraldischer_Atlas_t21_2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wiki Commons</a></div> </div> </div> <p>Ab der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts eine neue Heraldik, die die frühneuzeitliche Heraldik scharf ablehnte („Zopfheraldik“) und stattdessen einerseits das mittelalterliche Wappenwesen als vorbildlich erklärte, andererseits eine Systematisierung der Heraldik durch eine einheitliche (nun erstmals deutsche) Fachterminologie, heraldische Regeln und begleitende historisch-genealogische Forschung forderte. Das zentrale Projekt dieser Heraldiker war der sogenannte <i><a title="J. Siebmacher’s großes und allgemeines Wappenbuch" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Siebmacher%E2%80%99s_gro%C3%9Fes_und_allgemeines_Wappenbuch">Neue Siebmacher</a></i>, dessen Bände ab 1854 erschienen. Wichtige, für die Heraldik und Genealogie auch des 20. Jahrhunderts prägende Vertreter waren <a title="Friedrich Karl I. zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_I._zu_Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst">Karl von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg</a>, <a title="Otto Titan von Hefner" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Titan_von_Hefner">Otto Titan von Hefner</a>, <a title="Gustav Adelbert Seyler" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Adelbert_Seyler">Gustav Adelbert Seyler</a>, <a title="Maximilian Gritzner" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Gritzner">Maximilian Gritzner</a>, <a title="Adolf Matthias Hildebrandt" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Matthias_Hildebrandt">Adolf Matthias Hildebrandt</a> und etwas später <a title="Otto Hupp" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hupp">Otto Hupp</a>. Neben einer sehr großen Zahl von <a title="Wappenbuch" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappenbuch">Wappenbüchern</a>, die Wappen der eigenen Gegenwart zusammenstellten, erstellten diese Heraldiker auch <a title="Musterbuch" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musterbuch">Musterbücher</a> und publizierten mit großem Aufwand auch verschiedene mittelalterliche Wappenbücher als <a title="Faksimile" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faksimile">Faksimile</a>. Viele dieser Publikationen wurden vom <a title="Starke Verlag" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starke_Verlag">Starke-Verlag</a> veröffentlicht.</p> <p>Ab dem späten 19. Jahrhundert wurden verschiedene genealogisch-<a title="Heraldischer Verein" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldischer_Verein">heraldische Vereine</a> gegründet, die für die weitere Entwicklung der Heraldik eine große Rolle spielten. Sie sorgten durch Treffen, Kongresse und Publikationen von Zeitschriften für den Austausch innerhalb der Disziplin, popularisierten ihre Themen und stellten eine gewisse Kontinuität sicher. Letzteres war umso wichtiger, als Heraldik und Genealogie kaum an den Universitäten verankert waren. Während die Geschichtswissenschaft im späten 19. Jahrhundert eine zentrale Rolle an deutschen Universitäten innehatte und insbesondere auch <a title="Historische Hilfswissenschaften" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historische_Hilfswissenschaften">Hilfswissenschaften</a> wie die <a title="Diplomatik" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatik">Diplomatik</a> und <a title="Paläografie" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ografie">Paläographie</a> dort auf sehr hohem Niveau betrieben wurden, war Heraldik in Forschung und Lehre kaum vertreten.</p> </blockquote> <hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition suggests that you cite this post as follows:</span><br/>Christof Rolker (May 25, 2022). Wappen und Heraldik in der deutschen Wikipedia III. <em>Heraldica Nova</em>. 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A Knowledge Graph with Semantic Web Technologies and Machine Learning to study medieval visual sources</a></p> <p class="tab-item-date">08/01/2024</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="tab-item-thumbnail"> <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/8948"> </a> </div> <div class="tab-item-inner group"> <p class="tab-item-title"><a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/8948" rel="bookmark">Exhibition: Knights of the Golden Fleece: a Brilliant Myth Unravelled (24.02.-2.06.24; Mechelen, Belgium)</a></p> <p class="tab-item-date">18/02/2024</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="tab-item-thumbnail"> <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/8968"> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/files/2024/05/Wappen-als-Waffe_Plakat-80x80.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-small size-thumb-small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> <div class="tab-item-inner group"> <p class="tab-item-title"><a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/8968" rel="bookmark">Tagung: Wappen als Waffe – Heraldische Symbole in politischen, dynastischen, militärischen und rechtlichen Konflikten des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit (13.-15.06.2024, Greifswald)</a></p> <p class="tab-item-date">17/05/2024</p> </div> </li> </ul> <ul id="tab-comments-3" class="alx-tab group "> <li> <div class="tab-item-inner group"> <div class="tab-item-name">Meet your soulmate regarding the secure and trusted unicorn dating site – Katerina Ioannidis Jewerly says:</div> <div class="tab-item-comment"><a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/1770#comment-64312">[…] https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/1770 […]</a></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="tab-item-inner group"> <div class="tab-item-name">Etranger et international | Pearltrees says:</div> <div class="tab-item-comment"><a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/1770#comment-63008">[…] Digitised Armorials – Heraldica Nova. […]</a></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="tab-item-inner group"> <div class="tab-item-name">GG says:</div> <div class="tab-item-comment"><a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/8756#comment-62384">Really, really, REALLY interesting.</a></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="tab-item-inner group"> <div class="tab-item-name">Klaus Graf says:</div> <div class="tab-item-comment"><a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/4733#comment-61751">Über Memorialquellen mit Wappen: https://archivalia.hypotheses.org/182333.</a></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="tab-item-inner group"> <div class="tab-item-name">Wappengeschmückte Gedenkaufzeichnungen in der Schweiz – Heraldica Nova says:</div> <div class="tab-item-comment"><a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/489#comment-60038">[…] oder besonderen Jahrtagen beigegeben). Der von mir auch in diesem...</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul id="tab-tags-3" class="alx-tab group"> <li> <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/tag/imaginary-coats-of-arms" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1090245 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 8.7pt;" aria-label=""imaginary" coats of arms (6 items)">"imaginary" coats of arms</a> <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/tag/13th-c" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1042124 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 11.3pt;" aria-label="13th c. (12 items)">13th c.</a> <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/tag/14th-c" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1042125 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 15.6pt;" aria-label="14th c. (34 items)">14th c.</a> <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/tag/15th-c" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-830728 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 19pt;" aria-label="15th c. 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href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/paulfox" title="Posts by paulfox">paulfox</a>, <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/pauljagger" title="Posts by pauljagger">pauljagger</a>, <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/pierrecouhault" title="Posts by PC">PC</a>, <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/radulupescu" title="Posts by radulupescu">radulupescu</a>, <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/simonrousselot" title="Posts by Simon Rousselot">Simon Rousselot</a>, <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/sophiespiegler" title="Posts by Sophie Spiegler">Sophie Spiegler</a>, <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/franzstefanseitschek" title="Posts by Stefan Seitschek">Stefan Seitschek</a>, <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/steffenkremer" title="Posts by Steffen Kremer">Steffen Kremer</a>, <a href="https://heraldica.hypotheses.org/author/steventhiry" title="Posts by Steven Thiry">Steven Thiry</a>  </div><div 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