Kerra effekti - Vikipediya

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="uz" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kerra effekti - Vikipediya</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )uzwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[".\t,",",\t "],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","yanvar","fevral","mart","aprel","may","iyun","iyul","avgust","sentyabr","oktyabr","noyabr","dekabr"],"wgRequestId":"8c1c20c0-a274-4e7e-a5b0-b1e7a5f88805","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kerra_effekti","wgTitle":"Kerra effekti","wgCurRevisionId":5231111,"wgRevisionId":5231111,"wgArticleId":951968,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Effektlar haqidagi maqolalar"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"uz","wgPageContentLanguage":"uz","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kerra_effekti","wgRelevantArticleId":951968,"wgUserVariant":"uz","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"uz","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"uz-latn"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q883038","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.HizliBilgi","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=uz&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=uz&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=uz&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kerra effekti - Vikipediya"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//uz.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerra_effekti"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Tahrir" href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Vikipediya (uz)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//uz.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerra_effekti"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerra_effekti"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz-Cyrl" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&variant=uz-cyrl"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz-Latn" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&variant=uz-latn"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerra_effekti"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.uz"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Vikipediya — Atom-tasma" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kerra_effekti rootpage-Kerra_effekti skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Kontent qismiga oʻtish</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Asosiy menyu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Asosiy menyu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Asosiy menyu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Qatnovi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bosh_Sahifa" title="Bosh sahifaga oʻtish [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Bosh Sahifa</span></a></li><li id="n-Tanlangan-maqolalar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Tanlangan_maqolalar"><span>Tanlangan maqolalar</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:NewPages"><span>Yangi sahifalar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:Random" title="Tasodifiy sahifaga oʻtish [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Tasodifiy maqola</span></a></li><li id="n-Maqolalar-indeksi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Maqolalar_indeksi"><span>Maqolalar indeksi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Ishtirok" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Ishtirok" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ishtirok </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Xatolar_haqida_xabarlar" title="Ushbu sahifadagi xato haqida xabar berish"><span>Xato haqida xabar berish</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:RecentChanges" title="Vikidagi eng so‘nggi o‘zgarishlar ro‘yxati [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Yangi oʻzgarishlar</span></a></li><li id="n-Jamoa-portali" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Jamoa_portali"><span>Jamoa portali</span></a></li><li id="n-Qoidalar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Qoida_va_ko%CA%BBrsatmalar"><span>Qoidalar</span></a></li><li id="n-Yordam" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Yordam"><span>Yordam</span></a></li><li id="n-Forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Forum"><span>Forum</span></a></li><li id="n-Aloqa" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Aloqa"><span>Aloqa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Bosh_Sahifa" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipediya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-uz.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-uz.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Vikipediyadan qidirish [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Qidiruv</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Vikipediyadan qidirish" aria-label="Vikipediyadan qidirish" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Vikipediyadan qidirish [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Maxsus:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Qidirish</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Shaxsiy uskunalar"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Qiyofa" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Qiyofa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz" class=""><span>Loyihaga koʻmak</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Kerra+effekti" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi." class=""><span>Hisob yaratish</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UserLogin&returnto=Kerra+effekti" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud bo‘lmasa-da, kirishingiz taklif qilinadi. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Kirish</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Koʻproq opsiyalar" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Shaxsiy uskunalar" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Shaxsiy uskunalar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Foydalanuvchi menyusi" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz"><span>Loyihaga koʻmak</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Kerra+effekti" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Hisob yaratish</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UserLogin&returnto=Kerra+effekti" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud bo‘lmasa-da, kirishingiz taklif qilinadi. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Kirish</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chiqishni amalga oshirgan tahrirchilar uchun sahifalar <a href="/wiki/Yordam:Mundarija" aria-label="Tahrirlash haqida batafsil maʼlumot"><span>batafsil maʼlumot</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyContributions" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar roʻyxati [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Qoʻshilgan hissa</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyTalk" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar munozarasi [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mundarija" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mundarija</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Elektro-optik_Kerr_effekti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektro-optik_Kerr_effekti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Elektro-optik Kerr effekti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elektro-optik_Kerr_effekti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elektro-optik Kerr effekti subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elektro-optik_Kerr_effekti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sifatli_tavsif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifatli_tavsif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sifatli tavsif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifatli_tavsif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerr_qonuni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerr_qonuni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kerr qonuni</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kerr_qonuni-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kerr qonuni subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kerr_qonuni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Miqdorlar_nazariyasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miqdorlar_nazariyasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Miqdorlar nazariyasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miqdorlar_nazariyasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayrim_moddalar_uchun_Kerr_doimiysi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayrim_moddalar_uchun_Kerr_doimiysi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ayrim moddalar uchun Kerr doimiysi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayrim_moddalar_uchun_Kerr_doimiysi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazariya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazariya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nazariya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nazariya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nazariya subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nazariya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kvadrat_elektro-optik_Kerr_effekti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvadrat_elektro-optik_Kerr_effekti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kvadrat elektro-optik Kerr effekti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvadrat_elektro-optik_Kerr_effekti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optik_Kerr_effekti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optik_Kerr_effekti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Optik Kerr effekti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optik_Kerr_effekti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qoʻllanishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qoʻllanishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Qoʻllanishi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Qoʻllanishi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Qoʻllanishi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Qoʻllanishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elektro-optik_modulyatorlarda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektro-optik_modulyatorlarda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Elektro-optik modulyatorlarda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektro-optik_modulyatorlarda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lazerlarda_rejimni_qulflash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lazerlarda_rejimni_qulflash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lazerlarda rejimni qulflash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lazerlarda_rejimni_qulflash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yana_qarang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yana_qarang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Yana qarang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yana_qarang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adabiyotlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adabiyotlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Adabiyotlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adabiyotlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havolalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havolalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Havolalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havolalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerra effekti</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 29 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ظاهرة كير – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ظاهرة كير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeutu_Kerr" title="Efeutu Kerr – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Efeutu Kerr" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Эфект Кера – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эфект Кера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_Kerr" title="Efecte Kerr – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efecte Kerr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr-effekt" title="Kerr-effekt – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kerr-effekt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr-Effekt" title="Kerr-Effekt – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kerr-Effekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_effect" title="Kerr effect – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kerr effect" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_Kerr" title="Efecto Kerr – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto Kerr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_efektua" title="Kerr efektua – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kerr efektua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="اثر کر – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثر کر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effet_Kerr" title="Effet Kerr – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effet Kerr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Քերի երևույթ – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քերի երևույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_Kerr" title="Effetto Kerr – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto Kerr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="カー効果 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カー効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಕೆರ್ ಪರಿಣಾಮ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೆರ್ ಪರಿಣಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%A4_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="커 효과 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="커 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerreffect" title="Kerreffect – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kerreffect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerreffekt" title="Kerreffekt – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kerreffekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjawiska_Kerra" title="Zjawiska Kerra – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zjawiska Kerra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_Kerr" title="Efeito Kerr – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito Kerr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efectul_Kerr" title="Efectul Kerr – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Efectul Kerr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Эффект Керра – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эффект Керра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrov_pojav" title="Kerrov pojav – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kerrov pojav" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Керов ефекат – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Керов ефекат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerreffekt" title="Kerreffekt – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kerreffekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ефект Керра – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефект Керра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_Kerr" title="Hiệu ứng Kerr – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệu ứng Kerr" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="克尔效应 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克尔效应" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="克爾效应 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克爾效应" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q883038#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomfazolar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerra_effekti" title="Sahifani ko‘rish [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Maqola</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Munozara:Kerra_effekti" rel="discussion" title="Sahifa matni borasida munozara [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Til variantini oʻzgartirish" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">lotin/кирилл</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-uz mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&variant=uz" lang="uz" hreflang="uz"><span>lotin/кирилл</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-uz-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&variant=uz-latn" lang="uz-Latn" hreflang="uz-Latn"><span>lotin</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-uz-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&variant=uz-cyrl" lang="uz-Cyrl" hreflang="uz-Cyrl"><span>кирилл</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Koʻrinishlar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerra_effekti"><span>Mutolaa</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit" title="Bu sahifani tahrirlash [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit" title="Sahifa manba kodini tahrirlash [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Manbasini tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=history" title="Bu sahifaning oʻzgarishlar tarixi [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Tarix</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Asboblar" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Asboblar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Asboblar</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Koʻproq opsiyalar" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Amallar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerra_effekti"><span>Mutolaa</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit" title="Bu sahifani tahrirlash [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit" title="Sahifa manba kodini tahrirlash [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Manbasini tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=history"><span>Tarix</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umumiy </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:WhatLinksHere/Kerra_effekti" title="Ushbu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalar roʻyxati [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Bu yerga ishoratlar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:RecentChangesLinked/Kerra_effekti" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalardagi yangi oʻzgarishlar [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Bogʻliq oʻzgarishlar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:SpecialPages" title="Maxsus sahifalar ro‘yxati [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Maxsus sahifalar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&oldid=5231111" title="Sahifaning ushbu versiyasiga doimiy ishorat"><span>Doimiy havola</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=info" title="Bu sahifa haqida koʻproq maʼlumot"><span>Sahifa haqida maʼlumot</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CiteThisPage&page=Kerra_effekti&id=5231111&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Sahifadan matn parchasi ajratish</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKerra_effekti"><span>Qisqartirilgan URL-manzilni olish</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKerra_effekti"><span>QR-kodni yuklab olish</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nashr/eksport qilish </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kerra_effekti&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF sifatida yuklash</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Ushbu sahifaning bosma uchun versiyasi [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bosma uchun versiya</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Boshqa loyihalarda </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q883038" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikimaʼlumotlar bandi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Qiyofa</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="uz" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kerr effekti</b> yoki <b>kvadratik elektro-optik effekt</b> — optik materialining sindirish koʻrsatkichining qiymatini unga berilgan <a href="/wiki/Elektr_maydon" title="Elektr maydon">elektr maydonining</a> kvadratiga mutanosib ravishda oʻzgarish hodisasi. Uning Pockels effektidan farqi shundaki, sindirish koʻrsatkichning oʻzgarishi elektr maydonining kvadratiga toʻgʻri proportsionaldir va chiziqli oʻzgarishidadir. </p><p>1875 yilda shotland fizigi Jon Kerr tomonidan kashf etilgan. Kerr effekti barcha moddalarda kuzatiladi, lekn baʼzi suyuqliklar uni boshqa moddalarga nisbatan koʻproq namoyon qiladi.. </p><p>Kuchli maydonlarda Kerr qonunida kichik ogʻishlar kuzatiladi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elektro-optik_Kerr_effekti">Elektro-optik Kerr effekti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Elektro-optik Kerr effekti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Elektro-optik Kerr effekti"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifatli_tavsif">Sifatli tavsif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Sifatli tavsif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sifatli tavsif"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Kerr_effect-ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kerr_effect-ru.svg/300px-Kerr_effect-ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kerr_effect-ru.svg/450px-Kerr_effect-ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kerr_effect-ru.svg/600px-Kerr_effect-ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption> Kerr effektini kuzatish va oʻlchash uchun sozlash sxemasi. Kerr katakchasidan tekis qutblangan yorugʻlik dastasi chiqgach, elektr kuchlanish taʼsirida elliptik qutblangan boʻladi. Elliptik qutblangan nur analizator deb ataladigan ikkinchi polarizatordan oʻtganda uning intensivligi oʻzgaradi va intensivlikning oʻzgarishi fotodetektor <sup id="cite_ref-Физическая_энциклопедия_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Физическая_энциклопедия-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tomonidan qayd etiladi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tashqi doimiy yoki oʻzgaruvchan elektr maydoni taʼsirida moddaning qutblanishining oʻzgarishi tufayli, muhitda nurning <a href="/wiki/Yorug%E2%80%98likning_ikkilanib_sinishi" title="Yorug‘likning ikkilanib sinishi">qoʻshsinishi</a> kuzatilishi mumkin. Bunday holda, moddadan oʻtadigan yorugʻlik ikkita nurga ajraladi — moddada xar xil sindirish koʻrsatkichlariga ega boʻlgan oddiy va gʻayrioddiy nurlarga. Shunday qilib, gʻayrioddiy va oddiy nurlar uchun faza tezligi har xil boʻlgani sababli, tekis qutblangan yorugʻlik dastasi elliptik qutblangan nurga aylanadi, hamda yetarli yoʻl uzunligi tufayli qoʻsh sindiruvchi moddada nur aylanma qutblanish oʻtadi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yorug%E2%80%98likning_ikkilanib_sinishi" title="Yorug‘likning ikkilanib sinishi">Oddiy</a> nur uchun sindirish koʻrsatkichini <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{o},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{o},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/343f95b9efb5d4a4f4543e1024daa53137473be2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.071ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{o},}"></span>va <a href="/wiki/Yorug%E2%80%98likning_ikkilanib_sinishi" title="Yorug‘likning ikkilanib sinishi">gʻayrioddiy</a> uchun <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e21303faca6e2167f4ecbf2a75aed982e817035" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.393ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{e}}"></span> boʻlsin. Sinish koʻrsatkichlarining farqini yoyib chiqsak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{o}-n_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{o}-n_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e6d55747eb339a580ee847ff66e3cfda13b0711" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.658ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{o}-n_{e}}"></span>, uni tashqi elektr maydonining funktsiyasi sifatida <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> darajasi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> olib qarasak, bundan kelib chiqadiki, agar maydon taʼsir etishidan oldin muhit qutblanmagan va <a href="/wiki/Izotropiya" title="Izotropiya">izotrop</a> boʻlsa, u holda <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{o}-n_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{o}-n_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e6d55747eb339a580ee847ff66e3cfda13b0711" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.658ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{o}-n_{e}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span>ning juft funktsiyasi boʻlishi kerak (maydon yoʻnalishini oʻzgartirganda, effekt oʻz ishorasini oʻzgartirmasligi kerak). Bundan kelib chiqadikii, darajasi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> da yoyganda, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e89b3e3b96f61772772279a8b7d6ee29e079521e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.848ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{2}}"></span> boshlab faqat juft tartibli hadtar mavjud boʻlishi kerak . Kuchsiz maydonlarda kvadratikdan tashqari yuqori tartibli hadlarni eʼtibordan chetda qoldirish mumkin, natijada: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{e}-n_{o}=kE^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{e}-n_{o}=kE^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1306b992e243fcc630b25818a75fda41a1678452" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.462ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{e}-n_{o}=kE^{2},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Bu yerga <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> baʼzi koeffitsientlardir. </p><p>Kerr effekti, asosan, <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> yoki <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulalarning</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital">elektron orbitallarining</a> deformatsiyasi yoki ularning yoʻnalishining oʻzgarishi natijasida yuzaga keladigan muhitning giperpolyarizatsiyasi bilan bogʻliq. Optik Kerr effekti juda tez yuz beradi — pikosekundlardan bir necha nanosekundlargacha (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-13}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-13}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28325b7f413d5c3d3998872f6c6057ffda60a601" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.48ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-13}}"></span> — <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-9}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-9}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69ad2ba4cbe9e68b60b98de6b2875625abb3b446" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.658ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-9}}"></span> s), chunki <a href="/wiki/Qattiq_jism" title="Qattiq jism">qattiq</a> jismlarda faqatgina atom elektron bulutining deformatsiyasi sodir boʻlishi mumkin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kerr_qonuni">Kerr qonuni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Kerr qonuni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kerr qonuni"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kerr qonuni — oddiy va gʻayrioddiy nurlarining sinish koʻrsatkichlari orasidagi farq oʻrnatilgan elektr maydonining kvadratiga proportsionaldir: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{e}-n_{o}=b\lambda _{0}E^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>b</mi> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{e}-n_{o}=b\lambda _{0}E^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3033005b01d1d461a896ff1a0771679f9a25d780" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.658ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{e}-n_{o}=b\lambda _{0}E^{2},}"></span></dd> <dd>Bu yerda <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cfa5ad1eb6cdaf3d8dfd77991ee9ce7bdf169184" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.409ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{0}}"></span> yorugʻlikning vakuumdagi <a href="/wiki/To%CA%BBlqin_uzunligi" title="Toʻlqin uzunligi">toʻlqin uzunligi</a> ;</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> — Kerr doimiysi boʻlib, u moddaning tabiatiga, toʻlqin uzunligiga bogʻliq</dd></dl> <p>Kerr doimiysi moddaning tabiatiga, toʻlqin uzunligiga va haroratga bogʻliq. </p><p>Baʼzan Kerr doimiysini quyidagi koʻrinishda ham boʻladi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K=b\lambda _{0}/n,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>K</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>b</mi> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K=b\lambda _{0}/n,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63836b35df246a6a2791b25ca8a096f9aec0afcf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.775ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K=b\lambda _{0}/n,}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> elektr maydon taʼsirisiz sindirish koʻrsatkichi <sup id="cite_ref-Физическая_энциклопедия_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Физическая_энциклопедия-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . </p><p>Koʻp moddalar uchun koeffitsient <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b>0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>></mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b>0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94436473a90bd55191a79c59474cb5456dcbec00" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.258ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b>0}"></span>, yaʼni ular optik jihatdan ijobiy bir eksenli kristallarga oʻxshashligini koʻrsatadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miqdorlar_nazariyasi">Miqdorlar nazariyasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Miqdorlar nazariyasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Miqdorlar nazariyasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a> yilda Langevin tomonidan gazlar uchun miqdoriy nazariya yaratilgan. </p><p>Berilgan moddada Kerr effektini xarakterlovchi parametr, bu uchinchi tartibli sezuvchanlikdir, chunki Kerr effekti elektr maydon kuchining uchinchi darajasiga proportsionaldir (yuqoridagi tenglamada qoʻshimcha elektr maydoni- <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnit_nurlanish" title="Elektromagnit nurlanish">yorugʻlik toʻlqinining</a> elektr maydonidir). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ayrim_moddalar_uchun_Kerr_doimiysi">Ayrim moddalar uchun Kerr doimiysi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Ayrim moddalar uchun Kerr doimiysi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ayrim moddalar uchun Kerr doimiysi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toʻlqin uzunligi 589 nmda baʼzi moddalar uchun Kerr konstantalari <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> CGSE birliklarida jadval <sup id="cite_ref-Физическая_энциклопедия_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Физическая_энциклопедия-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> da keltirilgan. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Modda </th> <th>Temperatura,<br /><br />°C </th> <th><i>V</i> </th> <th>Modda </th> <th>Temperatura,<br /><br />°C </th> <th><i>V</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzol" title="Nitrobenzol">nitrobenzol</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>2,2·10<sup>−5</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xloroform" title="Xloroform">xloroform</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>−3,5·10<sup>−10</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o-nitrotoluon </td> <td>20 </td> <td>1,2-10<sup>−5</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Etil_spirti" title="Etil spirti">etanol</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>9,2·10<sup>−10</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xlorbenzol" title="Xlorbenzol">xlorbenzol</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>1,0·10<sup>−6</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atseton" title="Atseton">aseton</a> </td> <td>83 </td> <td>5,4·10<sup>−10</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>suv </td> <td>20 </td> <td>4,7·10<sup>−7</sup> </td> <td>uglerod disulfidi </td> <td>57 </td> <td>3,6·10<sup>−10</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uglerod disulfidi </td> <td>20 </td> <td>3,2·10<sup>−8</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Etil_efir" title="Etil efir">etanol</a> </td> <td>63 </td> <td>−0,66-10<sup>−10</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzol" title="Benzol">benzol</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>6,0·10<sup>−9</sup> </td> <td>vinil spirti </td> <td>20 </td> <td>−1,7·10<sup>−10</sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazariya">Nazariya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Nazariya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Nazariya"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvadrat_elektro-optik_Kerr_effekti">Kvadrat elektro-optik Kerr effekti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Kvadrat elektro-optik Kerr effekti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Kvadrat elektro-optik Kerr effekti"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chiziqli boʻlmagan material uchun elektr polarizatsiya maydoni <b>P</b> elektr maydoni <b>E</b> ga bogʻliqdir : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(1)}:\mathbf {E} +\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(2)}:\mathbf {EE} +\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(3)}:\mathbf {EEE} +\cdots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(1)}:\mathbf {E} +\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(2)}:\mathbf {EE} +\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(3)}:\mathbf {EEE} +\cdots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/654eb39fa6e5b8a270c618672ff9813def192dc5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:50.303ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(1)}:\mathbf {E} +\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(2)}:\mathbf {EE} +\varepsilon _{0}\chi ^{(3)}:\mathbf {EEE} +\cdots }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Bu yerda ε <sub>0</sub> - dielektrik oʻtkazuvchanlik, χ <sup>(<i>n</i>)</sup> — muhitning elektr sezgirligining <i>n-</i> tartibdagi komponenti. „:“ belgisi matritsalarning skalyar koʻpaytmasini ifodalaydi. Bu munosabat aniq yozilishi mumkin; <i>P</i> vektorining <i>i-</i> komponenti quyidagicha ifodalanishi mumkin: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{i}=\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\chi _{ij}^{(1)}E_{j}+\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\chi _{ijk}^{(2)}E_{j}E_{k}+\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\sum _{l=1}^{3}\chi _{ijkl}^{(3)}E_{j}E_{k}E_{l}+\cdots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{i}=\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\chi _{ij}^{(1)}E_{j}+\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\chi _{ijk}^{(2)}E_{j}E_{k}+\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\sum _{l=1}^{3}\chi _{ijkl}^{(3)}E_{j}E_{k}E_{l}+\cdots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/424323c707d684abe7a4b93093aa30c4cd0572f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:74.439ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{i}=\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\chi _{ij}^{(1)}E_{j}+\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\chi _{ijk}^{(2)}E_{j}E_{k}+\varepsilon _{0}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\sum _{k=1}^{3}\sum _{l=1}^{3}\chi _{ijkl}^{(3)}E_{j}E_{k}E_{l}+\cdots }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Bu yerda <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=1,2,3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=1,2,3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4a87b7e5d81c62b040a35078417fb9294b1ec7c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.456ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=1,2,3}"></span> . Koʻpi holatda , <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}=P_{x}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}=P_{x}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94c56f99869a10525c1000aecc5dabc856849794" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.31ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}=P_{x}}"></span>, yaʼni qutublanish maydonining komponentasi x ga parallel deb olinadi<i>;</i> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{2}=E_{y}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{2}=E_{y}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df77c630ada26bb9a6ab83fb529a08525f0ac7a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.632ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{2}=E_{y}}"></span> va hokazo. </p><p>Chiziqli muhit uchun ushbu tenglamaning faqat birinchi hadi muhim ahamiyatga egadir, va qutblanish muhitdagi elektr maydoni bilan chiziqli ravishda oʻzgarib boradi. </p><p>Kerr effektini koʻrsatuvchi materiallar uchun, eʼtibordan chetda qoldirib boʻlmaydigan uchinchi had χ<sup>(3)</sup> muhim hissa qoʻshadi, odatda Kerr muhitining inversiyasi tufayli juft tartibli hadlar tushib qoladi. Chastotasi ω boʻlgan yorugʻlik toʻlqinining tashqi elektr maydoni <b>E</b><sub>0</sub> bilan birga hosil qilgan umumiy elektr maydonini E koʻrib chiqaylik: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {E} _{0}+\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {E} _{0}+\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7f93fcf5e1c769141d0e6e7da2b37eb55b11bcf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.759ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {E} _{0}+\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}"></span></dd></dl> <p>bu yerda <b>E</b> <sub>ō</sub> — toʻlqinning vektor amplitudasi. </p><p>Bu ikki tenglamani birlashtirib, <b>P</b> ning murakkab ifodasini hosil qilsak boʻladi. Doimiy Kerr effekti uchun chiziqli hadlar, hamda <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\mathbf {E} _{\omega }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\mathbf {E} _{\omega }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec63e9a83446d185e608ca4a7425f09d375c6390" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.96ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\mathbf {E} _{\omega }}"></span> hadlardan tashqari hammasini eʼtibordan qoldirishimiz mumkin : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} \simeq \varepsilon _{0}\left(\chi ^{(1)}+3\chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\right)\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} \simeq \varepsilon _{0}\left(\chi ^{(1)}+3\chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\right)\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5da1b990a4eeffde44ca0e506fbed2ce47b7ae31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:38.603ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} \simeq \varepsilon _{0}\left(\chi ^{(1)}+3\chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2}\right)\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}"></span></dd></dl> <p>bu qutblanish va toʻlqinning elektr maydonining chiziqli boʻlmagan sezuvchanlikning qoʻshimcha hadi oʻrtasidagi chiziqli munosabatni, tashqi maydon amplitudasining kvadratiga proporsionalligini hisobga olishga oʻxshayd. </p><p>Izotrop muhitlar (masalan, suyuqliklar) uchun, sezuvchanlikning bunday induksiyalangan oʻzgarishi, sinish koʻrsatkichining elektr maydon yoʻnalishi boʻyicha oʻzgarishiga olib keladi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta n=\lambda _{0}K|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta n=\lambda _{0}K|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bbacef4bd4331e539a1df3dc9fbfa9c836c73d6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.711ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta n=\lambda _{0}K|\mathbf {E} _{0}|^{2},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>bu yerda λ 0 — vakuumdagi toʻlqin uzunligi va K — muhit uchun Kerr doimiysi .Muhidga qoʻllanilgangan elekrt maydon taʼsirida, shu maydon yoʻnalishiga parallel boʻlgan yoʻnalishda muhitda nurning ikki marta sinishi yuzaga keladi. Shunday qilib, koʻndalang maydonga ega boʻlgan Kerr katakchasi oʻzgaruvchan toʻlqin plastinasi sifatida, undan oʻtadigan toʻlqinning polarizatsiya tekisligini aylantira oladi. Polarizatorlar bilan birgalikda u toʻsiq yoki modulyator sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin. </p><p>K qiymati muhitga bogʻliq boʻlib, u suv uchun taxminan 9,4 × 10 −14 m V −2 va nitrobenzol uchun esa 4,4 × 10 −12 m V −2 ni tashkil qiladi. </p><p>Kristallar uchun muhitning sezgirligi odatda tenzor shaklini boʻlgani sabab, Kerr effekti bu tensozning modifikatsiyasini keltirib chiqaradi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optik_Kerr_effekti">Optik Kerr effekti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Optik Kerr effekti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Optik Kerr effekti"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optik yoki oʻzgaruvchan Kerr effektida, muhitdagi kuchli yorugʻlik nurinng oʻzi tashqi maydon ehtiyojisiz modulyatsiya qiluvchi elektr maydonini yaratishi mumkin. Bu holda elektr maydoni quyidagicha ifodalanadi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28449bf85358359236812f79903a682248248b4c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.107ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t),}"></span></dd></dl> <p>bu yerda <b>E</b> <sub>ō</sub> — toʻlqin amplitudasi. </p><p>Bu ifodani qutblanish tenglamasiga qoʻyib va faqat chiziqli hadlar, hamda χ<sup>(3)</sup> | <b>E</b> <sub>ō</sub> | <sup>3</sup> hadlarni hisobga olamiz: <sup id="cite_ref-New2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>81–82</span></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} \simeq \varepsilon _{0}\left(\chi ^{(1)}+{\frac {3}{4}}\chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2}\right)\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} \simeq \varepsilon _{0}\left(\chi ^{(1)}+{\frac {3}{4}}\chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2}\right)\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/25b4ef0f5064d2408bc064a0383f412144b051b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:40.286ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} \simeq \varepsilon _{0}\left(\chi ^{(1)}+{\frac {3}{4}}\chi ^{(3)}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2}\right)\mathbf {E} _{\omega }\cos(\omega t).}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Avvalgidek, bu qoʻshimcha chiziqli boʻlmagan hadga ega boʻlgan, chiziqli sezgirlikka oʻxshaydi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi =\chi _{\mathrm {LIN} }+\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }=\chi ^{(1)}+{\frac {3\chi ^{(3)}}{4}}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi =\chi _{\mathrm {LIN} }+\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }=\chi ^{(1)}+{\frac {3\chi ^{(3)}}{4}}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c6c5422557c804caed42e303a8c8ddf38027fd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:37.403ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi =\chi _{\mathrm {LIN} }+\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }=\chi ^{(1)}+{\frac {3\chi ^{(3)}}{4}}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>hamda: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=(1+\chi )^{1/2}=\left(1+\chi _{\mathrm {LIN} }+\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }\right)^{1/2}\simeq n_{0}\left(1+{\frac {1}{2{n_{0}}^{2}}}\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>χ</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≃</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=(1+\chi )^{1/2}=\left(1+\chi _{\mathrm {LIN} }+\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }\right)^{1/2}\simeq n_{0}\left(1+{\frac {1}{2{n_{0}}^{2}}}\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35d6aa44b225fdd4696d89356ccbc541fdafe304" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:60.203ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=(1+\chi )^{1/2}=\left(1+\chi _{\mathrm {LIN} }+\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }\right)^{1/2}\simeq n_{0}\left(1+{\frac {1}{2{n_{0}}^{2}}}\chi _{\mathrm {NL} }\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>bu yerda <i>n</i> <sub>0</sub> = (1 + ch <sub>LIN</sub>) <sup>1/2</sup> chiziqli sindirish koʻrsatkichi. Teylor formulasidan foydalanib, X<sub>NL</sub> << <i>n</i> <sub>0</sub> <sup>2</sup> boʻlgani uchun, bu <i>sinishi koʻsatkichining</i> (IDRI) intensivlikga bogʻliqligini beradi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=n_{0}+{\frac {3\chi ^{(3)}}{8n_{0}}}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2}=n_{0}+n_{2}I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=n_{0}+{\frac {3\chi ^{(3)}}{8n_{0}}}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2}=n_{0}+n_{2}I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e30b670ec1193ce28f94fc65f8348419bd105ad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:32.938ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=n_{0}+{\frac {3\chi ^{(3)}}{8n_{0}}}|\mathbf {E} _{\omega }|^{2}=n_{0}+n_{2}I}"></span></dd></dl> <p>bu yerda <i>n</i> <sub>2</sub> — chiziqli boʻlmagan ikkinchi tartibli sinish koʻsatkichi, <i>I</i> — toʻlqin intensivligi. Shunday qilib, sinishi koʻsatkichining oʻzgarishi, muhitdan oʻtuvchi yorugʻlik intensivligiga proportsionaldir. </p><p>Koʻpgina materiallar uchun <i>n</i> <sub>2</sub> qiymati nisbatan kichik, odatiy shishalar uchun 10 <sup>−20</sup> m <sup>2</sup> Vt <sup>−1</sup> ga teng. Shunday qilib, oʻzgaruvchan tokli Kerr effekti orqali sinishi koʻrsatkichida sezilarli oʻzgarish yaratish uchun, 1 GVt sm <sup>-2</sup> (masalan, lazerlar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan) yorugʻlik intensivligi (nurlanish) kerak boʻladi. </p><p>Optik Kerr effekti fazali oʻz-oʻzini modulyatsiya qilishdir, yaʼni yorugʻlikning muhitdan o;tganda, uning faza va impulsining chastotali siljishini oʻz-oʻzidan induktsiyalantiish. Ushbu jarayonni <a href="/wiki/Yorug%CA%BBlik_dispersiyasi" title="Yorugʻlik dispersiyasi">dispersiya</a> bilan birga optik solitonlar yaratish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. </p><p>Fazoviy jihatdan, muhitdagi kuchli yorugʻlik nurlari, shu nur intensivligining koʻndalang suratini taqlid qiluvchi muhitning sinishi koʻsatkichining oʻzgarishini hosil qiladi. Misol uchun, Gauss nuri, linzadagi gradientli sinish koʻrsatkichining profiliga oʻxshash, sinish koʻrsatkichining Gauss profilni hosil qiladi. Bu nurning fokuslanishiga olib keladi, bu <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBz-o%CA%BBzini_yo%CA%BBnaltirish" title="Oʻz-oʻzini yoʻnaltirish">oʻz-oʻzini fokuslash</a> deb nomlanuvchi hodisa. </p><p>Nur oʻz-oʻzidan fokuslanganda, intensivlikning eng yuqori koʻrsatkichi oshib boradi, bu esa oʻz-oʻzidan fokuslanishning kuchayishiga olib keladi. Nurning oʻz-oʻzini fokuslashiga, intensivlik juda yuqori boʻlganda, muhim boʻlgan <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фотоэлектрохимические процессы (sahifa yaratilmagan)">multifotonli ionlashuv</a> kabi chiziqli boʻlmagan affektlar nomaʼlum muddatga toʻsqinlik qiladi. Oʻz-oʻzidan fokuslangan nuqtaning intensivligi maʼlum bir qiymatdan oshganda, muhit kuchli lokal optik maydon bilan ionlanadi. Bu tarqaladigan yorugʻlik nurini yoʻqotib, sinish koʻrsatkichinini pasaytiradi. Keyin tarqalish bir qator takroriy fokuslash va defokuslash bosqichlari sifatida sodir boʻladi <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qoʻllanishi"><span id="Qo.CA.BBllanishi"></span>Qoʻllanishi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Qoʻllanishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Qoʻllanishi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektro-optik_modulyatorlarda">Elektro-optik modulyatorlarda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Elektro-optik modulyatorlarda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Elektro-optik modulyatorlarda"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektro-optik effekt, optik tolali texnologiyasida optik signallarning intensivligini elektr modulyatsiya qilish uchun ishlatiladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lazerlarda_rejimni_qulflash">Lazerlarda rejimni qulflash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Lazerlarda rejimni qulflash" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Lazerlarda rejimni qulflash"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kerr effektiga asoslangan <a href="/wiki/Lazer" title="Lazer">lazerda</a> tezkor modlar sinxronizatsiyasini amalga oshirish imkoniyati mavjud. Kerr muhitidagi nur <a href="/wiki/Umov_poynting_vektori" title="Umov poynting vektori">intensivligi</a> koʻndalang (masalan, Gauss) intensivlik taqsimotiga ega boʻlsin. bundan kelib chiqadiki, nurning markazidagi intensivligi formula boʻyicha <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>w</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}"></span> radiusli nur oʻqidan <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span> masofadan koʻra kattaroq boʻladi : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=n_{o}+n_{2}I,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>I</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=n_{o}+n_{2}I,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e153cb04310686995250eec6571ae6171e49d998" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.025ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=n_{o}+n_{2}I,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>va shuning uchun sindirish koʻrsatkichida chiziqli boʻlmagan <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/957caf97b0edee56d65cb0f5043e05125ba0ebe9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.443ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta n}"></span> oʻzgarish mavjud . <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r/w)^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>w</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r/w)^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38ca6a5a83f5da5074e81ae9a8bfba50b98a1b46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.739ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r/w)^{2}}"></span> funksiyani yoyib chiqqandagi birinchi yaqinlashishda, faza siljishini <img typeof="mw:Extension/math" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;math&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;r/w&quot;}}" about="#mwt23361041" class="mwe-math-element" id="10"> parametri orqali <a href="/wiki/Parabola_(chiziq)" title="Parabola (chiziq)">parabolik funksiya</a> jihatidan tasvirlanishi mumkin, bu Kerr muhitida <a href="/wiki/Linza" title="Linza">ikki tomonlama qavariq linzaning</a> taʼsiriga teng. Nurning intensivligi qanchalik katta boʻlsa, u shunchalik koʻp fokuslanadi va natijada masofa ortishi bilan kamroq yoʻqotishlarni boshdan kechiradi. Agar bu yoʻqotishlar lazer rezonatorida toʻgʻri taqsimlangan boʻlsa, passiv modlar sinxronizatsiyasini olish mumkin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yana_qarang">Yana qarang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Yana qarang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Yana qarang"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kerr katakchasi</li> <li>Pockel effekti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faradey_effekti" title="Faradey effekti">Faraday effekti</a></li> <li>Oʻz fazali modulyatsiya</li> <li>Chiziqsiz optika</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Физическая_энциклопедия-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Физическая_энциклопедия_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Физическая_энциклопедия_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Физическая_энциклопедия_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://femto.com.ua/articles/part_1/1597.html">Opisanie effekta Kerra v fizicheskoy ensiklopedii</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-New2011_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGeoffrey_New2011-04-07">Geoffrey New<i>. Introduction to Nonlinear Optics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2011-04-07. 978-1-139-50076-0.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Nonlinear+Optics&rft.aulast=Geoffrey+New&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Dharmadhikari, A. K. (2008). "Visualization of focusing–refocusing cycles during filamentation in BaF<sub>2</sub>". <i>Applied Physics B</i> <b>94</b> (2): 259. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00340-008-3317-7">10.1007/s00340-008-3317-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Visualization+of+focusing%E2%80%93refocusing+cycles+during+filamentation+in+BaF%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+B&rft.aulast=Dharmadhikari&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft.au=Dharmadhikari%2C%26%2332%3BA.+K.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00340-008-3317-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kerra_effekti"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adabiyotlar">Adabiyotlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Adabiyotlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Adabiyotlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prohorov A. M. Fizik ensiklopedik lugʻat. Sovet ensiklopediyasi. 1983 — 280 -, 928- betlar.</li> <li>Sivuhin D. V. Umumiy fizika kursi. — M. — T. IV. Optika.</li> <li>Zvelto O. Lazerlar prinsipi. Lan,2008 — 404 -, 719- betlar.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Havolalar">Havolalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Havolalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Havolalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kerra effekti-Katta sovet entsiklopediyasidan maqola. Y. E. Svetlov tomonidan.</li> <li>Fizik entsiklopediyada Kerr effektining tavsifi</li> <li>Laboratoriya ishlarida Kerr taʼsirining nazariy tavsifi</li> <li>Kerr ishining tavsifi, Kerr effekti va boshqa effektlarning tavsifi</li> <li>Dastlabki televizordagi Kerr katakchalari (Kerr katakchalari haqidagi dastlabki maqolalarni koʻrish uchun sahifani pastga aylantiring.)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""><pre>"<a dir="ltr" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&oldid=5231111">https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&oldid=5231111</a>" dan olindi </pre></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:Categories" title="Maxsus:Categories">Turkum</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:Effektlar_haqidagi_maqolalar" title="Turkum:Effektlar haqidagi maqolalar">Effektlar haqidagi maqolalar</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Bu sahifa oxirgi marta 2024-yil 24-sentyabr, 04:10 da tahrir qilingan.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Matn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ru">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike litsenziyasi</a> boʻyicha ommalashtirilmoqda, alohida holatlarda qoʻshimcha shartlar amal qilishi mumkin (<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">batafsil</a>).</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Maxfiylik siyosati</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Haqida">Vikipediya haqida</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Mas%CA%BCuliyatdan_voz_kechish">Masʼuliyatdan voz kechish</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dasturchilar</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/uz.wikipedia.org">Statistika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie bayonoti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//uz.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerra_effekti&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobil versiya</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-lkpjs","wgBackendResponseTime":473,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.110","walltime":"0.252","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1224,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":5644,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1628,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":6181,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 70.959 1 -total"," 93.95% 66.663 1 Andoza:Manbalar"," 42.43% 30.105 1 Andoza:Cite_journal"," 35.93% 25.498 1 Andoza:Citation/core"," 26.50% 18.803 1 Andoza:Kitob_manbasi"," 20.04% 14.223 1 Andoza:Replace"," 16.19% 11.489 1 Andoza:Citation/identifier"," 6.62% 4.700 2 Andoza:Hide_in_print"," 4.45% 3.158 1 Andoza:Citation/make_link"," 4.05% 2.872 1 Andoza:Rp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.003","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":629206,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-lkpjs","timestamp":"20241128095055","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kerra effekti","url":"https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kerra_effekti","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q883038","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q883038","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2023-06-07T16:19:30Z","dateModified":"2024-09-24T04:10:18Z"}</script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Kerra effekti - Vikipediya