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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Silvio Berlusconi: Television, Power and Patrimony - Paul Ginsborg - Google Libros</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_c5f9cd9e241b1329c3ee374578edd3c4/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_c5f9cd9e241b1329c3ee374578edd3c4__es.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Silvio_Berlusconi.html?hl=es&id=YTFIetz-CC8C"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/Silvio_Berlusconi.html?hl=es&id=YTFIetz-CC8C"/><meta name="title" content="Silvio Berlusconi"/><meta name="description" content="Silvio Berlusconi, a self-made man with a taste for luxurious living, owner of a huge television empire and the politician who likened a German MEP to a Nazi concentration camp guard—small wonder that much of democratic Europe and America has responded with considerable dismay and disdain to his governance of Italy.Paul Ginsborg, contemporary Italy’s foremost historian, explains here why we should take Berlusconi seriously. His new book combines historical narrative–Berlusconi’s childhood in the dynamic and paternalist Milanese bourgeoisie, his strict religious schooling, a working life which has encompassed crooning, large construction projects and the creation of a commercial television empire–with careful analysis of Berlusconi’s political development.While highlighting the particular italianita of Berlusconi’s trajectory, Ginsborg also finds international tendencies, such as the distorted relationship between the media system and politics. 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As of yet , there has been no theorisation of \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e project from the ranks of the Italian centre - right . He lacks a Giovanni Gentile , the distinguished philosopher who became Mussolini\u0026#39;s Minister of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA3","page_number":"3","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e speeches which cover the period 1994-2000 , one is struck by how much space is dedicated therein to the concept of liberty , and how little to that of democracy . The liberty that \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e has in mind is prevalently\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA12","page_number":"12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e can be read as the story of one part of the Milanese bourgeoisie , dynamic , parvenu and without a sense of limit , as it gains ascendancy over the other , and in the end transforms it . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was born on the city\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA13","page_number":"13","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e family chose exit rather than loyalty.3 After the war Silvio\u0026#39;s parents sent him to a boarding college run by the priests of the Salesian order , the Sant\u0026#39;Ambrogio in Via Copernico , near the central station . Theirs was an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was never going to be a Christian Democrat , an Aldo Moro or Giulio Andreotti , figures who combined intense personal ambition with profound religious conviction and who were the dominant force in reshaping Italy in these\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e rise to fame , was also to try his hand at a singing career . He , like \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , was endowed with considerable charm , and even recorded one or two 45s . But neither of them had any lasting success in this field . It is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e enrolled at the State University of Milan , where he studied Law . Murdoch went to Oxford to read , nominally , history . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e father asked his son to maintain himself while at university , which he did in a variety\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e . His problem was not a shortage of imagination or determination , but a chronic lack of initial capital . For the first four blocks of flats he constructed , in via Alciati ( 1961-62 ) , he persuaded the head of his father\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA18","page_number":"18","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e planned a complex of apartment buildings to accommodate approximately 4,000 people . He founded a new company , Edilnord S.p.a , and sought sponsors for his project . The Rasini bank supported him again , but the other\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e regarded it as an amusing optional extra , but it was to be the beginning of his television empire . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e is fond of recalling how difficult the completion of. 13 \u0026#39; Milano da bere \u0026#39; was an advertising slogan for an after\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , published in 1995 , the journalist Giuseppe Fiori listed his subject\u0026#39;s principal character traits . 16 He paid tribute to \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e courage , talent , and creativity , his optimism and exceptional work capacity , his\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e television holding company , more than twenty years before it started producing a minimum of \u0026#39; socially responsible advertising \u0026#39; amongst the tens of thousands of advertising spots that it broadcasts regularly . 19 However\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e sources of capital and partners were , legally speaking , clearly visible . For Milano 2 they are buried in a jungle of purely nominal ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e . 21 The interview , of 21 May 1992 , is 22 SILVIO \u003cb\u003eBERLUSCONI\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA23","page_number":"23","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was just finishing as Dell\u0026#39;Utri began , and the latter , lonely and rather intimidated by the great northern capital , was always to be grateful to \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e for his instant friendship . The relationship was not as profound\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e could pardon dishonesty but not stupidity . 24 In 1974 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e took a symbolic step of some significance , one that was to play a central part in the construction of his image . He bought the great and beautiful eighteenth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e own principal lawyer . He was rapidly to become the third in the troika of leading personalities in the \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e entourage , the other two being Confalonieri and Dell\u0026#39;Utri . 26 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e intended to make Arcore his\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e contacted Marcello Dell\u0026#39;Utri to offer him the position of factotum with special responsibility for its renovation . Dell\u0026#39;Utri , who after graduating had worked in a series of banks in Palermo , accepted willingly . Sometime\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e family , which took up residence there in the second half of the 1970s . As often happens , extreme luxury offered no guarantee of domestic tranquillity . In 1980 , at the age of fourty - four , \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e fell in love\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e entourage . The two children of the first marriage were to work closely with their father in Fininvest , which in 1984 became the overall name for \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e group of companies.2 Marina in particular soon demonstrated many\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e political convic- tions . Even if he was not a leading member of the lodge , he must have been aware of its overall aims . The lodge\u0026#39;s anti - Communism , its ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e character . It inspired 32 SILVIO \u003cb\u003eBERLUSCONI\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e . \u0026#39; \u0026quot; This symbiotic relationship with the medium of television is fundamental to our understanding of the man . Another strong motive for his change of direction was that commercial television offered an unprecedented\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA34","page_number":"34","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e . By 1984 the men were firm friends , with Craxi agreeing to be the godfather ( compare ) of Barbara , the child born out of wedlock to \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e and Veronica Lario . No Christian Democrat leader would have considered such a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA35","page_number":"35","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e - he was a more accomplished showman – but the Italian\u0026#39;s was more soundly based . Tapie compèred programmes on television , \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e bought up the television stations themselves . Structural conditions in Italy were on his\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA37","page_number":"37","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e television stations to be partially blacked out . Their argument was very simple . The ruling of the Constitutional Court in 1976 made provision for local but not national commercial broadcasting , and \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e three\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e built up was profoundly American in character , and was to have a conspicuous effect upon the cultural life of the nation . It is worth describing in detail . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e organised the programming of his channels substan\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA42","page_number":"42","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e own . Cartoons like The Smurfs , with their ecological emphasis , or The Simpsons , which highlights losers rather than winners in American life , could in no way be considered \u0026#39; organic \u0026#39; to \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e project.25 At this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e channels.27 Nor was its formula copied by them . On the other hand , Mediaset\u0026#39;s programmes were heavily sexually oriented , in a lecherous way that stopped just short of nudity . Every middle - aged compère was , and still\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e made the most of his chances . His rivals in early commercial television , Rusconi and Mondadori , were both major owners of print media , with considerable experience selling advertis- ing space to firms . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e soon\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA46","page_number":"46","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e at the piano . It was a far cry from the queue outside colonel Fiore\u0026#39;s office at Sipra . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e issued precise instructions to his team of salesmen . They were , like him , to have the \u0026#39; sun in their pockets \u0026#39; , to exude\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA51","page_number":"51","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e three channels . The combination produced a deeply conformist , repetitive and uncritically consumer - oriented television system pumped out not just from 2001 , when \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e won political power in a decisive fashion\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA52","page_number":"52","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was careful not to exclude the stars and starlets of the RAI , and to offer accurate information on the ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e most implacable critics until his death in July 2001 , at the age of ninety - two . Il Giornale is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA53","page_number":"53","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e decided to buy up the ailing club . It belonged , so he said , to \u0026#39; the sphere of affections \u0026#39; , not to that of economic calculation . 45 He hesitated a long time before making the purchase . He was afraid of being seen as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA55","page_number":"55","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e language , and the name of his political party , Forza Italia ( \u0026#39; go for it , Italy ! \u0026#39; ) derives from the chanting of the fans of Italy\u0026#39;s national team . Soccer was Italy\u0026#39;s \u0026#39; deep play \u0026#39; . 50 It was an abiding passion\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA57","page_number":"57","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e would never have been Italy\u0026#39;s Prime Minister . By the beginning of the 1990s , \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e had every reason to be content with his lot . Not only was he Italy\u0026#39;s outstanding businessman , but he was protected , even cosseted\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA60","page_number":"60","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , but the two men had very little in common , except perhaps their love of the city in which they both worked . Indeed , they represented two different parts of the Milanese bourgeoisie , and projected two diametrically\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA62","page_number":"62","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e stepped . By doing so , he attempted what no other media magnate had ever done before him : to unite very significant media ownership to national political power ; furthermore in one of the largest and richest of modern\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA63","page_number":"63","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e Fininvest had moved dangerously and suddenly into debt . His was not the only media empire to find itself in trouble in these years . Rupert Murdoch , too , went through the stickiest patch of his long career in 1990–91\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA64","page_number":"64","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e had increased his turnover fivefold , but his debts had grown twelvefold in the same period , and his ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e commercial television empire untouched was certainly an open one . Last but not least , it was not\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA65","page_number":"65","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e and his closest advisors . Two of them , Fedele Confalonieri and Gianni Letta , a suave and moderate ex - journalist who was to try and mend many bridges in the coming years , were against any political initiatives . Marcello\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA66","page_number":"66","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e allied himself with two very different forces of the Italian Right . One was the Northern League . The other was the Movimento Sociale Italiano ( MSI ) , a party which sought its identity in the Fascist past and which was led\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , when coupled with his whirlwind entry into politics , made for a very unequal competition . The progressive Alliance of the centre - left , led by Achille Occhetto , never really understood what had hit it . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA68","page_number":"68","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was confident that he could persuade a handful of senators to change sides , and that he had the numbers with which to govern . His own party , Forza Italia , had gained 21 percent of the vote , much less than his pollsters\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA69","page_number":"69","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e first government started well enough . At the June elections for the European parliament , Forza Italia increased its share of the vote to 30.6 percent . AC Milan won the European Cup . Soon , however , the fragility of his\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA70","page_number":"70","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e himself was drawn into the Clean Hands enquiries . On 22 November 1994 , while he was presiding over a United Nations \u0026#39; international conference on ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e first experience of high office 70 SILVIO \u003cb\u003eBERLUSCONI\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , refused to call fresh elections . Instead , he instituted an interim \u0026#39; presidential government \u0026#39; under \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e former Treasury Minister , Lamberto Dini . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e himself complained bitterly : \u0026#39; Democracy itself is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA72","page_number":"72","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e in much of the North . Without the support of the League in Lombardy , Veneto and Piedmont , he could no longer aspire to that almost clean sweep ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was \u0026#39; unfit to govern Italy \u0026#39; for a second 72 SILVIO \u003cb\u003eBERLUSCONI\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA73","page_number":"73","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , knew anything. 17 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , \u0026#39; Quell\u0026#39;attacco dei giudici che ha cambiato la storia \u0026#39; , Corriere della Sera , 21 October 2001. He added that the Notice of Guarantee was \u0026#39; the last of a series of public intimidations\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA74","page_number":"74","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e - he and his family had often received gifts of money , watches and jewels from \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e admitted that he ( Sciascia ) knew what was going on , and that so too did Silvio\u0026#39;s younger brother , Paolo \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA75","page_number":"75","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e and his five children . \u0026#39;19 When it was his turn to be interrogated Paolo \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e immediately admitted that he knew that monies were being paid , but that the Financial Police had threatened him with \u0026#39; an unjustified\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA76","page_number":"76","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e . They duly sent him the famous Notice of Guarantee on 22 November 1994 , as required by the Code of Penal Procedure of 1989 , informing him of the fact that he was now formally under investigation . Besides Berruti\u0026#39;s visit\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA79","page_number":"79","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , but since the charges referred to incidents of nearly ten years previously , and since \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e could benefit from a number of \u0026#39; general extenuating circumstances \u0026#39; , the statute of limi- tations came into play . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA82","page_number":"82","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e refused to negotiate , claiming later that his children had prevented him from selling up . This may have been true , but he knew full well that he needed both political and media power if he was going to survive . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA83","page_number":"83","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e position , it was hardly an honourable way of clearing one\u0026#39;s name , but there was every chance of it being an effective one . At the same time , the \u0026#39; organic intellectuals \u0026#39; of \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e tele- vision channels - those\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA84","page_number":"84","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was the innocent victim of a monstrous plot . A second , crucial area of retrenchment concerned the economic bases of \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e empire . As we have seen , by 1994 Fininvest was in deep trouble . Excessive and precipitate\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA85","page_number":"85","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e boast that he never got rid of anything . By 2001 , the empire was back in good economic shape . It had not acquired a European dimension , and some of its owner\u0026#39;s deepest ambitions , such as to control the cycle of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA87","page_number":"87","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e realised that he could not do without the League . Giulio Tremonti , who was to become his Treasury ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e wishes . 2. The centre - left Between 1996 and 2001 , Silvio \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e came in from the cold , but he\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA90","page_number":"90","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e where he wanted him . A weak and partially discredited leader of the opposition , with a very shaky legal record , was infinitely preferable to a new man with a clean bill , like the capable and popular Gianfranco Fini . Much\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA91","page_number":"91","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e in 1996 was fractious and heterogeneous . Most of those who were in the centre of the centre - left came from a Christian Democrat past . They were opposed to taking any determined meas- ures , either of a judicial nature\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA94","page_number":"94","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was once again very much the front runner . His programme was a strong and simple one : decrease taxation , streamline the state admin- istration , provide public works for the southern un- and under- employed ; establish\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA95","page_number":"95","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e had an overwhelming presence on his own channels , and a broad parity with the opposition on those of the RAI.19 To personalise the campaign , \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e insisted that his should be the only face on Forza Italia\u0026#39;s hoardings\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e himself , through his joke - telling and clowning at inter- national meetings , his perpetual smile and ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e harbours ambitions for personal and charismatic control of the modern democratic State . Such\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA109","page_number":"109","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e . They are neat , well turned - out , sporting , joking , computerised , pro- American , globe - trotting , business - oriented and privatised . They are , to use an Italian expression , profoundly per bene , in the sense of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA110","page_number":"110","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , then , is not just President of the Council of Ministers . Ensconsed in his magnificent eighteenth - century villa of Arcore , he also presides over the imagination of a consistent segment of the nation ; not just those who\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA113","page_number":"113","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e or one of his ministers appears , to say something at greater length . There then follows the cronaca , mainly a series of depressing incidents and fatalities of varying nature . The Pope is given a ritual few minutes and it\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA114","page_number":"114","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e pluralism appears of uncertain quality . It was he who intervened directly in April 2002 , from Bulgaria of all places , to announce that three major dissenting ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , Venice 1994 2003 . 114 SILVIO \u003cb\u003eBERLUSCONI\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA117","page_number":"117","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was frequently referred to as the Sun around which the planets of his closest collaborators revolved . 33 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e , writes Ferrara , is \u0026#39; a patrimonial conception of the State , in which public and private are\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , Head of the government and able winner of so many things , perhaps it\u0026#39;s time for another equine statue . It could be of bronze or of marble ... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e smile and the question of his femininity 124 SILVIO \u003cb\u003eBERLUSCONI\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e stature , you have to have , metaphorically speaking , exceptional sexual equipment . He makes it clear that he is not one to wear the \u0026#39; horns \u0026#39; of the cuckold . If anything , he will be the cuckolder , the giver of horns\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA126","page_number":"126","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e adds that he had previously seduced his client\u0026#39;s secretary so as to know what train he was taking and where he was going to sit . 53 ~ Of a different quality , but still very much part of a long - standing cultural tradition\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e refusal to distinguish between private and public interests , his concept of liberty as the individual\u0026#39;s freedom from interference , his champi- oning of private interests in areas previously the prerogative of the State\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , it is difficult to maintain that he has a charismatic effect upon those he encounters . Mussolini , in other words , fits more closely a Weberian idea of a genuinely charismatic figure , that is a personality \u0026#39; set apart\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e conflict of interests may take . On 12 February , \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , in his role of Prime Minister , entertained Rupert Murdoch at the Palazzo Grazioli in Rome . Present , too , was Fedele Confalonieri , \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e oldest\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , the RAI is securely anti - \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , and so is a significant part of the media . In America as well , press and television are against George W.Bush . But in any case , at the end of the day people make up their own\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA147","page_number":"147","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e government ever more determined to carry through a radical reform of the judicial system . That it needs reforming is beyond doubt , for it is one of the slowest and least efficient in Europe . In addition , the prison system\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA148","page_number":"148","snippet_text":"Television, Power and Patrimony Paul Ginsborg. \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e himself immediately took over the reins of the Foreign Office . For most of the rest of the year , until he ceded the post to Franco Frattini of Forza Italia , \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e worked\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA149","page_number":"149","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e government well . But with the approach of war , not even his formidable domestic propaganda machine could mask the contradictions of his policy . His subservient relationship with Bush , and Italy\u0026#39;s long - standing\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA150","page_number":"150","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e domestic ability for swift manoeuvre and high risk - taking have not transferred themselves easily to the international stage . ~ With regard to Europe , the discourse is rather different . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e would like to change\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA151","page_number":"151","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e are in close agreement . So , too , are the Spanish Christian Democrats , ably represented over the past years by José María Aznar . \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e would like to forge a new axis , British and Mediterranean , to counter the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA152","page_number":"152","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e and Dell\u0026#39;Utri\u0026#39;s European parlia- mentary immunity had not reached the Assembly . It was provoca- tive but legitimate stuff , and an experienced politician would have parried it without difficulty . Not \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e . With an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA153","page_number":"153","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e ; the Spanish with 51 percent for Chirac , 50 percent for Schroeder , 48 percent for Blair and 17 percent for \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e ; and finally the British , no lovers of Continental politicians , with 19 percent for Schroeder , 16\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA154","page_number":"154","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e interview with Boris Johnson and Nicholas Farrell of The Spectator , published in two instalments on 6 and 13 September 2003. \u0026#39; Musso- lini \u0026#39; , said \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , \u0026#39; did not murder anyone \u0026#39; . His was a \u0026#39; benign dictatorship\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA155","page_number":"155","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; clarification \u0026#39; followed : \u0026#39; I did not intend to revalue Mussolini but simply , as an Italian , I did not accept the comparison [ made by the interviewer ] between my country and the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein , which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e mould , speaks the rhetoric of decisiveness . It combines the business culture of Forza Italia with the lingering authoritarianism of the National Alliance . Decisions are there to be taken , swiftly , with no nonsense\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e own face - lift has successfully concealed . The political culture of Forza Italia , \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e continues , is liberal , Catholic , social and popular , but he cannot resist making a semi- favourable reference to Fascism as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA179","page_number":"179","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e was found not guilty on three counts , but on the crucial one that concerning the half - a - million dollars used to corrupt Judge Squillante the court did not find \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e innocent , but ruled that the statute of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA182","page_number":"182","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e and his friend Vladimir Putin as two notable menaces to the freedom of mass communication : I have to state here and now that I am leaving the OECD after six years , taking with me an uncomfortable memory . In certain of our\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA188","page_number":"188","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , started to exercise carefully controlled mediatic dominion . Television and newspaper journalists were sacked ; and for those who remained , self - censorship became the order of the day . His own weekly radio programme\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA191","page_number":"191","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , Antonietta 12 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , Barbara 29 , 34 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , Eleonora 29 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , Luigi 12-3 , 29 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , Maria Elvira ( Marina ) 25 , 29 , 112 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , Paolo 12 , 75 , 78-9 \u003cb\u003eBerlusconi\u003c/b\u003e , Pier Silvio ( Dudi ) 25\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.es/books?id=YTFIetz-CC8C\u0026pg=PA191\u0026dq=berlusconi\u0026hl=es"}],"search_query_escaped":"berlusconi"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>