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Global Health Security: Strengthening Laboratory and Surveillance Networks – Epidemiology
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id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-75" class="post-75 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-global-health tag-disease-surveillance tag-epidemiology tag-field-epidemiology-training-programs tag-global-disease-monitoring tag-global-health-security tag-global-health-security-agenda tag-infectious-diseases tag-laboratory-networks tag-outbreak-response tag-public-health-infrastructure" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://epidemiology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-24-min-scaled-e1730178573142.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Global Health Security: Strengthening Laboratory and Surveillance Networks</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-29T10:39:44+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 29, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://epidemiology.blog/archive/author/epidemiology/" title="View all posts by epidemiology" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">epidemiology</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With the increased interconnectedness of countries today whose people, animals, and goods move across borders, this has acted as the main cause of the spread of diseases across the world. The Ebola epidemic, the COVID-19 pandemic, and many other emerging diseases have knocked on the health systems around the world. These events point towards the fact that laboratory and surveillance networks form an essential and strong part of global health security. These networks are the foundation of the detection, response, and prevention of diseases throughout the world. Generally, building up laboratory systems and surveillance systems not only helps increase a country’s capability of combating health threats and responding to public health crises but also promotes international initiatives in the prevention, early detection, and effective control of potential public health threats at their root. Thus, laboratory infection control and integration in combination with the guarantee of surveillance, which is increasingly relevant amid the ongoing globalization and the appearance of new modes of disease transmission, require constant and significant investments in laboratory infrastructures.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Global health security is, as defined, the measures to safeguard human society from significant health risks from communicable diseases, bioterrorism or other diseases, and natural disasters. This security, however, requires the ability to speed up the identification as well as monitoring of diseases as one of the central tenets of achieving it. Labs and surveillance systems are the leading stakeholders in this field since they enable the overall health agencies to track diseases, swiftly recognize the episodes, and evaluate the effects of the intervention. However, more issues arise when it comes to laboratory and surveillance networks. Another challenge involves ensuring that these nascent networks are well funded, interconnected, and capable of servicing the increasingly devastated world population that is constantly in touch through this global village.</span></p> <h4><b>The Role of Laboratory Networks in Global Health Security</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Laboratories are largely involved in the diagnosis of various diseases, including communicable types. A healthy laboratory system in place will help health officials identify the causative agents early enough to facilitate a proper response to a health outbreak. A well-staffed public health system must be able to quickly identify, diagnose, and track diseases in the population. As in the last few decades, collaborations have been aimed at the development and enhancement of laboratory capacities that may lack diagnostic capacities. Such prevention measures have been important, especially in low- and middle-income countries where reagents required for laboratory testing could be expensive or scarce.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is a dependency between the effectiveness of laboratory networks and training standards and channel resources available. Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETPs) and other such exercises have played an important role in building the capacity in terms of personnel. required for undertaking field epidemiology and laboratory work. These programs are aimed at providing local PH workers knowledge on how to handle epidemic-prone ailments, including acquiring samples, processing the collected samples, testing, and even reporting. That is why any programs that help to prepare more professionals for this sphere are beneficial for the general augmentation of laboratory networks.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Furthermore, enhancing technological development in laboratory networks includes molecular diagnostic and sequencing technology that aids in accurately diagnosing causative agents in cases of infections in a short period. However, there arises a need to support such technologies by making improvements to equipment, laboratories, and training human resources who are supposed to employ these technologies. For instance, in the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa, problems of laboratory capacities were noted, therefore stressing the importance of an effective diagnostic system that can be easily supplemented as an emergency occurs.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://epidemiology.blog/publication-trends/index/global health" target="_blank" title="global health - yearwise publication trends">global health</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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The incidence surveillance systems collate information on the rates of disease, the risk factors, and trends and patterns of spread, and these are important for decision-making among health officials. Such networks rely on other methods of data collection such as passive and active monitoring, sentinel surveillance, as well as community-based reporting systems.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Most of the countries have embarked on the implementation of integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR) that has enhanced reporting. IDSRs have been put in place to monitor trends on key health indicators in real time and help authorities notice trends that may show a new outbreak is on the way. This approach assists in the sense that they are able to give responses to threats to health, and they do it in order and, most importantly, with the correct information.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another huge problem in relation to non-EU surveillance is that of interfaces and interconnectivity of the systems in question across sectors and regions. Diseases have no regard for politics and no geographical barriers, so an outbreak in one area can easily spread to other parts of the world. Hence the predicament necessitates a global approach to surveillance. Multilateral partnerships, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), are ways that encourage countries cooperation focusing on surveillance. These partnerships offer technical support and knowledge exchange as well as pioneering efforts in the creation of a Structure for Reporting All Diseases in order to help strengthen ILI surveillance globally.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another issue is the pressure to exchange data of metabolic information in real-time among laboratories, other healthcare facilities, and public health departments. Surveillance systems rely on the information entered into them, and the passing of information in time is imperative. especially when identifying outbreaks. In recent years, advances in disease surveillance have seen an increased use of digital tools for data collection, analysis, and reporting. Through the m-Health applications, health records, and other similar types of applications, there is a timely exchange of health information, which has enhanced the efficiency of the surveillance networks.</span></p> <h4><b>Strengthening Laboratory and Surveillance Capacities Through International Collaboration</b><b><br /> </b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is a need for increased development and expansion of laboratory and surveillance networks across the international borders. CDC and its partners have exerted tremendous effort to transform health security for the nations of the world by offering their help in terms of training, tools, and knowledge. On this front, one of the major accomplishments has been the development of Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETPs) that impart necessary skills to the local health workforce in the identification and control of threats to public health.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To control and prevent diseases, FETP graduates are usually part of several measures, such as surveillance, laboratory testing, and control of any epidemic disease. These programs make sure that the countries are equipped with human resources trained professionally to respond to these health threats at the right time. Thirdly, FETP graduates sometimes assume leadership roles in their respective countries’s health systems, enhancing the capacity for disease surveillance and response.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The last is a very crucial factor in international cooperation, and one such cooperation is the exchange of laboratories, their equipment, and their experiences. In epidemics, laboratories in resource-poor settings may not be able to deal with the demand for tests from the disease outbreaks. In such a situation, international partnerships can serve in assisting in technical support and procurement of equipment and reagents to enhance the capacity of local laboratories. This was clearly demonstrated during the West Africa Ebola outbreak, where international organizations offered immense lab support to the nations that were affected.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition to disaster and other support programs, international collaborations also aim at developing sustainable laboratory capacities. The Global Health Security Agenda, for instance, assists countries in developing and improving their public health systems through support for laboratory systems, surveillance structures, and human resource capacity. As a result, by investing in these areas, the GHSA seeks to enhance the capacity of countries to prevent, detect, and respond to any health risks.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://epidemiology.blog/recent-publications/index/global health" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="global health - yearwise publication list">global health</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; 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= str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://epidemiology.blog/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "A Comprehensive Guide to Quality Assessment and Data Submission for Genomic Surveillance of Enteric Pathogens.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39235746", "publishedDate": "2025" }, { "title": "Synthesis and antibacterial medicinal evaluation of carbothioamido hydrazonyl thiazolylquinolone with multitargeting antimicrobial potential to combat increasingly global resistance.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944934", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "COVID-19 health information system assessments in eight European countries: identified gaps, best practices and recommendations.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946443", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Characterization of two virulent Salmonella phages and transient application in egg, meat and lettuce safety.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945617", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Frailty progression in adults aged 40 years and older in rural Burkina Faso: a longitudinal, population-based study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945131", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Trametinib boosts palbociclib\\\\\\'s efficacy in breast cancer via autophagy inhibition.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38948022", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Building alternative payment models in health care.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38948085", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and viral hepatitis in Saudi Arabia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946635", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Establishing and clinically validating a machine learning model for predicting unplanned reoperation risk in colorectal cancer.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946868", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Unraveling diarrheal disease knowledge, understanding, and management practices among climate change vulnerable coastal communities in Ghana.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947353", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Unveiling, Analyzing the Mechanisms of, and Proposing Solutions for Bribery in Japan\\\\\\'s Medical Device Sector.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947609", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Assessing Moroccan physician knowledge and practices regarding maternal obesity\\\\\\'s impact on childhood obesity: Implications for prevention and intervention.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947991", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Advances in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by natural plant polysaccharides through regulation of gut microbiota and metabolism: A review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38942411", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Unveiling therapeutic potential: Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in the management of diabetes mellitus, wound healing, and chronic ulcers.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944396", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Overlooked Volcanic Effect during Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Induced by Copper and Zinc.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944351", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Integrating network pharmacology and animal experimental validation to investigate the action mechanism of oleanolic acid in obesity.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38246999", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Lung cancer: a nationwide analysis of sex and age incidence trends from 1980 to 2022.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946288", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Prevalence and Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Early after Stroke.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947016", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Association between machine learning-assisted heavy metal exposures and diabetic kidney disease: a cross-sectional survey and Mendelian randomization analysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947355", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947761", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Global health security","laboratory networks","disease surveillance","epidemiology","public health infrastructure","Field Epidemiology Training Programs","global disease monitoring","outbreak response","infectious diseases","Global Health Security Agenda"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h4><b>Addressing Challenges and Moving Forward</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is also worth noting that there are still important challenges with regard to laboratory and surveillance systems. One of them is the problem of how to achieve sustainable financing of the public health system and infrastructure. Essentially, it is expensive and takes a lot of financial capital to build and sustain good laboratory networks and surveillance systems, and many of these countries lack the financial capacity to support these areas adequately. These efforts are assisted by international funding institutions like the Global Fund and World Bank, but long-term </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sustainable funding models that can enable countries to build and sustain public health are required.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of them is the problem of how to link the laboratory and surveillance networks appropriately. In most countries, laboratory systems and surveillance networks work in a compartmentalized fashion with less integration and cooperation between their counterparts. This lack of integration can slow down the time that it takes to realize that there is an outbreak and slow the response of public health. More connections need to be made between labs and surveillance systems, and information must flow in real-time within a laboratory network to enhance global health security.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Several capacity-building interventions, like Field Epidemiology Training Programs and the Global Health Security Agenda, have well contributed to strengthening laboratories and surveillance. However, more efforts are required to sustain these programs and keep the development going more so to fit the new challenges that arise. Therefore, knowledge of the use of new technologies in laboratories and for analysis by epidemiologists is essential. Also, increases in these programs to additional countries, especially those countries with low health systems, will be crucial to securing global health.</span></p> <h4><b>Conclusion</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Enhancing the capability of laboratories and surveillance systems is an important strategy for global health security. Laboratories are the basis for the identification and evaluation of diseases, while disease surveillance systems monitor the occurrence of infections and produce data for decision-making. Together, these networks are a critical part of the effective prevention, early identification, and handling of public health threats. However, despite these improvements made about the construction of those systems and the emerging efforts to enhance them, key issues towards them have deteriorated in respecting funding, integration, and capacity-building contexts. To achieve positive results in the future, the global community has yielded to continue funding laboratories, expanded surveillance networks, and a skilled workforce.</span></p> <p></p> <h4><b>References</b></h4> <ol> <li>Arrazola, J., 2018. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6733a5.htm">Assessment of epidemiology capacity in state health departments—United States, 2017.</a> <i>MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</i>, <i>67</i>.</li> <li>Jones, D.S., Dicker, R.C., Fontaine, R.E., Boore, A.L., Omolo, J.O., Ashgar, R.J. and Baggett, H.C., 2017. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5711325/">Building global epidemiology and response capacity with field epidemiology training programs.</a> <i>Emerging infectious diseases</i>, <i>23</i>(Suppl 1), p.S158.</li> <li>André, A.M., Lopez, A., Perkins, S., Lambert, S., Chace, L., Noudeke, N., Fall, A. and Pedalino, B., 2017. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5711307/">Frontline field epidemiology training programs as a strategy to improve disease surveillance and response. </a><i>Emerging infectious diseases</i>, <i>23</i>(Suppl 1), p.S166.</li> <li>Marston, B.J., Dokubo, E.K., van Steelandt, A., Martel, L., Williams, D., Hersey, S., Jambai, A., Keita, S., Nyenswah, T.G. and Redd, J.T., 2017. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5711323/">Ebola response impact on public health programs, West Africa, 2014–2017.</a> <i>Emerging infectious diseases</i>, <i>23</i>(Suppl 1), p.S25.</li> <li>Tappero, J.W., Cassell, C.H., Bunnell, R.E., Angulo, F.J., Craig, A., Pesik, N., Dahl, B.A., Ijaz, K., Jafari, H., Martin, R. and Global Health Security Science Group, 2017. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5711315/">US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners’ contributions to global health security.</a> <i>Emerging infectious diseases</i>, <i>23</i>(Suppl 1), p.S5.</li> <li>Rasmussen, S.A. and Goodman, R.A. eds., 2018. <a href="https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ldB2DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=The+CDC+Field+Epidemiology+Manual&ots=w7HrKf9oYi&sig=K6zdXoZz7AMEb8I42aXAsp274-0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20CDC%20Field%20Epidemiology%20Manual&f=false"><i>The CDC field epidemiology manual</i>.</a> Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Goodman, R.A., Buehler, J.W., Mott, J.A., Goodman, R., Buehler, J. and Mott, J., 2019. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/eis/field-epi-manual/chapters/defining-field-epi.html">Defining field epidemiology.</a> <i>The CDC field epidemiology manual</i>, pp.3-20.</li> <li>Thomas, M., Clack, L. and Plaspohl, S., 2018. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2373379917729687">Blending pedagogical approaches in public health education: the ADOPT model.</a> <i>Pedagogy in health promotion</i>, <i>4</i>(3), pp.227-233.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">global health</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://epidemiology.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; 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