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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient Greece and Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Roman_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Roman_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-Roman Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Roman_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Curdling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curdling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Curdling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curdling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curd_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curd_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Curd processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curd_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ripening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ripening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ripening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ripening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking_and_eating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking_and_eating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cooking and eating</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cooking_and_eating-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cooking and eating subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cooking_and_eating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cheeseboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheeseboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cheeseboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheeseboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nutrition and health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition_and_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nutrition and health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cardiovascular disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pasteurization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pasteurization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pasteurization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pasteurization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultural attitudes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_attitudes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural attitudes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odorous_cheeses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odorous_cheeses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Odorous cheeses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odorous_cheeses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Effect on sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figurative_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurative_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Figurative expressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figurative_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheese</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 174 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaas" title="Kaas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4se" title="Käse – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Käse" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%A5" title="አይብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="चीज़ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चीज़" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ABese" title="Cīese – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cīese" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جبن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queso" title="Queso – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Queso" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%92%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܓܒܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܒܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C8%99u" title="Cașu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cașu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0" title="পনীৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পনীৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quesu" title="Quesu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Quesu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesu" title="Kesu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kesu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ХӀан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisu" title="Kisu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kisu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendir" title="Pendir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pendir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پئندیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پئندیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="চিজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%AC-juh" title="Chhì-juh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhì-juh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keju" title="Keju – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Keju" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сыр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keso" title="Keso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Keso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сирене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сирене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaas" title="Kaas – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kaas" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆུར་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུར་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir" title="Sir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuz_(boued)" title="Keuz (boued) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Keuz (boued)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бисалаг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бисалаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formatge" title="Formatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Formatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%82" title="Чăкăт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чăкăт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDr" title="Sýr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sýr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caws" title="Caws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waagashe" title="Waagashe – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Waagashe" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost" title="Ost – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ost" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4se" title="Käse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Käse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9eso" title="Géeso – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Géeso" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juust" title="Juust – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juust" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF" title="Τυρί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυρί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furm%C3%A0j" title="Furmàj – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Furmàj" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queso" title="Queso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Queso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froma%C4%9Do" title="Fromaĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fromaĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quesu" title="Quesu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Quesu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazta" title="Gazta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gazta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پنیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniir" title="Paniir – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paniir" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromage" title="Fromage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fromage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiis" title="Tsiis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsiis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formadi" title="Formadi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Formadi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1is" title="Cáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caashey" title="Caashey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caashey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ise" title="Càise – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Càise" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queixo" title="Queixo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Queixo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B6%E9%85%AA" title="奶酪 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="奶酪" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9D" title="ચીઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચીઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EC%A6%88" title="치즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuku" title="Cuku – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cuku" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Պանիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0)" title="चीज़ (पाश्चात्य पनीर) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीज़ (पाश्चात्य पनीर)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir" title="Sir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromajo" title="Fromajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fromajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keso" title="Keso – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Keso" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keju" title="Keju – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseo" title="Caseo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Caseo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immusuaq" title="Immusuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Immusuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%82" title="Цыхт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цыхт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushizi" title="Ushizi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ushizi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostur" title="Ostur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ostur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaggio" title="Formaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Formaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="גבינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גבינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A8ju" title="Kèju – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kèju" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಗಿಣ್ಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಿಣ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ყველი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Ірімшік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ірімшік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keus" title="Keus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Keus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibini" title="Jibini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jibini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwomaj" title="Fwomaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fwomaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromaj" title="Fromaj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fromaj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%AEr" title="Penîr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Penîr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сыр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сыр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тара – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тара" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9zo" title="Kézo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kézo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%87" title="ເນີຍແຂງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເນີຍແຂງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseus" title="Caseus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caseus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siers" title="Siers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9is" title="Kéis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kéis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABris" title="Sūris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sūris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kie%C3%ABs" title="Kieës – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kieës" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceso" title="Ceso – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ceso" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juusto" title="Juusto – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Juusto" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cirla" title="cirla – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cirla" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furmai" title="Furmai – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Furmai" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajt" title="Sajt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sajt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="छुर्पी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="छुर्पी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Сирење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сирење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromazy" title="Fromazy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fromazy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="പാൽക്കട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാൽക്കട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9D" title="चीझ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चीझ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B8%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჸვალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჸვალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87" title="جبنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پندیر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پندیر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keju" title="Keju – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keju" title="Keju – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Keju" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queiso" title="Queiso – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Queiso" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бяслаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бяслаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2" title="ဒိန်ခဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒိန်ခဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatetzauhtli" title="Tlatetzauhtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlatetzauhtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisi" title="Jisi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jisi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaas" title="Kaas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keze" title="Keze – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keze" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="チーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso" title="Caso – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Caso" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Нехча – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нехча" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost" title="Ost – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ost" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost" title="Ost – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ost" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formage" title="Formage – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Formage" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formatge" title="Formatge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Formatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pishloq" title="Pishloq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pishloq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiiz" title="Chiiz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chiiz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="ប្រូម៉ាស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រូម៉ាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froumage" title="Froumage – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Froumage" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees" title="Kees – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kees" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser" title="Ser – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ser" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queijo" title="Queijo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Queijo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A2nz%C4%83" title="Brânză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brânză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisu" title="Kisu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kisu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сыр – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сыр" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сыр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сыр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="दधिकम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दधिकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casu" title="Casu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Casu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheese" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sies" title="Sies – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sies" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djathi" title="Djathi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Djathi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furmaggiu" title="Furmaggiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Furmaggiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%94" title="කේජු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කේජු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cheese" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr" title="Syr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Syr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir" title="Sir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پەنیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەنیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasi" title="Kasi – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Kasi" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir" title="Sir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9ju" title="Kéju – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kéju" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juusto" title="Juusto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juusto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost" title="Ost – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ost" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keso" title="Keso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Keso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="பாலாடைக்கட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலாடைக்கட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agisi" title="Agisi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agisi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сырлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сырлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="చీజ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చీజ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="เนยแข็ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนยแข็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Панир – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Панир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8F%85" title="ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peynir" title="Peynir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peynir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%BDnir" title="Peýnir – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Peýnir" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formai" title="Formai – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Formai" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagud" title="Sagud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sagud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho_m%C3%A1t" title="Pho mát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pho mát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromad" title="Fromad – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fromad" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juust" title="Juust – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Juust" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froumadje" title="Froumadje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Froumadje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees%C3%BC" title="Keesü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Keesü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%A9%E9%85%AA" title="湩酪 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="湩酪" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koas" title="Koas – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Koas" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keso" title="Keso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Keso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E9%85%AA" title="干酪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="干酪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%96" title="קעז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קעז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%A3%AB" title="芝士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="芝士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penir" title="Penir – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Penir" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABris" title="Sūris – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sūris" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%85%AA" title="乾酪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乾酪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Curdled milk food product</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cheese_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cheese (disambiguation)">Cheese (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese_platter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cheese_platter.jpg/260px-Cheese_platter.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cheese_platter.jpg/390px-Cheese_platter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cheese_platter.jpg/520px-Cheese_platter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A platter with cheese and <a href="/wiki/Garnish_(cooking)" title="Garnish (cooking)">garnishes</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses,_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg/260px-Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg/390px-Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg/520px-Clara_Peeters_-_Still_Life_with_Cheeses%2C_Almonds_and_Pretzels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption>Cheeses in art: <i><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Cheeses,_Almonds_and_Pretzels" title="Still Life with Cheeses, Almonds and Pretzels">Still Life with Cheeses, Almonds and Pretzels</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Peeters" title="Clara Peeters">Clara Peeters</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1615</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cheese</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy product</a> produced in a range of flavors, <a href="/wiki/Mouthfeel" title="Mouthfeel">textures</a>, and forms by <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_(milk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation (milk)">coagulation</a> of the milk protein <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a>. It comprises <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and fat from milk (usually the milk of <a href="/wiki/Cows" class="mw-redirect" title="Cows">cows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep milk">sheep</a>). During production, milk is usually <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidified</a> and either the enzymes of <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a> or bacterial enzymes with similar activity are added to cause the casein to coagulate. The solid <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curds</a> are then separated from the liquid <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a> and pressed into finished cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cheeses have aromatic <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">molds</a> on the rind, the outer layer, or throughout. </p><p>Over a thousand <a href="/wiki/Types_of_cheese" title="Types of cheese">types of cheese</a> exist, produced in various countries. Their styles, textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk (including the animal's diet), whether they have been <a href="/wiki/Pasteurised" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurised">pasteurised</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">butterfat</a> content, the bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">mold</a>, the processing, and how long they have been <a href="/wiki/Cheese_ripening" title="Cheese ripening">aged</a>. Herbs, spices, or <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">wood smoke</a> may be used as <a href="/wiki/Flavoring_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavoring agent">flavoring agents</a>. The yellow-to-red color of many cheeses is produced by adding <a href="/wiki/Annatto" title="Annatto">annatto</a>. Other added ingredients may include <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, garlic, <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a>. A cheesemonger, or specialist seller of cheeses, may have expertise with selecting, purchasing, receiving, storing and ripening cheeses.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most cheeses are acidified by bacteria, which turn <a href="/wiki/Milk_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk sugar">milk sugars</a> into <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>; the addition of rennet completes the curdling. Vegetarian varieties of rennet are available; most are produced through <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> by the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Mucor_miehei" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucor miehei">Mucor miehei</a></i>, but others have been extracted from <i><a href="/wiki/Cynara" title="Cynara">Cynara</a></i> thistles. For a few cheeses, the milk is <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curdled</a> by adding <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> such as vinegar or <a href="/wiki/Lemon_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon juice">lemon juice</a>. </p><p>Cheese is valued for its portability, long <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a>, and high content of fat, protein, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. Cheese is more compact and has a longer shelf life than milk.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hard_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard cheese">Hard cheeses</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Parmesan" title="Parmesan">Parmesan</a>, last longer than soft cheeses, such as <a href="/wiki/Brie" title="Brie">Brie</a> or <a href="/wiki/Goat_cheese" title="Goat cheese">goat's milk cheese</a>. The long storage life of some cheeses, especially when encased in a protective rind, allows selling when markets are favorable. <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum packaging">Vacuum packaging</a> of block-shaped cheeses and <a href="/wiki/Gas-flushing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-flushing">gas-flushing</a> of plastic bags with mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> are used for storage and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)#Strategies" title="Distribution (marketing)">mass distribution</a> of cheeses in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hartkaese_HardCheeses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hartkaese_HardCheeses.jpg/170px-Hartkaese_HardCheeses.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hartkaese_HardCheeses.jpg/255px-Hartkaese_HardCheeses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hartkaese_HardCheeses.jpg/340px-Hartkaese_HardCheeses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Hard cheeses in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>cheese</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caseus</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which the modern word <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> is derived. The earliest source is from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">proto-Indo-European</a> root <i>*kwat-</i>, which means "to <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">ferment</a>, become sour". That gave rise to <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cīese</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cēse</i></span></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>) and <i><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">chese</i></span></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>). Similar words are shared by other <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a>—<a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> <i><span title="West Frisian-language text"><i lang="fy">tsiis</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">kaas</i></span></i>, German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Käse</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">chāsi</i></span></i>—all from the reconstructed West-Germanic form <i>*kāsī</i>, which in turn is an early borrowing from Latin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymological_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymological Dictionary">Online Etymological Dictionary</a></i> states that "cheese" derives from:<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cyse</i></span> (West Saxon), <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cese</i></span> (Anglian) ... from West Germanic *kasjus (source also of Old Saxon <i>kasi</i>, Old High German <i><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">chasi</i></span></i>, German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Käse</i></span></i>, Middle Dutch <i><span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">case</i></span></i>, Dutch <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">kaas</i></span></i>), from Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caseus</i></span></i> [for] "cheese" (source of Italian <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cacio</i></span></i>, Spanish <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">queso</i></span></i>, Irish <i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caise</i></span></i>, Welsh <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">caws</i></span></i>).</p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Online Etymological Dictionary</i> states that the word is of:<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>unknown origin; perhaps from a PIE root *kwat- "to ferment, become sour" (source also of Prakrit <span title="Prakrit languages collective text"><i lang="pra">chasi</i></span> "buttermilk;" Old Church Slavonic <span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><i lang="cu">kvasu</i></span> "leaven; <a href="/wiki/Fermented_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented drink">fermented drink</a>," <span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><i lang="cu">kyselu</i></span> "sour," -<span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><i lang="cu">kyseti</i></span> "to turn sour;" Czech <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">kysati</i></span> "to turn sour, rot;" Sanskrit kvathati "boils, seethes;" Gothic hwaþjan "foam").</p></blockquote> <p>When the Romans began to make hard cheeses for their <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">legionaries</a>' supplies, a new word started to be used: <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">formaticum</i></span></i>, from <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caseus formatus</i></span></i>, or "cheese shaped in a mold". It is from this word that the French <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fromage</i></span></i>, standard Italian <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">formaggio</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <i><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">formatge</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <i><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">fourmaj</i></span></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <i><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">fromatge</i></span></i> (or <i><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">formatge</i></span></i>) are derived. Of the Romance languages, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> and some Southern Italian dialects use words derived from <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caseus</i></span></i> (<i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">queso</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">queijo</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">caș</i></span></i>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cacio</i></span> and <i><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">caso</i></span></i> for example). The word <i>cheese</i> is occasionally employed, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Head_cheese" title="Head cheese">Head cheese</a></i>, to mean "shaped in a mold".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cheese" title="History of cheese">History of cheese</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricotta_affumicata_della_sila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ricotta_affumicata_della_sila.jpg/220px-Ricotta_affumicata_della_sila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ricotta_affumicata_della_sila.jpg/330px-Ricotta_affumicata_della_sila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ricotta_affumicata_della_sila.jpg/440px-Ricotta_affumicata_della_sila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption> A piece of soft curd cheese, oven-baked to increase <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Cheese is an ancient food whose origins <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">predate recorded history</a>. There is no conclusive evidence indicating where cheesemaking originated, whether in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. The earliest proposed dates for the origin of cheesemaking range from around 8000 BCE, when sheep were first <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a>. Because animal skins and inflated internal organs have provided storage vessels for a range of foodstuffs since ancient times, it is probable that the process of cheese making was discovered accidentally by storing milk in a container made from the stomach of an animal, resulting in the milk being turned to <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a> by the rennet from the stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>—with variations—about the discovery of cheese by an Arab trader who used this method of storing milk.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence of cheesemaking in the archaeological record dates back to 5500 BCE and is found in what is now <a href="/wiki/Kuyavia" title="Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a>, Poland, where strainers coated with <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">milk-fat</a> molecules have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of cheesemaking in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> dates back to 5200 BCE, on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cheesemaking may have begun independently of this by the pressing and salting of curdled milk to preserve it. Observation that the effect of making cheese in an animal stomach gave more solid and better-textured curds may have led to the deliberate addition of rennet. Early <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeological</a> evidence of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cheese" title="Egyptian cheese">Egyptian cheese</a> has been found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> tomb murals, dating to about 2000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 scientific paper stated that the world's oldest cheese, dating to approximately 1200 BCE (3200 years before present), was found in ancient Egyptian tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, even older preserved remnants of cheese were identified on mummies in <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Cemetery</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest cheeses were likely quite sour and salty, similar in texture to rustic <a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">cottage cheese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">feta</a>, a crumbly, flavorful Greek cheese. Cheese produced in Europe, where climates are cooler than the Middle East, required less salt for preservation. With less salt and acidity, the cheese became a suitable environment for useful <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> and molds, giving aged cheeses their respective flavors. The earliest ever discovered preserved cheese was found in the Taklamakan Desert in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China, dating back as early as 1615 BCE (3600 years before present).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece_and_Rome">Ancient Greece and Rome</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formaggi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Formaggi.JPG/220px-Formaggi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Formaggi.JPG/330px-Formaggi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Formaggi.JPG/440px-Formaggi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> Cheese in a market in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_cheeses" title="List of Italian cheeses">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> credited <a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a> with the discovery of cheese. <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> (8th century BCE) describes the monstrous <a href="/wiki/Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclops">Cyclops</a> making and storing sheep's and goats' milk cheese (translation by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)" title="Samuel Butler (novelist)">Samuel Butler</a>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We soon reached his cave, but he was out shepherding, so we went inside and took stock of all that we could see. His cheese-racks were loaded with cheeses, and he had more lambs and kids than his pens could hold...<br /> </p><p>When he had so done he sat down and milked his ewes and goats, all in due course, and then let each of them have her own young. He curdled half the milk and set it aside in wicker strainers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>'s <i>De Re Rustica</i> (c. 65 CE) details a cheesemaking process involving rennet coagulation, pressing of the curd, salting, and aging. According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, it had become a sophisticated enterprise by the time the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman Empire</a> came into being.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny the Elder also mentions in his writings <i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheeses_and_dairy_products" title="Swiss cheeses and dairy products">Caseus Helveticus</a></i>, a hard <a href="/wiki/Sbrinz" title="Sbrinz">Sbrinz</a>-like cheese produced by the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheese was an everyday food and cheesemaking a mature art in the Roman empire.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny's</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Natural History</i></a> (77  CE) devotes a chapter (XI, 97) to describing the diversity of cheeses enjoyed by Romans of the early Empire. He stated that the best cheeses came from the villages near <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>, but did not keep long and had to be eaten fresh. Cheeses of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> were as remarkable for their variety then as now. A <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligurian</a> cheese was noted for being made mostly from sheep's milk, and some cheeses produced nearby were stated to weigh as much as a thousand pounds each. Goats' milk cheese was a recent taste in Rome, improved over the "medicinal taste" of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>'s similar cheeses by <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a>. Of cheeses from overseas, Pliny preferred those of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> in Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Roman_Europe">Post-Roman Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9-alimenti,_formaggi,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Casanatense_4182..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/9-alimenti%2C_formaggi%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/220px-9-alimenti%2C_formaggi%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/9-alimenti%2C_formaggi%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/330px-9-alimenti%2C_formaggi%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/9-alimenti%2C_formaggi%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/440px-9-alimenti%2C_formaggi%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption> Cheese, <a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_sanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuinum sanitatis">Tacuinum sanitatis</a> Casanatensis (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> in England named <a href="/wiki/Chiswick" title="Chiswick">a village</a> by the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ceswican</i></span>, meaning "Cheese farm".<sup id="cite_ref-room_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-room-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1022, it is mentioned that <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanian</a>) shepherds from <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> mountains, in modern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, provided cheese for <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cheeses popular today were first recorded in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> or after. Cheeses such as <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_cheese" title="Cheddar cheese">Cheddar</a> around 1500, <a href="/wiki/Parmesan_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmesan cheese">Parmesan</a> in 1597, <a href="/wiki/Gouda_cheese" title="Gouda cheese">Gouda</a> in 1697, and <a href="/wiki/Camembert" title="Camembert">Camembert</a> in 1791 show post-Middle Ages dates.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1546, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Proverbs_of_John_Heywood" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proverbs of John Heywood">The Proverbs of John Heywood</a></i> claimed "<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese" title="The Moon is made of green cheese">the moon is made of a green cheese</a>" (<i>Greene</i> may refer here not to the color, as many now think, but to being new or unaged).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations on this sentiment were long repeated and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> exploited this myth for an <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> spoof announcement in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese_display,_Cambridge_MA_-_DSC05391.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cheese_display%2C_Cambridge_MA_-_DSC05391.jpg/220px-Cheese_display%2C_Cambridge_MA_-_DSC05391.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cheese_display%2C_Cambridge_MA_-_DSC05391.jpg/330px-Cheese_display%2C_Cambridge_MA_-_DSC05391.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cheese_display%2C_Cambridge_MA_-_DSC05391.jpg/440px-Cheese_display%2C_Cambridge_MA_-_DSC05391.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption> Cheese display in grocery store, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Until its modern spread along with European culture, cheese was nearly unheard of in east Asian cultures and in the pre-Columbian Americas and had only limited use in sub-Mediterranean Africa, mainly being widespread and popular only in Europe, the Middle East, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and areas influenced by those cultures. But with the spread, first of European imperialism, and later of Euro-American culture and food, cheese has gradually become known and increasingly popular worldwide. </p><p>The first factory for the industrial production of cheese opened in Switzerland in 1815, but large-scale production first found real success in the United States. Credit usually goes to Jesse Williams, a dairy farmer from <a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a>, New York, who in 1851 started making cheese in an <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly-line</a> fashion using the milk from neighboring farms; this made cheddar cheese one of the first US <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">industrial foods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within decades, hundreds of such commercial dairy associations existed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1860s saw the beginnings of mass-produced rennet, and by the turn of the century scientists were producing pure microbial cultures. Before then, bacteria in cheesemaking had come from the environment or from recycling an earlier batch's whey; the pure cultures meant a more standardized cheese could be produced.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factory-made cheese overtook traditional cheesemaking in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era, and factories have been the source of most cheese in America and Europe ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2012, cheese was one of the most <a href="/wiki/Shoplifted" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoplifted">shoplifted</a> items from supermarkets worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width:14em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Cheese production – 2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf;"><small>millions of tonnes</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>6.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>22.2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the United Nations</small><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2021, world production of cheese from whole cow milk was 22.2 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, with the United States accounting for 28% of the total, followed by Germany, France, Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> as secondary producers (table). </p><p>As of 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> of a kilogram of cheese ranged from 6 to 12 kg of <a href="/wiki/CO2eq" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2eq">CO<sub>2</sub>eq</a>, depending on the amount of milk used; accordingly, it is generally lower than beef or lamb, but higher than other foods.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Germany were the highest consumers of cheese in 2014, averaging 25 kg (55 lb) per person per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-cdic_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdic-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cheesemaking" title="Cheesemaking">Cheesemaking</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cheese" title="Special:EditPage/Cheese">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cheese%22">"Cheese"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cheese%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cheese%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cheese%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cheese%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cheese%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curdling">Curdling</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_of_cheese_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Production_of_cheese_1.jpg/220px-Production_of_cheese_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Production_of_cheese_1.jpg/330px-Production_of_cheese_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Production_of_cheese_1.jpg/440px-Production_of_cheese_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>In industrial production of <a href="/wiki/Emmental_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmental (cheese)">Emmental</a> cheese, the as-yet-undrained curd is broken by rotating mixers.</figcaption></figure> <p>A required step in cheesemaking is to separate the milk into solid <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curds</a> and liquid <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a>. Usually this is done by acidifying (<a href="/wiki/Souring" title="Souring">souring</a>) the milk and adding <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a>. The acidification can be accomplished directly by the addition of an acid, such as vinegar, in a few cases (<a href="/wiki/Paneer" title="Paneer">paneer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queso_fresco" class="mw-redirect" title="Queso fresco">queso fresco</a>). More commonly <a href="/wiki/Starter_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Starter bacteria">starter bacteria</a> are employed instead which convert <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">milk sugars</a> into <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>. The same bacteria (and the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> they produce) also play a large role in the eventual flavor of aged cheeses. Most cheeses are made with starter bacteria from the <i><a href="/wiki/Lactococcus" title="Lactococcus">Lactococcus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i> genera.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cheeses_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheeses of Switzerland">Swiss</a> starter cultures include <i><a href="/wiki/Propionibacterium_freudenreichii" title="Propionibacterium freudenreichii">Propionibacterium freudenreichii</a></i>, which produces <a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">propionic acid</a> and carbon dioxide gas bubbles during aging, giving <a href="/wiki/Emmental_cheese" title="Emmental cheese">Emmental cheese</a> its holes or <a href="/wiki/Eyes_(cheese)" title="Eyes (cheese)">eyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some fresh cheeses are curdled only by acidity, but most cheeses also use rennet. Rennet sets the cheese into a strong and rubbery <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> compared to the fragile curds produced by acidic coagulation alone. It also allows curdling at a lower acidity—important because flavor-making bacteria are inhibited in high-acidity environments. In general, softer, smaller, fresher cheeses are curdled with a greater proportion of acid to rennet than harder, larger, longer-aged varieties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While rennet was traditionally produced via extraction from the inner mucosa of the fourth stomach chamber of slaughtered young, unweaned calves, most rennet used today in cheesemaking is produced <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinantly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GMO_Database_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMO_Database-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the applied chymosin is retained in the whey and, at most, may be present in cheese in trace quantities. In ripe cheese, the type and provenance of chymosin used in production cannot be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-GMO_Database_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMO_Database-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curd_processing">Curd processing</h3></div> <p>At this point, the cheese has set into a very moist gel. Some soft cheeses are now essentially complete: they are drained, salted, and packaged. For most of the rest, the curd is cut into small cubes. This allows water to drain from the individual pieces of curd. </p><p>Some hard cheeses are then heated to temperatures in the range of 35–55 °C (95–131 °F). This forces more whey from the cut curd. It also changes the taste of the finished cheese, affecting both the bacterial culture and the milk chemistry. Cheeses that are heated to the higher temperatures are usually made with <a href="/wiki/Thermophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophilic">thermophilic</a> starter bacteria that survive this step—either <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacilli">Lactobacilli</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_salivarius" title="Streptococcus salivarius">Streptococci</a></i>. </p><p>Salt has roles in cheese besides adding a salty flavor. It preserves cheese from spoiling, draws moisture from the curd, and firms cheese's texture in an interaction with its <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. Some cheeses are salted from the outside with dry salt or brine washes. Most cheeses have the salt mixed directly into the curds. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheeseinthenetherlands.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cheeseinthenetherlands.JPG/220px-Cheeseinthenetherlands.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cheeseinthenetherlands.JPG/330px-Cheeseinthenetherlands.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cheeseinthenetherlands.JPG/440px-Cheeseinthenetherlands.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> Cheese factory in Zaanstad, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_cheeses" title="List of Dutch cheeses">Netherlands</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Other techniques influence a cheese's texture and flavor. Some examples are: </p> <ul><li>Stretching: (<a href="/wiki/Mozzarella" title="Mozzarella">Mozzarella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provolone" title="Provolone">Provolone</a>) the curd is stretched and kneaded in hot water, developing a stringy, fibrous body.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheddaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheddaring">Cheddaring</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Cheddar_cheese" title="Cheddar cheese">Cheddar</a>, other English cheeses) the cut curd is repeatedly piled up, pushing more moisture away. The curd is also mixed (or <i>milled</i>) for a long time, taking the sharp edges off the cut curd pieces and influencing the final product's texture.</li> <li>Washing: (<a href="/wiki/Edam_cheese" title="Edam cheese">Edam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouda_cheese" title="Gouda cheese">Gouda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colby_cheese" title="Colby cheese">Colby</a>) the curd is washed in warm water, lowering its acidity and making for a milder-tasting cheese.</li></ul> <p>Most cheeses achieve their final shape when the curds are pressed into a mold or form. The harder the cheese, the more pressure is applied. The pressure drives out moisture—the molds are designed to allow water to escape—and unifies the curds into a single solid body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ripening">Ripening</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cheese_ripening" title="Cheese ripening">Cheese ripening</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg/220px-Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg/330px-Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg/440px-Parmigiano_reggiano_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Parmigiano-Reggiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmigiano-Reggiano">Parmigiano-Reggiano</a> in a modern factory</figcaption></figure> <p>A newborn cheese is usually salty yet bland in flavor and, for harder varieties, rubbery in texture. These qualities are sometimes enjoyed—<a href="/wiki/Cheese_curds" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese curds">cheese curds</a> are eaten on their own—but normally cheeses are left to rest under controlled conditions. This aging period (also called ripening, or, from the French, <i>affinage</i>) lasts from a few days to several years. As a cheese ages, microbes and enzymes transform texture and intensify flavor. This transformation is largely a result of the breakdown of casein proteins and <a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">milkfat</a> into a complex mix of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>. </p><p>Some cheeses have additional bacteria or <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">molds</a> intentionally introduced before or during aging. In traditional cheesemaking, these microbes might be already present in the aging room; they are allowed to settle and grow on the stored cheeses. More often today, prepared cultures are used, giving more consistent results and putting fewer constraints on the environment where the cheese ages. These cheeses include soft ripened cheeses such as <a href="/wiki/Brie_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brie (cheese)">Brie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camembert_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camembert (cheese)">Camembert</a>, blue cheeses such as <a href="/wiki/Roquefort_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roquefort (cheese)">Roquefort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stilton_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilton (cheese)">Stilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorgonzola_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonzola (cheese)">Gorgonzola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rind-washed_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Rind-washed cheese">rind-washed cheeses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Limburger_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburger cheese">Limburger</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_cheese" title="Types of cheese">Types of cheese</a></div> <p>There are many types of cheese, with around 500 different varieties recognized by the International Dairy Federation,<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamentals_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamentals-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than 400 identified by Walter and Hargrove, more than 500 by Burkhalter, and more than 1,000 by Sandine and Elliker.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The varieties may be grouped or classified into types according to criteria such as length of ageing, texture, methods of making, fat content, animal milk, country or region of origin, etc.—with these criteria either being used singly or in combination,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with no single method being universally used.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method most commonly and traditionally used is based on moisture content, which is then further discriminated by fat content and curing or ripening methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamentals_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamentals-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some attempts have been made to rationalise the classification of cheese—a scheme was proposed by Pieter Walstra which uses the primary and secondary starter combined with moisture content, and Walter and Hargrove suggested classifying by production methods which produces 18 types, which are then further grouped by moisture content.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamentals_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamentals-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Cheese Board once claimed that Britain has approximately 700 distinct local cheeses;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> have perhaps 400 each (a French proverb holds there is a different French cheese for every day of the year, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> once asked "how can you govern a country in which there are 246 kinds of cheese?").<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooking_and_eating">Cooking and eating</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cheese" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Cheese"> Cheese</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm/170px--Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="302" data-durationhint="42" data-mwtitle="Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm/Saganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASaganaki_at_the_Parthenon_Restaurant_in_Chicago.MOV.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saganaki" title="Saganaki">Saganaki</a>, lit on fire, served in Chicago</figcaption></figure> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerator</a> temperatures, the fat in a piece of cheese is as hard as unsoftened butter, and its protein structure is stiff as well. Flavor and odor compounds are less easily liberated when cold. For improvements in flavor and texture, it is widely advised that cheeses be allowed to warm up to <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> before eating. If the cheese is further warmed, to 26–32 °C (79–90 °F), the fats will begin to "sweat out" as they go beyond soft to fully liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgee_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgee-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Above room temperatures, most hard cheeses melt. Rennet-curdled cheeses have a <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a>-like protein matrix that is broken down by heat. When enough protein bonds are broken, the cheese itself turns from a solid to a viscous liquid. Soft, high-moisture cheeses will melt at around 55 °C (131 °F), while hard, low-moisture cheeses such as Parmesan remain solid until they reach about 82 °C (180 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-mcgee_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgee-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acid-set cheeses, including <a href="/wiki/Halloumi_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Halloumi cheese">halloumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paneer" title="Paneer">paneer</a>, some whey cheeses and many varieties of fresh <a href="/wiki/Goat_cheese" title="Goat cheese">goat cheese</a>, have a protein structure that remains intact at high temperatures. When cooked, these cheeses just get firmer as water evaporates. </p><p>Some cheeses, like <a href="/wiki/Raclette" title="Raclette">raclette</a>, melt smoothly; many tend to become stringy or suffer from a separation of their fats. Many of these can be coaxed into melting smoothly in the presence of acids or <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fondue" title="Fondue">Fondue</a>, with wine providing the acidity, is a good example of a smoothly melted cheese dish.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgee_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgee-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elastic stringiness is a quality that is sometimes enjoyed, in dishes including <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_rarebit" title="Welsh rarebit">Welsh rarebit</a>. Even a melted cheese eventually turns solid again, after enough moisture is cooked off. The saying "you can't melt cheese twice" (meaning "some things can only be done once") refers to the fact that oils leach out during the first melting and are gone, leaving the non-meltable solids behind. </p><p>As its temperature continues to rise, cheese will <a href="/wiki/Non-enzymatic_browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-enzymatic browning">brown</a> and eventually burn. Browned, partially burned cheese has a particular distinct flavor of its own and is frequently used in cooking (e.g., sprinkling atop items before baking them). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheeseboard">Cheeseboard</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cheese_and_crackers" title="Cheese and crackers">Cheese and crackers</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cheese plate" redirects here. For dishware, see <a href="/wiki/Plate_(dishware)#Side_plate" title="Plate (dishware)">Plate (dishware) § Side plate</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese,_wine_and_bread_in_a_sidewalk_cafe_in_Paris,_June_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cheese%2C_wine_and_bread_in_a_sidewalk_cafe_in_Paris%2C_June_2015.jpg/220px-Cheese%2C_wine_and_bread_in_a_sidewalk_cafe_in_Paris%2C_June_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cheese%2C_wine_and_bread_in_a_sidewalk_cafe_in_Paris%2C_June_2015.jpg/330px-Cheese%2C_wine_and_bread_in_a_sidewalk_cafe_in_Paris%2C_June_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cheese%2C_wine_and_bread_in_a_sidewalk_cafe_in_Paris%2C_June_2015.jpg/440px-Cheese%2C_wine_and_bread_in_a_sidewalk_cafe_in_Paris%2C_June_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5215" data-file-height="3481" /></a><figcaption>Cheeseboard, bread, and wine on a cafe table</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cheeseboard</b> (or cheese course) may be served at the end of a meal before or following dessert, or replacing the last course. The British tradition is to have cheese after dessert, accompanied by sweet wines like <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port</a>. In France, cheese is consumed before dessert, with robust red wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Finishing_in_style_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finishing_in_style-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cheeseboard typically has contrasting cheeses with accompaniments, such as crackers, biscuits, grapes, nuts, celery or <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cheeseboard typically contains four to six cheeses, for example: mature <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_cheese" title="Cheddar cheese">Cheddar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_cheese" title="Comté cheese">Comté</a> (hard: cow's milk cheeses); <a href="/wiki/Brie" title="Brie">Brie</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camembert" title="Camembert">Camembert</a> (soft: cow's milk); a blue cheese such as <a href="/wiki/Stilton_cheese" title="Stilton cheese">Stilton</a> (hard: cow's milk), <a href="/wiki/Roquefort" title="Roquefort">Roquefort</a> (medium: ewe's milk) or <a href="/wiki/Bleu_d%27Auvergne" title="Bleu d'Auvergne">Bleu d'Auvergne</a> (medium-soft cow's milk); and a soft/medium-soft goat's cheese (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Maure_de_Touraine" title="Sainte-Maure de Touraine">Sainte-Maure de Touraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantysgawn" title="Pantysgawn">Pantysgawn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crottin_de_Chavignol" title="Crottin de Chavignol">Crottin de Chavignol</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cheeseboard 70 feet (21 m) long was used to feature the variety of cheeses manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin State Legislature">state legislature</a> recognizes a "<a href="/wiki/Cheesehead" title="Cheesehead">cheesehead</a>" hat as a state symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Nutrition"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition_and_health">Nutrition and health</h2></div> <p>The nutritional value of cheese varies widely. Cottage cheese may consist of 4% fat and 11% protein while some whey cheeses are 15% fat and 11% protein, and <a href="/wiki/Triple_cream" title="Triple cream">triple cream</a> cheeses can contain 36% fat and 7% protein.<sup id="cite_ref-nd_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, cheese is a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>. A 28-gram (one <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a>) serving of cheddar cheese contains about 7 grams (0.25 oz) of protein and 202 milligrams of calcium.<sup id="cite_ref-nd_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nutritionally, cheese is essentially concentrated milk, but altered by the culturing and aging processes: it takes about 200 grams (7.1 oz) of milk to provide that much protein, and 150 grams (5.3 oz) to equal the calcium, though values for water-soluble vitamins and minerals can vary widely.<sup id="cite_ref-nd_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">Macronutrients</a> in common cheeses, <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a> per 100 g <sup id="cite_ref-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"></th> <th>Water</th> <th>Protein</th> <th>Fat</th> <th>Carbs </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_(North_America)" title="Swiss cheese (North America)">Swiss</a> </th> <td>37.1</td> <td>26.9</td> <td>27.8</td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a> </th> <td>55.2</td> <td>14.2</td> <td>21.3</td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cheddar_cheese" title="Cheddar cheese">Cheddar</a> </th> <td>36.8</td> <td>24.9</td> <td>33.1</td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mozzarella" title="Mozzarella">Mozzarella</a> </th> <td>50</td> <td>22.2</td> <td>22.4</td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">Cottage</a> </th> <td>80</td> <td>11.1</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>3.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamin</a> content of common cheeses, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">DV</a>% per 100 g<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th>A </th> <th>B1 </th> <th>B2 </th> <th>B3 </th> <th>B5 </th> <th>B6 </th> <th>B9 </th> <th>B12 </th> <th>C </th> <th>D </th> <th>E </th> <th>K </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Swiss </th> <td>17 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Feta </th> <td>8 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Cheddar </th> <td>20 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mozzarella </th> <td>14 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Cottage </th> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral</a> content of common cheeses, DV% per 100 g<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th>Ch </th> <th>Ca </th> <th>Fe </th> <th>Mg </th> <th>P </th> <th>K </th> <th>Na </th> <th>Zn </th> <th>Cu </th> <th>Mn </th> <th>Se </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Swiss </th> <td>2.8 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Feta </th> <td>2.2 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Cheddar </th> <td>3 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mozzarella </th> <td>2.8 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Cottage </th> <td>3.3 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>14 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table width="600px"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nutrient_contents_of_common_cheeses_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nutrient data from SELF.com.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />Abbreviations: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b>Ch</b>: <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><b>Ca</b>: Calcium</li> <li><b>Fe</b>: Iron</li> <li><b>Mg</b>: Magnesium</li> <li><b>P</b>: Phosphorus</li> <li><b>K</b>: Potassium</li> <li><b>Na</b>: Sodium</li> <li><b>Zn</b>: Zinc</li> <li><b>Cu</b>: Copper</li> <li><b>Mn</b>: Manganese</li> <li><b>Se</b>: Selenium.</li></ul> </div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_disease">Cardiovascular disease</h3></div> <p>National health organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Dietetic_Association" title="British Dietetic Association">Association of UK Dietitians</a>, British <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, among others, recommend that cheese consumption be minimized, replaced in snacks and meals by plant foods, or restricted to low-fat cheeses to reduce caloric intake and blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL fat</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">risk factor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aha2017_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aha2017-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BDA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHS_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayo_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</h3></div> <p>A number of food safety agencies around the world have warned of the risks of raw-milk cheeses. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> states that soft raw-milk cheeses can cause "serious infectious diseases including <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">listeriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">salmonellosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-consumeraffairs_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consumeraffairs-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is U.S. law since 1944 that all raw-milk cheeses (including imports since 1951) must be aged at least 60 days. Australia has a wide ban on raw-milk cheeses as well, though in recent years exceptions have been made for Swiss <a href="/wiki/Gruy%C3%A8re_cheese" title="Gruyère cheese">Gruyère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmental_cheese" title="Emmental cheese">Emmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sbrinz" title="Sbrinz">Sbrinz</a>, and for French <a href="/wiki/Roquefort" title="Roquefort">Roquefort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mercer_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercer-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a trend for cheeses to be pasteurized even when not required by law. </p><p>Pregnant women may face an additional risk from cheese; the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control</a> has warned pregnant women against eating soft-ripened cheeses and blue-veined cheeses, due to the <a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">listeria</a> risk, which can cause miscarriage or harm the fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-americanpregnancy_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanpregnancy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_attitudes">Cultural attitudes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cormeilles_Market_9_Artlibre_jnl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cormeilles_Market_9_Artlibre_jnl.jpg/220px-Cormeilles_Market_9_Artlibre_jnl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cormeilles_Market_9_Artlibre_jnl.jpg/330px-Cormeilles_Market_9_Artlibre_jnl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cormeilles_Market_9_Artlibre_jnl.jpg/440px-Cormeilles_Market_9_Artlibre_jnl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> A cheese merchant in a French market</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscypek_sheeps_cheese_stalls,_Zakopane.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oscypek_sheeps_cheese_stalls%2C_Zakopane.JPG/220px-Oscypek_sheeps_cheese_stalls%2C_Zakopane.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oscypek_sheeps_cheese_stalls%2C_Zakopane.JPG/330px-Oscypek_sheeps_cheese_stalls%2C_Zakopane.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oscypek_sheeps_cheese_stalls%2C_Zakopane.JPG/440px-Oscypek_sheeps_cheese_stalls%2C_Zakopane.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption> A traditional <a href="/wiki/Polish_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish food">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheep%27s_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep's cheese">sheep's cheese</a> market in <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the few cheeses in Southeast and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">East Asian cuisines</a> is <a href="/wiki/Paneer" title="Paneer">paneer</a>, a fresh acid-set cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar11_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, the Dairy Development Corporation commercially manufactures cheese made from <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yak</a> milk and a hard cheese made from either cow or yak milk known as <a href="/wiki/Chhurpi" title="Chhurpi">chhurpi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> produces a similar cheese called <a href="/wiki/Datshi" title="Datshi">Datshi</a> which is a staple in most Bhutanese curries.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national dish of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ema_datshi" title="Ema datshi">ema datshi</a>, is made from homemade yak or <a href="/wiki/Mare_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mare (horse)">mare</a> milk cheese and hot peppers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, China, several ethnic minority groups produce <a href="/wiki/Rushan_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rushan (cheese)">Rushan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubing" title="Rubing">Rubing</a> from cow's milk.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheese consumption may be increasing in China, with annual sales doubling from 1996 to 2003 (to a still small 30 million <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollars</a> a year).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strict followers of the dietary laws of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and Judaism must avoid cheeses made with <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a> from animals not slaughtered in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">kosher</a> laws respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rennet derived from animal slaughter, and thus cheese made with animal-derived rennet, is not vegetarian. Most widely available vegetarian cheeses are made using rennet produced by fermentation of the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Mucor_miehei" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucor miehei">Mucor miehei</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mauseth_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauseth-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">Vegans</a> and other dairy-avoiding vegetarians do not eat conventional cheese, but some <a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">vegetable-based cheese substitutes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>) are used as substitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-mauseth_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauseth-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collecting cheese labels is called "<a href="/wiki/Tyrosemiophilia" title="Tyrosemiophilia">tyrosemiophilia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odorous_cheeses">Odorous cheeses</h3></div> <p>Even in cultures with long cheese traditions, consumers may perceive some cheeses that are especially pungent-smelling, or <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a>-bearing varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Limburger_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburger cheese">Limburger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roquefort_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roquefort (cheese)">Roquefort</a>, as unpalatable. Such cheeses are an <a href="/wiki/Acquired_taste" title="Acquired taste">acquired taste</a> because they are processed using molds or <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">microbiological cultures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing odor and flavor molecules to resemble those in rotten foods. One author stated: "An aversion to the odor of decay has the obvious biological value of steering us away from possible food poisoning, so it is no wonder that an animal food that gives off whiffs of shoes and soil and the stable takes some getting used to".<sup id="cite_ref-mcgee_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgee-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_sleep">Effect on sleep</h3></div> <p>There is some support from studies that dairy products can help with insomnia.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists have debated how cheese might affect sleep. A folk belief that cheese eaten close to bedtime can cause nightmares may have arisen from the Charles Dickens novella <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, in which Ebenezer Scrooge attributes his visions of Jacob Marley to the cheese he ate.<sup id="cite_ref-Extance_2015_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extance_2015-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief can also be found in folklore that predates this story.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory has been disproven multiple times, although night cheese may cause vivid dreams or otherwise disrupt sleep due to its high saturated fat content, according to studies by the British Cheese Board. Other studies indicate it may actually make people dream less.<sup id="cite_ref-Extance_2015_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extance_2015-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Figurative_expressions">Figurative expressions</h3></div> <p>In the 19th century, "cheese" was used as a figurative way of saying "the proper thing"; this usage comes from Urdu cheez "a thing", from Persian cheez, from Old Persian...ciš-ciy [which means] "something". The term "cheese" in this sense was "[p]icked up by [colonial] British in India by 1818 and [was also] used in the sense of "a big thing", for example in the expression "he's the real cheez".<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression "big cheese" was attested in use in 1914 to mean an "important person"; this is likely from American English. The expression "to cut a big cheese" was used to mean "to look important"; this figurative expression referred to the huge wheels of cheese displayed by cheese retailers as a publicity stunt.<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "cut the cheese" became an American slang term meaning to flatulate. The word "cheese" has had the meaning of "an ignorant, stupid person".<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other figurative meanings involve the word "cheese" used as a verb. To "cheese" is recorded as meaning to "stop (what one is doing), run off", in 1812 (this was "thieves' slang").<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be "cheesed off" means to be annoyed.<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression "<a href="/wiki/Say_cheese" title="Say cheese">say 'cheese'</a>" in a photograph-taking context (when the photographer wants the people to smile for the photo), which means "smile", dates from 1930 (the word was probably chosen because the "ee" encourages people to make a smile).<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verb "cheese" was used as slang for "be quiet" in the early 19th century in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fictional "...notion that the moon is made of green cheese as a type of a ridiculous assertion is from 1520s".<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figurative expression "to make cheeses" is an 1830s phrase referring to schoolgirls who amuse themselves by "...wheeling rapidly so one's petticoats blew out in a circle then dropping down so they came to rest inflated and resembling a wheel of cheese".<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Video_game_culture#Slang_and_terminology" title="Video game culture">video game slang</a> "to cheese it" means to win a game by using a strategy that requires minimal skill and knowledge or that exploits a <a href="/wiki/Glitch" title="Glitch">glitch</a> or flaw in game design.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary.com_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adjective "cheesy" can be used literally, to mean "like cheese".<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, medical writers used the term "to describe morbid substances found in tumors, decaying flesh, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a figurative sense, meaning "cheap, inferior"; this use "... is attested from 1896, perhaps originally U.S. student slang". In the late 19th century in British slang, "cheesy" meant "fine, showy"; this use is attested to in the 1850s. This may have been inverted to give a modern usage, where is a pejorative term.<sup id="cite_ref-online_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy industry">Dairy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Dairy industry in the United Kingdom">Dairy industry in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Dairy industry in the United States">Dairy industry in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cheese_markets" title="Dutch cheese markets">Dutch cheese markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheese_dishes" title="List of cheese dishes">List of cheese dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheeses" title="List of cheeses">List of cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dairy_products" title="List of dairy products">List of dairy products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_used_in_food_and_beverage_preparation" title="List of microorganisms used in food and beverage preparation">List of microorganisms used in food and beverage preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk_cheese" title="Sheep milk cheese">Sheep milk cheese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFankhauser2007" class="citation web cs1">Fankhauser, David B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925001225/http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Cheese/CHEESE.HTML">"Fankhauser's Cheese Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Cheese/CHEESE.HTML">the original</a> on September 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fankhauser%27s+Cheese+Page&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fankhauser&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.clc.uc.edu%2Ffankhauser%2FCheese%2FCHEESE.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation web cs1">Jones, G. Stephen (January 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reluctantgourmet.com/cheesemonge.htm">"Conversation with a Cheesemonger"</a>. <i>The Reluctant Gourmet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624065359/http://www.reluctantgourmet.com/cheesemonge.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reluctant+Gourmet&rft.atitle=Conversation+with+a+Cheesemonger&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=G.+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reluctantgourmet.com%2Fcheesemonge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, M.E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(17)31054-8/fulltext">"A 100-Year Review: Cheese production and quality"</a>. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>. <b>100</b> (12): 9952–9965. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.2017-12979">10.3168/jds.2017-12979</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29153182">29153182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=A+100-Year+Review%3A+Cheese+production+and+quality&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=9952-9965&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.2017-12979&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29153182&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=M.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdairyscience.org%2Farticle%2FS0022-0302%2817%2931054-8%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1979" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Oldest+Cheese+Found&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Traci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftech%2F2014%2F02%2F25%2Fworlds-oldest-cheese%2F5776373%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation book cs1">Homer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927003819/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekTexts&query=Hom.%20Od.%209.220&getid=1"><i>Odyssey</i></a>. Translated by Butler, Samuel. 9.216, 9.231. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Infection&rft.atitle=Bacteria+in+Two-millennia-old+Cheese%2C+and+Related+Epizoonoses+in+Roman+Populations&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-127&rft.date=2002-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fjinf.2002.0996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12217720&rft.aulast=Capasso&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0163445302909965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapademas,_PhotisBintsis,_Thomas2017" class="citation book cs1">Papademas, Photis; Bintsis, Thomas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnw3DwAAQBAJ"><i>Global Cheesemaking Technology: Cheese Quality and Characteristics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119046172" title="Special:BookSources/9781119046172"><bdi>9781119046172</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217090259/https://books.google.com/books?id=hnw3DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2023</span>. <q>The production of [Swiss] cheese was mentioned for the first time in the first century by Roman historian Pliny the Elder, who called the cheese <i>Caseus Helveticus</i>, the 'cheese of the Helvetians', one of the tribes living in Switzerland at the time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Cheesemaking+Technology%3A+Cheese+Quality+and+Characteristics&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781119046172&rft.au=Papademas%2C+Photis&rft.au=Bintsis%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhnw3DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton,_Thomas_Arthur1973" class="citation book cs1">Layton, Thomas Arthur (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwtmCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Cheese Handbook: Over 250 Varieties Described, with Recipes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Courier_Dover_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier Dover Publications">Courier Dover Publications</a>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486229553" title="Special:BookSources/9780486229553"><bdi>9780486229553</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217090308/https://books.google.com/books?id=DwtmCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2023</span>. <q>the <i>caseus helveticus</i> mentioned by Columella was probably a Sbrinz</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cheese+Handbook%3A+Over+250+Varieties+Described%2C+with+Recipes&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780486229553&rft.au=Layton%2C+Thomas+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwtmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenibble.com/REVIEWS/main/cheese/cheese2/history.asp">"The History Of Cheese: From An Ancient Nomad's Horseback To Today's Luxury Cheese Cart"</a>. <i>The Nibble</i>. Lifestyle Direct, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508172730/http://www.thenibble.com/REVIEWS/main/cheese/cheese2/history.asp">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Fox (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-oRp5VCVTQQC&pg=PA388"><i>Fundamentals of cheese science</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1260-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1260-2"><bdi>978-0-8342-1260-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107133321/https://books.google.com/books?id=-oRp5VCVTQQC&pg=PA388">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Fox (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_mj5DANAeoC&q=Walter+and+hargrove+cheese&pg=PA1"><i>Cheese: chemistry, physics and microbiology, Volume 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1338-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1338-8"><bdi>978-0-8342-1338-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610061345/https://books.google.com/books?id=U_mj5DANAeoC&q=Walter+and+hargrove+cheese&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheese%3A+chemistry%2C+physics+and+microbiology%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8342-1338-8&rft.au=Patrick+F.+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_mj5DANAeoC%26q%3DWalter%2Band%2Bhargrove%2Bcheese%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dairyscience.info/cheese-manufacture/114-classification-of-cheese-types-using-calcium-and-ph.html">"Classification of cheese types using calcium and pH"</a>. www.dairyscience.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723013948/http://www.dairyscience.info/cheese-manufacture/114-classification-of-cheese-types-using-calcium-and-ph.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification+of+cheese+types+using+calcium+and+pH&rft.pub=www.dairyscience.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dairyscience.info%2Fcheese-manufacture%2F114-classification-of-cheese-types-using-calcium-and-ph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Ensrud (1981). <i>The Pocket Guide to Cheese</i>, Lansdowne Press/Quarto Marketing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7018-1483-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7018-1483-7">0-7018-1483-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124103458/http://www.egr.msu.edu/~steffe/handbook/tbl141.html">"Classification of Cheese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egr.msu.edu/~steffe/handbook/tbl141.html">the original</a> on November 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification+of+Cheese&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egr.msu.edu%2F~steffe%2Fhandbook%2Ftbl141.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishcheese.com/">"British Cheese homepage"</a>. British Cheese Board. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512020614/http://www.britishcheese.com/">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Cheese+homepage&rft.pub=British+Cheese+Board&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcheese.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, October 1, 1962, according to <i>The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations</i> (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-07194-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-07194-9">0-231-07194-9</a>, p. 345). Numbers besides 246 are often cited in very similar quotes; whether these are misquotes or whether de Gaulle repeated the same quote with different numbers is unclear.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgee-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcgee_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgee_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgee_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgee_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQgklAEACAAJ"><i>On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen</i></a>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028015937/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQgklAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking%3A+The+Science+and+Lore+of+the+Kitchen&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQgklAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finishing_in_style-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finishing_in_style_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXanthe2006" class="citation news cs1">Xanthe, Clay (November 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/recipes/3335258/Finishing-in-style.html">"Finishing in style"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011172957/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/recipes/3335258/Finishing-in-style.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Finishing+in+style&rft.date=2006-11-18&rft.aulast=Xanthe&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2Frecipes%2F3335258%2FFinishing-in-style.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2012/jun/27/how-eat-cheese-and-biscuits">"How to eat: cheese and biscuits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. June 27, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609031000/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2012/jun/27/how-eat-cheese-and-biscuits">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+to+eat%3A+cheese+and+biscuits&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2Fwordofmouth%2F2012%2Fjun%2F27%2Fhow-eat-cheese-and-biscuits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlshansky2018" class="citation web cs1">Olshansky, Clara (March 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodandwine.com/news/worlds-largest-cheese-board">"Wisconsin Cheesemakers Just Created the World's Longest Cheeseboard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_%26_Wine" title="Food & Wine">Food & Wine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525205120/https://www.foodandwine.com/news/worlds-largest-cheese-board">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wisconsin+Cheesemakers+Just+Created+the+World%27s+Longest+Cheeseboard&rft.pub=Food+%26+Wine&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft.aulast=Olshansky&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodandwine.com%2Fnews%2Fworlds-largest-cheese-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/related/proposals/ajr89/_16">"2011 Assembly Joint Resolution 89: commending Ralph Bruno, the creator of the cheesehead hat"</a>. Wisconsin State Legislature. January 19, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041214/https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/related/proposals/ajr89/_16">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Assembly+Joint+Resolution+89%3A+commending+Ralph+Bruno%2C+the+creator+of+the+cheesehead+hat&rft.pub=Wisconsin+State+Legislature&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.legis.wisconsin.gov%2F2011%2Frelated%2Fproposals%2Fajr89%2F_16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nd-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nd_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nd_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nd_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-cheese001000000000000000000.html">"Nutrition facts for various cheeses per 100 g"</a>. <i>Nutritiondata.com</i>. Conde Nast; republished from the <a href="/wiki/USDA_National_Nutrient_Database" title="USDA National Nutrient Database">USDA National Nutrient Database</a>, version SR-21. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604105550/http://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-cheese001000000000000000000.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nutritiondata.com&rft.atitle=Nutrition+facts+for+various+cheeses+per+100+g&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnutritiondata.self.com%2Ffoods-cheese001000000000000000000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101145234/http://nutritiondata.self.com/">"SELF Nutrition Data - Food Facts, Information & Calorie Calculator"</a>. <i>nutritiondata.self.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nutritiondata.self.com">the original</a> on January 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nutritiondata.self.com&rft.atitle=SELF+Nutrition+Data+-+Food+Facts%2C+Information+%26+Calorie+Calculator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnutritiondata.self.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aha2017-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aha2017_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacksLichtensteinWuAppel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sacks, Frank M.; Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Wu, Jason H.Y.; et al. (June 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIR.0000000000000510">"Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association"</a>. <i>Circulation</i>. <b>136</b> (3): e1–e23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIR.0000000000000510">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28620111">28620111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:367602">367602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Dietary+Fats+and+Cardiovascular+Disease%3A+A+Presidential+Advisory+From+the+American+Heart+Association&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1-e23&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A367602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28620111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2FCIR.0000000000000510&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft.au=Lichtenstein%2C+Alice+H.&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jason+H.Y.&rft.au=Appel%2C+Lawrence+J.&rft.au=Creager%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Kris-Etherton%2C+Penny+M.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rimm%2C+Eric+B.&rft.au=Rudel%2C+Lawrence+L.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Jennifer+G.&rft.au=Stone%2C+Neil+J.&rft.au=Van+Horn%2C+Linda+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252FCIR.0000000000000510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDA-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BDA_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf">"Food Fact Sheet - Cholesterol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Association of UK Dietitians. December 1, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201061458/http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualroom.de/cheese.htm">the original</a> on April 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheese+label&rft.pub=Virtualroom.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualroom.de%2Fcheese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuiMeunier-GoddikJosephsenNip2004" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Y.H.; Meunier-Goddik, Lisbeth; Josephsen, Jytte; Nip, Wai-Kit; Stanfield, Peggy S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PC_O7u1NPZEC&q=how+limburger+cheese+is+processed+fermentation&pg=PA392"><i>Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology: Food Science and Technology (Marcel Dekker), Vol 134</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 392–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5122-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5122-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-5122-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028015942/https://books.google.com/books?id=PC_O7u1NPZEC&q=how+limburger+cheese+is+processed+fermentation&pg=PA392">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Food+and+Beverage+Fermentation+Technology%3A+Food+Science+and+Technology+%28Marcel+Dekker%29%2C+Vol+134&rft.pages=392-93&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-5122-7&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Y.H.&rft.au=Meunier-Goddik%2C+Lisbeth&rft.au=Josephsen%2C+Jytte&rft.au=Nip%2C+Wai-Kit&rft.au=Stanfield%2C+Peggy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPC_O7u1NPZEC%26q%3Dhow%2Blimburger%2Bcheese%2Bis%2Bprocessed%2Bfermentation%26pg%3DPA392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomadaOkajimaKuwata2020" class="citation journal cs1">Komada, Yoko; Okajima, Isa; Kuwata, Tamotsu (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7766425">"The Effects of Milk and Dairy Products on Sleep: A Systematic Review"</a>. <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>. <b>17</b> (24): 9440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17249440">10.3390/ijerph17249440</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7766425">7766425</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33339284">33339284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Milk+and+Dairy+Products+on+Sleep%3A+A+Systematic+Review.&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=9440&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7766425%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33339284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph17249440&rft.aulast=Komada&rft.aufirst=Yoko&rft.au=Okajima%2C+Isa&rft.au=Kuwata%2C+Tamotsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7766425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extance_2015-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Extance_2015_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Extance_2015_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExtance2015" class="citation journal cs1">Extance, Andy (December 16–19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287507730">"Brie encounter"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <b>228</b> (3052–3053): 69–70. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NewSc.228...69E">2015NewSc.228...69E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2815%2931866-2">10.1016/S0262-4079(15)31866-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Brie+encounter&rft.volume=228&rft.issue=3052%E2%80%933053&rft.pages=69-70&rft.date=2015-12-16%2F2015-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2815%2931866-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NewSc.228...69E&rft.aulast=Extance&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F287507730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates2003" class="citation journal cs1">Oates, Caroline (2003). "Cheese gives you nightmares: Old hags and heartburn". <i><a href="/wiki/Folklore_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore (journal)">Folklore</a></i>. <b>114</b> (2): 205–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587032000104220">10.1080/0015587032000104220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161962480">161962480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Cheese+gives+you+nightmares%3A+Old+hags+and+heartburn.&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-225&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587032000104220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161962480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mosley" title="Michael Mosley">Mosley, Michael</a> (2020). <i>Fast Asleep: Improve Brain Function, Lose Weight, Boost Your Mood, Reduce Stress, and Become a Better Sleeper</i>. <a href="/wiki/Atria_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Atria Books">Atria Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1982106928" title="Special:BookSources/978-1982106928"><bdi>978-1982106928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fast+Asleep%3A+Improve+Brain+Function%2C+Lose+Weight%2C+Boost+Your+Mood%2C+Reduce+Stress%2C+and+Become+a+Better+Sleeper&rft.pub=Atria+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1982106928&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary.com-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary.com_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdictionary.com" class="citation web cs1">dictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/cheesed">"Article to Cheesed"</a>. <i>dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708051729/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/cheesed">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Article+to+Cheesed&rft.au=dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcheesed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">27</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="1597" data-mwtitle="Cheese.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Cheese.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Cheese.ogg/Cheese.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheese.ogg" title="File:Cheese.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 5 August 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-08-05</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1989" class="citation book cs1">Black, Maggie (1989). <i>Paxton & Whitfield's Fine Cheese</i>. Exeter: Webb & Bower. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863501052" title="Special:BookSources/0863501052"><bdi>0863501052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paxton+%26+Whitfield%27s+Fine+Cheese&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pub=Webb+%26+Bower&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0863501052&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Buckingham, Cheyenne (May 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eatthis.com/moldy-cheese-safe/">"Is It Bad to Eat Cheese With Mold On It?"</a>. <i>Eat This, Not That!</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eat+This%2C+Not+That%21&rft.atitle=Is+It+Bad+to+Eat+Cheese+With+Mold+On+It%3F&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.aulast=Buckingham&rft.aufirst=Cheyenne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eatthis.com%2Fmoldy-cheese-safe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ensrud, Barbara (1981). <i>The Pocket Guide to Cheese</i>. Sydney: Lansdowne Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7018-1483-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7018-1483-0"><bdi>978-0-7018-1483-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pocket+Guide+to+Cheese&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Lansdowne+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7018-1483-0&rft.aulast=Ensrud&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Steven (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cheeseprimer00jenk"><i>Cheese Primer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Workman_Publishing_Company" title="Workman Publishing Company">Workman Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89480-762-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89480-762-6"><bdi>978-0-89480-762-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheese+Primer&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89480-762-6&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcheeseprimer00jenk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Layton, T. A. (1971) [1967]. <i>The ... Guide to Cheese and Cheese Cookery</i>. London: The Cookery Book Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+...+Guide+to+Cheese+and+Cheese+Cookery&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Cookery+Book+Club&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Mellgren, James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030624161720/http://gourmetretailer.com/gourmetretailer/magazine/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1911696">"2003 Specialty Cheese Manual, Part II: Knowing the Family of Cheese"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gourmetretailer.com/gourmetretailer/magazine/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1911696">the original</a> on June 24, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2003+Specialty+Cheese+Manual%2C+Part+II%3A+Knowing+the+Family+of+Cheese&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mellgren&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gourmetretailer.com%2Fgourmetretailer%2Fmagazine%2Farticle_display.jsp%3Fvnu_content_id%3D1911696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cheese" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Cheese"> Cheese</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/14293">The Complete Book of Cheese</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheese.com/">Cheese.com</a> – includes an extensive database of different types of cheese.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dairyscience.info/cheese-manufacture/114-classification-of-cheese-type.html">Classification of cheese</a> – why is one cheese type different from another?</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Cheese</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cheese" class="extiw" title="c:Cheese">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cheese" class="extiw" title="q:Cheese">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cheese" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Cheese">Recipes</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cheese" class="extiw" title="voy:Cheese">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cheese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cheese" title="Template:Cheese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cheese" title="Template talk:Cheese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cheese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cheese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cheese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheese</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_cheese" title="Types of cheese">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-set_cheese" title="Acid-set cheese">Acid-set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_cheese" title="Blue cheese">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brined_cheese" title="Brined cheese">Brined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_cheese" title="Cream cheese">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_cheese" title="Goat cheese">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_cheese" title="Green cheese">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_filata" title="Pasta filata">Pasta filata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processed_cheese" title="Processed cheese">Processed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_cheese#Smear-ripened" title="Types of cheese">Smear-ripened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_cheese" title="Smoked cheese">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washed-rind_cheese" title="Washed-rind cheese">Washed-rind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey_cheese" title="Whey cheese">Whey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cheeses_by_animal%27s_milk" title="Category:Cheeses by animal's milk">Animal milk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk#Camel_cheese" title="Camel milk">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cow%27s-milk_cheeses" title="Category:Cow's-milk cheeses">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Goat%27s-milk_cheeses" title="Category:Goat's-milk cheeses">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_cheese" title="Moose cheese">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_cheese" title="Reindeer cheese">Reindeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sheep%27s-milk_cheeses" title="Category:Sheep's-milk cheeses">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_buffalo%27s-milk_cheeses" title="Category:Water buffalo's-milk cheeses">Water buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yak%27s-milk_cheeses" title="Category:Yak's-milk cheeses">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cheeses_by_country" title="Category:Cheeses by country">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cheese" title="Argentine cheese">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cheeses" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina cheeses">Bosnia and Herzogovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cornish_cheeses" title="List of Cornish cheeses">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cheese" title="Egyptian cheese">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_cheeses" title="List of French cheeses">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_cheeses" title="List of German cheeses">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_cheeses" title="List of Irish cheeses">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_cheeses" title="List of Israeli cheeses">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_cheeses" title="List of Italian cheeses">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheeses_of_Mexico" title="Cheeses of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_cheeses" title="List of Dutch cheeses">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_cheeses" title="List of Norwegian cheeses">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_cheeses" title="List of Polish cheeses">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cheeses" title="Serbian cheeses">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_cheeses" title="List of Spanish cheeses">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheeses_and_dairy_products" title="Swiss cheeses and dairy products">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_cheeses" title="List of Swiss cheeses">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cheese" title="Tibetan cheese">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_cheeses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish cheeses">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_cheeses" title="List of British cheeses">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_cheeses" title="List of American cheeses">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cheeses_with_protected_geographical_status" title="List of European cheeses with protected geographical status">European cheeses with protected geographical status</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_PDO_cheeses" title="List of Italian PDO cheeses">Italian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Cheese_Society" title="American Cheese Society">American Cheese Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cheese_Awards" title="International Cheese Awards">International Cheese Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne_Cheese_Festival" title="Lucerne Cheese Festival">Lucerne Cheese Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Cheese_Olympics" title="Mountain Cheese Olympics">Mountain Cheese Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cheese_Exchange" title="National Cheese Exchange">National Cheese Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Cheese_Union" title="Swiss Cheese Union">Swiss Cheese Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_British_Cheese_Festival" title="The Great British Cheese Festival">The Great British Cheese Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheese_dishes" title="List of cheese dishes">Cheese dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheesemakers" title="List of cheesemakers">Cheesemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheeses" title="List of cheeses">Cheeses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blue_cheeses" title="List of blue cheeses">Blue cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_cheeses" title="List of goat cheeses">Goat milk cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_milk_cheeses" title="List of sheep milk cheeses">Sheep milk cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stretch-curd_cheeses" title="List of stretch-curd cheeses">Stretch-curd cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_cheeses" title="List of water buffalo cheeses">Water buffalo cheeses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheesemaking" title="Cheesemaking">Cheesemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_ripening" title="Cheese ripening">Cheese ripening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_soup" title="Cheese soup">Cheese soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_salt" title="Dairy salt">Dairy salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese" title="The Moon is made of green cheese">The Moon is made of green cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truckle" title="Truckle">Truckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyromancy" title="Tyromancy">Tyromancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cheese" title="Category:Cheese">Category: Cheese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Cheese_dishes" title="Category:Cheese dishes">Cheese dishes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Cheesemakers" title="Category:Cheesemakers">Cheesemakers</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheeses" title="List of cheeses">List of cheeses</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milk_navbox" title="Template talk:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo milk">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_milk" title="Donkey milk">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_milk" title="Mare milk">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">Newborn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_milk" title="Moose milk">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_milk" title="Pig milk">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep milk">Sheep</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/63px-Milk_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="63" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/95px-Milk_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/126px-Milk_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1908" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_milk" title="A2 milk">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_milk" title="Baked milk">Baked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonated_milk" title="Carbonated milk">Carbonated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">Condensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporated_milk" title="Evaporated milk">Evaporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filled_milk" title="Filled milk">Filled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_milk" title="Flavored milk">Flavored</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anijsmelk" title="Anijsmelk">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya_milk" title="Papaya milk">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry milk">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_milk" title="Vanilla milk">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_milk" title="Watermelon milk">Watermelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymilk" title="Haymilk">Haymilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malted_milk" title="Malted milk">Malted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_milk" title="Organic milk">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">Pasteurized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalded_milk" title="Scalded milk">Scalded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">Skimmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toned_milk" title="Toned milk">Toned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltered_milk" title="Ultrafiltered milk">Ultrafiltered</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_milk" title="Ice milk">Ice milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_jewelry" title="Breast milk jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">Milk carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">Milk churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_crate" title="Milk crate">Milk crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_delivery" title="Milk delivery">Milk delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">Square milk jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_and_dairy" title="Fidel Castro and dairy">Fidel Castro and dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">Milking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkmaid" title="Milkmaid">Milkmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">Milkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_quotas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Milk quotas in the United Kingdom">Milk quotas in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Milk_Day" title="World Milk Day">World Milk Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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